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King Lfred's Version Off the Consolations of Boethius
King _lfred's Version off the Consolations of Boethius HENRY FROWDE, M A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OF_0RD LONDON, EDINBURGH_ AND NEW YORK Kring e__lfred's Version o_/"the Consolations of Boethius _ _ Z)one into c_gfodern English, with an Introduction _ _ _ _ u_aa Litt.D._ Editor _o_.,I_ing .... i .dlfred_ OM Englis.h..ffgerAon2.' !ilo of the ' De Con.d.¢_onz,o,e 2 Oxford : _4t the Claro_don:,.....: PrestO0000 M D CCCC _eee_ Ioee_ J_el eeoee le e_ZNeFED AT THE_.e_EN_N PI_.._S _ee • • oeoo eee • oeee eo6_o eoee • ooeo e_ooo ..:.. ..'.: oe°_ ° leeeo eeoe ee •QQ . :.:.. oOeeo QOO_e 6eeQ aee...._ e • eee TO THE REV. PROFESSOR W. W. SKEAT LITT.D._ D.C.L._ LL.D.:_ PH.D. THIS _800K IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED PREFACE THE preparationsfor adequately commemoratingthe forthcoming millenary of King Alfred's death have set going a fresh wave of popularinterest in that hero. Lectares have been given, committees formed, sub- scriptions paid and promised, and an excellent book of essays by eminent specialists has been written about Alfred considered under quite a number of aspects. That great King has himself told us that he was not indifferent to the opinion of those that should come after him, and he earnestly desired that that opinion should be a high one. We have by no means for- gotten him, it is true, but yet to verymany intelligent people he is, to use a paradox, a distinctly nebulous character of history. His most undying attributes in the memory of the people are not unconnected with singed cakes and romantic visits in disguise to the Danish viii Preface Danish camp. -
A Chronological Particular Timeline of Near East and Europe History
Introduction This compilation was begun merely to be a synthesized, occasional source for other writings, primarily for familiarization with European world development. Gradually, however, it was forced to come to grips with the elephantine amount of historical detail in certain classical sources. Recording the numbers of reported war deaths in previous history (many thousands, here and there!) initially was done with little contemplation but eventually, with the near‐exponential number of Humankind battles (not just major ones; inter‐tribal, dynastic, and inter‐regional), mind was caused to pause and ask itself, “Why?” Awed by the numbers killed in battles over recorded time, one falls subject to believing the very occupation in war was a naturally occurring ancient inclination, no longer possessed by ‘enlightened’ Humankind. In our synthesized histories, however, details are confined to generals, geography, battle strategies and formations, victories and defeats, with precious little revealed of the highly complicated and combined subjective forces that generate and fuel war. Two territories of human existence are involved: material and psychological. Material includes land, resources, and freedom to maintain a life to which one feels entitled. It fuels war by emotions arising from either deprivation or conditioned expectations. Psychological embraces Egalitarian and Egoistical arenas. Egalitarian is fueled by emotions arising from either a need to improve conditions or defend what it has. To that category also belongs the individual for whom revenge becomes an end in itself. Egoistical is fueled by emotions arising from material possessiveness and self‐aggrandizations. To that category also belongs the individual for whom worldly power is an end in itself. -
The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1. -
Languages and Migrations in Prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe Summer Seminar
Languages and migrations in prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe summer seminar 7–12 August 2018 National Museum of Denmark & the University of Copenhagen Languages and migrations in prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe summer seminar 7–10 August 2018 National Museum of Denmark Festsalen Ny Vestergade 10 Prinsens Palæ DK-1471 København K 11–12 August 2018 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Humanities (KUA) Multisalen (Room 21.0.54) Emil Holms Kanal 6 The Roots of Europe Summer Seminar Preface The Roots of Europe Research Center has its origins in a so-called Programme of Excellence funded by the University of Copenhagen and hosted by the De- partment of Nordic Studies and Linguistics. The founding members were a group of historical linguists specializing in Indo-European Studies, a disci- pline that goes back two centuries at the University of Copenhagen, to the days when the linguist and philologist Rasmus Rask (1787–1832) carried out 2 his ground-breaking research. The programme marked a new epoch in modern-day Indo-European stud- ies in that it began to incorporate the findings of archaeology and genetics in its quest to understand the prehistorical spread of the Indo-European lan- guages. This was not the first attempt to relate the many branches of the fam- Preface ily tree to material cultures and, indeed, genes. However, previous attempts were abandoned, after the field was, figuratively speaking, taken hostage by a nefarious alliance of pseudoscientific researchers and politicians around the turn and first half of the 20th century. After the Second World War, collaborations between archaeologists and linguists became rare and generally frowned upon. -
The Oksywie Culture on the Right-Bank Lower Vistula1
ISSN 1392-6748 The Oksywie Culture on the Right-Bank Lower Vistula1 Milena Teska The late 3rd and early 2nd centuries BC saw major research procedure adopted by the present author is cultural changes and transformations which brought best reflected in the arrangement of the monograph. about a change in the appearance of not only the lands Volume I comprises the textual body of the thesis, i.e. of modern Poland but also of the whole of central Eu- introductory remarks and the history and state of ar- rope. The changes were precipitated by the impact chaeological research on the right-bank lower Vistula coming from the societies of the La Tène culture that prior to 1945. grew in strength, both economically and politically Next, investigations carried out there after 1945 no doubt, at that time (Godłowski, 1977, s. 111–120; are discussed. The study includes a detailed catalogue Woźniak, 1970; 1986, s. 12–13). The arrival of goods of 44 sites (Fig.), forming the source basis of the the- of a Celtic character marks thus the inception of an sis. The catalogue presents artefacts from the 23 cem- intensive La Tène influence process – a far-reaching eteries (18 archival) and 21 settlements (8 archival) impact of Celt civilization – going far beyond the area of the Oksywie Culture. It also presents the sites that of their compact settlement. The impact, in combina- have been explored under the programme of the Ar- tion with the strong traditions of the local sub-stratum, chaeological Record of Poland (AZP) (7 in all) and the caused new cultural patterns, typical of the younger finds the context of which could not be determined. -
Practicing Love of God in Medieval Jerusalem, Gaul and Saxony
he collection of essays presented in “Devotional Cross-Roads: Practicing Love of God in Medieval Gaul, Jerusalem, and Saxony” investigates test case witnesses of TChristian devotion and patronage from Late Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages, set in and between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean, as well as Gaul and the regions north of the Alps. Devotional practice and love of God refer to people – mostly from the lay and religious elite –, ideas, copies of texts, images, and material objects, such as relics and reliquaries. The wide geographic borders and time span are used here to illustrate a broad picture composed around questions of worship, identity, reli- gious affiliation and gender. Among the diversity of cases, the studies presented in this volume exemplify recurring themes, which occupied the Christian believer, such as the veneration of the Cross, translation of architecture, pilgrimage and patronage, emergence of iconography and devotional patterns. These essays are representing the research results of the project “Practicing Love of God: Comparing Women’s and Men’s Practice in Medieval Saxony” guided by the art historian Galit Noga-Banai, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the histori- an Hedwig Röckelein, Georg-August-University Göttingen. This project was running from 2013 to 2018 within the Niedersachsen-Israeli Program and financed by the State of Lower Saxony. Devotional Cross-Roads Practicing Love of God in Medieval Jerusalem, Gaul and Saxony Edited by Hedwig Röckelein, Galit Noga-Banai, and Lotem Pinchover Röckelein/Noga-Banai/Pinchover Devotional Cross-Roads ISBN 978-3-86395-372-0 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Hedwig Röckelein, Galit Noga-Banai, and Lotem Pinchover (Eds.) Devotional Cross-Roads This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. -
Europaio: a Brief Grammar of the European Language Reconstruct Than the Individual Groupings
1. Introduction 1.1. The Indo-European 1. The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects, including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in South Asia. Contemporary languages in this family include English, German, French, Spanish, Countries with IE languages majority in orange. In Portuguese, Hindustani (i.e., mainly yellow, countries in which have official status. [© gfdl] Hindi and Urdu) and Russian. It is the largest family of languages in the world today, being spoken by approximately half the world's population as their mother tongue, while most of the other half speak at least one of them. 2. The classification of modern IE dialects into languages and dialects is controversial, as it depends on many factors, such as the pure linguistic ones (most of the times being the least important of them), the social, economic, political and historical ones. However, there are certain common ancestors, some of them old, well-attested languages (or language systems), as Classic Latin for Romance languages (such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Rumanian or Catalan), Classic Sanskrit for the Indo-Aryan languages or Classic Greek for present-day Greek. Furthermore, there are other, still older -some of them well known- dialects from which these old language systems were derived and later systematized, which are, following the above examples, Archaic Latin, Archaic Sanskrit and Archaic Greek, also attested in older compositions and inscriptions. And there are, finally, old related dialects which help develop a Proto-Language, as the Faliscan (and Osco-Umbrian for many scholars) for Latino-Faliscan (Italic for many), the Avestan for Indo-Iranian or the Mycenaean for Proto-Greek. -
Architecture, Style and Structure in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe
TOMASZ GRALAK ARCHITECTURE, STYLE AND STRUCTURE IN THE EARLY IRON AGE IN CENTRAL EUROPE Wrocław 2017 Reviewers: prof. dr hab. Danuta Minta-Tworzowska prof. dr hab. Andrzej P. Kowalski Technical preparation and computer layout: Natalia Sawicka Cover design: Tomasz Gralak, Nicole Lenkow Translated by Tomasz Borkowski Proofreading Agnes Kerrigan ISBN 978-83-61416-61-6 DOI 10.23734/22.17.001 Uniwersytet Wrocławski Instytut Archeologii © Copyright by Uniwersytet Wrocławski and author Wrocław 2017 Print run: 150 copies Printing and binding: "I-BIS" Usługi Komputerowe, Wydawnictwo S.C. Andrzej Bieroński, Przemysław Bieroński 50-984 Wrocław, ul. Sztabowa 32 Contents INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER I. THE HALLSTATT PERIOD 1. Construction and metrology in the Hallstatt period in Silesia .......................... 13 2. The koine of geometric ornaments ......................................................................... 49 3. Apollo’s journey to the land of the Hyperboreans ............................................... 61 4. The culture of the Hallstatt period or the great loom and scales ....................... 66 CHAPTER II. THE LA TÈNE PERIOD 1. Paradigms of the La Tène style ................................................................................ 71 2. Antigone and the Tyrannicides – the essence of ideological change ................. 101 3. The widespread nature of La Tène style ................................................................ -
Extra Limites. Continuatio” 261 LIMITES CONTINUATIO
Extra limites Continuatio Extra limites Continuatio Redakcja Marcin Bohr i Milena Teska Poznań–Wrocław 2020 LIMITES CONTINUATIO Redakcja: dr Marcin Bohr Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego dr Milena Teska Wydział Archeologii Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Pracę do druku opiniował dr hab. Marek Olędzki, UŁ Opracowanie redakcyjne Magdalena Kozińska Korekta Elżbieta Winiarska-Grabosz Łamanie i przygotowanie do druku Teresa Alicja Chmura Projekt okładki Andrzej Michałowski Przygotowanie do druku okładki oraz ilustracji Paweł Wójcik Publikację wydano z fi nansowym wsparciem: Wydziału Archeologii Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego © Copyright by Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2020 ISBN 978-83-7717-348-0 WYDAWNICTWO UNIWERSYTETU PRZYRODNICZEGO WE WROCŁAWIU Redaktor naczelny – prof. dr hab. inż. Andrzej Kotecki ul. Sopocka 23, 50–344 Wrocław, tel. 71 328 12 77 e-mail: [email protected] Nakład 300 + 18 egz. Ark. wyd. 17,2517,25. Ark. druk. 16,5 Druk i oprawa: KURSOR Spółka z o.o. ul. Jana Długosza 2–6, 51-162 Wrocław SPIS TREŚCI Marcin Bohr, Milena Teska Extra limites. Otwarte seminaria archeologiczne poświęcone okresowi przedrzymskiemu, wpływów rzymskich i wędrówek ludów w Europie Środkowej – sześć lat doświadczeń 7 arcin *** Eduard Droberjar Vinařice-Gruppe In Böhmen. Zur kulturellen und sozialen Diff erenzierung der Barbaren im 5. Jahrhundert 15 Łukasz Różycki Śmierć antycznego miasta. Novae w okresie inwazji Słowian i Awarów na Bałkany -
From Very Early Germanic and Before Towards the “Old” Stages of the Germanic Languages
F. Plank, Early Germanic 1 FROM VERY EARLY GERMANIC AND BEFORE TOWARDS THE “OLD” STAGES OF THE GERMANIC LANGUAGES 160,000+ years of human population history summarised, up to ca. 10,000 Before Now: Journey of Mankind: The Peopling of the World http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ The origin of Language and early languages – fascinating questions and challenges for geneticists, palaeontologists, archaeologists, physical and cultural anthropologists. Alas, this is not something historical linguists could do much/anything to shed light on. F. Plank, Early Germanic 2 No speech acts performed by early homines sapientes sapientes have come down to us to bear witness to their mental lexicons & grammars. From human fossils nothing can be inferred about the linguistic working of brains and little about the organs implicated in speech. Speech acts were given greater permanence through writing only much later: from around 3,200 BCE in Mesopotamia as well as in Egypt, from around 1,200 BCE in China, and from around 600 BCE in Mesoamerica. The technology for actually recording speech (and other) sounds was only invented in 1857. F. Plank, Early Germanic 3 What cannot be observed must be (rationally) hypothesised. The standard method in historical linguistics for rationally forming hypotheses about a past from which we have no direct evidence is the comparative method. Alas, the comparative method for the reconstruction of linguistic forms (lexical as well as grammatical) only reaches back some 8,000 years maximum, given the normal life expectancy and recognisability limits of forms and meanings. And it is questionable whether constructions can be rigorously reconstructed. -
5.England.Beowulf.11.5
HISTORY OF ENGLAND, FALL QUARTER Week 5 Anglo Saxons and Beowulf Institute for the Study of Western Civilization FridayNovember 8, 2019 The Anglo-Saxons and Beowulf FridayNovember 8, 2019 FridayNovember 8, 2019 FridayNovember 8, 2019 The Anglo-Saxons and Beowulf FridayNovember 8, 2019 Beowulf is the longest epic poem in Old English, the language spoken in Anglo-Saxon England before the Norman Conquest. More than 3,000 lines long, Beowulf relates the exploits of Beowulf, and his successive battles with a monster named Grendel, with Grendel’s revengeful mother, and with a dragon which was guarding a hoard of treasure. FridayNovember 8, 2019 Beowulf survives in a single medieval manuscript now in the British Library London. The manuscript bears no date, and so its age has to be calculated by analysing the scribes’ handwriting. Some scholars have suggested that the manuscript was made at the end of the 10th century, others in the early decades of the 11th. The most likely time for Beowulf to have been copied is the early 11th century, which makes the manuscript approximately 1,000 years old. Nobody knows for certain when and where the poem was first composed, but it is likely it was composed in Denmark maybe in the 600s AD. FridayNovember 8, 2019 THE FIRST INVASION: Celts THE SECOND INVASION: Romans THE THIRD INVASION: Anglo-Saxon THE FOURTH INVASION: Vikings THE FIFTH INVASION: Normans FridayNovember 8, 2019 FridayNovember 8, 2019 Areas That Remain The Strong holds Of Celtic Britain FridayNovember 8, 2019 Parade helmet, gold, Agris, France, 350 BC FridayNovember 8, 2019 FridayNovember 8, 2019 Gauls 350 BC Anglo-Saxons 600 AD FridayNovember 8, 2019 THE FIRST INVASION: Celts THE SECOND INVASION: Romans THE THIRD INVASION: Anglo-Saxon THE FOURTH INVASION: Danes THE FIFTH INVASION: Normans FridayNovember 8, 2019 Caesar: 55 BC FridayNovember 8, 2019 What the Roman Conquest Did to Britain 1. -
3 Proto-Germanic
A CONCISE HISTORY OF ENGLISH 3 Proto-Germanic 3.1 The common ancestor of Germanic languages Proto-Germanic, also referred to as Primitive Germanic, Common Germanic, or Ur- Germanic, is one of the descendants of Proto-Indo-European and the common ancestor of all Germanic languages. Th is Germanic proto-language, which was reconstructed by the comparative method, is not attested by any surviving texts. Th e only written records available are the runic Vimose inscriptions from around 200 AD found in Denmark, which represent an early stage of Proto-Norse or Late Proto-Germanic. (Comrie 1987) Proto-Germanic is assumed to have developed between about 500 BC and the be- ginning of the Common Era. (Ringe 2006, p. 67). It came aft er the First Germanic Sound Shift , which was probably contemporary with the Nordic Bronze Age. Th e pe- riod between the end of Proto-Indo-European (i.e. probably aft er 3 500 BC) and the beginning of Proto-Germanic (500 BC) is referred to as Pre-Proto-Germanic period. However, Pre-Proto-Germanic is sometimes included under the wider meaning of Proto- Germanic, and the notion of the Germanic parent language is used to refer to both stages. Th e First Germanic Sound Shift , also known as Grimm’s law or Rask’s rule, is a chain shift of Proto-Indo-European stops which took place between the Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Germanic stage of development and which distinguishes Germanic lan- guages from other Indo-European centum languages. Grimm’s law, together with a relat- ed shift entitled Verner’s law, is described in greater detail in Chapter 7.