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The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1. -
Languages and Migrations in Prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe Summer Seminar
Languages and migrations in prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe summer seminar 7–12 August 2018 National Museum of Denmark & the University of Copenhagen Languages and migrations in prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe summer seminar 7–10 August 2018 National Museum of Denmark Festsalen Ny Vestergade 10 Prinsens Palæ DK-1471 København K 11–12 August 2018 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Humanities (KUA) Multisalen (Room 21.0.54) Emil Holms Kanal 6 The Roots of Europe Summer Seminar Preface The Roots of Europe Research Center has its origins in a so-called Programme of Excellence funded by the University of Copenhagen and hosted by the De- partment of Nordic Studies and Linguistics. The founding members were a group of historical linguists specializing in Indo-European Studies, a disci- pline that goes back two centuries at the University of Copenhagen, to the days when the linguist and philologist Rasmus Rask (1787–1832) carried out 2 his ground-breaking research. The programme marked a new epoch in modern-day Indo-European stud- ies in that it began to incorporate the findings of archaeology and genetics in its quest to understand the prehistorical spread of the Indo-European lan- guages. This was not the first attempt to relate the many branches of the fam- Preface ily tree to material cultures and, indeed, genes. However, previous attempts were abandoned, after the field was, figuratively speaking, taken hostage by a nefarious alliance of pseudoscientific researchers and politicians around the turn and first half of the 20th century. After the Second World War, collaborations between archaeologists and linguists became rare and generally frowned upon. -
The Oksywie Culture on the Right-Bank Lower Vistula1
ISSN 1392-6748 The Oksywie Culture on the Right-Bank Lower Vistula1 Milena Teska The late 3rd and early 2nd centuries BC saw major research procedure adopted by the present author is cultural changes and transformations which brought best reflected in the arrangement of the monograph. about a change in the appearance of not only the lands Volume I comprises the textual body of the thesis, i.e. of modern Poland but also of the whole of central Eu- introductory remarks and the history and state of ar- rope. The changes were precipitated by the impact chaeological research on the right-bank lower Vistula coming from the societies of the La Tène culture that prior to 1945. grew in strength, both economically and politically Next, investigations carried out there after 1945 no doubt, at that time (Godłowski, 1977, s. 111–120; are discussed. The study includes a detailed catalogue Woźniak, 1970; 1986, s. 12–13). The arrival of goods of 44 sites (Fig.), forming the source basis of the the- of a Celtic character marks thus the inception of an sis. The catalogue presents artefacts from the 23 cem- intensive La Tène influence process – a far-reaching eteries (18 archival) and 21 settlements (8 archival) impact of Celt civilization – going far beyond the area of the Oksywie Culture. It also presents the sites that of their compact settlement. The impact, in combina- have been explored under the programme of the Ar- tion with the strong traditions of the local sub-stratum, chaeological Record of Poland (AZP) (7 in all) and the caused new cultural patterns, typical of the younger finds the context of which could not be determined. -
Europaio: a Brief Grammar of the European Language Reconstruct Than the Individual Groupings
1. Introduction 1.1. The Indo-European 1. The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects, including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in South Asia. Contemporary languages in this family include English, German, French, Spanish, Countries with IE languages majority in orange. In Portuguese, Hindustani (i.e., mainly yellow, countries in which have official status. [© gfdl] Hindi and Urdu) and Russian. It is the largest family of languages in the world today, being spoken by approximately half the world's population as their mother tongue, while most of the other half speak at least one of them. 2. The classification of modern IE dialects into languages and dialects is controversial, as it depends on many factors, such as the pure linguistic ones (most of the times being the least important of them), the social, economic, political and historical ones. However, there are certain common ancestors, some of them old, well-attested languages (or language systems), as Classic Latin for Romance languages (such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Rumanian or Catalan), Classic Sanskrit for the Indo-Aryan languages or Classic Greek for present-day Greek. Furthermore, there are other, still older -some of them well known- dialects from which these old language systems were derived and later systematized, which are, following the above examples, Archaic Latin, Archaic Sanskrit and Archaic Greek, also attested in older compositions and inscriptions. And there are, finally, old related dialects which help develop a Proto-Language, as the Faliscan (and Osco-Umbrian for many scholars) for Latino-Faliscan (Italic for many), the Avestan for Indo-Iranian or the Mycenaean for Proto-Greek. -
Architecture, Style and Structure in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe
TOMASZ GRALAK ARCHITECTURE, STYLE AND STRUCTURE IN THE EARLY IRON AGE IN CENTRAL EUROPE Wrocław 2017 Reviewers: prof. dr hab. Danuta Minta-Tworzowska prof. dr hab. Andrzej P. Kowalski Technical preparation and computer layout: Natalia Sawicka Cover design: Tomasz Gralak, Nicole Lenkow Translated by Tomasz Borkowski Proofreading Agnes Kerrigan ISBN 978-83-61416-61-6 DOI 10.23734/22.17.001 Uniwersytet Wrocławski Instytut Archeologii © Copyright by Uniwersytet Wrocławski and author Wrocław 2017 Print run: 150 copies Printing and binding: "I-BIS" Usługi Komputerowe, Wydawnictwo S.C. Andrzej Bieroński, Przemysław Bieroński 50-984 Wrocław, ul. Sztabowa 32 Contents INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER I. THE HALLSTATT PERIOD 1. Construction and metrology in the Hallstatt period in Silesia .......................... 13 2. The koine of geometric ornaments ......................................................................... 49 3. Apollo’s journey to the land of the Hyperboreans ............................................... 61 4. The culture of the Hallstatt period or the great loom and scales ....................... 66 CHAPTER II. THE LA TÈNE PERIOD 1. Paradigms of the La Tène style ................................................................................ 71 2. Antigone and the Tyrannicides – the essence of ideological change ................. 101 3. The widespread nature of La Tène style ................................................................ -
From Very Early Germanic and Before Towards the “Old” Stages of the Germanic Languages
F. Plank, Early Germanic 1 FROM VERY EARLY GERMANIC AND BEFORE TOWARDS THE “OLD” STAGES OF THE GERMANIC LANGUAGES 160,000+ years of human population history summarised, up to ca. 10,000 Before Now: Journey of Mankind: The Peopling of the World http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ The origin of Language and early languages – fascinating questions and challenges for geneticists, palaeontologists, archaeologists, physical and cultural anthropologists. Alas, this is not something historical linguists could do much/anything to shed light on. F. Plank, Early Germanic 2 No speech acts performed by early homines sapientes sapientes have come down to us to bear witness to their mental lexicons & grammars. From human fossils nothing can be inferred about the linguistic working of brains and little about the organs implicated in speech. Speech acts were given greater permanence through writing only much later: from around 3,200 BCE in Mesopotamia as well as in Egypt, from around 1,200 BCE in China, and from around 600 BCE in Mesoamerica. The technology for actually recording speech (and other) sounds was only invented in 1857. F. Plank, Early Germanic 3 What cannot be observed must be (rationally) hypothesised. The standard method in historical linguistics for rationally forming hypotheses about a past from which we have no direct evidence is the comparative method. Alas, the comparative method for the reconstruction of linguistic forms (lexical as well as grammatical) only reaches back some 8,000 years maximum, given the normal life expectancy and recognisability limits of forms and meanings. And it is questionable whether constructions can be rigorously reconstructed. -
3 Proto-Germanic
A CONCISE HISTORY OF ENGLISH 3 Proto-Germanic 3.1 The common ancestor of Germanic languages Proto-Germanic, also referred to as Primitive Germanic, Common Germanic, or Ur- Germanic, is one of the descendants of Proto-Indo-European and the common ancestor of all Germanic languages. Th is Germanic proto-language, which was reconstructed by the comparative method, is not attested by any surviving texts. Th e only written records available are the runic Vimose inscriptions from around 200 AD found in Denmark, which represent an early stage of Proto-Norse or Late Proto-Germanic. (Comrie 1987) Proto-Germanic is assumed to have developed between about 500 BC and the be- ginning of the Common Era. (Ringe 2006, p. 67). It came aft er the First Germanic Sound Shift , which was probably contemporary with the Nordic Bronze Age. Th e pe- riod between the end of Proto-Indo-European (i.e. probably aft er 3 500 BC) and the beginning of Proto-Germanic (500 BC) is referred to as Pre-Proto-Germanic period. However, Pre-Proto-Germanic is sometimes included under the wider meaning of Proto- Germanic, and the notion of the Germanic parent language is used to refer to both stages. Th e First Germanic Sound Shift , also known as Grimm’s law or Rask’s rule, is a chain shift of Proto-Indo-European stops which took place between the Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Germanic stage of development and which distinguishes Germanic lan- guages from other Indo-European centum languages. Grimm’s law, together with a relat- ed shift entitled Verner’s law, is described in greater detail in Chapter 7. -
Appendix Epsilon
Appendix Epsilon: The Pavia Intellectual Line Connecting brothers of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity at Cornell University, tracing their fraternal Big Brother/Little Brother line to tri-Founder John Andrew Rea (1869) John Andrew Rea, tri-founder of Phi Kappa Psi at Cornell . . was advised by Andrew Dickson White, . Olybrius was nephew to Flavius President of Cornell . Maximus . who was lectured by, and referred Jack . Flavius Maximus was grandson to Sextus Rea to, Washington Irving . Probus . and then through the Halle line, Appendix . Sextus Probus was son-in-law and first Delta, to the University of Pavia . cousin to Quintus Olybrius . . Pavia was elevated by the Carolingian . Quintus Olybrius was the son of to Clodius Emperor Lothair . Celsinus Adelphus spouse to Faltonia Betitia Proba . whose grandfather deposed the last . all of the above were Neo-Platonists in the Lombardic king Desiderius . tradition of Plotinus . who ruled in succession to the founder of . Plotimus was a student of Ammonius, he of his dynasty, Alboin . Numenius, he of Pythagoras, he of Pherecydes . Alboin forcefully married Rosamund, . Pythagoras also studied under princess of the Gepids . Anaximenes, he under Anaximander, he under Thales . Rosamund was daugther to Cunimund, last . king of the Gepids. Thales studied in the school of Egyption priest Petiese, who was invested by king Psamtik . the story of Cunimund’s court was . who served under Assyria king preserved by Cassiodorus . Esarhaddon, successor to Sennencherib . . Cassiodorus succeeded Boethius as first . successor to the two Sargons . Minister to the Ostrogoths . Boethius was grandson of Emperor Olybrius . Below we present short biographies of the Pavia intellectual line of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity at Cornell University. -
Ekengren 2009
Ritualization - Hybridization - Fragmentation The Mutability of Roman Vessels in Germania Magna AD 1–400 Ekengren, Fredrik 2009 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Ekengren, F. (2009). Ritualization - Hybridization - Fragmentation: The Mutability of Roman Vessels in Germania Magna AD 1–400. Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 RITUALIZATIOn – HYBRIDIZATIOn – FRAGMENTATION 1 2 Fredrik Ekengren RITUALIZATIOn – HYBRIDIZATIOn – FRAGMENTATION ThE MUTABILITY OF ROMAN VESSELS IN GERMANIA MAGNA AD 1-400 Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series in Prima 4°, No. 28 Lund 2009 3 Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series in Prima 4°, No. -
International Series
BAR titles published 1991-2015 by Tempvs Reparatvm (1991-1996) and Archaeopress Ltd (1997-2015) International Series BAR –S564, 1991 Archaeological Excavations at the Uxbridge Almshouse Burial Ground in Uxbridge, Massachusetts edited by R. J. Elia and A.B.Wesolowsky. ISBN 0 86054712 4. BAR –S565, 1991 Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 1990 edited by K. Lockyear and S. Rahtz. ISBN 0 860543 713 2 BAR –S566, 1991 The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XII. Chesapeake Bay edited by Peter Davey and Dennis J. Pogue. ISBN 0 86054715 9 BAR –S567,1991 Health in Past Societies Biocultural interpretations of human skeletal remains in arhcaeological contexts edited by H. Bush and M. Zvelebil. ISBN 0 86054716 7 BAR –S568, 2005 Villas, Farms and the Late Roman Rural Economy (third to fifth Centuries AD) by Tamara Lewit. First published in 1991 as Agricultural Production in the Roman Economy, AD 200-400, now reprinted with an additional introductory chapter and updating bibliography. ISBN 1 84171 689 8. BAR -S569, 1991 Red Deer Hunting in the Upper Paleolithic of Southwest France A Study in Seasonality by A. Pike-Tay. ISBN 0 86054 718 3 BAR –S570,1991 Shahr-i-Zohak and the History of the Bamiyan Valley, Afghanistan by P.H.B. Baker and F.R. Allchin. ISBN 0 86054720 5 BAR –S571, 1991 Lod (Lydda), Israel From its origins through the Byzantine Period 5600 BCE-640 CE By Joshua J. Schwartz. ISBN 0 86054721 3 BAR –S572, 1991 Animal Production Systems in Neolithic Central Europe by Margaret F. Glass. ISBN 0 86054 722 1. -
PS T4 Druk A4 — Kopia
THE PAST SOCIETIES 500 BC – 500 AD THE THE 4 PAST SOCIETIES Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences POLISH LANDS FROM THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF HUMAN PRESE NCE TO THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES THE PAST SOCIETIES POLISH LANDS FROM THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF HUMAN PRESE NCE TO THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Przemysław Urbańczyk, editor 500 BC – 500 AD Aleksandra 4 Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz, editor Warszawa 2016 Published by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences www.iaepan.edu.pl This volume has been edited with respect for Polish-language geographical terms and other no- menclature. Thus, the regions otherwise known as Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Pomerania, and Silesia are here given as Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Pomorze, and Śląsk. The same goes for rivers (e.g., the Oder is found here as the Odra), personal names (not Boleslaus, but Bolesław), and so on. English translation Anna Kinecka Language editor Philip Earl Steele Typesetting and layout Bartosz Dobrowolski Cover design and photo Albert Salamon Wawrzyniec Skoczylas Artefacts on the cover photo, thanks to the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw Printed and bound by Sowa Sp. z o.o. ISBN: 978-83-63760-91-5 Work financed by the National Program for Development of the Humanities – 2012-2017 © Copyright by the authors and the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Contents 9 Preface 111 C 4 14 Bibliography 111 Pomorze in the final centuries BC 112 Introduction 113 Tough beginnings 15 C 1 115 Stability and growth 15 Societies of the younger segment of the early Iron Age in 118 Their way of life – cemeteries Poland (500–250 BC) 121 The feminine model 16 Introduction 123 Fierce warriors 18 The change. -
Human Sacrifice in Iron Age Northern Europe
Human Sacrifice in Iron Age Northern Europe: The Culture of Bog People Maximilian A. Iping-Petterson Maximilian A. Iping-Petterson Student Number: 0886165 Supervisor: Prof. Harry Fokkens Specialisation: Prehistory of North-Western Europe University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, the Netherlands, Dec 2011 2 Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Ritual Acts....................................................................................................6 1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................6 1.2 Defining Ritual............................................................................................................7 1.3 Reasons for Ritual......................................................................................................8 1.4 Characteristics of Ritual..............................................................................................9 1.5 Additional Functions..................................................................................................10 1.6 Violence....................................................................................................................11 1.7 Knowing the Difference.............................................................................................12 Chapter 2: Tollund Man and the Mechanism of Preservation...................................14 2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................14