WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY 1963

CORRIGENDUM

Pages 261 and 262:

The footnote at the bottom of page 261 should refer to Hampden College of Pharmacy on page 262, and not to Massachusetts College of Pharmacy. WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

1111

1111 .,

1111

World Health Organization Geneva

r¢6 BIBLIOGRAPHIES SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS Publications of the World Health Organization, 1947· Pharmacopoea Internationalis 1957 (1958) (vol. I. 1951) 17/6 $3.25 Sw. fr. 10.- (clothbound) £1 15s. $5.00 Sw. fr. 20.- (clothbound) Publications of the World Health Organization, 1958· (vol. II, 1955) 1962 (1964) £1 15s. $6.75 Sw. fr. 20.- (clothbound) £1 $4.00 Sw. fr. 12.- (clothbound) (Supplementum. 1959) Bibliography on Bilharziasis, 1949-1958 (I 960) £1 5s. $5.00 Sw. fr. 15.- (clothbound) 10/- $2.00 Sw. fr. 6.- Speci11cations for Reagents Mentioned in the Inter· Bi!ingual English/French edition national Pharmacopoeia (1963) Bibliography on the Epidemiology ofCancer,1946-1960 £1 lOs. $6.00 Sw. fr. 18.- (1963) Specifications for Pesticides (2nd edition, 1961) 17/6 $3.25 Sw. fr. 10.- Bi!ingual English/French edition £2 lOs. $10.00 Sw. fr. 30.- (clothbound) Bibliography on Yaws, 1905-1962 (1963) International Standards for Drinking-Water (2nd edi· 13/4 $2.75 Sw. fr. 8.- tion, 1963) Bibliography of Hookworm Disease (Ancylostomiasis), 26/8 $5.25 Sw. fr. 16.- 1920-1962 (1965) European Standards for Drinking-Water (1961) £1 $4.00 Sw. fr. 12.- (clothbound) 3/6 $0.60 Sw. fr. 2.- Medical Education : Annotated Bibliography, 1946- Guide to Hygiene and Sanitation in Aviation (1960) 1955 (1958) 3/6 $0.60 Sw. fr. 2.- £1 15s. $6.75 Sw. fr. 20.- (clothbound) Equipment for Vector Control: Guide to Major Items - Specifications - Use Descriptions - Field Tests DIRECTORIES (1964) World Directory of Medical Schools (3rd edition, 1963) 26/8 $5.25 Sw. fr. 16.- (clothbound) £1 15s. $6.75 Sw. fr. 20.- Requirements for Biological Substances (Revised World Directory of Dental Schools (1961) 1965) : No. 1. General Requirements for Manu· factoring Establishments and Control Laboratories ; £1 5s. $5.00 Sw. fr. 15.- (clothbound) No. 2. Requirements for Poliomyelitis Vaccine World Directory of Veterinary Schools (1963) (Inactivated); No.7. Requirements for Poliomyelitis 26/8 $5.25 Sw. fr. 16.- (clothbound) Vaccine (Oral); No. 5. Requirements for Smallpox Vaccine (1966) Technical Report Series, No. 323 World Directory of Post-Basic and Post-Graduate 6/8 $1.25 Sw. fr. 4.- Schools of Nursing (I 965) 26/8 $5.25 Sw. fr. 16.- (clothbound) Requlrements for Biological Substances: No. 3. Re· quirements for Yellow Fever Vaccine; No. 4. Re­ World Directory of Venereal Disease Treatment quirements for Cholera Vaccine (1959) Technical Centres at Ports (2nd edition, 1961) Report Series, No. 179 8/6 $1.75 Sw. fr. 5.- 1/9 $0.30 Sw. fr. I.- Bi!ingual English/French edition Requirements for Biological Substances: No.6. Gen­ Airports Designated in Application of the International eral Requirements for the Sterility of Biological Sub­ Sanitary Regulations (1963) stances (1960) Technical Report Series, No. 200 1/9 $0.30 Sw. fr. I.- 1/9 $0.30 Sw. fr. I.- Bilingual English/French edition WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardiza· Ports Designated in Application of the International tion. Sixteenth Report : Annex 1. Requirements for Sanitary Regulations (1964) Biological Substances No. 8. Pertussis Vaccine; 1/9 $0.30 Sw. fr. I.- Annex 2. Requirements for Biological Substances No. 9. Procaine Benzylpenicillin in Oil with Alumi­ Bilingual English/French edition nium Monostearate (1964) Technical Report Series, The Training of Sanitary Engineers : Schools and No. 274 Programmes in Europe and in the United States - 5/- $1.00 Sw. fr. 3.- - M. Petrik (1956) Monograph Series, No. 32 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardiza· £1 $4.00 Sw. fr. 12.- (clothbound) tion. Seventeeth Report : Annex I. Requirements for Biological Substances No. 10. Diphtheria Toxoid NOMENCLATURE and Tetanus Toxoid (1964) Technical Report Series, No. 293 Manual of the International Statistical Classification 6/8 $1.25 Sw. fr. 4.- of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (1957), 2 vol. WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardiza­ £1 l5s. $6.75 Sw. fr. 20.- (clothbound) tion. Eighteenth Report : Annex I. Requirements An International Nomenclature of Yaws Lesions - for Biological Substances No. 11. Dried BCG C. J. Hackett (1957) Monograph Series, No. 36 Vaccine; Annex 2. Requirements for Biological Substances No. 12. Measles Vaccine (Live) and £1 $4.00 Sw. fr. 12.- (clothbound) Measles Vaccine (Inactivated) (1966) Technical International Non-Proprietary Names for Pharma· Report Series, No. 329 ceutical Preparations (1962) 10/- $2.00 Sw. fr. 6.- 51- $1.00 Sw. fr. 3.- Evaluation of the Toxicity of a Number of Anti· Terminology of Malaria and of Malaria Eradication microbials and Antioxidants (1962) Technical Report (1963) Series, No. 228 £1 $4.00 Sw. fr. 12.- 6/8 $1.25 Sw. fr. 4.-

WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY, 1963 ©World Health Organization 1966

Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accor­ dance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Never­ theless, governmental agencies or learned and professional societies may reproduce data or excerpts or illustrations from them without requesting an authorization from the World Health Organization. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications in toto, application should be made to the Division of Editorial and Reference Services, World Health Orga­ nization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such appli­ cations.

PRINTED IN SWITZERLAND WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY 1963

WORLD HEALTH• ORGANIZATION GENEVA 1966

CONTENTS

Page Preface 7 Introduction 9 Explanatory notes . 10 Details of systems of pharmaceutical education and lists of schools:

Afghanistan 15 Italy 139 Albania. 18 Jamaica . 144 Argentina 20 Japan. 146 Australia 23 Korea, Republic of . 152 Austria 27 Lebanon 156 Belgium. 30 Madagascar 161 Bolivia 34 Malaysia 163 Brazil . 36 Malta. 165 Bulgaria. 42 Mexico 167 Cambodia. 45 Netherlands 170 Canada 47 New Zealand 173 Ceylon 51 Nicaragua. 176 Chile . 53 Nigeria 178 China (Taiwan) 56 Norway. 181 Colombia . 59 Pakistan. 184 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 62 Panama. 187 Costa Rica 64 Paraguay 190 Cuba. 67 Peru 192 Czechoslovakia . 70 Philippines 195 Denmark 74 Poland 200 Dominican Republic 77 Portugal. 204 Ecuador. 79 Romania 207 El Salvador 82 Saudi Arabia 210 Ethiopia. 85 Senegal 212 Fiji . 87 Spain . 216 Finland . 89 Sudan. 219 France 92 Sweden . 222 Germany, Federal Republic of. 100 Switzerland 225 Ghana 104 Syria . 229 Greece 106 Thailand. 232 Guatemala 109 Tunisia 235 Haiti 111 Turkey 237 Honduras 113 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 239 Hungary. 115 United Arab Republic 245 Iceland 118 United Kingdom of Great Britain India . 120 and Northern Ireland . 248 Indonesia 125 United States of America 255 Iran 128 Uruguay 267 Iraq 131 Venezuela . 270 Ireland 133 Viet-Nam, Republic of 273 Israel . 136 Yugoslavia 276

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Annex 1. Africa: schools of pharmacy and pharmacists, 1963 283 Annex 2. Africa: conditions governing practice...... 285 Annex 3. Americas: schools of pharmacy and pharmacists, 1963 288 Annex 4. Americas: conditions governing practice . . . . 290 Annex 5. Asia: schools of pharmacy and pharmacists, 1963 292 Annex 6. Asia: conditions governing practice ...... 294 Annex 7. Europe: schools of pharmacy and pharmacists, 1963 296 Annex 8. Europe and USSR: conditions governing practice . . 297 Annex 9. Oceania: schools of pharmacy and pharmacists, 1963. 299 Annex 10. Oceania: conditions governing practice...... 300 Annex 11. World totals: schools of pharmacy and pharmacists, 1963 301 PREFACE

The World Health Organization (WHO) presents in this volume the first World Directory of Schools of Pharmacy - the fifth in the Orga­ nization's series of directories of professional educational institutions.! This Directory describes the salient features of pharmaceutical edu­ cation in 81 countries. No attempt has been made to draw conclusions or to express opinions on the education of pharmacists in the various countries. The descriptive accounts and numerical data contained in this volume are intended to be no more than a general guide to those seeking information on the facilities and resources for pharmaceutical training. The material presented herein is based on answers to a questionnaire designed by WHO and distributed to the schools by the governments concerned. Before publication, the individual chapters were sent to the respective governments for approval. It is hoped that the World Directory of Schools of Pharmacy will prove to be a useful book of reference. If any errors are detected in this publication, WHO would be grateful to have notice of them.

' Other volumes in the series: World Directory of Dental Schools, 1961 (2nd edition in prepa­ ration); World Directory of Medical Schools, 3rd ed., 1963; World Directory of Veterinary Schools, 1963; World Directory of Post-Basic and Post-Graduate Schools of Nursing, 1965.

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INTRODUCTION

The discovery of new pharmaceutical preparations extracted from the animal and vegetable kingdoms (including antibiotics obtained from different micro-organisms), as well as the production of an increasing number of syn­ thetic substances, has led to a materia medica necessitating considerable knowledge of the natural sciences. Pharmaceutical chemistry has become a very important subject in pharmaceutical education, particularly in view of the need to control the quality of the thousands of imported or locally manufactured pharmaceutical preparations normally used in medicine. In this connexion it may be of interest to mention the resolution on the "Qua­ lity Control of Pharmaceutical Preparations", adopted by the Eighteenth World Health Assembly, inviting governments "to take the necessary measures to subject pharmaceutical preparations, imported or locally manu­ factured, to adequate quality control" and "to pursue the establishment of internationally accepted principles and specifications for the control of the quality of pharmaceutical preparations" . 1 The duration of pharmacy studies is usually from three to six years, including, in a number of countries, a period of training in a public phar­ macy or in a hospital pharmacy. A tendency to amplify the curriculum is manifest in many countries. Post-graduate studies in specialized branches of the pharmaceutical sciences have therefore been introduced in most pharma­ ceutical institutes or faculties of sciences. They include pharmaceutical quality control by physico-chemical and biological methods, industrial phar­ macy (synthesis, pharmaceutical forms, analysis), pharmacology and biology. This specialization enlarges the scope of the pharmaceutical graduate and thus enables him to work not only in public pharmacies but also in the pharmaceutical industry, which is expanding considerably in all countries, in hospital pharmacies, in biological laboratories, in laboratories of national pharmacopoeia commissions, in the public health services and in the national laboratories for pharmaceutical quality control, which are already in existence or are being established in a number of countries. There is at present a lack of pharmacists in many parts of the world; moreover, research aimed at the discovery, synthesis and quality control of new pharmaceutical preparations and pharmaceutical forms will also require a growing number of pharmaceutical graduates. It is hoped that this Direc­ tory will serve as a guide to governments, universities and other authorities dealing with pharmaceutical education, in their planning of future develop-

1 Resolution WHAI8.36 (Off. Rec. Wid Hlth Org., 1965,143, 22).

-9- 10 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY ments. It is also hoped that the Directory will provide a basis on which to make useful comparisons of the length of the studies and the main subjects taught in the various schools throughout the world. In this way it may be possible ultimately to obtain a correspondence in the value of the pharma­ ceutical degrees awarded in the different countries.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

The information contained in this Directory refers to the year 1963, unless otherwise stated. The countries are listed in alphabetical order, and each is dealt with in a separate chapter, at the head of which are recorded pertinent data, such as the population figure, 1 number of schools and number of pharmacists. After each chapter the schools in the particular country are listed alpha­ betically in a table as follows: (1) by city. (Exceptions are Brazil, India, the USSR and the USA, where the schools are listed first under the state or republic and then under the city, and the United Kingdom, which has been subdivided into England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland); (2) by institution. The following notes, which deal in turn with each column in the table, explain the symbols used and give an indication of the system adopted in the compilation of the tables.

Column 1 - Name and address The name and address of the institution are given in the language of the country concerned unless that language does not use the Roman alphabet, in which case an English version has been given. For certain languages that differ markedly from English (e.g., Finnish) a translation of the name of the school has been added in parentheses.

Column 2- Year instruction started This refers to the year in which the pharmacy course was first given at the teaching institution, and does not necessarily correspond to the date of the founding of the institution as a whole.

Column 3 - Teaching staff This refers to the number of persons who were officially connected with the institution as teachers in the academic year 1963/64, regardless of faculty rank. An attempt has been made to classify these teachers according to whether they

1 Population figures were taken from the United Nations Demographic Yearbook, 1964. Data relative to the number of schools and the number of pharmacists (including those working in pharmacies and those in other pharmaceutical activities, such as laboratory, research, administration, teaching and pharmaceutical manufacturing) were supplied by the governments themselves. INTRODUCTION 11 work full time (f) or part time (p), the term "full time" referring to employment that excludes any professional activity outside the teaching institution.

Column 4 - Total enrolment This refers to the number of students enrolled at the school of pharmacy in all classes during the academic year 1963/64. Whenever known, the numbers of male (m) and female (f) students are given separately.

Column 5 - Admissions This refers to the number of first-year students who commenced studies at the institution at the beginning of the academic year 1963/64. Whenever known, the numbers of male (m) and female (f) students are given separately.

Column 6 - Graduates This refers to the number of persons who were awarded pharmaceutical degrees or diplomas in 1963. Whenever known, the numbers of male (m) and female (f) graduates are given separately. The symbol (-) indicates that the school either does not offer a complete course or is of too recent foundation for any of its students to have graduated.

Column 7 - Annual tuition fees This column shows the amount charged (in local currency), in the academic year 1963/64, for entry fees, tuition fees, laboratory fees, etc. It does not include board, lodging, other living expenses or transportation to and from the student's home. The letters R, NR and F apply respectively to residents, non-residents and foreigners. They are used in those instances where students pay different fees according to their residential status.

DETAILS OF SYSTEMS OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND USTS OF SCHOOLS

.• NOTE

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Director-General of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. AFGHANISTAN

Introductory data*

Population ...... 14 900 000 Number of pharmacists . . . . 23** Number of schools of pharmacy 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year . 10 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 65 000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 14 900 000

• 1963 figures. •• Includes 16 graduate pharmacists and 1 doctor of pharmacy engaged in teach­ ing, and 6 pharmacists working in the Army.

In Afghanistan pharmaceutical studies last for four years (including one year taken at the Faculty of Science) and lead to the diploma of Pharmacist.

Administration The Faculty of Pharmacy is an integral part of Kabul University, a State­ owned and -operated institution. It is headed by a Dean, who holds the French State degree of Doctor of Pharmacy awarded by the Faculty of Pharmacy of Paris. An agreement on technical and cultural co-operation has been concluded with the French universities. The Faculty of Pharmacy maintains close relations with the University teaching hospitals as well as with various departments of the Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry of National Defence. The members of the teaching staff of the Faculty of Pharmacy are also engaged in research and in the preparation of pharmaceuticals. The academic year consists of two semesters- April to August and September to December. The language of instruction is Persian, but provision is made for the translation of lectures delivered in other languages.

Conditions of admission Candidates must be between 18 and 20 years of age; however, exceptions may be made in respect of the maximum age limit. They must be in possession of the secondary-school certificate (baccalaureat), obtained after the completion of six years of secondary school, preceded by six years of primary education. A one-year course (the "M.P.C.B."-mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology) must be taken at the Faculty of Science. This course is considered to be the first year of the four­ year curriculum. Only after the student has passed the examination held at the end of this course is he or she permitted to begin pharmaceutical studies proper.

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A medical certificate is required. Foreign students are eligible for admission if they are recommended by their government, and provided they fulfil certain conditions relating to the financing of their studies. Instruction is free of charge for Afghan nationals. Bursaries and fellowships are available for the best national students to enable them, after graduation, to pursue further studies abroad. Foreign students may obtain financial assistance if there is a mutual agreement between Afghanistan and the candidates' country of origin.

Curriculum The four-year curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: optics; mechanics and electricity; biology; chemistry; mathematics. Second year: pharmacognosy; galenical pharmacy; physiology; anatomy; parasitology; organic chemistry; biochemistry; analytical chemistry; chemical pharmacy. Third year: pharmacognosy; galenical pharmacy; biochemistry; analytical chemistry; chemical pharmacy; general microbiology; microbiological techniques; pharmacodynamics. Fourth year: microbiology; virology; toxicology; pharmacology; diagnosis; bromatology; hygiene; hydrology. Instruction is theoretical and, in the majority of subjects, also practical. In addition, fourth-year students must complete practical training in the department of bacteriology of the medical school, in the department of biochemistry, in the University hospital pharmacies, and in the Drug Depot of the Ministry of Public Health. This programme has been arranged in such a way that, during both semesters, students circulate in small groups in the respective laboratories for four hours every morning.

Examinations Written, oral and, where appropriate, practical examinations are held by the professors of the respective subjects at the end of each semester. Candidates must pass all the examinations in order to enrol in the following semester. In the event of failure, the student may present himself three times before he is excluded from further studies.

Qualification After having passed all the examinations the student is awarded the diploma of Pharmacist. No post-graduate pharmaceutical qualifications are obtainable in Afghanistan.

Licence to practise Holders of the diploma of Pharmacist who wish to practise in Afghanistan must register with the Ministry of Public Health. Until recently, some pharmacies AFGHANISTAN 17

were conducted, not by pharmacy graduates, but by shop-keepers or unqualified pharmacists; however, measures have now been taken to ensure that only qualified pharmacists are in charge of pharmacies. The conditions under which nationals holding foreign qualifications are author­ ized to practise are determined by the Ministry of Public Health. The demands of the State for teachers of pharmacy (six-year contracts) and for other forms of pharmaceutical practice must be satisfied before pharmacy grad­ uates may engage in private practice.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates tuition fee• I started I

Faculty of Pharmacy 1958 19 f 43 m 36m 9m None Kabul University 5p 10 f 10 f 1 f Ali-abad KABUL 18 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

ALBANIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 1 762 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 132** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 41 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 13 300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1 762 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 111 working in pharmacies and 21 employed in other pharmaceu­ tical activities. In Albania pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Diplomene Farmaci (Graduate Pharmacist).

Administration The pharmaceutical course is offered at the Department of Pharmacy, which is attached to the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the State University of Tirana. The University is administered by the Ministry of Education and Culture and financed by the Government. The Department of Pharmacy, headed by the holder of the Chair, is closely linked with the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agri­ culture, and the Higher Institute of Agriculture. In addition, it co-operates with the Faculty of Medicine of the University and with the pharmaceutical industry, etc. The academic year, which begins in September and ends in June, is divided into two semesters-September to December and February to June.

Conditions of admission There is no age limit for admission. Applicants must have completed five years of primary school and six years of secondary, and hold the secondary-school certificate (mature). In addition, they must present a satisfactory medical certificate (including X-ray), as well as vaccination certificates. The course is given free of charge. Financial assistance is available for both national and foreign students.

Curriculmn The four-year curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: history of the Communist Party of the USSR and of International Labour; Russian; military training; physics; botany; general and inorganic chemistry. Second year: history of the Albanian Labour Party; Russian; physical edu­ cation; anatomy and physiology; analytical chemistry; organic chemistry; microbiology; hygiene. ALBANIA 19

Third year: dialectical materialism; political economy; physical and colloid chemistry; pharmacognosy; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmaceutical techniques; special analytical methods. Fourth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; toxicological chemistry; food chem­ istry ; pharmaceutical techniques ; organization of pharmacy services ; pharmacology. Instruction consists of theory and practical and laboratory work. In addition, students must complete one and a half months' practical training in pharmacies and in the pharmaceutical industry.

Examinations Oral and, where appropriate, practical examinations are held at the end of each semester. They are conducted by members of the teaching staff and cover all the subjects studied. On completion of the whole study course students take a State examination in the following subjects: Marxist philosophy; pharmaceutical and toxicological chemistry; and pharmaceutical technology. If the candidate fails, he has two more chances.

Qualification Students who pass the State examination obtain the degree of Graduate Phar­ macist. No post-graduate qualifications are obtainable in Albania.

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise, graduate pharmacists must register with the Ministry of Health. Nationals with foreign qualifications are granted the licence to practise upon presentation of their university degree or diploma. For­ eigners who have qualified in Albania must obtain the authorization of the Ministry of Health if they wish to practise in the country. Foreigners holding foreign quali­ fications may practise provided they present their degree or diploma to the Ministry of Health and obtain the requisite authorization. All pharmacy graduates are in State service.

Year I Annual Name and address instruction Teachingstaff I enrolmentTotal I Admissions I Graduates I tuition fees I started

Fakulteti i Shkencave te 1960 36 f 75 m 13m 24 m• None Natyres 6p 45 f 12 f 17 f* Universiteti Shteteror i Tiranes (Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, State University of Tirana) TIRANA

• 1964 figures. 20 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

ARGENTINA Introductory data* Population ...... 21 688 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 2100** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 6 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 263 Population per pharmacist. . . . . ••• Population per school of pharmacy ...... 3 620000

• 1963 figures. •• Figure for the Federal Capital only; includes 1595 pharmacists working in pharmacies and 50S in laboratories and drug-stores. ••• Data incomplete. In Argentina pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the diploma of Farmaceutico (Pharmacist). (A six-year curriculum, introduced in 1963, is being progressively applied at some schools, and will lead to the diploma of Licenciado en Ciencas Farmaceuticas (Licentiate in Pharmaceutical Sciences).) Administration Three of the training institutions-namely, those in Buenos Aires, La Plata and Tucuman-are faculties of their respective universities, at the same level as, for example, the medical and veterinary faculties. The schools in Cordoba, Mendoza and Rosario are attached to university faculties of medical sciences. The universities are national institutions, financed and supervised by the Ministry of National Education, and enjoy a large measure of autonomy. Their administrative systems are similar, except for minor differences. Each university is headed by a Rector, who is assisted by an elected Governing Council ( Consejo Directivo), which has representatives from each faculty. Each faculty is administred by a Dean, each school by a Director. The schools of pharmacy co-operate in the field of scientific research and exchange professors with other schools and faculties within the same university. They also maintain relations with other institutions in the area, such as the laboratories of hospitals and of the Ministry of Public Health, where pharmacy students carry out their compulsory practical work. The academic year begins in March and ends in December, and consists of two semesters-March to July and August to December.

Conditions of admission For admission to the pharmacy course applicants must have had seven years of primary school and five or six years of secondary education and hold one of the following secondary-school certificates: bachil/erato, perito mercantil, maestro normal, or tecnico quimico. All candidates must attend a two-month preparatory course (of which about 80% must consist of practical work) and take all periodic examinations, or give proof of comparable preparation when applying for entry to the course. The following are exempt from the preparatory course: holders of national university degrees in related branches; students who have done the first ARGENTINA 21 year, in four subjects at least, in another university branch; students who have successfully completed similar courses in other schools; secondary-school teachers in related branches. Candidates must be in possession of a certificate of good health from the Student Health Service. There is no limitation on the numbers admitted to the course. Foreign students are eligible for admission. Applicants from countries having the relevant reciprocity with Argentina (Italy, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile and Spain) may enter the course directly. Others must have their secondary-school certificate validated by an equivalence examination. However, all foreign students without exception must take the preparatory course. Instruction is free of charge. In addition, each university awards scholarships in the form of financial assistance, transport facilities and university meals, without any discrimination as to nationality.

Curriculum The curriculum is not identical at all schools; the following is that offered at the Universidad Nacional de la Plata: First year: inorganic chemistry; physics (I); general biology; mathematics (I); anatomy and physiology. Second year: organic chemistry (I); analytical chemistry (I); botany; mathe­ matics (II); physics (II). Third year: organic chemistry (II); pharmacognosy; analytical chemistry (II); pharmacotechniques. Fourth year: testing and evaluation of drugs; pharmacotechniques; hygiene and microbiology; general pharmacodynamics; history of pharmacy, ethics and legislation; seminar. Fifth year: physical chemistry; general technology (I); general technology (II); biochemistry (I); biophysics. Sixth year: phytochemistry; biochemistry (II); pharmaceutical industry; pharmacodynamics; business administration; pharmaceutics (seminar). Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work. Attendance at laboratory work is obligatory and must be 100% complete. Professional practice, required by some schools for a stipulated period of time, is carried out in State and private pharmacies.

Examinations Examinations are official and cover all the subjects in the relevant course. They are held before a Board of Examiners consisting of the professors (i.e., holders of the Chair) and professors of allied subjects. As a rule, they are oral and practical. At the University of Cordoba, where the courses are divided into four-month periods, the examinations may be written, oral and practical, and are held in March, July and December. The rules governing repeat examinations vary from school to school, but in general the student is allowed at least three attempts at the same examination. 22 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Qualification Students who are successful in the final examination (held on completion of the fourth year of study) obtain the diploma of Farmaceutico. Those who take the six­ year course will be awarded the diploma of Licenciado en Ciencias Farmaceuticas. A post-graduate pharmaceutical degree awarded in Argentina is that of Doctor en Farmacia y Bioquimica (Doctor of Pharmacy and Biochemistry), obtained by presentation of a specific thesis and an oral examination on the thesis.

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise, holders of the diploma of Farma­ ceutico, whether nationals or foreigners, must register with the Pharmacy Direc­ torate (Direcci6n de Farmacia, Drogas y Medicamentos), recently created in the Federal Capital, which issues the licence. Citizens of Argentina and foreigners who have qualified in a foreign country (excluding Uruguay, in accordance with the Montevideo treaty on pharmacists) are authorized to practise after validation of their diploma. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff I Admissions Graduates tuition fees started I enrolment Facultad de Bioquimica y Farmacia Universidad de Buenos Aires BUENOS AIRES, D.F. Instituto de Ciencias Quimicas 1888 5f 167m 24m 41 m None Facu1tad de Ciencias Medicas 23 p 280 f 47 f 74 f Universidad Naciona1 de Cordoba C6RDOBA, Cordoba Facultad de Quimica y 1897 10 f 315m 75 m 35m None Farmacia 40p 345 f 65f 40 f Universidad Nacional de La Plata LA PLATA, Buenos Aires Escuela de Quimica, Bio- 1951 5f 85 m 7m None quimica y Farmacia llp 192 f 7 f Facultad de Ciencias Medicas Universidad Nacional de Cuyo MENDOZA, Mendoza Escuela de Bioquimica y 1921 llf 238m 12m 20m None Farmacia 167 f 29 f 20 f Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Farmacia y Ramos Menores Universidad Nacional del Litoral ROSARIO, Santa Fe Facultad de Bioquimica y 1914 7f 271m 78 m 19 None Farmacia 18 p 501 f 156 f Universidad Nacional de Tucuman TUCUMAN, Tucuman AUSTRALIA 23

AUSTRALIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 10 916 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 9 992** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 6 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 313 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 1100 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1 819 000

• 1963 figures. •• Approximate figure; includes 8772 pharmacists working in pharmacies and 1220 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Australia pharmaceutical studies last for three years and require twelve to eighteen months of practice in an approved pharmaceutical establishment after the award of the relevant degree or diploma and before the holder can be officially registered as a pharmacist. The course in pharmacy leads to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy if the training has taken place in a university, or to the Diploma in Pharmacy if it has been given in a technical college or, as in the case of the State of Victoria, a private institution.

Administration The schools in Brisbane, Sydney and Adelaide are attached to the respective state universities. The school in Perth is attached to the Technical College, while that in Melbourne is conducted privately by the Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria. The course in Hobart is held, in the first year, at the University of Tas­ mania and in the subsequent two years at the Technical College. A new Institute of Technology is under construction at Collier, near Perth. Some of the buildings have now been completed and pharmacy students are receiving training at that centre. Australian universities are, by statute or Royal Charter, self-governing aca­ demic corporations. Their governing bodies are composed of representatives of the state government concerned, 1 the general body of graduates and the teaching staff. The universities have a co-ordinating committee, centred on the Australian National University in Canberra, to deal with matters of common interest. It is composed of the universities' senior administrative officers and is known as the Australian Vice-Chancellor's Committee. As most schools of pharmacy are associated with the universities-either de jure or de facto-a close relationship is maintained between the schools

1 The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of six states and two area• on the Australian continent designated "Territories" and !Object to the Commonwealth Government. 24 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY and other institutions of the university, such as the science and medical schools. Pharmacy students usually follow lectures in physics, chemistry, biology, phar­ maceutics, physiology, pharmacology, microbiology, etc., with a stronger mathe­ matical bias than medical students. Where the school of pharmacy is part of a technical college, the advisory committee of the school includes a representative of the university and also a representative of the state department of health. The schools are financed, via the universities, by grants from the central Government and state administrations, by students' fees, and, in some instances, also by private funds. At the head of a school of pharmacy is the Principal, the Head of the Depart­ ment, or the Dean. The academic year begins in March and ends in October or November.

Conditions of admission The minimum age for admission is 16 years in Brisbane and Hobart, and 17 years at Melbourne; the remaining schools do not specify age requirements. Candidates for admission to any of the schools of pharmacy must have passed the matriculation examination. This examination, sometimes known as the school­ leaving certificate, is held at the end of a five- or six-year secondary-school course (preceded by five to seven years of primary school) and includes (preferably) English, mathematics, chemistry and physics. There is no entrance examination to the schools of pharmacy, but if the number of applicants exceeds the number of places available, candidates are selected on their academic merits. Qualifi­ cation for matriculation at one Australian university is generally recognized by the others. As regards health requirements, in some states the law demands that the whole population be X-rayed; candidates may therefore be required to present a chest X-ray on admission. Foreign students are eligible for admission, but they must have passed an examination equivalent to matriculation, with passes at the university level in science subjects. At some schools foreign students are subject to a selection procedure; in Brisbane the total number of foreign students is restricted to a certain quota. Fees are charged at all schools. National students may apply for Common­ wealth scholarships, which are awarded on the basis of the results of the matri­ culation examination. These scholarships provide for the payment of lecture and examination fees and, in some cases, for living expenses. In addition, state scholarships are granted by the Department of Education, the Army, and the Repatriation Department, and a limited number of scholarships are awarded on merit during the study course. For foreign students scholarships are available under the Colombo Plan.

Curriculum Although there are some variations in the three-year curriculum in the different schools, the courses set by each school include most of the subjects listed below: First year: chemistry; physics; botany; zoology; biology; mathematics. AUSTRALIA 25

Second year: chemistry; pharmaceutics; microbiology; physiology; pharma­ cognosy; biology. Third year: chemistry; pharmaceutics; pharmacy; physiology; pharmacology; forensic pharmacy; pharmaceutical administration. Most of the courses are taught by lectures and laboratory work. In addition, the required practical training during or after the study course must take place in approved premises-i.e., retail pharmacies, hospital pharmacies or pharmaceutical laboratories, industrial enterprises or a pharmaceutical teaching institution.

Examinations There is an examination for every subject at the end of each year in which it is taught. The examinations are written, and may also be oral and, where appro­ priate, practical. Students are required to complete the examinations of one year before proceeding to the next year's studies. Regulations for repeat examinations vary from state to state; usually each case is considered on its merits. Students recommended by the examiners may be admitted to a supplementary re-examination before the beginning of the next academic year.

Qualification The basic qualification is awarded at the end of the three-year study course after success in all the requisite examinations. Higher academic degrees available in the country are those of Bachelor of Pharmacy with Honours (B. Pharm. Hons.), Fellowship of the Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria and of the Pharmaceutical Society of Western Australia, Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm.), and Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy (Ph.D.). The Universities of Queensland and Sydney offer the Bachelor of Pharmacy honours degree to holders of the pass degree following formal training of twelve months' duration, an examination, and the presentation of a review and project report. These universities have also established a degree of Master of Pharmacy, the requirements for which will be possession of the Bachelor's degree with honours, research for a minimum of one year, and presentation of a thesis. A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy must first have obtained at least a second-class honours degree; he must pursue research for at least two years and submit a thesis. Fellowship of the Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria is awarded to graduate pharmacists following one year of full-time study and research in one of the Departments of Victoria College under the supervision of a senior member of the staff. Graduates of the Perth Technical College (Western Australia) may obtain the Fellowship after success in an examination. Fellowship of the Pharmaceutical Society of Western Australia is at present obtainable by holders of the basic diploma after a minimum of two years' study in which four previously approved units (one at second-year level) are passed at examination. The conditions govern­ ing the granting of a Fellowship to those who have taken the Associate course, which commenced in 1964, are at present under review. 26 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise, pharmacy graduates must register with the Pharmacy Board of the respective state. One state (Victoria) requires a registration examination, consisting of an oral examination in pharmacy practice (including forensic pharmacy) and an examination in practical dispensing. This registration examination is conducted by the Pharmacy Board. There are no special registration requirements for foreigners who have qualified in the country. Recognition of foreign qualifications varies from state to state, and recognition by one board does not necessarily mean recognition by another. Reciprocity extends only to qualified pharmacists from Great Britain, Ireland and New Zealand. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Teaching Total Name and address instruction I A.dmissioru Graduate• tuition fees started staff enrolment (£A)

Department of Pharmacy 1932 3f 152m 35m 22m 105 University of Adelaide 3 p 60 f 16 f Sf ADELAIDE, South Australia

Department of Pharmacy 1960• llfl> 160m 43 m 27m 126 (R); University of Queensland 125 f 49 f 19 f 189 (NR) BRISBANE, Queensland

School of Pharmacy 1952 3f 22m Sm 2m 50-110 Hobart Technical College 3p 3 f 2f 26, Bathurst Street HoBART, Tasmania

Victoria College of Pharmacy 1880 16 f 294m 153 m 83 m 152 381-391, Royal Parade llp 146 f 66 f 56 f MELBOURNE, Victoria

Perth Technical College 1902 14 f 152m 42 m 31 m R: 1-2 Department of Pharmacy 2p 27f 10 f 4f (under PERTH, Western Australia 18 years), 2-4 (18-20), 2-21 (21 and over); NR: adult rates +SO% sur- charge per lecture per annum

Department of Pharmacy 1900 26 f 40Sm 64 m 37m 165.10.0 University of Sydney 3p 278 f 84 f 24 f (Rand NR) SYDNEY, New South Wales

a Year in which University degree in pharmacy was established; previous training, given in a non-university college course, commenced in 1890. • The department is undergoing development and rapid changes arc taking place. AUSTRIA 27

AUSTRIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 7 172 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 2264** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 3 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 111 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 3 200 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 390000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 2165 working in pharmacies and 99 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Austria pharmaceutical studies last for three years and lead to the degree of Magister Pharmaciae (Master of Pharmacy).

Administration There are no separate schools of pharmacy in Austria and the pharmaceutical course is offered at various departments of faculties of philosophy, such as the department of physics, department of chemistry, department of natural sciences, and department of hygiene. The faculties are part of university institutions, which are owned and financed by the State. Professors are appointed by the President of the Republic after having been proposed by the Professors' Collegiate and nominated by the Minister of Edu­ cation. Each faculty is headed by a Dean, elected yearly by the professors. He is eligible for re-election after completion of his term of office. The academic year, which commences in October and ends in July, is divided into two semesters-October to February and April to July.

Conditions of admission Candidates for admission must be at least 18 years of age and hold the Matura (Reifezeugnis), a secondary-school certificate obtained after twelve years of education (four primary and eight secondary). A knowledge of Latin is compul­ sory. No health requirements are stipulated, and there is no numerus clausus. Foreign students are eligible for enrolment provided they possess a secondary­ school certificate equivalent to the Austrian Matura, including Latin; students whose mother tongue is not German must pass an examination in that language before admission. Tuition fees are charged. National students may obtain a reduction of, or exemption from, tuition fees. In addition, bursaries are granted by the federal or provincial (Lander) governments; their award depends both on academic achieve­ ment and on the financial position of the student. 28 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Curriculum The curriculum is similar at all schools and is arranged as follows: First year: physics; anatomy and physiology of plants; botany (systematic); inorganic chemistry; analytical chemistry; organic chemistry. Second year: physics; physical chemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharma­ cognosy; analytical chemistry; organic chemistry. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; toxicology; hygiene; pharmaceutical techniques; galenicals; drug analysis; pharmaceutical analysis; legal aspects of pharmacy; first aid. Instructions consists of lectures and laboratory work.

Examinations Internal examinations may be given during the academic year, but official national examinations are held at the end of the second and third years of study. The examinations at the end of the second year (first Rigorosum) cover anatomy and physiology of plants, botany, physics, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry. The second Rigorosum examination includes pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy, and hygiene. All examinations are oral and, where appropriate, practical; they are conducted under the auspices of the faculty. Students who fail may repeat each Rigorosum three times; the last attempt is allowed only with the special permission of the faculty of philosophy.

Qualification After the student has passed the second Rigorosum he receives the degree of Magister Pharmaciae. All three universities offer the post-graduate degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Dr.Phil.) or Doctor of Pharmacy (Dr.Pharm.), the requirements for which are as follows: two to three years of research, one to one and a half years of formal training tested by examinations, and the presentation of an acceptable thesis.

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise, holders of the degree of Magister Pharmaciae must work in a public pharmacy as an "Aspirant" for two years and then pass an examination (Aspirantenprufung). However, this period of practical training and the subsequent examination are not required of those who wish to work as pharmacists in laboratories, research, pharmaceutical manufacturing, etc. Austrian nationals with foreign diplomas are authorized to practise in the country provided that (1) their studies are considered equivalent to those leading to the Austrian degree, (2) their qualification is recognized by one of the Austrian universities, and (3) they work as an "Aspirant" in an Austrian pharmacy and pass the requisite examination (Aspirantenprufung ). Foreigners who qualify in Austria and foreigners who qualify abroad may practise with the special authori- AUSTRIA 29

zation of the Ministry of Social Administration (after an interview with the Chamber of Pharmacists) and provided that they comply with the conditions described above. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment Admissions Graduates tuition fees started (S)

Philosophische Fakultat 1853 .. 308 70 6m 450-730 Karl-Franzens Universitat 9f (R); in Graz 1350-2190 U niversitatsplatz 3 (F) GRAz

Institut fiir organische und 1853 20 f" 75 m 12m Sm 1000 (R); pharmazeutische Chemie 4p 85 f 16 f Sf 3000 (F) Universitat Innsbruck Peter Mayrstrasse 1a/1 lNNSBRUCK

Philosophische Fakultat 1833 3fb 159m 29m 27m 1000 (R); Universitat Wien 3p 440 f 97 f 53f 3000 (F) Dr Karl Luegerring 1 WIEN I

• Members of the teaching staff teach at various institutes of the Faculty. • Does not include several members of the teaching staff teaching at various institutes of the university. 30 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

BELGIUM

Introductory data* Population ...... 9 290 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 5 750*"' Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 4 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 172 Population per pharmacist . . . . . 1600 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 322 500

• 1963 figures. •• Including approximately 5000 working in pharmacies and 750 in pharma­ ceutical manufacture.

In Belgium pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the diploma of Pharmacien or Apotheker (Pharmacist).

Administration The pharmaceutical course is divided into two parts: the first (of two years' duration) is taken at a university faculty of sciences, and the second (which extends over three years) at a university faculty of medicine and pharmacy. Of the four Belgian universities, two-those at Ghent and Liege-are State-owned and are supervised by the Ministry of Education and Culture (Ministere de !'Edu­ cation nationale et de la Culture). Each of these two universities is administered by an Administrative Board (Conseil d'Administration), presided over by the Rector, who is elected by the professorial staff at a meeting of the Academic Council (Conseil academique) and is then appointed for a four-year period by the Crown. The Ministry of Education and Culture appoints directly a State representative to the Administrative Board, while the other members represent the various faculties. In budgetary and financial matters, the academic heads of departments deal directly with the Administrative Board of the university and not through faculty deans. The two State universities are financed almost entirely (95%) by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Academic policies and relevant rules and regulations are formulated, within the limits set by State laws, by the Academic Council, which consists of the professors of all the faculties. The Free University of Brussels is an independent institution supported by voluntary contributions and governed by an Administrative Board of thirty-seven members, none of whom represents the State. The Rector of the University is selected by the professors from among their own group, and each faculty elects its Dean in a similar manner. The Roman Catholic University of Louvain is a non-governmental institution and is directed by an Administrative Board composed of all the bishops of Belgium. The chief executive officer of the University-its Rector Magnificus-is BELGIUM 31 chosen from among the clergy and appointed on a permanent basis by the Administrative Board. He is assisted by an advisory body-the Conseil rectoral. Deans are chosen each year by their respective faculties. More than 50% of the funds of the non-State institutions are provided by the Government. Being attached to the faculties of sciences and the medical and pharmaceutical faculties of their respective universities, the pharmaceutical institutes maintain liaison and exchange scientific information with these faculties; they are also in close contact with the Ministry of Justice (toxicological analyses), the Ministry of Public Health, the pharmaceutical industry (drug analyses), and the food industry (food analyses). At all the universities the academic year consists of two semesters, running from October to January and from February to July. The last month of the second semester is free of classes in order to allow students sufficient time to study for their examinations. The courses are given in Dutch at the University of Ghent, and in French at the Universities of Brussels and Liege; the University of Louvain provides for French and Dutch language sections, and each student is free to join whichever he prefers. The University of Brussels is progressively adopting the same system.

Conditions of admission Entrance requirements are fixed by law and are the same for all the Belgian universities. In order to be eligible for admission to a faculty of sciences the student must hold the dip/Ome d' etudes secondaires (a certificate awarded after six years of secondary education preceded by six years of primary school) obtained in one of three sections: Latin-science, Latin-mathematics, Latin-Greek. There is no further selection procedure, and no numerus clausus. All the Belgian universities are provided with student health services and facilities for an annual health examination. A general physical examination, including a chest X-ray, on entry to the university and annually thereafter, is compulsory at the State universities and recommended at the independent universities. Foreign students are admitted to pharmaceutical studies on the same basis as Belgian students. They must hold a secondary-school certificate in humanities equivalent to the Belgian dip/Ome d'etudes secondaires. Tuition fees are charged at all the pharmaceutical institutes. For national students bursaries are available from the universities (Bourses de Ia Fondation universitaire), the Government (Fonds national des Etudes) and many other sources. Foreign students may apply for fellowships to the universities or to the Government, according to cultural agreements.

Curriculum The curriculum is established by law and is the same for all the pharmaceutical institutes. It consists of two periods: the first, taken at the faculty of sciences, is of two years' duration, and the second, taken at the faculty of medicine and pharmacy, extends over three years. 32 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

The subjects studied during the first period include : philosophy (logic, psychology, ethics); experimental physics; general chemistry; analytical geometry and infinitesimal calculus; zoology; botany; mineralogy; and geology and physical geography. The curriculum for the second (professional) part covers: qualitative and quantitative analytical chemistry and toxicology; pharmacognosy; food control; pharmaceutical chemistry; bacteriology; medical chemistry; pharmacodynamics; pharmacy; and pharmaceutical legislation and deontology. In addition to the theoretical instruction, students must perform practical work relating to the above-mentioned subjects. The last year of the curriculum (the fifth year of the whole study course) is occupied by practical work in a phar­ macy under the supervision of pharmacists of at least four years' standing. During this practical period, students return to the university to follow certain theoretical courses and carry out practical work.

Examinations Examinations in all the subjects studied are held at the end of each academic year, in June-July. A second session, for failed students, is held in September. The examinations are oral and practical (occasionally a written test is given in addi­ tion), and are conducted by the professors of the respective subjects. The rules governing repeat examinations vary from one institution to another, but in general students who fail in the end-of-the-year examinations have three more chances. This rule is not, however, applied in Liege. Students who are successful in the examinations at the end of the first period (second year of the curriculum) obtain the diploma of Candidat en Sciences preparatoires a Ia Pharmacie. Thereafter they are eligible for entry to the pharma­ ceutical institute. Each year of study at the institute is tested by theoretical and pratical examinations.

Qualification Having passed all the requisite examinations, the candidate obtains the diploma of Pharmacien or Apotheker. The following post-graduate degrees are obtainable in Belgium: (1) (a) Certificat comptementaire pour les pharmaciens d'industrie (certificate in industrial pharmaceutics): one year of study. (b) Certificat comptementaire de pharmacien specialiste en analyse des medi­ caments (certificate of specialist in drug analysis): one year of study. (c) Certificat comptementaire de pharmacien specialiste en analyses medicates (certificate of specialist in medical analyses): two years of study. Candidates for any of the above certificates must also pass an examination and present a thesis. (2) Docteur en Sciences pharmaceutiques (Doctor of Pharmacy). The candidate is required to carry out research and to present and defend an original thesis (manuscript or printed) on a scientific topic related to one of the subjects of the pharmaceutical curriculum. The candidate must also defend extempore a "supple- BEWIUM 33

mentary" thesis -i.e., an original research project relating to a subject different from that of the main thesis. (3) Agrege de 1' Enseignement en Sciences pharmaceutiques (a teaching quali­ fication). No formal training is required, but candidates must present and defend, first before the faculty and then in public, an original printed thesis as well as three "supplementary" theses. They must also give a public lecture on a subject determined by the board of examiners.

Licence to practise Possession of the legal diploma of Pharmacien or Apotheker confers the right to practise pharmacy in Belgium. Persons wishing to practise must have their diploma registered with the Provincial Medical Commission (Commission medi­ cale provinciale) and the professional association (Ordre des Pharmaciens). Foreigners who have qualified in Belgium are authorized to practise under the same conditions. Belgian citizens and foreigners who hold foreign qualifications may be permitted to practise after having their degree or diploma recognized, and after passing an examination in the Belgian Pharmacopoeia. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Name and address Teaching Total Graduates tuition fees instruction staff enrolment Admissions I I started I (BF) lnstitut de Pharmacie 1842 15f 14m 45 m 11m 1650-5800 Faculte de Medecine et de 3p 65f 52 f llf Pharmacie Universite libre de Bruxelles 50, avenue F.D. Roosevelt BRUXELLES 5

Farmaceutish Instituut 1849 17f 159m 16m 1500+350 Rijksuniversiteit te Gent 108 f llf (exam. fees) St Jansvest 12 GENT

Institut de Phannacie 1835 14 f 141m 87 m 12m 1245-1455 Faculte de Medecine et de 125 f 90 f 12 f Pharmacie Universite de Liege LIEGE

Institut de Pharmacie 1895 16 f 226m 89m 99 4000 Faculte de Medecine 165 f 64 f Universite catholique de Louvain rue Van Even LOUVAIN 34 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

BOLIVIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 3 596 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 470** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 3 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 51 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 7 700 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1199 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 350 working in pharmacies and 120 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities. In Bolivia pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Licenciado en Bioquimica y Farmacia (Licentiate in Biochemistry and Pharmacy).

Administration All three training institutions are faculties of their respective universities. The Bolivian universities, although owned and operated by the Government, have complete autonomy in the handling of their funds, except for the control exercised by Treasury auditors. Each university is headed by a Rector, elected by the professors of all its faculties and by an equal number of students. The same system is adopted for the election of deans of faculties. Rectors and deans are elected for three years. The Rector is assisted by a University Council (Consejo Universitario), of which he is chairman. The Dean of each faculty is assisted by a Governing Council (Consejo Directivo). The academic year, which begins in May and ends in February, is divided into two semesters.

Conditions of admission Candidates must be about 18 years of age, and must have completed six years of primary school and six years of secondary education and hold the secondary­ school certificate of bachillerato en humanidades. They must pass an entrance examination in general knowledge and aptitude and intelligence tests. A medical certificate (including X-ray) and dental certificate are also required. Admission is open to foreigners provided they hold a secondary-school certi­ ficate equivalent to the Bolivian bachillerato. Instruction is free of charge and scholarships are available, for both national and foreign students, from the universities and the Ministry of Education.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: organic chemistry (I); inorganic chemistry; applied botany; applied mathematics; qualitative analytical chemistry. BOLIVIA 35

Second year: organic chemistry (II); pharmacognosy; quantitative analytical chemistry; pharmaceutical physics; physiology and anatomy; parasitology. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry; galenical pharmacy (I); biochemistry; microbiology; biochemistry. Fourth year: bromatology; galenical pharmacy (II); toxicology; pharmaco­ dynamics; analytical chemistry. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work.

Examinations Examinations are written, oral and practical. They consist of periodic examinations held during the academic year and a final examination at the end of the year. All subjects of the curriculum are covered, the examinations being conducted by the professors of the respective subjects. On completion of the final course, qualifying examinations are held before a Board of Examiners, in which professors from the faculty as well as external examiners participate. Students who fail in any of the examinations have two more chances.

Qualification After success in the qualifying examinations candidates receive the degree of Licenciado en Bioquimica y Farmacia. Licence to practise All persons, whether national or foreign, who hold the degree of Licenciado en Bioquimica y Farmacia must obtain the national certificate, signed by the President of the Republic, for authorization to practise in Bolivia. The licence to practise is issued by the Directorate of National Pharmaceutical Services of the Ministry of Health. Persons with foreign pharmaceutical qualifications must have their degree or diploma validated by the Ministry of Health before they can obtain the national certificate. After graduation pharmacists are expected to work in State pharmacies for a certain time; however, this is not an obligation, and the duration of service is not stipulated.

Year Annual Teaching Total tuition fees Nam• and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates started I I I ($b) Facu1tad de Farmacia y 1907 10 p 6m 3m 4m None Bioquimica I 56 f 17f 11 f Universidad de San Simon COCHABAMBA

Facu1tad de Farmacia y 1888 14 f 63 m 5m 14m 35 Bioqulmica 1 p 140 f 26 f 7f Universidad Mayor de San Andres LA PAZ Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica 1902 14 p 8m 3m 2m 5 Universidad de San Xavier 72f 24 f 13f SUCRE I I I 36 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

BRAZIL

Introductory data* Population ...... 76 409 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 10 924** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 28 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. *** Population per pharmacist. . . . . 7000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 700000

• 1963 figures. •• Total number of pharmacists in active practice (including 2238 registered with the Regional Pharmacy Councils). ••• Data incomplete.

In Brazil pharmaceutical training is provided in two types of course: one lasts for three years and leads to the diploma of Farmaceutico (Pharmacist), and the other extends over four years and leads to the diploma of Farmaceutico Biol6gico (Pharmacist Specialized in Biology).

Administration About half of the pharmaceutical training institutions in Brazil are constituted as faculties of pharmacy and odontology, and the other half as faculties of phar­ macy. Most of the schools are component units of their respective universities. All schools operate under the administrative authority of the Federal Educational Council (Conselho Federal de Educa~ao), which determines the curriculum and fixes the length of the courses. The majority of schools are supported by the State; private schools, which are decreasing in number, are also subsidized by the State. The chief executive officer of each school is termed Director. The academic year consists of two semesters: March to June and August to December.

Conditions of admission The minimum age for admission is 19 years; there is no maximum age limit. Applicants for admission must have completed six years of primary and seven years of secondary education and hold the secondary-school leaving certificate (certificado de termino de curso secundario completo e fiches modello 18 e 19). Candidates are selected in an entrance examination consisting of a written test in chemistry, physics, biology and mathematics. A satisfactory health certificate, a chest X-ray, and a certificate of vaccination against smallpox are required. Foreign students are admitted usually under international cultural agreements, and may enter the course without sitting the entrance examination. Tuition fees are charged at some schools. For national students scholarships are available. BRAZIL 37

Curriculum

The following curriculum, offered at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Brazil at Rio de Janeiro, is given as an example. It is so designed that the first two years are common to both courses-i.e., the course leading to the diploma of Farmaceutico and the course leading to the diploma of Farmaceutico Biologico. First year: botany and plant anatomy; physics; mathematics; analytical chemistry, quantitative and qualitative; organic chemistry (systematic); inorganic chemistry. Second year: organic analytical chemistry; biochemistry (general); pharma­ cognosy; anatomy; physiology; microbiology; parasitology. (1) Farmaceutico course Third year: pharmaceutical economics; statistics; pharmacotechniques; hygiene and public health; pharmaceutical chemistry. (2) Farmaceutico Bio/Ogico course Third year: special biochemistry; statistics; pharmacotechniques; pharma­ ceutical economics; radiochemistry; physical chemistry; theoretical organic chemistry; analytical chemistry (physical methods of analysis). Fourth year: specialization in one of the following fields: (a) Pharmaceutical and food industry, including: general technology; bromatology; technology of foodstuffs; pharmaceutical technology; micro­ biology and industrial enzymology; bromatological analysis. (b) Chemotherapy, including: pharmaceutical chemistry; phytochemistry; pharmacodynamics; experimental chemotherapy; toxicology. (c) Public health, including: legislation and toxicology; bromatology; parasitological, microbiological and haematological analyses. Instruction consists of both theory and practice (the latter being carried out in laboratories, either in small groups or individually), and is completed by study visits to the principal laboratories.

Examinations All examinations are written, oral and practical. They are internal examinations, conducted under the auspices of the faculty, and cover all the subjects studied. They are held at the end of each academic year. In the event of failure, the student may take the same examination once more; if he fails again, he is excluded from further studies. Before taking the final examination at the end of the respective course, all pharmacy students must complete a period of practice consisting of two parts, of which the first, amounting to 150 hours, is spent in a pharmaceutical laboratory, and the second, of 300 hours' duration, is spent in a pharmacy. After performing this practical work candidates receive a certificate and thereafter sit for the final examination. 38 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Qualification

Candidates succesful in the final examination obtain the respective diploma. No post-graduate degrees are obtainable in the country.

Licence to practise

To obtain the licence to practise, graduates must first register their diploma (of Farmaceutico or Farmaceutico Bio/ogico) with the university (if the school from which they graduated is part of a university) or with the Ministry of Edu­ cation and the Ministry of Health (if the school is a separate institution). There­ after they must register with the National Control Service for Medicine and Pharmacy and with the Regional Pharmacy Council. Citizens of Brazil holding foreign pharmacy qualifications, if they wish to practise in Brazil, must have their degree or diploma validated by a faculty of pharmacy by means of examination in subjects determined by the faculty. Foreigners who graduate in Brazil, whether they have studied under an inter­ national cultural agreement, or whether they themselves have paid for the course, must have their diploma validated and take an examination (at the Pedro II College in Rio de Janeiro) in Portuguese, history of Brazil, and geography. Foreigners with foreign qualifications must also pass this examination before they obtain the licence to practise. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff Admissions Graduates tuition fees started enrolment (Crl)

AMAZONAS Faculdade de Farmacia e Odontologia Universidade do Amazonas MANA US I BAHIA Faculdade de Farmacia 1832 34 111 39 34 None Universidade do Bahia Avenida Araujo Pinho 58- Canela SALVADOR

CEARA Faculdade de Farmacia 1954 e Odontologia Universidade do Ceara Rua Visconde de Cauipe 2853 FORTALilZA BRAZIL 39

Year A1111UD/ Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment Admissions I Graduates started I (CrS)

GOIAS Faculdade de Farmacia e 1948 Odontologia Universidade Federal de Goias Rua Vinte 19-20 GOIANIA

GUANABARA Faculdade Nacional de 1946 4f 130 34m 30 None Farmacia 54 p 10 f Universidade do Brasil Wenceslan Braz 49 RIO DE JANEIRO

MARANHAO Faculdade de Farmacia e 1945 Odontologia de Sao Luiz Rua 13 de Maio 506 SA.o LUis

MINAS GERAIS Escola de Farmacia e 1914 10 p 61 m 22m 15m 40 Odontologia de Alfenas 21 f llf Sf Prac;a de Bandeira 46 ALFENAS

Faculdade de Farmacia 1927 77 184 88 23 Universidade do Minas I Gerais Confiuencia da A venida do Contomo e Olegario Maciel BELO HORIZONTE

Faculdade de Farmacia e 1905 228 G 80 G 25. 60 Odontologia Universidade de Juiz de Fora Rua Esplrito Santo 993/1023 JUIZ DE FoRA Faculdade de Farmacia e Odontologia Universidade de Minas Gerais Rua Guajajaras 176 MINAS GERAIS

Escola de Farmacia de 1839 17 p 124 39 20 40 Ouro Preto Rua Costa Sena 2 0URO PRETO I I

• 1964 figures. 40 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year Annual Teaching Total Name and adtire&S instruction staff Admissions I Graduates tuition fees I started I enrolment (Crl)

PARA Faculdade de Farmacia 1957 Universidade do Para Avenida Nazareth 61 BEL EM

PARAlBA Faculdade de Farmacia 1955 Universidade do Paraiba Rua Duque de Caxias 81 JOAO PESSOA

PARANA Faculdade de Farmacia 1912 Universidade do Parana Rua Coronel Dulcidio 638 CuRfTIBA Faculdade Estadual de 1954 Farmacia e Odontologia de Ponta Grossa Pra~a Barao do Rio Branco 128 PONTA GROSSA

PERNAMBUCO I Faculdade de Farmacia Universidade do Recife Rua do Hospicio 619 RECIFE

RIO DE JANEIRO Faculdade de Farmacia 1912 Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Avenida Ahniranto Tofe 637 NITER6I

RIO GRANDE DO NORTE Faculdade de Farmacia 1958 Universidade do Rio Grande do Norte Avenida Hermos da Fonsoca 780 NATAL

RIO GRANDE DO SUL Escola de Farmacia de Porto Alegre Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul Avenida Ipiranga, s/n PoRTO ALEGRE BRAZIL 41

Year Teaching Annual Name and address instruction Total staff enrolment Admissions Graduates tuition fee• I started I (Crl)

RIO GRANDE DO SUL I (continued) Faculdade de Farmacia 1931 37 p 48 m 28m 15 40 Universidade de Santa Maria 37 f 14f Rua Floriano Peixoto 184 SANTA MARIA

SANTA CATARINA Faculdade de Farmacia e 1948 25 p 61 m 23m 14m None Bioquimica 27f 18 f 4f Universidade de Santa Catarina Rua Estovos Jllnior 1 FLORIAN6POLIS

SAO PAULO Faculdade de Farmacia e Odontologia de Ara~tuba Universidade de Sao Paulo ARAt;ATUBA

Faculdade de Farmacia e 1923 76 p 62m 14m 16 None Odontologia de Araraquara 30 f 29 f Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil1621 ARARAQUARA

Faculdade de Farmacia e Odontologia de Bauru Universidade de Sao Paulo BAURU

Faculdade de Farmacia e Odontologia de Piracicaba Rua Dom Pedro II 627 PIRACICABA

Faculdade de Farmacia e 1924 45 195 63 40 None Odontologia de Ribeirao Preto Rua Tibiri~a 714 RIBEIRAO PRETO

Faculdade de Farmacia e 1960 Odontologia de Sao Jose dos Campos I Rua Sil.o Jose, sfn SAO JOSE DOS CAMPOS

Faculdade de Farmacia e 1962 62 235 65 - 100 Bioquimica Universidade de Sao Paulo Rua Tres Rios 363 SA.o PAULO

I 42 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

BULGARIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 8 078 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 1 859** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 53 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 4300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 8 078 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 1416 working in pharmacies and 443 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Bulgaria pharmaceutical studies last for four and a half years and lead to the degree of Magister Pharmaciae (Master of Pharmacy).

Administration The Faculty of Pharmacy, together with the Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry, are component parts of the Higher Institute of Medicine. The Institute operates under the jurisdiction of, and is financed by, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. The chief executive officers of the Institute are the Rector and two Deputy Rectors. The Rector is assisted by an Academic Council, of which the Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy and two representatives of the Faculty, elected by the Dean's Council, are members. The Faculty of Pharmacy is administered by a Dean and a Deputy Dean, assisted by a Council. The Dean and representatives of the Dean's Council keep in contact with the Rector via the Academic Council of the Higher Institute of Medicine. The Faculty of Pharmacy works in close contact with other faculties of the Institute. Thus, pharmacy students take some theoretical courses, such as anatomy, physiology, microbiology, pharmacology, and hygiene, along with medical students. In research and teaching the Faculty of Pharmacy co-operates with the Pharmaceutical Institute and some chemical-pharmaceutical enterprises. The academic year consists of two semesters: September to December and February to May.

Conditions of admission Candidates must be at least 18 years of age. The maximum age limit is 35 years for regular students and 40 years for those following the course by correspondence. Applicants must have completed eight years of primary education and three of secondary school and hold the secondary-school certificate (matura). In addition, they must pass a written entrance examination in chemistry and biology. The BULGARIA 43 selection of students is based on the results of this competitive examination and on the marks obtained in the matura, the main subjects being Bulgarian language, chemistry and biology. Candidates must present a satisfactory medical certificate. Foreign students who come from countries with which Bulgaria has cultural agreements are admitted without taking the entrance examination; they must hold a secondary-school certificate. Instruction is free of charge. Some 40% of national students receive the sum of 30-53 leva per month, depending on their financial situation. Almost all foreign students admitted on the basis of cultural agreements receive 80 leva per month.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: history of the Communist Party of the USSR; history of the Bulgarian Communist Party; Russian; Latin; a foreign (western European) language; physical culture; higher mathematics; inorganic chemistry; physics; botany; anatomy and physiology. Second year: political economy; dialectical materialism; botany; organic chemistry; analytical chemistry; physical chemistry; anatomy and physi­ ology; microbiology. Third year: physical chemistry; pharmaceutical techniques; pharmacognosy; pharmaceutical chemistry (I). Fourth year: public health; biochemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry (II); pharmacology; industrial technology; organization of pharmaceutical services. In addition to the above subjects, pharmacy students must take some of the following electives: drug analysis; pharmaceutical analysis; technical drawing; first aid; and drug incompatibility. (This requirement was introduced in 1964.) Instruction is given through the medium of lectures and laboratory work. Practical training consists of: (a) one botany excursion and 240 hours of practical work in professional subjects, carried out after completion of the first academic year; (b) two weeks of practical work in pharmacognosy, carried out after the third academic year; and (c) two weeks of practical training in pharmaceutical chemistry, carried out in a control laboratory after completion of the fourth year of study.

Examinations Oral examinations are held at the end of each semester in all subjects, except higher mathematics and physical chemistry, in which written tests are given, and microbiology, in which the examination is practical. All these examinations are internal and are conducted by the professors of the subjects. There are two sessions of examinations-one regular and the other for failed students. The student may fail in each subject twice. If he fails in more than one subject in the second session, he must repeat the year or interrupt the studies for one year. If he fails in the first session of examinations after this year of repeated (or inter­ rupted) studies in more than one subject, he is excluded from further studies. 44 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Qualification Students who have completed the whole course and passed all the requisite examinations must perform fourteen weeks of practice in the following fields: pharmaceutical techniques (eight weeks), industrial techniques (two weeks), pharmaceutical chemistry (two weeks), and pharmacy administration (two weeks). After this period of practice candidates sit for the State examination in pharma­ cology, pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacy administration. If successful, they receive the degree of Magister Pharmaciae. Higher academic degrees obtainable are those of Candidate of Science and Doctor of Science. In order to become eligible for the Candidate of Science degree, the holder of the Magister Pharmaciae must have performed one year of practice after graduation. Furthermore, he must have engaged in research and concurrently followed a formal training course. The duration of the research period and training course varies according to whether the candidate works full time (in this case thirty-six months are required), or whether he works partly by correspondence (forty-eight months) or exclusively by correspondence (fifty-four months). On completion of the course all candidates are required to take examinations and present an acceptable thesis. All holders of the Candidate of Science degree are eligible for the degree of Doctor of Science provided they present a thesis based on original work. The degree of Doctor of Science is generally required of those who decide on an academic career.

Licence to practise Once the degree of Magister Pharmaciae has been conferred, the licence to practise is granted. Foreigners who have qualified in Bulgaria and wish to practise in the country must have the approval of their respective governments to remain in Bulgaria. Bulgarian citizens and foreigners with foreign qualifications must have their degrees recognized by the Ministry of Education; foreigners must, moreover, obtain a residence permit. Following graduation, pharmacists are required to work for three years in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address I instruction I Admissions Graduates tuition fees started staff enrolment

Faculty of Pharmacy 1942 41 f 186 m• 71 m• 21m None Higher Institute of Medicine 36 p 495 f• 106 r• 32 f Ekzarh Josif 15 35 m• 12 m• SOFIA 128 fb 46 fb I • Regular students. • Correspondence-course students. CAMBODIA 45

CAMBODIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 5 900 000 Number of pharmacists...... 12** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. Population per pharmacist. . . . . 490000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 5 900000

• 1963 figures. •• Including I working in a pharmacy and II in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Cambodia pharmaceutical studies last for five years (including one year of practical training) and lead to the Dip/Ome d'Etat de Pharmacien (State Diploma of Pharmacist).

Administration The Faculty of Pharmacy is part of the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Paramedical Sciences, a State institution operated by the Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry of National Education. The Faculty of Pharmacy is headed by a Dean, who is assisted by a Director of Pharmaceutical Studies. The academic year begins in September and ends in June. The language of instruction is French.

Conditions of admission The minimum age for admission is 18 years. Students seeking admission to the Faculty of Pharmacy must possess the secondary-school certificate (baccalaureat, 2nd part), obtained after thirteen years of education, and a certificate of completion of one year's practical work in a pharmacy. Candidates must be in good health. Foreign students are admitted under the same conditions as nationals. Instruction is free of charge. Bursaries are available for national students.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: general and inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; physics; physiology; parasitology; analytical chemistry; botany. Second year: general and inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; physics; botany; physiology; parasitology; pharmaceutical chemistry; galenicals; materia medica. 46 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry; analytical chemistry; galenicals; materia medica; biochemistry; pharmacodynamics; mycology; micro­ biology; bromatology; haematology. Fourth year: industrial pharmacy; hydrology; first aid; legislation; micro­ biology; biochemistry; immunology. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work.

Examinations Qualifying examinations are held at the end of each course. Students may present themselves for the same examination four times.

Qualification Candidates who are successful in all the requisite examinations are awarded the Diplome d'Etat de Pharmacien. No post-graduate qualifications are obtainable in Cambodia.

Licence to practise Persons wishing to practise pharmacy in Cambodia must be citizens of the country and must hold a recognized diploma in pharmacy (either the Diplome d'Etat de Pharmacien or a foreign diploma recognized on the basis of cultural agreements). Registration with the Ministry of Public Health, following the recommendation of the Directorate of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Services of Cambodia, is obligatory. Pharmacy graduates of Cambodian nationality who have studied on fellow­ ships must serve the State for a period of six years.

Year Teaching Total Annual Nam~ and addr~ss instruction Graduates staff enrolment I Admissions I tuition fees I started I

Faculte royale de Medecine, 1957• 13p 27m I 18m - None de Phannacie et des 9f I 7 f I Sciences paramedicales Moha Vithei Preah Bat Monivong I I PHNOM PENH I I

• Year in which practical, pre-professional work began. CANADA 47

CANADA

Introductory data* Population ...... 18 928 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 8 322** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 8 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 307 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 2 300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 366000

• 1963 figures. •• Estimated; of this number some 8150 pharmacists work in pharmacies and the remainder in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Canada pharmaceutical studies last for four years (with the exception of the course at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Alberta, which is three years in length, the fourth being optional) and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy or Baccalaureates Sciences (Pharmacie) (B.S.P.).

Administration All Canadian schools of pharmacy are associated with the universities of the provinces in which they are located. Some are established as faculties of pharmacy, while others are attached to another department of the university. Universities in Canada are autonomous bodies. Some are government­ supported and derive their funds from the provinces in which they are located; others are privately owned and financed and may receive government support through student grants. Students' fees, grants, endowments and other financial resources meet the balance of the operating costs. The chief executive officer of each faculty of pharmacy is the Dean; schools and colleges of pharmacy are headed by a Director. The academic year begins in September and ends in April-May. It is divided into two semesters-September to December and January to May. The language of instruction is English, except at the faculty in Montreal and at the school attached to Laval University in Quebec City, where it is French.

Conditions of admission There are no age limits for admission to the schools. Applicants for admission to a school of pharmacy in the English-speaking provinces must be in possession of the senior matriculation certificate, obtained after twelve to thirteen years of primary and secondary education. Candidates for admission to both schools in Quebec Province must hold the Baccalaureat es Arts (which requires thirteen to fourteen years of primary and secondary education), or an equivalent certificate, 48 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

or the brevet du College des Pharmaciens de Ia Province de Quebec (certificate of the College of Pharmacists of the Province of Quebec). In the majority of schools the number of first-year students is restricted; those admitted are selected on the basis of marks obtained in the secondary-school examination, and an average of 60% marks in the senior matriculation examination is required. Students may also be screened by a selection committee and their personality may be taken into consideration. At all schools a medical examination (possibly including a tuberculin test), vaccination certificates and a chest X-ray are included in the admission requirements. Foreign students may enrol at all schools except that in Halifax, where the present facilities do not allow of their admission. Their qualifications must be equivalent to those required of Canadian students, and they must be proficient in the language of instruction. Tuition fees are charged. Financial assistance is available at all schools in the form of scholarships, grants or loans. These are offered by universities, provincial administrations, foundations, professional organizations and other agencies. In some provinces foreign students may also be eligible for certain scholarships.

Curriculum The arrangement of the curriculum varies from school to school, but generally the following subjects are taught: First year: botany; zoology; chemistry; physics; introductory pharmacy; mathematics; English; non-science electives. Second year: physiology; English; pharmacy; qualitative inorganic analyses; qualitative organic analyses; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacody­ namics; anatomy and histology; non-science electives. Third year: pharmaceutics; pharmacy; biochemistry; pharmacognosy; pharma­ ceutical chemistry; microbiology; pharmaceutical techniques; legislation; ethics; history of pharmacy. Fourth year: dispensing; pharmacology; prescriptions; pharmacy management; pharmaceutics; hospital pharmacy; hygiene and public health; industrial administration; toxicology; laboratory; thesis; approved option. Instruction consists of lectures and laboratory work. The practical experience required for the licence to practise is gained in retail or hospital pharmacies under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. The duration of this practical training varies from province to province, being determined by the professional asso­ ciations. In general, twelve months of practice are required, and it may be performed either before or after attending university, during the summer vacation or at any combination of these times. Some provinces, however, require that part of the practice be carried out after graduation.

Examinations Regulations governing examinations vary from school to school. In general, instructors may give tests at any time, at their discretion. Final examinations, which cover all the subjects studied, are held at the end of the academic year, or CANADA 49 on completion of the respective course. All examinations are written and, where appropriate, a practical test is given in addition. On the recommendation of the department concerned, and with the concurrence of the dean of the faculty, a student may be refused permission to sit for the final examinations if he has an inordinate number of unexcused absences, has failed to carry out a sufficient number of his written assignments, and has neglected a substantial portion of laboratory work in a science course. Regarding failures in individual subjects, in many instances the number of supplementary examinations allowed is determined by the faculty council con­ cerned, but a failed student has at least one more chance.

Qualification Students who have successfully completed the pharmacy course, passed all the prescribed examinations and presented a thesis (where required) obtain the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (B.S.P.) or Baccalaureat es Sciences (Phar­ macie). The following post-graduate certificates, diplomas and degrees are obtainable in Canada: (1) Dip!Ome en Pharmacie d'Hopital, awarded by the Faculte de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Montreal to holders of the Baccalaureates Sciences (Pharmacie) following a twelve-month formal course, success in examinations (with a mark of least 65%) in the subjects studied, and a twelve-month internship in a hospital recognized by the University. (2) In the province of Saskatchewan, a certificate of Residency in Hospital Pharmacy, obtained after one year of practical experience in a hospital pharmacy. (3) Master of Science in Pharmacy or Maitrise en Pharmacie, obtainable at all universities except those in Halifax and Quebec City. The following requirements must be met: possession of the basic pharmacy degree, one to two years of research, a formal course of at least eight months' duration, an examination, and the pres­ entation and defence of a thesis. (4) The degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) is granted by the Universities of Alberta, Montreal, and Toronto. Candidates must have carried out two years of research beyond the Master's degree, present a thesis, and pass a comprehensive oral examination. Formal training and an examination in foreign languages are additional requirements in certain universities.

Licence to practise Possession of the B.S.P. does not, in itself, confer the right to practise pharmacy in any province of Canada. In order to practise the holder of the above degree must be registered with the professional association of the respective province. In some provinces, such as British Columbia, candidates who have qualified outside the province are required to write three examinations (pharmacology and materia medica, prescriptions, and dispensing). A period of internship is also required, as already mentioned (see under Curriculum). The licence to practise is issued after registration. 50 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Nationals with foreign diplomas may be authorized to practise provided they are graduates from recognized schools of pharmacy, pass the qualifying exami­ nation prescribed by the council of the professional association in the province concerned, and serve the required period of internship. Foreigners who have qualified in Canada are generally subject to the same conditions governing licence to practise as Canadian citizens qualifying in Canadian schools of pharmacy. In some provinces, Canadian citizenship is mandatory. Foreigners with foreign qualifications may be authorized to practise provided that they have had equivalent university training, pass the licensing examination, serve the internhip, have a command of the language of the province concerned, and obtain citizenship. As a general rule pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State (or provincial) service in any way. Students who have received financial assistance from the Armed Forces, however, are required to serve a "short-term" com­ mission, usually of three to five years' duration.

Year Teaching Annual Name and address instruction Admissions Graduatts tuition fees started staff I en;:Z~!nt I I I (CanS)

Faculty of Pharmacy 1914 9f 116m 44m 27m 350 University of Alberta 7p 106 f 45 f 26 f EDMONTON, Alberta

College of Pharmacy 1911 4f 61 m 17m 10m 465G Faculty of Health Professions 21 f 10 f 1 f Dalhousie University HAUFAX, Nova Scotia

Faculte de Pharmacie 1906 12 f 255m 86 m 42m 500 Universite de Montreal 10 p 68 f 17 f 7f C.P. 6128 MONTREAL, Quebec

Ecole de Pharmacie 1924 Sf 109m 41 m 13m 425-440 Universite Laval 12 p 21 f 4f I f Cite U niversitaire QUEBEC 10, Quebec

College of Pharmacy 1914 7f 181m 63 m 40 m 225 University of Saskatchewan Sp 77 f 30 f llf SASKATOON, Saskatchewan

Faculty of Pharmacy 1882 12f 271m 59 m 73 m 440 University of Toronto 25 p 143f 38 f 23f TORONTO 5, Ontario

Faculty of Pharmacy 1946 llf 109m 26m lOrn 396 University of British 1 p 52 f 18 f 4f Columbia VANCOUVER 8, British Columbia I

School of Pharmacy 1888 7f 69 m 20m 16m 350 University of Manitoba 1 p 50 f 20 f 3f WINNIPEG, Manitoba

• Raised to S525 in 1964/65. CEYLON 51

CEYLON

Introductory data* Population ...... 10 625 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 1 153** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 21 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 9 200 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 10 625 000

* 1963 figures. ** Including both pharmacists working in pharmacies and those in other phar­ maceutical activities.

In Ceylon pharmaceutical studies consist of a one-year course leading to the Certificate of Efficiency as a Pharmacist.

Administration The course is offered at the School of Pharmacy, which is attached to the Medical Faculty of the University of Ceylon. The University is an autonomous body, receiving an annual grant from the Ceylon Parliament. The Faculty of Medicine is headed by a Dean; the chief executive officer of the School of Pharmacy is the Registrar, Medical College Council. The School is housed in the Faculty of Medicine, and members of the teaching staff of the University teach at the School of Pharmacy. The academic year consists of three terms-October to December, January to March, and June to August. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission In order to be admitted to the School of Pharmacy, students must be between 17 and 30 years of age. They must be in possession of the general certificate of education with two credit passes and passes in English and chemistry. (This certificate is obtained after completion of twelve years of general education.) As the number of places available is limited, applicants are required to pass a competitive written examination in general knowledge and arithmetic. No health requirements are stipulated. Only national students are eligible for admission. Instruction is free of charge and bursaries are available.

Curriculum The one-year curriculum includes the following subjects: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; forensic pharmacy; and pharma­ cology. Instruction is both theoretical (235 hours) and practical (340 hours). 52 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Examinations Internal examinations are held during the academic year in all the subjects studied; official examinations, in which external examiners participate, are conducted at the end of the course. Written examinations are held in all subjects; in pharmacology oral tests are given in addition; in pharmaceutics the examinations are written, oral and practical. In the event of failure the student may present himself for a repeat examination three times provided he does so within one year of the first failure.

Qualification After passing the official examinations students must complete one year's internship before they receive the Certificate of Efficiency as a Pharmacist.

Licence to practise Holders of the Certificate of Efficiency as a Pharmacist must register with the Ceylon Medical Council in order to obtain the licence to practise. Nationals eligible for registration in the United Kingdom may practise in Ceylon. Foreigners may be registered and licensed with the permission of the Governor-General of Ceylon. In addition to holders of the Certificate of Efficiency as a Pharmacist, persons who are trained by means of the apprentice system are eligible for registration and the licence to practise in Ceylon. However, the abolition of this system has been recommended. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

I Year Teaching Total Admissions Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment Graduates I tuition fees started

School of Pharmacy 1946 2f 24m 24m 21 None Faculty of Medicine 2p Sf 5 f University of Ceylon Kynsey Road COLOMBO 8 CIDLE 53

CIDLE

Introductory data* Population ...... 8 217 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 2 100** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 2 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 59 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 3 900 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 4111 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 1200 working in pharmacies and 900 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Chile pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Quimico-Farmaceutico (Pharmaceutical Chemist).

Administration Both schools of pharmacy in Chile are attached to the faculties of chemistry and pharmacy of their respective universities, which are operated by the Ministry of Education. Both schools provide the full five-year curriculum, but only the State-owned University of Chile is empowered to hold the national examinations and to deliver the final degree. The University of Concepci6n is a private insti­ tution, but receives some financial support from the State. The universities are administered by a Rector and a University Council. Each school is administered by a Director. At the head of the faculty is a Dean, who assumes teaching respon­ sibilities. Both schools co-operate in scientific activities (conferences, publications, etc.) with professional associations, offer technical assistance and provide specialized courses for hospital laboratory workers and pharmacists. They also give technical assistance to the Forensic Medicine Service in chemico-toxicological analyses. A close relationship is maintained with the National Health Service and the Institute for Veterinary Research of the Ministry of Agriculture. In addition, pharmacy students carry out practical work in hospital centres. The academic year begins in March and ends in December, and is divided into two semesters.

Conditions of admission There are no age limits for admission. Candidates must hold the bachillerato en humanidades (obtained after six years of secondary education preceded by six years of primary school) with special mention in biology or mathematics. They are also required to pass a test determining their aptitude for the profession. The number of first-year students is limited to those selected by a special commission 54 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY on the basis of marks (at least 50% of the total) obtained in (a) the written university entrance examination; (b) the bachillerato examination; and (c) exami­ nations in the last three years of the secondary-school course. In case of doubt a personal interview is arranged. All entrants are examined by the university medical and dental services to determine whether their health is satisfactory. The pharmacy course is open to foreign students under the same conditions, and a limited number are accepted. Registration fees are charged, but the universities may grant exemption from the payment of these. Needy students may obtain some financial assistance. Loans for studies are available at the University of Chile.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: biology; physics; general chemistry; inorganic chemistry; mathe­ mathics; English. Second year: physics; mathematics; English; qualitative analytical chemistry; botany; organic chemistry. Third year: mathematics; organic chemistry; quantitative analytical chemistry; physical chemistry; micro- and macro-anatomy; analytical organic chem­ istry; instruments. Fourth year: chemical pharmacy; galenical pharmacy; industrial chemistry; general biochemistry; animal physiology; pharmacognosy; hydrology; legislation and deontology. Fifth year: industrial chemistry; toxicology; microbiology and immunology; history and philosophy of the sciences; public health; pharmacodynamics; nutrition; pharmacy administration; bromatology. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work. In addition, before taking the Quimico-Farmaceutico degree, students must work for two months full time in a retail pharmacy, in a hospital pharmacy, or in the pharma­ ceutical industry.

Examinations Practical, written or oral examinations are taken in all the subjects studied at the end of each academic year before an Examination Board composed of regular professors of the faculty. For the final examination the student must present a thesis on some subject of research and take practical tests in the basic subjects. A failed student may sit for the same examination four times but must present himself at the appropriate time, or he will lose the opportunity of re-examination.

Qualification To obtain the degree of Quimico-Farmaceutico the student must have passed the prescribed examinations, have completed the required period of practical work, and present a thesis. CIDLE 55

The University of Chile awards the post-graduate degree of Doctor en Farmacia (Doctor of Pharmacy) provided the following requirements have been met: a minimum of two years of research; presentation of a thesis giving the final results of the research work; success in an examination testing knowledge of two foreign languages; and success in a final examination.

Licence to practise National and foreign holders of the degree of Quimico-Farmaceutico conferred by the University of Chile are entitled to practise. No registration is necessary. Chileans and foreigners who hold foreign qualifications must have their degree or diploma validated in accordance with the University of Chile's general regulations concerning validation. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Name and address Teaching Total Graduates tuition fees instruction enrolment I Admissions I started I staff I (Escudos)

Escuela de Quimica y 1919 27 f 111m 50m 9m 40 (yearly Farmacia 10 p 153f 65 f 4f registration Facultad de Qulmica y fee) Farmacia de Ia Univer- sidad de Concepcion Casilla 237 CoNCEPci6N

Escuela de Quimica y 1833 58 f 139m 49 m 16m 35 (yearly Farmacia 19 p 296 f 46 f 30 f registration Facultad de Quimica y fee) Farmacia de Ia U niver- sidad de Chile Casilla 233 SANTIAGO 56 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

CHINA (TAIWAN)

Introductory data* Population (mid-year estimate). . 11 696 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 1400** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 4 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 87 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 8 400 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 924000

• 1963 figures. •• Includes 600 working in pharmacies and 800 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Taiwan pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (B.Sc.Ph.).

Administration All four teaching institutions are parts of medical colleges, together with other component units, such as the medical and dental schools. Two of the medical colleges-namely, Kaohsiung Medical College and Taipei Medical College-are privately owned and financed. The other two schools are State institutions. The National Taiwan University College is entirely financed by the Government, while the National Defense Medical Center receives 90% of its finances from this source, the remaining 10% of the budget being covered by foreign grants. Both categories of school-State and privately owned-fall within the authority of the Central Government (Ministry of Education). The schools of pharmacy are headed by a Dean or a Director. As all the schools are connected with the medical colleges, the teaching staff of the latter take part in the teaching. At the Faculty of Pharmacy of the National Defense Medical Center, all teaching staff are members of the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and the Chinese Chemical Society. All senior students of the Department of Pharmacy of Taipei Medical College are associate members of the above-mentioned Association, and take part in its activities. Laboratory work is carried out by senior students in provincial hygiene laboratories, provincial hospitals and several well-known pharmaceutical factories. The academic year consists of two semesters-September to January and February to July. The language of instruction is Chinese; English is used in addition at the Department of Pharmacy of Taipei Medical College.

Conditions of admission The minimum age for admission to a school of pharmacy is 18 years. The maximum age is not specified except for the National Defense Medical Center, where it is 23 years. Candidates for admission to any of the schools must have completed six years' primary and six years' secondary education and pass the CHINA (TAIWAN) 57

Joint Entrance Examination for universities, which consists of a written and oral test; the examination is held annually, in the latter part of July. Applicants must either present a medical certificate (with X-ray) or undergo a medical examination administered by the medical college during enrolment. The National Defense Medical Center admits only male students of Chinese nationality, to whom the instruction is offered free of charge. The other three schools admit students of both sexes, national as well as foreign. Foreign candidates must comply with the university admission requirements, have a good knowledge of the Chinese language and be recommended by the Ministry of Education. Fees are charged. For national students scholarships are available from the medical colleges, the Pharmaceutical Association, and other agencies.

Curriculum The four-year study programme is similar at all schools, but the arrangement of timetables may differ. As an example of the teaching programme, the curric­ ulum offered at the School of Pharmacy of the National Taiwan University College of Medicine is given below : First year: Three People's Principles; history of modem China; Chinese; English; calculus; physics; general chemistry. Second year: international relations; orientation in pharmacy; zoology; pharmaceutical botany; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; physi­ ology; organic chemistry; parasitology. Third year: pharmacognosy; pharmaceutical technology; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology; physical chemistry; biochemistry. Fourth year: dispensing pharmacy; public health; bacteriology; drug analysis; toxicology and detection of poisons; pharmaceutical engineering; food analysis; pharmaceutical law; pharmaceutical economics; pharmacy man­ agement; German or French (elective); pharmaceutical ethics; thesis (elective). Instruction consists of theory and laboratory work. For example, in the laboratory of pharmaceutical technology students are given instruction in the making of official and non-official preparations, including tablet manufacture. In the laboratory of drug analysis students learn to analyse medicaments by using various techniques. In addition, senior students are required to complete, during the third-year summer vacation, three months of pharmacy practice, of which one and a half months are spent in a hospital pharmacy and one and a half months in a hygiene laboratory or a pharmaceutical factory.

Examinations Written and, where appropriate, practical examinations are given at all four schools at the end of each study term in all the subjects studied. These are internal examinations, conducted by the professors of the respective subjects. At the school of Pharmacy of the National Taiwan University College of Medicine, in addition to the examinations mentioned above, official examinations are held, with the participation of external examiners, after completion of the study course. The 58 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

subjects covered by the official examinations are as follows: pharmacognosy; phannaceutical technology and dispensing; pharmaceutical chemistry; drug ana­ lysis; food analysis and toxicology; pharmaceutical law; pharmacology. Regulations governing repeat examinations vary from one institution to another, but a failed student is allowed at least one more attempt. Two schools-namely, the Kaohsiung Medical College and the Faculty of Phannacy of the National Defense Medical Center-require the presentation of a thesis before awarding the degree.

Qualification Having passed all the requisite examinations candidates receive the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy. No post-graduate degrees, certificates or diplomas in pharmacy are obtainable in Taiwan.

Licence to practise Before they are granted the licence to practise, holders of the B.Sc.Ph. degree must be registered by the Department of Health Administration of the Ministry of the Interior. Before registration, however, they must pass the national exami­ nation for phannacists conducted by the Screening Committee for Technical Personnel of the Examination Yuan, the highest examing body in Taiwan. The examination is oral or written. Chinese nationals and foreigners who hold foreign pharmaceutical qualifi­ cations must have their degree or diploma recognized by the health authorities of the Central Government if they wish to practise in Taiwan. Foreigners who have qualified in Taiwan are allowed to practise in the country provided they have met all the requirements laid down for national registered pharmacists. Pharmacy graduates must serve for at least six months in the Armed Forces; in an emergency they may be recruited for government service.

Annual I Year Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates started I I I (NTS) School of Pharmacy 1957 7f 226m 78 m 27m 2180 Kaohsiung Medical College 10 p 47 f 7f 15 f KAOHSIUNG Faculty of Pharmacy 1915 llf 108m 41 m 14m None National Defense Medical 2p Center TAIPEI School of Pharmacy 1953 40 f 92m 24m 12m 2000 National Taiwan Univer- 5p 103f 29 f 19 f sity College of Medicine TAIPEI Department of Pharmacy 1960 145 fa 351m 73 m - 5620 Taipei Medical College 115 pa 113f 17f Sanchanli TAIPEI

• Teaching staff of the whole College. COLOMBIA 59

COLOMBIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 15 098 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 1 213** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 4 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 103 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 12400 Population per school of pharmacy...... 3 775 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 203 working in pharmacies and 1010 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Colombia pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Quimico-Farmaceutico (Pharmaceutical Chemist).

Administration All Colombian schools of pharmacy are faculties of their respective universities. The National Government provides the entire financial support of the National University of Colombia at Bogota and also contributes financially towards the operation of the provincial universities. Administration follows more or less the same pattern in the national and provincial universities. Each university is admin­ istered by a Governing Council (Consejo Directivo), which determines policy, and an Academic Council (Consejo Academico), which has advisory functions and makes recommendations to the Governing Council. The Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the National University is appointed for two years by the Governing Council from a short list of three names submitted by the Rector of that University. The deans of the faculties of the provincial universities, all of whom serve part time, are appointed for two years by the University Council (Consejo Superior Universitario) of the respective universities. The schools of pharmacy are closely linked, through their professors and laboratories, with the faculties of medicine and dentistry, with the schools of nursing and with laboratory workers attached to the universities. They collaborate also with the department of health and out-patient hospital departments of the cities in which they are located, as well as in health campaigns in the respective provinces. The academic year, which begins in February and ends at the end of November, is divided into two semesters-February to June and July to November.

Conditions of admission The minimum age for admission is 16 years at the National University of Colombia and 17 years at the University of Antioquia; the remaining two univer­ sities do not specify age limits. Applicants for admission to any of the schools of 60 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY pharmacy must be in possession of the secondary-school diploma (bachi/lerato), gained after six years of secondary education preceded by five years of primary school. Candidates must also pass an entrance examination in mathematics, chemistry, physics, English and the biological sciences. Before they take the above­ mentioned theoretical examination, they are given psycho-technical tests. In addition, candidates must present a medical certificate showing that they are free from infectious diseases, as well as a certificate of vaccination against typhoid and smallpox. As the number of applicants is invariably greater than the number of vacancies, candidates are selected on the basis of marks obtained in the entrance examination. Foreign students are admitted provided that their secondary-school diploma is validated by the Ministry of Education, that they pass the entrance examination, and that they master the Spanish language. At the University of Cartagena instruction is free of charge. The tuition fees at other universities vary according to the means of the person on whom the student is dependent. At the National University of Colombia, some schol­ arships are available for both national and foreign students. In the province of Antioquia some communes, departments and organizations award scholarships to the Faculty of Pharmacy.

Curriculum The five-year curriculum is similar at all schools, though the same subjects are not always studied during the same year of the pharmacy course. The following is the curriculum of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the National University of Colombia: First year: mathematics; general chemistry; physics; botany; biology and anatomy; history of pharmacy; humanities; English. Second year: mathematics; inorganic chemistry; qualitative analytical chem­ istry; general microbiology; organic chemistry; pharmaceutical techniques; physics. Third year: organic chemistry; physical chemistry; quantitative analytical chemistry; special microbiology; pharmacognosy; phytochemistry; general pharmacology. Fourth year: chemical pharmacy; galenical pharmacy; special pharmacology and toxicology; biochemistry; instruments; pharmaceutical legislation. Fifth year: industrial pharmacy; applied laboratory analysis; pharmaceutics; business administration. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work. Where indicated, practical work offered at the faculty is supplemented by scientific visits to the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

Examinations Examinations are internal and are held in all the subjects studied. The examining board consists of professors of the faculty, and the examinations may be oral, written and practical. COLOMBIA 61

Examinations may be repeated only once; students who fail in more than two subjects and those who fail twice in the same subject are excluded from further studies.

Qualification The degree obtained after success in the final examination is that of Qulmico­ Farmaceutico. The Faculties of Pharmacy of the National University and the University of Cartagena offer the post-graduate degree of Doctor of Pharmacy to holders of the basic degree who take a qualifying examination and submit original work of scientific value.

Licence to practise The licence to practise is issued by the Ministry of Public Health after regis­ tration of the degree with the Ministry of Education. However, registration with the local health authorities or police authorities is also required before the pharmacist is authorized to practise. The same regulations apply to foreigners who graduate in Colombia. Nationals and foreigners with foreign qualifications must have their degree or diploma validated by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health. If the qualification was obtained in a country with which Colombia has a reciprocal agreement, the procedure stipulated in the said agreement is followed. If, on the other hand, the qualification was obtained in a country with which Colombia has no reciprocal agreement, an examination must usually be taken. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Annual Year Teaching Total Name and address instruction Admissions Graduates I tuition f~es started staff enrolment I I (Colt)

Facultad de Quimica y 1943 10 f 81 m 33m 14m 50 Farrnacia llp 32 f 18 f 12 f (guarantee) ; Universidad del Athintico varies ac- BARRANQUILLA, Atlantico cording to financial means

Facultad de Farmacia 1929 18 f 123m 60 m 26m Varies from Universidad Nacional de 7p 113 f 44f 10 f 100 to 150 Colombia according BoGoTA, Cundinamarca to financial means

Facultad de Quirnica y 1846 16 f 87 m 37m 11m None Farmacia 9p 23f 16 f 3f Universidad de Cartagena CARTAGENA, Bolivar Facultad de Quirnica 1943 13f 103m 31m 19m Varies Farrnaceutica 7p 52f 18 f Sf according Universidad de Antioquia to financial MEDELLIN, Antioquia means 62 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE

Introductory data* Population ...... 15 007 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 60** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. Population per pharmacist. . . . . 250000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 15 007 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 41 working in pharmacies and 19 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the diploma of Pharmacien (Pharmacist).

Administration The school of pharmacy is one of the departments of the Faculty of Medicine of the Lovanium University, a national institution financed by public and private funds. The University is not controlled by any ministry or department of State. The administrative head of the University is the Rector, who is assisted by a council. The latter includes the Rector and Vice-Rector, the University Secretary, deans of faculties, chairmen of departments and directors of university clinics, and also the chief warden of the students' residence.

Conditions of admission Applicants must hold a secondary-school certificate, obtained after six years of secondary school, preceded by six years of primary education. In addition, they must produce a health certificate and a certificate of good conduct. There is no entrance examination and the number of first-year students is not limited. The course is also open to foreign students. Tuition fees are charged; however, all national students and most of the students from other African countries receive scholarships awarded by the Government, international organizations, private institutions and other agencies.

Curriculum The first two years of the course are taken at the Faculty of Science and cover the following subjects: First year: physics; general chemistry; zoology; botany; mathematics; philos­ ophy (logic). Second year: physics; general chemistry; physical chemistry; botany; mathe­ matics; physiology; mineralogy; philosophy (ethics); psychology. CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE 63

The remainder of the curriculum, taken at the Faculty of Medicine, is as follows: Third year: pharmacognosy; pharmaceutical chemistry; toxicological chem­ istry; biochemistry; food analysis; analytical chemistry. Fourth year: religion; pharmacodynamics; biological preparations; pharma­ cognosy; pharmaceutical chemistry; food analysis; bacteriology; hygiene; practical pharmacy; galenicals; legislation. The fifth year of the course is divided into trimesters and consists of practical instruction in the manufacture and control of drugs, using the facilities of public and hospital pharmacies and pharmaceutical laboratories. During these activities of the final year, students are supervised by the University.

Examinations Examinations are written, oral and, where appropriate, practical. They are official examinations, conducted by the University, and held at the end of each academic year in all the subjects studied. The number of times the student may sit for the same examination is unlimited; he must, however, pass in all subjects of the academic year before he is permitted to continue his studies.

Qualification Students who complete the whole course and pass all the examinations are awarded the diploma of Pharmacien.

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise, holders of the diploma of Pharmacien must be registered with the Ministry of Public Health. At present, persons who are in possession of a pharmaceutical degree issued in Belgium are also entitled to practise. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and addreso instruction Admission•[ Graduates tuition fees started staff enrolment I (CF)

Departernent de Pharrnacie 1960 19 f• Srn Sm - 2500 Faculte de Medecine Universite Lovaniurn KINSHASA XI

• Including members teaching the first two years of the course (at the Faculty of Science). 64 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

COSTA RICA

Introductory data* Population ...... 1 344 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 389** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 20 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 3 500 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1 344 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 269 working in pharmacies and 120 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Costa Rica pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Licenciado en Farmacia (Licentiate in Pharmacy).

Administration The School of Pharmacy is a component unit of the University of Costa Rica. The relationship of the School to the University is established by the Basic Statues of the University (Estatuto Organico de la Universidad de Costa Rica), by the School Regulations (Reglamento Interno de la Escuela), and by an agreement issued by the University Council (Consejo Universitario), whose members are the deans of the eleven faculties forming the University. The University Council and the University Assembly (Asamblea Universitaria) are the responsible authorities of the School of Pharmacy, of which the chief executive officer is the Dean. The School is financed by the University, which is governed by the law of financial administration of the State. The budget of the University is drawn up by the Ministry of Finance (Departamento de Contaduria) and submitted to the University Council for review and to the Comptroller-General (Controlaria General de la Republica) for final approval. The income of the University is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic, which states that the University of Costa Rica is autonomous with regard to the management of its funds. The School of Pharmacy co-operates with the Costa Rican Social Security Agency in providing expertise and carrying out analysis of pharmaceutical products. The academic year, which begins in March and ends in November, is divided into two semesters-March to June and August to November.

Conditions of admission To qualify for admission to the School of Pharmacy candidates must hold the secondary-school certificate (bachillerato en ciencias y /etras), obtained after six COSTA RICA 65

years of primary and five years of secondary schooling. In addition, applicants must pass an entrance examination in the main subjects of the bachillerato and undergo a psychological test. The selection of stutients is based on the marks obtained in the entrance examination; their character, social background and suitability for the profession are also taken into consideration. A complete medical examination is required. The pharmacy course is also open to foreign students. They must register and have their qualifications duly certified by a competent authority in their country of origin. Tuition fees are charged. Needy students may be exempted from registration or tuition fees; a 50% reduction of tuition fees for foreign students has been considered.

Curriculum

The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: Spanish; philosophy; history of culture; sociology; general and qualitative chemistry; English; physical education. Second year: economics; general organic chemistry; quantitative analytical chemistry; introduction to pharmacy; inorganic pharmaceutical chemis­ try; mathematics; pharmaceutical botany. Third year: general physics; microbiology; drug analysis; pharmacy admin­ istration; pharmaceutical bibliography; anatomy; physical pharmacy. Fourth year: philosophy; biochemistry; pharmacognosy; legislation and ethics; galenical pharmacy; parasitology; pharmacology (I); toxicology. Fifth year: pharmacology (II); medical chemistry; professional specialization; research; seminars. Instruction consists of lectures and practical work. In addition, practical training, to which 1200 hours are devoted, is carried out in public or hospital pharmacies and chemical laboratories. This work is performed either during the long vacations or in the afternoons during the study course, since lectures are given in the mornings only.

Examinations

There are partial examinations during the course of each academic year, and final examinations at the end of it. Partial examinations are conducted by the professors of the subjects concerned. Final examinations are held before a Board of Examiners, which consists of professors of the University teaching either in the School of Pharmacy or in another school or department. The examinations are oral, written and, where appropriate, practical. The student is allowed three failures in an examination. If he is unsuccessful at the fourth attempt he may be excluded from the course. Readmission to the course may be granted three years after the last failure. 66 WORLD DffiECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Qualification On completion ofthe course and after success in all the examinations, candidates receive the degree of Licenciado en Farmacia. No post-graduate degrees are obtainable in Costa Rica.

Licence to practise The degree of Licenciado en Farmacia entitles the holder to practise, provided he has registered with the professional association (Colegio de Farmaceuticos). Foreigners who have qualified in Costa Rica are entitled to practise. Citizens of Costa Rica who have qualified abroad may practise provided there is reciprocity in the recognition of degrees between Costa Rica and the country concerned. Foreigners with qualifications obtained in a country with which there is no such reciprocity must pass a validation examination. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Annual Year I Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I I started (Colones)

Escuela de Farmacia 1897 12 f 40m 16 14m 30 per Universidad de Costa Rica 6p 12 f 6f credit hour a Ciudad Universitaria " Rodrigo Facio " SAN JosE I • For an explanation of the term "credit hour", see the relevant part of the chapter relating to the USA (page 257). CUBA 67

CUBA

Introductory data* Population ...... 7 236 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 1 451 ** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 21 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 5 000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 7 236000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 786 working in public pharmacies, 386 in hospital pharmacies, and 279 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Cuba pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Licenciado en Bioquimica Farmaceutica (Licentiate in Pharmaceutical Bioche­ mistry).

Administration

The School of Chemistry, in which the course is offered, is attached to the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Havana. The University is an autonomous institution subsidized by the National Government. The highest authority in the University is the Governing Board (Junta Superior de Gobierno), which is composed of four members of the teaching staff and four students. One of the said teaching staff acts as Chairman and Rector, another as Vice-Chairman and Vice­ Rector; the Technical and Adtninistrative Secretary of the University acts as Secretary to the Board. The Rector is the chief executive of the University. Each faculty is under the immediate authority of its Governing Board (Junta de Gobierno de la Facultad), which is composed of three professors and two students. One of the professors acts as Chairman of the Board and Dean; another acts as Vice-Dean, replacing the Chairman in his absence; the others are voting members. The Adtninistrative Secretary of the faculty acts as Secretary to the Board; he attends the Board meetings and is entitled to speak but not to vote. The Dean, being the highest executive authority of the faculty, is responsible for the co-ordi­ nation of the activities of the various faculty bodies. The School of Chetnistry is headed by a Director. The School maintains liaison and exchanges scientific information with the following institutions: the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Industry (drug manufacture), the National Institute of Agrarian Reform, the Ministry of Sugar Production and the Cuban Sugar-Cane By-products Research Institute. The academic year is divided into two semesters-September to February and March to June. 68 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Conditions of admission Students seeking admission to the pharmacy course must be at least 17 years of age and hold the secondary-school certificate (bachillerato en ciencias y letras). The bachi/lerato requires six years of primary and six years of secondary education. Candidates who are not in possession of the bachillerato must pass an entrance examination. Foreign students are admitted under the same conditions. Instruction is free of charge. Bursaries are available for national students once they have obtained a a health certificate. The latter is also required of foreign students, who study with the authorization of the Ministry of Education.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: mathematics (analysis); inorganic chemistry; analytical geometry; a foreign language; physics. Second year: mathematics (analysis); a foreign language; physics; dialectal materialism; chemical analysis; organic chemistry. Third year: physics; organic chemistry; physical chemistry; general biology; physiology and anatomy; botany; organic chemistry (methods); principles of biochemistry; microbiology; political economy (seminar). With the exception of general biology, physiology and anatomy, principles of biochemistry and microbiology, the subjects covered in the first three years of the pharmacy course are common to the course leading to the degree of Licen­ ciado en Quimica. In the last two years the curricula of the two courses differ; the subjects studied by the pharmacy students are as follows : Fourth year: instrumental analysis; organic analysis; pharmaceutical tech­ niques; pharmacognosy; pharmacology; pharmaceutical chemistry; prin­ ciples of chemical engineering. Fifth year: pharmaceutical techniques; cosmetology; legal aspects of chemistry and toxicology; pharmaceutical chemistry; phytochemistry; public health administration; hygiene. Instruction consists of lectures and practical work. Laboratory work is carried out in the University laboratories, industrial laboratories and laboratories of allied activities.

Examinations During the semester theoretical and practical examinations are given at the discretion of the professors; final examinations are held at the end of each semester. The latter cover all the subjects studied, and are written, oral and, where appro­ priate, practical. The student must pass in at least 60% of all subjects . to be permitted re-examination in the subjects in which he has failed. He is allowed only one further attempt in each subject. CUBA 69

Qualification On completion of the course and success in the final examinations, students receive the degree of Licenciado en Bioqufmica Farmaceutica. Those who have obtained at least 85 points in the undergraduate course are awarded the degree of Doctor en Bioqufmica Farmaceutica, provided they submit an acceptable thesis.

Licence to practise Possession of the degree of Licenciado en Bioquimica Farmaceutica confers the right to practise, but the graduate must first register with the professional association (Colegio de Farmaceuticos), which is attached to the Ministry of Public Health. Foreigners who have qualified in Cuba are authorized to practise in the country. Pharmacists with foreign qualifications may practise pharmacy only after the validation of their degree or diploma. For this they are required to take a univer­ sity examination and to register with the professional association. All pharmaceutical establishments in Cuba are State-owned.

Name and address I Year Teaching Total Annual instruction staff I Admissions I Graduates tuition fees started I enrolment

Escuela de Quimica 1842 5 r• 15m llm 3m None Facultad de Ciencias 12 p 55 f 50 f 18 f Universidad de Ia Habana HABANA

• Including two visiting professors. 70 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 13 951 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 5 163** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 134 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 2 700 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 13 951 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 3836 working in pharmacies and 1327 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Czechoslovakia pharmaceutical studies last for five years (or six, if the course is taken part time) and lead to the diploma of Promovany Farmaceut (Graduate Pharmacist).

Administration The Faculty of Pharmacy is part of the Comenius University in Bratislava, which, like all Czechoslovak universities, operates under the Ministry of National Education and Culture and is financed by the Government. The school collab­ orates closely with the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Sciences, with the Faculty of Chemistry of the Polytechnic School, with the Research Institutes of the Academy of Sciences, etc. The students perform their practical work in pharmacies, laboratories and factories attached to the Ministry of Health. The academic year, which begins in September and ends in June, consists of two semesters-September to January and February to June. Both Czech and Slovak are used as the language of instruction.

Conditions of admission The minimum age for admission is 18 years; there is no maximum age limit. Applicants must be in possession of the secondary-school certificate (vysvedceni o maturitni zkousce), obtained after twelve years of schooling. (School education consists of two grades, the first of eight years' and the second of four years' duration.) The number of students admitted is governed by the national plan. Since the number of applications is usually double that of available places, candidates are admitted on the basis of a selective examination, in physics, chemistry, and biology, held before a Board of Examiners. The recommendation of the candidate's secondary school is also taken into consideration in the selection. In the case of external students who are studying without giving up their employ- CZECHOSLOVAKIA 71 ment, a recommendation from their employer (government establishment) is necessary. A medical certificate must be obtained showing that the student is physically fit to practise the profession of pharmacist. To enter the pharmacy course foreign students must obtain approval from the Ministry of Education. If admitted, they study as regular students; where a foreign student requests training in a special field it is possible for him to take individual courses, according to choice. Instruction is free of charge. The school of pharmacy grants scholarships to 30% of the students. The award of a scholarship and its amount depend on the financial position of the student and the diligence he shows in the course of his studies. Foreign students may also apply for State scholarships.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: history of the international working-class movement; Russian; gymnastics; introduction to the study of pharmacy; mathematics; physics; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; biology; botany; qualitative analysis. Second year: botany; dialectal and historical materialism; physical chemistry; quantitative analysis; human anatomy and histology; microbiology; organic analysis; normal and pathological physiology; physical and chemical analysis; pharmacognosy; gymnastics. Third year: pharmacognosy; political economy; pharmacodynamics and toxi­ cology; biochemistry; general pharmaceutical chemistry; synthesis of drugs (from the chemical point of view); hygiene; general galenical pharmacy; physical chemistry; gymnastics. Fourth year: dialectical and historical materialism; gymnastics; chemical analysis of drugs; general galenical pharmacy; pharmacognosy; galenical technology; general pharmaceutical chemistry; analysis of galenical drugs; microbiological technology; hygiene. Fifth year: diploma work; organization of public health and health education; pharmacy administration, economics and practice; medical supplies (dressings etc.). Instruction consists of lectures and practical laboratory work. In addition, at the beginning of the first year, one month's practice in pharmaceutical industrial establishments is compulsory. During the vacation at the end of the second year, students work in pharmacies for a period of one month. A whole semester of the fifth year is devoted to practical work in pharmaceutical establishments, especially pharmacies. This work is directed and supervised by staff attached to the faculty and constitutes part of the training. For pharmacy workers who wish to study while remaining in their employment a special programme has been arranged. The syllabus and examinations are the same as for the full-time course. External students attend a consultation (control) two or three times per semester, and twice annually (during the holidays) they attend a practical training course. 72 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Examinations Internal oral examinations conducted by the professors of the respective subjects are held at the end of the academic year and cover all the subjects studied during the period. In the majority of subjects a practical test is given in addition. Before being admitted to the oral examination, students must successfully carry out the practical work. The examinations in Russian and mathematics are written. If the candidate fails, he may present himself three more times; however, a special authorization from the Rector of the University is necessary for the third attempt.

Qualification At the end of his studies the candidate takes an official final examination (national examination) before an examination board. This is a complex exam­ ination testing knowledge of pharmaceutical chemistry, galenical pharmacy and pharmacognosy and also touching on pharmacy administration, economics and practice. Part of this examination is concerned with work for the diploma, which is awarded by the University on completion of the examination. Two post-graduate certificates of specialization are obtainable. These certifi­ cates are awarded by the Chair of Pharmacy of the Post-Graduate Medical Institute in Prague and by the Chair of Pharmacy of the Slovak Post-Graduate Medical Institute in Trenyin. The first of these certificates-that of the first degree-is obtainable in hospital pharmacy, pharmaceutical technology and pharmaceutical analysis. The scope of professional knowledge required for these specialties is determined by the Ministry of Health, which also issues printed specialization syllabuses. Candidates for the first-degree certificate of specialization must have been in practice for four years and have followed a three-month pre-qualifying course, which is offered from time to time by one or the other of the Post-Graduate Medical Institutes. The knowledge required for specialization is tested in an examination, known as the qualifying examination, which is held by the Institutes. Any pharmacists who fulfil the above­ mentioned conditions and are recommended by the national committee may apply for admission to this examination. Successful candidates are awarded the respective certificate of specialization by the Post-Graduate Medical Institute concerned, by authorization of the Ministry of Health. The second-degree post-graduate certificate is available in the field of hospital pharmacy and in the so-called "more-advanced branches"-i.e., technology of biological drugs, biochemical and toxicological analysis, and pharmacognosy. For this certificate a further three years of practice are required, in addition to the requirements described for the first-degree certificate. The post-graduate degrees obtainable in Czechoslovakia are those of Candidate of Science (C.Sc.) and Doctor of Science (Dr.Sc.). Requirements for the C.Sc. degree are as follows: (1) three years of practice following graduation; (2) three to five years of research; (3) formal training, the duration of which varies according to the specialty; CZECHOSLOVAKIA 73

(4) one examination in philosophy; (5) two examinations in modern languages; (6) examination in the chosen specialty; and (7) presentation of a thesis and its defence before an official national exami­ nation board. Highly experienced scientific workers (generally those who have already obtained the C.Sc. degree) may study for the Dr.Sc. degree. Candidates for this degree are required to present and defend a thesis, which must be based on the results of original research.

Licence to practise The licence to practise is obtained from the Ministry of Public Health. For­ eigners who have qualified in Czechoslovakia may be authorized to practise pharmacy in the country. Nationals and foreigners with foreign pharmaceutical qualifications may practise if their degree or diploma is validated by the Faculty of Pharmacy. All pharmaceutical establishments in Czechoslovakia are State-owned.

Year Teaching Name and address instruction Total Graduates Annual staff enrolment I Admissions I tuition fees I started I I

Farmaceuticka Fakulta 1960a 133f 204mb 45m 19m None Univerzita Komenskeho llp 923 fb 216 f 115f (Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University) Ul. Odbojarov 12 BRATISLAVA

a Y car in which the Faculty of Pharmacy in Bratislava began functioning. The original system of pharmaceutical education commenced at the end of the 18th century. • Including 63 male and 20S female external students. 74 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

DENMARK

Introductory data* Population ...... 4 684 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 1495** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 87 Population per pharmacist . . . . . 3 100 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 4 684 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including 1045 working in pharmacies and approximately 450 in other phar­ maceutical activities.

In Denmark pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the diploma of Farmaceut or Cand. Pharm. (Pharmacist or Candidate of Pharmacy.)

Administration The Royal School of Pharmacy is a government institution under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Education. The school is entirely financed from State funds. The head of the School is the Rector, who is in charge of education and administration. He is assisted by a board (faculty) of senior staff members and a chief administrative officer. The Rector is elected by the board and his appointment is confirmed by Royal Decree for a period of five years. The academic year consists of two semesters-September to December and January to July.

Conditions of admission No age limits for admission are specified. Applicants must have completed nine years of primary and three years of secondary education and hold the higher school certificate (studentereksamen). Before entering the pharmacy course all students must work for two years in a pharmacy. Although it was planned to admit 160 first-year students in 1963, the Association of Danish Pharmacy Licence Holders was able to find only 132 pharmacies which would take a student as a trainee. Students who obtained the highest marks in the studentereksamen were selected. Candidates must produce a satisfactory chest X-ray before admission. Foreign students are eligible for enrolment. They must hold a certificate equivalent to the studentereksamen, and are admitted as regular students. Instruction is free of charge. Bursaries are available for Danish students. DENMARK 75

Curriculum

The curriculum is arranged as follows: First and second years: preparation of galenicals; dispensing; pharmaceutical law; pharmaceutical Latin; pharmaceutical techniques; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacopoeia. Third year: inorganic chemistry; physics; botany. Fourth year: inorganic chemistry; physical chemistry; organic chemistry (ele­ mentary, synthesis, etc.); organic chemistry (analysis, chemistry of drugs, etc.); physics; pharmacognosy; pharmacy; pharmacology; bacteriology; physiology. Fifth year: physical chemistry; organic chemistry (elementary, synthesis, etc.); organic chemistry (analysis, chemistry of drugs, etc.); botany; pharmaco­ gnosy; pharmacy; pharmaceutical biology; pharmacology. Instruction consists of theory:and practical and laboratory work.

Examinations

The examinations are held at the end of the second, third and fifth years. The majority are written, some are written and oral, one is oral and practical, and in a few subjects only practical tests are given. Most of the examinations are internal, conducted by the professors of the respective subjects. The examinations are arranged as follows: on completion of the second year students take one oral and one practical test in the preparation of galenicals, and one practical test in dis­ pensing. These examinations are held before a board composed of both internal and external examiners. One written test is given (by the professors of the respective subjects) in pharmaceutical law, pharmaceutical Latin, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacopoeia and pharmaceutical techniques. The third-year examination covers inorganic chemistry, physics and botany. In inorganic chemistry (qualitative and quantitative analysis) and botany (anatomy of plants) the teachers of the subjects concerned award "course marks" for the practical laboratory work done by the students during the course. For practical laboratory work in physics and botany (identification of plants) students receive a certificate of satisfactory work. On completion of the third year, students take internal written and oral examinations in inorganic chemistry and physics, and a practical test in botany; for these examinations they receive "examination marks". The examination taken at the end of the fifth year of study consists of: (1) written tests in botany (physiology of plants), pharmacognosy, physiology, and pharmaceutical biology; and (2) written and oral tests in inorganic/physical chem­ istry, organic chemistry, pharmacy, bacteriology and pharmacology. Before being admitted to this examination session fifth-year students must have obtained (1) certificates of satisfactory work in physics, botany (Danish plants), inorganic chemistry, galenical pharmacy, bacteriology, biological assay, and chemistry of drugs, and (2) the requisite "course marks" in inorganic chemical analysis, organic chemical synthesis, assay of galenicals, and pharmacognosy. If the student fails he is allowed to take three repeat examinations. 76 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Qualification Students who have passed the final, fifth-year, examination receive the diploma of Farmaceut or Cand. Pharm. A higher degree obtainable is that of Lie. Pharm. (Licentiate of Pharmacy), which requires an examination and the presentation of a thesis. The highest academic degree available is that of Dr. Pharm. (Doctor of Pharmacy), awarded to holders of the Lie. Pharm. degree after presentation of a thesis.

Licence to practise The diploma of Farmaceut or Cand. Pharm. entitles the holder to practise. Nationals and foreigners with foreign qualifications wishing to practise in Denmark must have their degree or diploma recognized and must obtain special authori­ zation from the Health Service. Foreigners holding the Danish diploma of Farmaceut or Cand. Pharm. are also required to obtain this authorization before they are allowed to work in the country. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

I Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction Admissions I Graduates I started stqff enrolment tuition fees

Danmarks Farmaceutiske 1672 50 f 303m 50m 43 m None Hajskole 2p 402 f 82 f 44f Universitetsparken 2 K0BENHAVN 0 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 77

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Introductory data* Population ...... 3 334000 Number of pharmacists ...... 555** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 32 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 6000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 3 334000

• 1963 figures. •• Including both pharmacists working in pharmacies and those in other phar­ maceutical activities. In the Dominican Republic pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Licenciado en Bio/ogia y Farmacia (Licentiate in Biology and Pharmacy).

Administration The Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemical Sciences 1 is part of the University of Santo Domingo and entirely financed by it. The University, founded in 1538, was one of the first to be established in the Western Hemisphere. It is a State­ owned institution enjoying legal autonomy, and is administered by a Council (Consejo), at the head of which is the Rector. The Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemical Sciences is headed by a Dean. The academic year begins in October and ends in July.

Conditions of admission For admission to the Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemical Sciences the student must hold the appropriate secondary-school certificate (bachi/lerato en ciencias fisicas y naturales), obtained after six years of secondary education, preceded by six years of primary school. Candidates must present a satisfactory health certifi­ cate, including a fluoroscopy and blood tests. There are no age limits for admission. Foreign students may be admitted to the pharmacy course provided they have attained the same educational standard as holders of the bachil/erato. Natio­ nals and foreigners are charged the same tuition fees. The University grants fellowships of up to RD$40 per month to students with inadequate financial means.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: general chemistry; general botany; biology; physics; applied mathematics; Spanish language; introduction to fine arts.

' The Faculty also includes the three following schools: the Escuela de Amllisis Clinicos, the Escuela de T~nicos Azucareros, and the Escuela de Quimica~Superior. 78 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Second year: mineralogy; quantitative chemical analysis; inorganic chemistry; pharmacognosy (I); hygiene; history of civilization. Third year: galenical pharmacy; pharmacology; qualitative chemical analysis; organic chemistry; pharmacognosy (II); microbiology; first aid. Fourth year: biochemistry; galenical pharmacy; parasitology and mycology; bromatological analysis; organic chemistry; anatomy and physiology; introduction to philosophy; professional ethics; legal aspects of pharmacy; toxicological analysis; history of pharmacy; pharmaceutical accounting; drug analysis. Fifth year: professional ethics; legal aspects; toxicological analysis; gastric examination; haematology; applied chemistry; serology; vital statistics; urine analysis and pregnancy tests. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work.

Examinations Official examinations, conducted by the professors of the respective subjects, are held at the end of each academic year. They are written, oral and practical, and cover all the subjects studied. In the event of failure, three repeat examinations are allowed.

Qualification After they have completed the course and passed the examinations, candidates receive the degree of Licenciado en Biologia y Farmacia. Higher academic degrees obtainable in the Dominican Republic are those of Doctor en Biologia y Farmacia and Doctor en Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas. Candidates for these degrees must possess the basic qualification and pass written, oral and practical examinations after nine months of theoretical study. They are also required to present a thesis acceptable to the Faculty.

Licence to practise The degree of Licenciado en Biologia y Farmacia entitles the holder to practise. There is no pharmaceutical association in the Dominican Republic and the authorization to practise is given by the President of the Republic. Foreigners who have qualified in the country are permitted to practise. Nationals and foreigners with foreign pharmaceutical qualifications must have their degree or diploma validated, and thereafter obtain the authorization (exequatur) from the President of the Republic. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Annual Name and address I instructionYear Teaching Total st,qj enrolment I Admissions Graduates tuition fee• started I I I (RDS) Facultad de Farmacia y 1867 44p 134 7 32 15 Ciencias Quimicas Universidad Aut6noma de Santo Domingo SANTO DOMINGO ECUADOR 79

ECUADOR

Introductory data* Population ...... 4 734 000 Number of pharmacists ...... ** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 3 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. *** Population per pharmacist. . . . . Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1 578 000

• 1963 figures. •• Exact number unknown. ••• Data incomplete.

In Ecuador pharmaceutical studies last for six years and lead to the degree of Doctor en Bioquimica y Pmmacia (Doctor of Biochemistry and Pharmacy).

Administration All three training institutions are attached to the Faculty of Chemistry and Natural Sciences of their respective universities. In accordance with legislative provisions contained in the Constitution of the Republic, the universities in Ecuador are autonomous institutions and do not come under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education. They are, however, financially dependent on the State, and an administrative link with the State is accordingly maintained through the presence on each University Council (Consejo Universitario) of a delegate of the Ministry of Public Education. Each of the universities is administered by a University Council, composed of the Rector, the Vice-Rector, the delegate of the Ministry of Public Education, a delegate of the University Assembly, the deans of the various faculties, and a representative of the students of each faculty. A University Assembly, composed of all the professors and all the representatives of the students, acts in an advisory capacity. Each of the faculties is administered by a Governing Council (Consejo Directivo) and a Dean. The academic year runs from October to July at the Universities of Cuenca and Quito, and from April to January at the University of Guayaquil.

Conditions of admission Applicants for admission to the schools of pharmacy must be at least 18 years of age (there is no maximum age limit). They must have completed six years of primary and six years of secondary education and hold the secondary-school certificate (bachillerato en humanidades modernas). In addition, they must sit for an entrance examination in general knowledge. Candidates are selected on the 80 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY basis of marks obtained in this examination. Health requirements consist of a satisfactory medical examination, a blood test, vaccinations and a chest X-ray. Foreign students are admitted under the same conditions as nationals and are charged the same tuition fees. Scholarships are awarded to needy Ecuadorean students, but no financial assistance is available for foreigners.

Curriculum The following is the curriculum offered at the Central University of Ecuador, at Quito: First year: advanced mathematics (I); general chemistry; biology; botany; inorganic chemistry. Second year: advanced mathematics (II); qualitative analytical chemistry; organic chemistry (I); general physics; pharmaceutical botany; anatomy and histology. Third year: pharmacognosy; differential equations; organic chemistry (II); instrumental physics; quantitative analytical chemistry; physical chemistry; microbiology (1). Fourth year: parasitology; organic analytical chemistry; biochemistry (I); galenical pharmacy; physiology; colloid chemistry; microbiology (II). Fifth year: phytochemistry; biochemistry (II); bromatology (I); biological analysis; industrial pharmacy (I); hygiene. Sixth year: industrial pharmacy (II); industrial microbiology; vital statistics; pharmacology; bromatology (II); biological analysis; ethics; legislation; planning and economy. Instruction consists of lectures, and practical and laboratory work in basic subjects.

Examinations The end-of-term and final examinations, in all the subjects of the curriculum, may be oral, written and practical, at the discretion of the respective professors. If the student fails he may repeat the same subject only once.

Qualification After success in the final examination, and before the award of the degree, candidates are required by the Governing Council to take two practical tests before examination boards appointed by the Dean of the Faculty. The degree is conferred after the presentation and acceptance of an original thesis. No post-graduate degrees are obtainable in Ecuador.

Licence to practise To obtain the licence to practise, the holder of the degree of Doctor en Bioqui­ mica y Farmacia must register with the country's public health authorities. In ECUADOR 81

order to be admitted to the Federation of Chemists and Pharmacists of Ecuador the candidate must submit an application to the Director of the Federation. Foreigners who have qualified in Ecuador are authorized to practise in the country. Nationals with foreign qualifications must have their degree or diploma validated if it was obtained in a country with which there is no reciprocity in the recognition of academic degrees. Foreigners with foreign pharmacy qualifications must have their degree or diploma validated by a university in Ecuador. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Teaching Name and address instruction enrolmentTotal Admissions Graduates tuition fees started staff I I I (Sucres)

Escuela de Bioquimica y Farmacia Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Naturales Universidad de Cuenca CuENCA

Escuela de Bioquimica y Farmacia Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Naturales Universidad de Guayaquil GUAYAQUIL

Escuela de Bioquimica y 6p 40m 3m 300 Farmacia 50 f 5f Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Naturales Universidad Central del Ecuador Qurro I 82 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

EL SALVADOR

Introductory data* Population ...... 2 721000 Number of pharmacists ...... 285 .. Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 8 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 9 500 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 721 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including 150 working in pharmacies and 135 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In El Salvador pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Doctor en Quimica y Farmacia (Doctor of Chemistry and Pharmacy).

Administration The Faculty of Chemical Sciences, in which the course is given, is a component unit of the University of El Salvador, an academically autonomous institution under the financial and administrative control of the State (Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare). The school maintains relations with the other uni­ versity faculties, such as the Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of Dentistry and the Faculty of Engineering, whose teaching staff hold classes in their specialty at the Faculty of Chemical Sciences. The Ministry of Public Health determines solely the location and duration of the social service work carried out by students on completion of their studies (see under Qualification). The chief executive officer of the school is the Dean. The academic year consists of two semesters-May to October and November to March.

Conditions of admission To qualify for admission to the school of pharmacy, the student must be in possession of the secondary-school certificate in science and letters or mathematics (titulo de bachil/er en ciencias y letras o matematicas), obtained after six years of primary and five years of secondary education. In addition, candidates sit for an entrance examination, consisting of an intelligence test and a test of knowledge covering physics, chemistry, mathematics and natural science, botany, zoology, geography, etc. The lowest number of marks for admission is 50, and preference is given to those with a higher score. All applicants undergo a comprehensive medical examination including a chest X-ray, serology and tests for intestinal parasites. A character testimonial must be

• EL SALVADOR 83 obtained from the school in which the candidate spent his last year of secondary studies, and also a letter from his father or guardian certifying responsibility and willingness to pay the cost of study. Pharmaceutical studies are also open to foreign students. They must hold a secondary-school certificate equivalent to the Ecuadorian certificate and authen­ ticated by the ministry of education and the foreign ministry of the student's country of origin. Tuition fees are charged, but students holding the first ten places are exempted from payment. Financial assistance in the form of scholarships is available from the University (in which there is a special scholarships department directed by the Rector); a certain amount of aid may also be given by other national institutions. In special cases foreign students may also obtain scholarships.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: principles of general chemistry; physical chemistry; elementary inorganic chemistry; mathematics (algebra, geometry, higher algebra); physics (Part I: mechanics, heat, sound); first aid and accident prevention; introduction to philosophy; English. Second year: elementary inorganic chemistry; mathematics (analytical trigono­ metry); physics (Part II: hydrostatics, optics, electricity); inorganic quali­ tative analysis; organic chemistry (acyclic and cyclic series); English. Third year: inorganic quantitative analysis; organic analysis; English; geology and mineralogy; zoology; botany;,inorganic chemical pharmacy. Fourth year: biochemistry (general); food analysis; materia medica (pharma­ cognosy); organic chemical pharmacy; galenical pharmacy; pharmaceutical technology; English. Fifth year: drug analysis; toxicological analysis (forensic chemistry); pharma­ ceutical deontology and legislation; microbiology; pharmacodynamics and therapeutics; technology of cosmetics; English; book-keeping. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work.

Examinations Examinations, which are written and, where appropriate, also practical, are held at the end of each academic year in the subjects studied during that period. They are conducted by members of the teaching staff, except for the final exami­ nation, at the end of the fifth year, which is held before an external Board of Examiners. There are two sessions of examinations, the ordinary and the special (repeat), for referred students. If the student fails in the second session, he must repeat the year; in the event of a further failure, he is excluded from the course.

Qualification On completion of his studies the student is called upon to perform one year of social service in a place determined by the Ministry of Public Health and Social 84 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Welfare. At the end of this period the student submits a thesis whose subject is specified by the Faculty of Chemical Sciences. Approval of the thesis (by a special Board) entitles him to the degree of Doctor en Quimica y Farmacia. No post-graduate pharmaceutical qualifications are obtainable in El Salvador.

Licence to practise In order to practise, holders of the degree of Doctor en Quimica y Farmacia must join the professional association (Colegio de Farmaceuticos). Their admission is controlled by a government body known as the Higher Council of Public Health, to which is attached the Supervisory Board of the Pharmaceutical Profession. This board is directly concerned with the registration and supervision of pharmacy graduates. The same requirements apply to foreigners who have qualified in El Salvador. Nationals of El Salvador and foreigners who hold foreign pharmaceutical quali­ fications must register with the Faculty of Chemical Sciences after their degree or diploma has been duly validated. Furthermore, they must present a certificate of good conduct, a health certificate, and a transcript of the curriculum of the study course they have followed, and pay the examination fees. Holders of the degree of Doctor en Quimica y Farmacia are not obliged to work in State service, unless they have studied on government fellowships. In this case they must perform such service for a period equivalent to the duration of the fellowship.

Teaching Total Annual instructionYear I tuition fees Name and address staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I I started (Colones)

Facultad de Ciencias 1850 7f 44 m 10 m 5m 300 Quimicas 57 p 83 f 17f 3f + 60 regis- Universidad Nacional del tration fee Salvador SAN SALVADOR I ETHIOPIA 85

ETlllOPIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 21 800 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 55** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. Population per pharmacist. . . . . 396000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 21 800 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 4S working in pharmacies and I 0 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Ethiopia pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (B.Sc. Pharm.).

Administration The School of Pharmacy is a unit of the newly organized Faculty of Medicine, which will also include a School of Medicine. The Faculty of Medicine, together with the Public Health College, is part of the Haile Selassie I University, a State institution. The University and its faculties are at present financed from govern­ ment funds. However, it is expected that limited financial assistance will become available from foreign sources. The chief executive officer of the School of Pharmacy is the Director. The academic year, which begins in October and ends in June, consists of two semesters-October to January and February to June. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission There is no age limit for admission. Applicants must hold the Ethiopian school­ leaving certificate (ESLC), with five passes-in English language, Amharic language and science subjects. The ESLC is obtained after four years of secondary education preceded by eight years of primary school. A medical examination, with chest X-ray, is mandatory for all students of the Haile Selassie I University. Pharmaceutical studies are also open to foreign students, who must comply with the entrance requirements and be proficient in the English language. Instruction is free of charge. In addition, Ethiopian students receive a living allowance of EthS 50 per month from the Government.

Cuniculmn The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: English; biology; mathematics; general chemistry; physics. 86 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Second year: English; organic chemistry; analytical chemistry; pharmaceutics; plant anatomy; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmaceutical calculations. Third year: organic chemistry; pharmaceutics; pharmacognosy; pharmaceu­ tical chemistry; Amharic language; biochemistry; anatomy and physiology; history of pharmacy; first aid. Fourth year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; microbiology; pharma­ cology; pharmaceutical jurisprudence; public health; research. Instruction consists of lectures and laboratory work. In addition, during the summer vacations (July, August and September) the second- and third-year students are given practical training in various retail or hospital pharmacies.

Examinations Written and, where appropriate, practical or oral examinations are held at the end of each academic year. At present the examinations are conducted by members of the teaching staff; however, plans will be made for the participation of external examiners once the medical faculty opens. Any student at the Haile Selassie I University who has failed to attain an over-all grade of 1.75 may be excluded from further studies. However, subject to the special approval of the University authorities, he may be allowed to continue his studies on probation for one semester.

Qualification The degree of B.Sc.Pharm. is awarded to candidates on successful completion of their examination and after one year of practice. This year of national service has been instituted by the University as an academic requirement for all students. No post-graduate pharmaceutical qualifications are obtainable in Ethiopia.

Licence to practise The degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy entitles the holder to practise. The licence to practise is issued, following registration, by the Ministry of Public Health. Nationals and foreigners with foreign qualifications must have their degree or diploma evaluated by the Medical Advisory Board, which is authorized by law to make the necessary recommendation in such cases. Pharmacy graduates who have studied on government fellowships may be required to enter State service on completion of their studies.

I Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates I tuition fees started I

School of Pharmacy 1961 3f 12m 6m - None Faculty of Medicine 2f 1 f Haile Selassie I University ADDIS ABABA Fm 87

FIJI

Introductory data* Population ...... 434000 Number of pharmacists ...... 42•• Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 1 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 10 300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 434000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 40 working in pharmacies and 2 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Fiji pharmaceutical studies last for three years and lead to the Certificate of Proficiency.

Administration The course is offered at the Fiji School of Medicine, an institution controlled and financed by the Government of Fiji. The chief executive officer of the school is the Principal; the over-all policy is decided by an Advisory Board and an Academic Board. The academic year, which begins in February and ends in December, is divided into three terms-February to May, May to August and September to December. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission Candidates for admission must hold the secondary-school certificate (obtained after eight years of primary and four years of secondary education), with good marks in mathematics. They are also required to undergo a full medical exam­ ination. The course is also open to foreign students, provided they hold a certificate equivalent to the Fijian secondary-school certificate. Instruction is free of charge for national students; foreigners are charged tuition fees.

Curriculum During the first year of the course pharmacy students study together with medical students at the Fiji School of Medicine. The subjects included are chem­ istry, physics, and biology; theoretical instruction is complemented by laboratory work. During the second and third years of the course students acquire practical training in hospital dispensing and attend lectures given at the Government 88 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Pharmacy. The lectures cover materia medica, pharmaceutical chemistry, and dispensing.

Examinations Theoretical and practical examinations are held at the end of each year. In addition to examinations in the subjects mentioned above, at the end of the second year students must show that they are proficient in pharmaceutical mathematics. Students who fail may repeat the examinations an unlimited number of times.

Qualification Candidates successful in the final examinations receive the Certificate of Proficiency.

Licence to practise The Certificate of Proficiency does not entitle the holder to practise inde­ pendently. Only persons who are in possession of a degree or diploma obtained in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa or Ireland are entitled to registration and authorized to practise. The licence to practise is issued by the Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Fiji.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and addreu instruction I Admissions I Graduates I tuition fees started staff enrolment (£F) I Fiji School of Medicine 1950 2p lm lm lm None (R); SuvA 426 (F) I FINLAND 89

FINLAND

Introductory data* Population ...... 4 543 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 3 523 .. Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 2 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 217 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 1300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 271000

• 1963 figures. •• Includes 2903 pharmacists working in pharmacies - i.e., 2060 Bachelors of Pharmacy and 843 Masters of Pharmacy (of whom 540 were pharmacy directors or independent pharmacy owners)- and 620 (500 B.Ph. and 120 M.Ph.) in other acti­ vities.

In Finland pharmaceutical studies last for four and a half years (not including the introductory year for practical work) and lead to the degree of Provisor (Master of Pharmacy).

Administration One of the two teaching institutions-namely, that in Helsinki-offers the whole study course, while the other-at Turku- gives a course of only one and a half years' duration leading to the intermediate degree of Farmaseut (Bachelor of Pharmacy). Both schools are attached to the Faculty of Science of their respective universities. The University of Helsinki is a State-financed, autonomous institution, while that in Turku is supported partly by State subsidies and partly by funds from private sources. The professors of the schools of pharmacy are appointed by the President of the Republic on the recommendation of the universities concerned. The chief administrative officer of each school is the Director. The academic year begins in September and ends in May. It consists of autumn and spring semesters, each of about four months' duration (September to December and January to May). Teaching in Helsinki is carried out in both Finnish and Swedish, with Finnish as the main teaching language; at Turku it is entirely in Finnish.

Conditions of admission Students seeking admission to a school of pharmacy must hold the secondary­ school certificate (ylioppilastutkintotodistus), which requires twelve years of school education (four years' primary and eight years' secondary), and must pass the national matriculation examination. Those admitted are selected according to a special point system based on the grades of their secondary-school certificate and success in the matriculation examination. Before entering the course proper all candidates must work for one year in a pharmacy. There are no obligatory health 90 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY requirements for applicants. Foreign students may be eligible for enrolment, provided their secondary-school studies correspond to the Finnish educational level; special application for admission to the University is necessary. If accepted, the applicant is eligible to enter the school of pharmacy as a regular student. Fees are charged. The University of Helsinki grants ten to twenty scholarships (of Fmk 1000) yearly to the students of the Institute of Pharmacy.

Curriculum and examinations The course leading to the Provisor examination is divided into two periods­ the first of one and a half years' and the second one of three years' duration. In the first, intermediate, period the following subjects are studied: inorganic chemistry (basic course); organic chemistry (basic course); botany (basic course); pharma­ ceutical technology; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; sterilization techniques; Latin; pharmaceutical legislation; and pricing of pharmaceutical products. Written and oral examinations are held during the instruction courses by the professors of the respective subjects. Students who pass all the requisite examinations are awarded the intermediate degree of Farmaseut. Those students who wish to continue the course and obtain the Provisor degree must take an additional number of hours of theory, and, where required, also perform practical work in the following subjects of the first year: anatomy and organology of plants; physiology of plants; organic chemistry; analytical chemistry; qualitative and quantitative analysis; physical chemistry; propaedeutical mathematics; and physics. Students must take written examinations in all the subjects studied; in organic chemistry, qualitative and quantitative analysis, and physical chemistry an oral test is given in addition. Additional subjects of the second year include: pharmaceutical chemistry; antibiotics; methods of quantitative determination in Pharmacopoeia; pharma­ cognosy; pharmaceutical technology; pharmacology and biological standardi­ zation; microbiology; and chromatography. Second-year examinations consist of a written test in pharmaceutical chemistry, methods of quantitative determination in Pharmacopoeia, pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical technology, and microbiology, and a practical test in chromatography. The subjects of the third year of the course cover: pharmaceutical technology; pharmacology and biological standardization; microbiology; economic aspects of pharmacy management; pharmaceutical legislation; and history of pharmacy. The third-year examinations consist of a written test in the economic aspects of phar­ macy management and pharmaceutical legislation. In pharmacy and biological standardization students are given both a written and an oral test. The number of repeat examinations allowed is not officially specified. In practice, however, a failed student is permitted three more attempts. After that, any further attempt is allowed only at the discretion of the teacher concerned.

Qualification When the student has completed the study course and passed the requisite examinations he is awarded the degree of Provisor. A higher degree obtainable is that of Licentiate of Pharmacy; this requires one and a half to two years of research FINLAND 91

and an examination. For the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy the presentation of a thesis is necessary.

Licence to practise The licence to practise is granted to holders of any of the above-mentioned degrees after they have registered with the National Board of Health, and given the Board a solemn assurance that they will practise their profession honourably. Authorization to practise as a director of a pharmacy or as an independent pharmacy owner is given only to holders of the Provisor or higher degrees, who must first perform one year of practice. Nationals with foreign qualifications are permitted to practise in Finland provided that the study course they have followed is at a level equivalent to that of the course leading to the relevant Finnish degrees. As evidence of this they must present a diploma issued by a Finnish university. The licence to practise is granted by the National Board of Health on special application. Foreigners with Finnish or foreign qualifications may practise in Finland under the same conditions, but are not eligible for employment in the Civil Service. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Annual Year Teaching Total Name and address instruction Admissions[ Graduates I tuition fees started I stq/f enrolment (Fmk)

Helsingin Yliopiston 1897 28 f 66m 38m 15 m0 170-200 Farmasian Laitos 6p 543f 316 f 181 f0 (Institute of Pharmacy, 7mb University of Helsinki) 4 fb Fabianinkatu 35 HELSINKI

Farmaceutiska Institutst 1958 4f 1m 1m 3 ffi0 18 (1st vid Abo Akademi 5p 12 f llf 7 f• year); Turun Yliopisto 6 (2nd and (Institute of Pharmacy, Abo 3rd years) Akademy, University of Turku TURKU

• Bachelors of Pharmacy. b Masters of Pharmacy. 92 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

FRANCE

Introductory data* Population ...... 47 854000 Number of pharmacists ...... 20750.. Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 23 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 1072 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 2 300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2081000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 16 550 working in pharmacies (15 700 directors of pharmacies and 850 pharmacists) and -4200 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In France pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead either to the Dip!Ome d'Etat de Pharmacien (State Diploma of Pharmacist) or to the Diplome d' Universite de Pharmacien (University Diploma of Pharmacist).

Administration Four of the twenty-three training institutions are faculties of pharmacy, and ten are combined faculties of medicine and pharmacy of their respective universities. The remaining nine institutions-combined schools of medicine and pharmacy­ are administratively attached and academically affiliated to faculties of medicine and pharmacy of universities not necessarily located in the same city. The courses of study are identical in all institutions; however, four schools-namely, those in Besan~on, Caen, Poitiers and Rouen-do not provide for the last year of the course. All institutions award the same diploma at the end of the course; since this is issued only by university faculties, students of the combined schools of medicine and pharmacy must sit for the final examinations at the parent faculty. The universities are State-owned institutions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. The chief administrative officer of a faculty is the Dean; the schools are headed by a Director. As the majority of the training institutions are combined faculties (or schools) of medicine and pharmacy, the professors of both disciplines take part in the teaching. There is, moreover, an exchange of scientific information with the other science faculties, and in some instances close relations are maintained with the public health authorities (control of pharmacies, legal expertise, etc.). The academic year begins on 1 October and ends on 30 June.

Conditions of admission There is no age limit for admission to a faculty or school of pharmacy. The basic entrance requirement is possession of the French baccalaureat (secondary- FRANCE 93 school certificate obtained after twelve years of primary and secondary education), or its equivalent. French nationals, or nationals of the States that composed the former Community, must pass a special entrance examination if they do not hold the baccalaureat. Foreigners are admitted as regular students and may obtain the Dip/Ome d'Etat, provided they hold the French baccalaureat. If they hold a foreign secondary­ school certificate recognized as equivalent, or if they have passed the special entrance examination for foreign students, they may study for the Diplome d' Universite. Students who have completed part of the pharmacy course abroad may be exempted from some of the courses and from their respective examinations, under the terms of Decree No. 60-104 of 1 February 1960. All pharmacy students regularly undergo a medical examination carried out by the University Health Service. Annual tuition fees of 40 francs, plus a fee of 5 francs per examination session, are charged at all schools and faculties. French students may obtain bursaries from the Ministry of Education; foreigners may apply for scholarships to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Curriculum

The new curriculum, established by Decree No. 62-1393 of 26 November 1962, was introduced progressively as from October 1964. The courses leading to the Diplome d'Etat and the Diplome d'Universite are identical. Candidates receive the following instruction: (a) theoretical, (b) practical, and (c) dirige-i.e., on the lines of the tutorial, given to groups of about twenty-five students and consisting of a review of exercices and a broadening of the knowledge already acquired by the students.

The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: applied mathematics; physics; organic chemistry; general and inorganic chemistry; botany; zoology and animal biology; galenical phar­ macy; legislation and vocational guidance. Second year: physics; organic chemistry; plant biology; general physiology; human anatomy and physiology; analytical chemistry; general and inor­ ganic chemistry; mycology. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry; analytical chemistry; general biochem­ istry; general pharmacodynamics; galenical pharmacy; human anatomy and physiology; materia medica; rudiments of semeiology and general medicine. Fourth year: materia medica; microbiology; parasitology; hygiene; toxicology; pharmacodynamics; clinical pharmacy; galenical pharmacy; hydrology; legislation. Before commencing the fifth year of study all students must complete a period practical training of three months' duration. This practical training is carried out 94 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY in a pharmacy during the vacations, after the second year of study. It can be completed in several periods, each of which must be of not less than one month. Candidates who pass the final examinations at the end of the fourth year must complete, during the fifth year, the second three-month period of practice in a pharmacy. Fifth-year students must specialize in two of the following fields: (1) Biological techniques (2) Industrial pharmaceutical techniques (3) Health education and social hygiene (4) Applied analytical chemistry (5) Techniques of physical chemistry. In order to obtain the final diploma, candidates must hold certificates in two of the above-listed specialties, one of which must be either biological techniques or industrial pharmaceutical techniques. The other certificate may be replaced by a certificate granted by another faculty or institute of higher learning; this latter certificate must appear in the list of certificates determined by decree of the Minister of Education, following consultation with the Board of Higher Education (Conseil de l'Enseignement superieur). The following subjects are covered in the above-listed fields of specialization: (1) Biological techniques: biochemistry; parasitology; microbiology and virol­ ogy; haematology. (2) Industrial pharmaceutical techniques: analytical chemistry applied to drug control; industrial microbiology; industrial galenical pharmacy; raw materials of plant and animal origin; industrial pharmaceutical legislation and labour legislation. (3) Health education and social hygiene: social hygiene and dietetics; pharma­ ceutical and social legislation; first aid and civil defence; rudiments of phyto­ pharmacy and zoopharmacy; toxicology and hydrology. (4) Applied analytical chemistry: special analytical chemistry; toxicology; bromatology and hydrology. (5) Techniques of physical chemistry: mathematics; physical chemistry and radioactivity; organic chemistry applied to the synthesis of drugs.

Examinations The examinations are arranged as follows: (1) One end-of-the-year examination for each of the first four years. There are two sessions of examinations per year-the first in June-July and· the second in September-October. Examinations are written, oral and practical. Students who have obtained an average of at least 12 points (out of a possible 20) in practical laboratory work may, at the discretion of the dean of the faculty, be exempted from part or all of the practical examinations. FRANCE 95

(2) Validation examinations held during the fifth year of the course; these examinations are practical and oral. (3) Examinations for the respective certificates (see above), held after the fifth year of the course, and consisting of oral and practical tests. If the student fails four times in the examinations of the first year, he is excluded from further studies. The end-of-the-year examinations are held before a Board composed of at least three members, drawn from the teaching staff. The Board of Examiners for the validation examinations, held during the fifth year, consists of one member of the faculty and two pharmacists appointed by the Dean on the recommendation of the professional association (Conseil de l'Ordre des Pharmaciens).

Qualification

On completion of the study course and after passing the final examinations, candidates receive the Diplome d'Etat de Pharmacien or the Dip/6me d'Universite de Pharmacien. The following post-graduate qualifications are obtainable in the faculties of pharmacy and faculties of medicine and pharmacy : (1) Certificat d'Etudes superieures de Pharmacie (Post-graduate Certificate in Pharmacy). This may be obtained in one of the following: (a) physics and chemistry, (b) biology and pharmaceutics, and (c) natural sciences, on completion of one year of formal training and success in written, practical and oral examinations in the respective subjects, held before a Board of Examiners. (2) Doctoral d'Etat en Pharmacie (State Doctorate in Pharmacy). Candidates must hold, in addition to the Diplome de Pharmacien, (a) the Diplome de Licencie es Sciences physiques (licence d'enseignement) or the Diplome de Licencie es Sciences naturelies {licence d 'enseignement) (teaching diplomas in physics and natural sciences), or (b) post-graduate certificates awarded by the faculties of science to graduate pharmacists wishing to study for the Doctoral es Sciences physiques (Doctorate in Physical Sciences) or the Doctorat es Sciences naturelles (Doctorate in Natural Sciences), or (c) two post-graduate certificates in pharmacy granted by the faculties of phar­ macy or the faculties of medicine and pharmacy. The degree of Doctoral d'Etat en Pharmacie is awarded after one year of research carried out in the laboratories of the university, a study course (undertaken simultaneously with the research work), and the presentation and defence of a thesis. (3) Certificat d'Etudes speciales (Certificate of Special Studies), namely: (a) Certificat d'Etudes speciales de Bacterio[ogie pharmaceutique et technique (pharmaceutical and technical bacteriology) (b) Certificat d' Etudes speciales de Biochimie pharmaceutique et technique (phar­ maceutical and technical biochemistry) 96 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

(c) Certificat d'Etudes speciales de Parasitologie pharmaceutique et technique (pharmaceutical and technical parasitology). Candidates for any of the above-mentioned certificates must have completed practical or laboratory work and formal training lasting four to nine months. (4) Doctoral d' Universite de Pharmacien (University Doctorate in Pharmacy). The requirements relating to the award of this degree are determined by each university.

Licence to practise

Before receiving the licence to practise the candidate must, under the terms of Article L.514 of the Public Health Code, provide satisfactory character testi­ monials and fulfil the following conditions: (1) hold the Diplome d'Etat de Pharmacien; (2) be of French nationality or the citizen of a country in which French nationals may practise pharmacy if they hold a diploma enabling nationals of that country to practise; and (3) be registered with the professional association (Ordre national des Phar­ maciens), which includes several sections corresponding to the different branches of the profession (pharmacist owning a pharmacy, manufacturer of pharma­ ceutical products, etc.). In addition, the pharmacist may not engage in any activity before regis­ tering his diploma with the Prefecture and the Office of the Court (Greffe au Tribunal) responsible for the area (including the commune) in which he proposes to practise. The present conditions governing the practice of pharmacy, as indicated above, were established by the Law of 19 April 1898 (Article 2) and the Law of 11 Sep­ tember 1941, as amended by Ordinance No. 45-1014 of 23 May 1945. Furthermore, certain types of professional activity are subject to special regulations. Thus, in order to practise as director of a pharmacy, the candidate must: (a) be at least 25 years of age, and (b) hold a licence and an authorization to open a pharmacy issued by the prefect of the departement in which the pharmacy is located. Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products and wholesalers dealing in medic­ aments must obtain an authorization for their activities issued by the Ministry of Health and Population (Ministere de la Sante et de Ia Population). Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service. FRANCE 97

Yesr Teaching Annual Name and address instruction Total Graduates tuition fees staff enrolment Admissions I I started I (F)

Ecole nationale de Medecine 1806 9f 48 m 17m 3m 40 et de Pharmacie rattacbee 4p 55 f 20 f 3f a Ia Faculte mixte de Medecine et de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Lille 12, rue Frederic-Petit AMIENS, Somme

Ecole nationale de Medecine 1841 19 p 33m 10m - 40 et de Pharmacie rattachee 57 f 16 f a la Faculte mixte de Medecine et de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Rennes 16, boulevard Daviers ANGERS, Maine-et-Loire Ecole nationale de Medecine 1887 10 f 42m 4m - 46} et de Pharmacie rattachee 6p 56 f llf a la Faculte mixte de I Medecine et de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Nancy 4, place Saint-Jacques BESANc;:ON, Doubs

Faculte mixte de Medecine 1842 47 f 229m 42m 34m 40 et de Pharmacie Sp 388 f 95 f 37 f Universite de Bordeaux 3, place de la Victoire BORDEAUX, Gironde

Ecole nationale de Medecine 1938 Sf 43 m 33m - 40 et de Pharmacie rattachee llp 55f 47f a Ia Faculte mixte de Medecine et de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Paris l, rue Vaubenard CAEN, Calvados

Faculte mixte de Medecine 1928 24 f 99 m 36m 19m 40 et de Pharmacie 4p 132 f 55f 23f Universite de Clermont- Ferrand 92, boulevard Georgovia CLERMONT-FERRAND, Puy-de-Dome Ecole nationale de Medecine 1840 13f 36m 19m - 40 et de Pharmacie rattachee 75f 50 f a Ia Faculte mixte de Medecine et de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Lyon 16, rue de l'Hopital DuoN, Cote-d'Or

Faculte mixte de Medecine 1806 22f 92m 154 15 f 40 et de Pharmacie 143f Universite de Grenoble 21, rue Lesdiguieres GRENOBLE, !sere

I I 98 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and addr~u instruction Graduates tuition fees staff enrolment I Admissions I started (F)

Faculte mixte de MMecine 1852 51 f 170m 40m 26m 40 et de Pharmacie 330 f 85 f 41 f Universite de Lille Cite hospitaliere Place Verdun LILLE, Nord

Ecole nationale de MMecine 1841 13f 43 m 79m 40 et de Pharmacie rattachee 8p 54 f a Ia Faculte mixte de Medecine et de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Bordeaux 11, rue Franc;ois-Chenieux LIMOGES, Haute-Vienne

Faculte mixte de MMecine 1841 28 242m 64m 22m 40 et de Pharmacie 366 f 118f 50 f Universite de Lyon 8, avenue Rockefeller LYON, Rh6ne

Faculte mixte de Medecine 1818 67 f 333m 122m 52m 40 et de Pharmacie 597 f 189 f 69 f Universite d'Aix-Marseille Boulevard d'Ales MARSEILLE 5, Bouches- du-Rh6ne

Faculte de Pharmacie 12th 65f 516 m Ill m 88 40 Universite de Montpellier century 687 f 135 f Avenue Charles-Flahaut MONTPELLIER, Herault

Faculte de Pharmacie 1822 39 f 185m 130m 52 m 40 Universite de Nancy 4p 266 f 160 f 59 f 5, rue Albert-Lebrun NANCY, Meurthe-et-Moselle

Faculte mixte de MMecine 1841 27 f 68m 58 m 8m 40 et de Pharmacie 6p 124 f 94 f 17f Universite de Nantes 16, quai Moncousu NANTES, Loire-Atlantique

Faculte de Pharmacie 1803 159 f 1157 m 154m 123m 40 Universite de Paris 35 p 1884 f 273 f 200 f 4, avenue de l'Observatoire PARIS 6•, Seine

Ecole nationale de Medecine 1841 8 f 26m 8m 40 et de Pharmacie rattachee 10 p 41 f 13f a Ia Faculte mixte de Medecine et de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Bordeaux 17, rue de l'H6tel-Dieu POITIERS, Vienne FRANCE 99

Year Teaching Annual Name and address instruction Total staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates tuition fees I started I (F) I Ecole nationale de Medecine 1840 17 f 59m 17m - 40 et de Pharmacie rattachee I 8p 79 f 18 f a Ia Faculte mixte de Medecine et de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Paris 51, rue Simon REIMS, Marne

Faculte mixte de Medecine 1956 25 f 102m 78 23m 40 et de Pharmacie I 150 f 14 f Universite de Rennes I 16, boulevard Laennec RENNES, Ille-et-Vilaine

Ecole nationale de Medecine 1841 5 f 40m 27m - 40 et de Pharmacie rattachee 7p I 62 f 40 f a Ia Faculte mixte de Medecine et de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Paris Hotel-Dieu ROUEN, Seine-Maritime I

Faculte de Pharmacie 1803 38 f 144m 34m 29m 40 Universite de Strasbourg I 2p 182f 42 f 20 f I 2, rue Saint-George STRASBOURG, Bas-Rhin

Faculte mixte de Medecine 1887 38 f 207m 31m 12m 40 et de Pharmacie 346 f 57f 14 f Universite de Toulouse 37, allee Jules-Guesde TOULOUSE, Haute-Garonne

Faculte mixte de Medecine 1841 25f 88 m 136f 19 f 40 et de Pharmacie 142 f Universite de Toulouse 2 bis, boulevard Tonnele TouRs, Indre-et-Loire 100 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

GE~, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF

Introductory data* Population ...... 56 947 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 18 868 Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 14 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 159 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 3 000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 4 068 000

• 1962 figures, including those for West Berlin. •• Including 16 468 working in pharmacies and 2400 in other pharmaceutical acti· vi ties. In the Federal Republic of Germany pharmaceutical studies last for three years and lead to the Pharmazeutische Priifung (Pharmaceutical Examination).

Administration The Federal Republic of Germany is a federation of ten provinces (Lander), each of which enjoys a high degree of self-government. The right of legislation in the field of education lies with the provincial governments, each of which has its own ministry of education. However, pharmaceutical education comes within the responsibility of the Federal Government in order to ensure equal standards of pharmaceutical practice throughout the country. Regulations for pharmaceutical education made by the Federal Government are administered by the provincial governments. All schools of pharmacy are parts of their respective universities. The univer­ sities are all government-owned and financially supported by the Federal Govern­ ment, except for the University of Frankfurt-am-Main, which is financed by the province (Land) Hesse and the City of Frankfurt. The chief executive officer of each school is the Director. All schools of pharmacy operate in close contact with other faculties of the university and maintain the usual scientific relations with other institutions in the area. The academic year is divided into two semesters - April to August and October to March.

Conditions of adinission Students who seek admission to a school of pharmacy must hold the secondary­ school certificate (Zeugnis der Reife), obtained after four years of primary and nine years of secondary education. Thereafter they must work in an officially licensed pharmacy for two years and pass the pharmaceutical preliminary examination on completion of this period. The number of first-year admissions is limited. In the selection of students admitted, the marks obtained in the examination for the secondary-school certi- GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF 101 ficate and/or those obtained in the Pharmaceutical Preliminary Examination are decisive. All applicants for admission must produce a health certificate issued by a Public Health Officer. The same admission requirements apply to foreigners. National and foreign students are charged the same tuition fees. There are various possibilities for obtaining scholarships, such as the Honnefer Modell (Honnef Stipend Programme) and the Studentenwerk (non-profit organization for student welfare), both available to national students. Some fellowships are offered to foreign students by the City of Berlin and by the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst).

Curriculum The curriculum, indentical in all schools of pharmacy, is arranged as follows: First year: experimental chemistry (organic and inorganic); analytical chem­ istry; experimental physics; general botany; special botany; analytical­ chemical practice. Second year: pharmaceutical chemistry; galenical chemistry, with laboratory exercises; pharmacognosy; pharmaceutical-chemical practice; exercises in microscopy and pharmacognosy; practice in physics. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacodynamics; methods for the analysis of drug mixtures; pharmaceutical specialties and poisonous substances; biochemical (clinical) analyses, with laboratory exercises; principal features of hygiene and bacteriology, with laboratory exercises; pharmacology; legal aspects of pharmacy; history of pharmacy; book­ keeping ; taxation and economics ; pharmaceutical-chemical practice (analyses of drug mixtures, pharmaceutical specialties and foodstuffs); techniques of sterilizing drugs and instruments; exercises in pharmacognosy.

Examinations There are two examinations: the Pharmazeutische Vorprufung (Pharmaceutical Preliminary Examination) and the Pharmazeutische Prufung (Pharmaceutical Examination). The preliminary examination is held on completion of the two years' practical training, prior to university entrance, and covers chemistry, physics, botany, pharmacognosy, legislation, dispensing, inventory and restocking, and simple drug analyses. The student who fails in this examination is allowed a further attempt. Students sit for the Pharmaceutical Examination at the end of the three-year curriculum. The examination is conducted by the university but is regarded as official and national (Staatsexamen). The subjects in which the students are examined include analytical chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy, general chemistry, physics, general botany, medicinal plants, and legislation. The examinations in pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy take the form of written, oral and practical tests; those in analytical chemistry are written and practical; in the remaining subjects only oral tests are given. The student who fails may take the same examination once more. If he fails in three subjects he has to repeat the whole Pharmaceutical Examination. 102 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Qualification Having passed the Pharmaceutical Examination, candidates are required to serve one year in a pharmacy before they receive the Bestallung als Apotheker (Certificate of Qualified Pharmacist). A higher academic qualification obtainable is the degree of Doctor rerum naturarum (Dr. rer. nat.). In order to obtain this degree, the candidate must have completed two years of research and twenty-four months of formal training, have passed the requisite examinations and presented an acceptable thesis.

Licence to practise The Bestallung als Apotheker entitles the holder to practise. The licence to practise is issued by the competent health authorities of the Land in which the final qualifying examination in pharmacy was passed. Citizens of the Federal Republic who hold foreign qualifications are, in general, permitted to practise if there is evidence that the training they have received abroad is equivalent to that leading to the German diploma, and if there is reciprocity in the recognition of pharmaceutical degrees between the Federal Republic and the country in which the qualification was awarded. Foreigners who have qualified at one of the German universities are allowed to work professionally only for their personal additional training, but they are not entitled to operate a pharmacy on their own responsibility, unless such entitlement has been established by inter­ governmental agreements. Foreigners who hold foreign qualifications may be authorized to work professionally in a subordinate position and for a limited period of time. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Teaching Total Name and address instruction Admissions I Graduates tuition f~es start•d staff enrolment (DM)

Pharmazeutisches lnstitut 1948 16 f 63 m 20m 17m 455 (1st der Freien UniversiUit 3p 159 f 58 f 61 f year), Berlin 461 (2nd Konigin-Luise-Str. 2/4 year), 1, BERLIN 33 431 (3rd year) Pharmazeutisches Institut 1819 23f 202m 66m 16m 580 der Universitiit Bonn 405 f 78 f 1 f (average) BoNN, Nordrhein-Westfalen

Technische Hochschule 1835 23f 4980 m 110 80 500 Pharmazeutische Institut 2p 500 f (average) Braunschweig BRAUNSCHWEIG, Nieder- sachsen

Pharrnazeutisches Institut 1919 4f 131m 28m 22m 416 der Johann-Wolfgang- 4p 433f 89 f 3f Goethe-U niversitiit Georg-Voigst-Str. 14 6, FRANKFURT-AM-MAIN, Hessen GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF 103

Year Annual Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates I started I I (DM)

Pharmazeutisches Institut 1457 13f 117m 38m 36m 640 der Albert-Ludwigs- 6p 126 f 37 f 43 f U niversitlit FREIBURG-IM-BREISGAU, Baden-Wiirttemberg

Pharmazeutisch-Chemisches 1947 9f 80m 30m 30m 640 Institut der Technischen 3p 160 f 50 f 45 f (average) Hochschule KARLSRUHE, Baden- Wiirttemberg

Pharmazeutisches Institut 1935 3f 109m 18m 12m 450-500 der Universitat Kiel 6p 119 f 23f 23f Gutenberg-Str. 76 23 KIEL, Schleswig-Holstein

Pharmazeutisches Institut 1946 6f 116m 19m 17m 660-790 der Johann-Gutenberg- 2p 115 f 29 f 23f Universitat Mainz Saar-Str. 21 MAINZ, Rheinland-Pfalz

Institut fiir Pharmazie und 1808 25f 175m 62m 27m 500-600 Lebensmittelchemie der 5p 281 f 65 f 65 f Universitat Miinchen Sophien-Str. 10 MtiNCHEN 2, Bayern I Institut fiir Pharmazie und early 39 f 198m 40m 25m 580 Lebensmittelchemie der 19th 4p 111 f 20 f 20 f (average) Westfalischen Wilhelms- century Universitat MuNSTER, Nordrhein- Westfalen I Institut fiir Angewandte 18th 13f 164m 28m 1m 500-700 Chemie der Universitat century 5p 166 f 20 f 37 f Erlangen NiiRNBERG, Bayern

Institut fiir Pharmazeutische 1923 10 f 57 m 18m 9m 400 Chemie der Universitat 6p 58 f 16 f Hamburg REINBECK, Bezirk Hamburg (Schloss), Hamburg

Institut fiir Pharmazeutische 1892 20 f 190m 50m 37m c. 300 Chemie der Universitat 3p 130f 50 f 3f + 3per Tiibingen subject per Wilhelm-Str. 27 week: TtiBINGEN, Baden- Wiirttemberg

Institut fiir Pharmazie und 1880 Sf 152m 40m 47 m 500 Lebensmittelchemie der 10 p !50 f 40 f 53f Universitlit Wiirzburg Koelliker-S tr. 2 WtiRzBURG, Bayern 104 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

GHANA

Introductory data* Population ...... 7 340000 Number of pharmacists ...... 355** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 7*** Population per pharmacist. . . . . 21000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 7 340 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 95 working in pharmacies and 260 in other pharmaceutical activities. ••• 1964 figure. In Ghana pharmaceutical studies last for four years (including one year of internship) and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy.

Administration The school of pharmacy is a faculty of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, a State-owned and -financed institution. The chief exe­ cutive officer of the school is the Vice-Chancellor of the University. The academic year consists of three terms- September to December, January to March and April to July. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission Students seeking admission to the pharmacy course must be between 21 and 28 years of age. They should hold the general certificate of education in chemistry and biology or botany or zoology (advanced level) and in physics (ordinary level). For this certificate six years of primary school and six or seven of secondary education are required. In addition, candidates must pass an entrance examination and are interviewed for selection by the University Committee. A medical certi­ ficate, together with a chest X-ray, is required at admission. Candidates who already hold the Diploma in Pharmacy under 1959 examin­ ation regulations are admitted to Part II of the course. Foreign students are admitted under the same conditions as nationals, and are charged the same tuition fees. State fellowships are available for both national and foreign students.

Curriculum The curriculum is divided into two parts. The first occupies the first year and the second extends over the second and third years of the course. The following subjects are studied in Part I: pharmacognosy; physiology; pharmaceutical chem­ istry; and pharmaceutics. Part II includes: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharma­ ceutics; and pharmacology. Instruction consists of lectures and laboratory work. GHANA 105

Examinations Examinations are written, oral and practical. They are held at the end of each part of the curriculum, cover all the subjects studied, and are conducted by internal and external examiners. Before the examinations the professors of the respective subjects submit the list of questions to the Board of External Examiners for approval or amendment. At the examinations both theoretical and practical tests are evaluated first by the internal examiners and then by the external examiners, who must be in complete agreement. The decision of the Board of External Exa­ miners is final. If the student fails in all subjects of Part I, he must repeat the year, at the end of which he has a second attempt. Students who are referred in one subject may proceed to Part II of the curriculum but must pass an examination in the referred subject after one year. Not more than two attempts are allowed in the exa­ minations covering Part II of the curriculum.

Qualification Students who have passed the final examinations obtain the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy. The school also offers the post-graduate degree of Master of Phar­ macy (Kumasi). This requires a minimum of two years, of which the first is spent in attendance at lectures and practical work designed to assist the student in acquiring modern instrumentation and research techniques, and the second is devoted to the preparation of a thesis on an approved subject.

Licence to practise Pharmacy graduates from the Kwame Nkrumah University are required to serve a one-year internship before being accepted by the Pharmacy Board of Ghana, Ministry of Health (P.O. Box M-44, Accra), for registration as pharma­ cists. The same conditions apply to foreigners who have qualified in Ghana and who wish to practise in the country. Nationals and foreigners with foreign quali­ fications must submit for scrutiny their degree or diploma, testimonials, training curriculum, and proof of registration with the foreign pharmaceutical society, and pass an examination in forensic pharmacy and dispensing before the Ghana Pharmacy Board. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service, unless they have studied on government bursaries.

Year Annual Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment Admission• I Graduates[ started (£G)

Department of Pharmacy 1961 13f 67 m 30 ?a 120 Kwame Nkrumah University 2p 9f of Science and Technology KUMASI

• 1964 figure. 106 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

GREECE

Introductory data* Population ...... 8 480 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 2 000** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 2 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 75 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 4200 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 4 240 000

• 1963 figures. •• Pharmacists working in pharmacies only; the number of pharmacists em­ ployed in other pharmaceutical activities, such as laboratory, research, administra­ tion, teaching and pharmaceutical manufacturing, is not available.

In Greece pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the Diploma Pharmakeftikis (Diploma in Pharmacy).

Administration Both schools of pharmacy are departments of the faculty of sciences of their respective universities. The Greek universities are State institutions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and financed through government subsidies. Curricula, the form and standards of examinations, the number of professors in each faculty, and so on, are laid down by law. Within the limits set by their charters, the universities administer their affairs through their rectors and senates. Each faculty is administered by a Dean and a Faculty Council. The latter, composed of all the professors of the faculty, each year elects one of its members as Dean, who holds office for one year and is eligible for re-election. Professors receive their appointments by decree of the Ministry of Education, after election by the Faculty Council. Full professors hold a permanent appointment and retire at the age of 70. The academic year begins on 1 September and ends on 31 August.

Conditions of admission For admission to the pharmacy course the apolytirion gymnasiou- a diploma from the secondary school (gymnasium)- is required. (School education consists of six years of secondary school preceded by six years of primary.) As the number of places available is limited, candidates for admission are selected at an entrance examination, which covers Greek, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Those admitted must undergo a comprehensive medical examination. Pharmaceutical studies are also open to foreign students provided they hold a recognized secondary-school certificate. Instruction is free of charge. For national GREECE 107 students scholarships are available from the universities, regional administrations, and other sources. The National Scholarships Establishment awards scholarships for post-graduate studies to Greek students who have been outstanding during their diploma course.

Curriculum The curriculum at Thessaloniki is arranged as follows: First year: physics; inorganic chemistry; general botany; general mathematics; analytical chemistry. Second year: organic chemistry; systematic botany; general pharmacognosy; physiology; analytical chemistry; physics. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry; special and chemical pharmacognosy; organic chemistry (heterocyclic compounds); microbiology; biochemistry (clinical chemistry); toxicology. Fourth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmaceutics; physical chemistry; pharmacodynamics; food chemistry; hygiene; first aid. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work. In addition, students are required to perform four three-month periods of practical training in a pharmacy. Three of these periods of practice are completed during the summer vacations at the end of the first three years of the course; the fourth takes place after the award of the diploma.

Examinations At the end of each academic year the student must pass final examinations in all the subjects of that year. After completing the four years of study, the student has to pass the following diploma examinations: pharmaceutical chemistry (every student is required to carry out an independent study in the field of chemistry); pharmaceutics; pharmacognosy; organic chemistry; and the International and Greek Pharmacopoeias. All examinations are written; in a few subjects, such as practical physics and microbiology, a practical test is given. The examinations are internal and are conducted by the members of the teaching staff. In the event of failure students may sit for the end-of-the-year examinations three times; there is no limit as to the number of times they may sit for the diploma examinations.

Qualification Students who are successful in the final diploma examinations are awarded the Diploma Pharmakeftikis. Post-graduate pharmaceutical studies are at present being organized at the University of Thessaloniki.

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise, the graduate pharmacist must spend a period of three months in a pharmacy and then pass an examination before a 108 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

board of four members of the Higher Council of Health. This examination consists of practical and theoretical tests. The practical part includes drug control, prepa­ ration of pharmaceutical or chemical products, making up prescriptions, and identification of various drugs. The theoretical tests cover pharmacology, the Greek Pharmacopoeia, pharmaceutical techniques, toxicology, rudiments of the history of pharmacy and pharmaceutical legislation, and marketing of pharmaceutical products. No registration is required. Greek nationals who have qualified abroad must have their degree or diploma validated by the university and thereafter obtain the licence to practise from the Higher Council of Health. Foreigners holding the Greek diploma may be author­ ized to practise if they acquire Greek nationality or if they are of Greek origin. Foreigners with foreign qualifications are permitted to practise if they come from countries with which the relevant reciprocity exists. Apart from the period of practice mentioned above, pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

I Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment Admissions I Graduates tuition fees started I

Department of Pharmacy 1837 !Sf 380 60m 44m None Faculty of Sciences 51 f 22 f National University of Athens ATHENS

Department of Pharmacy 1955 13f 252m 44m 6m None Faculty of Sciences 67f 34 f 3f University of Thessaloniki THESSALONIKI I I GUATEMALA 109

GUATEMALA

Introductory data* Population ...... 4144000 Number of pharmacists ...... 290** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 19 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 14 300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 4144000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 166 working in pharmacies and 124 in other pharmaceutical activities. In Guatemala pharmaceutical studies last for six years and lead to the degree of Quimico Farmaceutico en Grado de Licenciado (Licentiate Pharmaceutical Chemist).

Administration The pharmaceutical course is offered at the Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy of the University of San Carlos. The University is an autonomous institution, although it is owned by the State and receives up to 90% of its finances from government sources. The Faculty is headed by a Dean, assisted by a Faculty Board. The Faculty maintains close relations with the public hospitals, in which pharmacy students receive their practical training. The Faculty also assists in the carrying out of various health programmes planned and executed by government institutions. The academic year, which begins in January and ends in November, is divided into two terms-January to May and July to November.

Conditions of admission There are no age limits for admission. Applicants must have completed six years of primary school and five years of secondary, and must possess the bachi- 1/erato (secondary-school certificate) or the maestro de educaci6n primaria (primary­ school teacher's certificate). A satisfactory health certificate, issued by the Univer­ sity's Department of Student Welfare, is also required at admission. The course is also open to foreign students, who are charged the same tuition fees as nationals. Both categories of student may obtain financial assistance in the form of exemption from part or all of the tuition fees, depending on the candi­ date's academic achievements and his financial position.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: mathematics; general biology; general chemistry; zoology. Second year: mathematics; botany; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; human anatomy; general physics. 110 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Third year: inorganic chemistry; human physiology; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; general bacteriology; English. Fourth year: pharmacognosy; physical chemistry; galenicals; micro-chemical analysis. Fifth year: pharmacology; galenicals (injections); biochemistry; hydrology; bromatology; first aid. Sixth year: industrial pharmacy; legal chemistry and toxicology; mineralogy; applied analytical chemistry; chemistry of plants; legislation, deontology, and history of pharmacy. Instruction consists of lectures and practical laboratory work. In addition, the fifth- and sixth-year students are required to work in recognized hospital pharmacies under the supervision of a director of practical training, who is nominated by the Faculty Board. With the previous approval of the Faculty Board this practical training may be carried out in private pharmacies.

Examinations Examinations are held at the end of each semester (in May and November) in all subjects of the curriculum. The examinations are official and national, and are conducted by the professors of the subjects concerned. They may be in the form of written, oral, or practical tests, or any combination of these. The student who fails in one examination has three more chances. If he fails at the fourth attempt he must repeat the studies in the subject concerned. An unlimited number of repeat studies are permitted.

Qualification After having passed the final examinations in the course prescribed by the curriculum, the student must sit for a final, general examination in each subject studied. He must then present and defend a thesis, after which he receives the degree of Quimico Farmaceutico en Grado de Licenciado.

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise, graduate pharmacists, both nationals and foreigners, must register with the University of San Carlos. Foreigners and Guatemalan nationals who hold foreign pharmaceutical quali­ fications may obtain permission to practise if they pass a validation examination conducted by the Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy of the University of San Carlos. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction Admissions Graduates tuition fees started staff enrolment I I (Q) Facultad de Ciencias 1841 3f 180m 28m 10m 60 Quimicas y Farmacia 48 p 140 f 22 f 9f I Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala 3a Calle 6a Avenida "A" Zona 1 GUATEMALA HAITI Ill

HAITI Introductory data* Population ...... 4 448 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 165** Number of schools of pharmacy .... 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 9 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 27 ()()() Population per school of pharmacy ...... 4448 000 • 1963 figures. •• Including 101 working in pharmacies and 64 in other pharmaceutical activities. In Haiti pharmaceutical studies last for three years and lead to the diploma of Pharmacien (Pharmacist).

Administration At present the school of pharmacy is attached to the Faculty of Medicine, a State-owned and -financed institution under the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health. The school of pharmacy is headed by a Director. The academic year, which begins in October and ends in July, is divided into two semesters- 15 October to 15 February and 1 March to 30 June.

Conditions of admission There are no age limits for admission. To be eligible, the candidate must hold the secondary-school certificate (baccalaureat). The baccalaureat examination consists of two parts: Part I is taken after twelve years of education (both primary and secondary); for Part II an additional year is required (making thirteen years in all). Though only Part I of the baccalaureat is necessary for admission, preference is given to candidates who are also in possession of Part II. The number of places available is limited and applicants are selected according to the results of an entrance examination in physics, chemistry, botany, zoology and physiology. Candidates are required to present the following documents: a satisfactory health certificate, including a chest X-ray; vaccination certificates; their identity card, if they have attained their majority, or an authorization signed by their legal guardian, if they are under age. Any foreign student seeking admission to the school of pharmacy of the University of Haiti must submit: (1) his residence permit; (2) his university diplomas; (3) a translation in French of the documents he has submitted, attested by the consulate of his country; (4) an identity card, or a certificate of identification with photograph certified by his consul. Instruction is free of charge. Approximately one out of every fifteen Haitian students receives a scholarship.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: qualitative analysis; cellular biology; botany; inorganic chemistry; inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry; galenical pharmacy; physics; zoology. 112 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Second year: qualitative analysis; animal biology; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; materia medica; inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry; organic pharmaceutical chemistry; galenical pharmacy; physiology. Third year: quantitative analysis; bacteriology; biochemistry; organic chem­ istry; microscopy; organic pharmaceutical chemistry; galenical pharmacy; pharmacology; toxicology. Instruction consists of theory and laboratory work. In addition, during the first year ofthe course (15 November to 15 June), students must complete a period of practical training in a pharmacy totalling seven weeks (200 hours). On its completion they must pass an examination (validation de stage). The practical training at the Faculty amounts to four hours per week.

Examinations There are two sessions of examinations - the first at the end of the academic year, in June-July, and one supplementary session, in September, for the students who fail in the first session. If the student fails in the second session he must repeat the year. He may repeat one year only. In addition to the above sessions, there is one semestrial examination held during the last two weeks of February. The examinations are conducted by the professors of the respective subjects and are written, oral and, where appropriate, practical.

Qualification After having completed the course and passed all the requisite examinations, the candidate receives the diploma of Pharmacien. No post-graduate degrees are obtainable in Haiti.

Licence to practise According to the law of 5 August 1963, after graduation pharmacists must work as residents for a period of two years in a social welfare institution. They are paid half the salary of fully licensed pharmacists. The licence to practise is issued on completion of this period of practice by the respective Department of Public Health. Foreigners who have qualified in Haiti are authorized to practise, but not more than two foreign pharmacists may work in the same community (decree of 9 July 1940). Foreigners and nationals of Haiti who have qualified abroad must have their degree or diploma validated if they wish to practise in the country. Fully licensed pharmacists are not obliged to work in State service.

Teaching Total Annual Name and addres. I instructionYear Graduates staff enrolment I Admissions tuition [e~s started I I

Faculte de Medecine et 1863 19 p lim 3m 1m None de Pharmacie 33f 13f Sf Universite de Haiti PORT-AU-PRINCE HONDURAS 113

HONDURAS

Introductory data* Population ...... 2 024000 Number of pharmacists ...... 173** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 3 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 11 700 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2024000 • 1963 figures. •• Including 75 working in pharmacies and 98 in other pharmaceutical activities. In Honduras pharmaceutical studies last for six years and lead to the degree of Doctor en Ciencias Quimicas y Farmacia (Doctor of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy). As from 1965, however, the degree awarded will be that of Licenciado en Ciencias Qufmicas y Farmacia (Licentiate in Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy).

Administration According to law No. 170 of 30 April 1958, the National University of Hon­ duras is an autonomous institution. It is governed by a Joint Board (Claustro Pleno), a Supreme Council (Consejo Superior), and a Rector, who is the chief administrative officer of the University. Each faculty is administered by a Govern­ ing Board (Junta Directiva), on which the student body is represented. The heads of departments and the professors are appointed by the Governing Board of the faculty, and approved by the Supreme Council. The Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy works in close contact with other faculties of the University, such as the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Dentistry, and with the Ministry of Public Health. The academic year consists of two semesters - May to September and October to February.

Conditions of admission In order to be admitted to the pharmacy course, the student must have com­ pleted six years of primary and five years of secondary education and hold the secondary-school certificate (bachillerato en ciencias y tetras). In addition, he must complete a one-year course in natural sciences and humanities at the University's Department of General Studies. All applicants are required to undergo a medical examination, including laboratory tests and X-ray. Foreigners are admitted on the condition that they hold a secondary-school certificate equivalent to the bachillerato. National and foreign students are charged the same tuition fees. There is no financial assistance available.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: chemistry; mathematics; physics; biology; a foreign language. 114 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Second year: applied physics; applied inorganic chemistry; general botany; applied mathematics; general and applied zoology. Third year: general microbiology; organic chemistry; qualitative analytical chemistry; biochemistry; parasitology; quantitative analytical chemistry; galenical pharmacy; microscopical botany. Fourth year: applied quantitative analytical chemistry; pharmacopoeia; physiology; microbiology; applied organic analysis; drug incompatibility; hygiene and first aid. Fifth year: clinical analysis; injections; pharmacology; industrial pharmacy; geology and mineralogy. Sixth year: toxicology and toxicological analysis; hydrology; deontology; legal aspects and history of pharmacy and chemistry; agricultural chemistry; industrial pharmacy; supervised research. Instruction consists oflectures, and is completed by practical work in chemistry, biology and physics.

Examinations Written, oral and practical examinations are held at the end of each semester and cover all the subjects studied. The examinations are conducted under the auspices of the Faculty. Students who fail may take the same examination an unlimited number of times.

Qualification In order to be eligible for the degree of Doctor en Ciencias Quimicas y Farmacia candidates who have passed the final examinations at the end of the sixth year of the pharmacy course must engage in practice for a certain period. No post-graduate degrees are obtainable in Honduras.

Licence to practise The degree of Doctor en Ciencias Quimicas y Farmacia entitles the holder to practise. However, all graduate pharmacists must register with the professional association (Colegio de Farmaceuticos). Foreigners who have qualified in Honduras are subject to the same regulations. Citizens of Honduras and foreigners who hold foreign qualifications must register with the University and thereafter with the Colegio de Farmaceuticos. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Annual Name and address I Year Teaching Total Graduates tuition fees instruction staff enrolment Admissions I started I I (L) Facultad de Ciencias 1930 7p 54m 8m 2m 45 Quimicas y Farmacia 16 f 13f 1 f Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de Honduras TEGUCIGALPA HUNGARY 115

HUNGARY

Introductory data* Population ...... 10 061 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 3 731** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 2 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 199 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 2 700 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 5 044000

• 1963 figures. •• 1962 figure; includes 3223 pharmacists working in pharmacies and 508 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Hungary pharmaceutical studies last for four and a half years and lead to the diploma of Gyogyszereszi Oklevel (Magister Pharmaciae - Master of Phar­ macy).

Administration Both training institutions are faculties of universities of medical sciences. The universities are autonomous institutions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health and financed by the State. At the head of each university is a Rector, and at the head of the faculty of pharmacy is a Dean. The pharmacy schools maintain close relations with some institutes of the faculty of medicine and departments of the faculty of sciences; members of the teaching staff of these faculties participate in the training of pharmaceutical students. The academic year is of ten months' duration and consists of two semesters - September to January and February to June.

Conditions of admission To be eligible for admission to the pharmaceutical course candidates must be betwen 18 and 35 years of age. They must have completed eight years of primary and four years of secondary education and hold the secondary-school certificate (erettsegi bizonyitvtiny). In addition, they are required to sit for a written and oral entrance examination in biology and physics. The final selection of candidates is made on the basis of marks obtained in the entrance examination and an assessment of the secondary-school report. All applicants undergo a medical examination given by the University Health Service, since the candidate's state of health is also taken into consideration in deciding whether he shall be admitted to the faculty. Foreign students are also eligible for admission to the pharmaceutical course, but they must obtain the necessary authorization from the Ministry of Education. National and foreign students are charged the same tuition fees. However, students may be exempted from payment on the basis of their academic achieve- 116 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY ments. In addition, for national students scholarships are available, their value ranging from 100 to 1000 Ft per month, depending on the student's financial position and the marks he obtains in the course examinations. For foreign students there are scholarships of about 1100-1250 Ft per month.

Curriculum The same subjects are taught at both schools, though they may be given in different years. The following is the curriculum offered at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Budapest University of Medical Sciences. First year: pharmaceutical propaedeutics; general and inorganic chemistry; physics; mathematics; qualitative and quantitative analysis; botany; political economy; Russian; gymnastics. Second year: history of pharmaceutics; qualitative and quantitative analysis; organic chemistry; physical chemistry; biology; botany; functional ana­ tomy; philosophy; Russian; gymnastics. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmaceutical technology; pharma­ cognosy; functional anatomy; microbiology; first aid; philosophy. Fourth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmaceutical technology (galenical studies); pharmacology; hygiene; pharmacy administration; drug control; scientific socialism; pharmacy practice. Most of the courses consist of lectures and laboratory and practical work. In addition, students must complete three four-week periods of practical training in pharmacies in the summer vacation (July or August) following the first, second and third years of study. At the end of the fourth year, and before they take the State examination, they must work in pharmacies for a period of six months.

Examinations Internal examinations, which are conducted by members of the teaching staff, are held after the completion of each course. They are oral and, where appropriate, practical. The student who fails may make two more attempts in each of the subjects concerned. If he fails again he must repeat the whole year. He may repeat a year only once during the study course. After having completed the study course, passed all the requisite examinations and performed the six months' practice in pharmacies, students must sit for the State examination in general pharmaceutics and philosophy. This examination is held before a Board of Examiners, which is composed of members of the teaching staffs and presided over by the Chairman of the State Examination Board.

Qualification The basic pharmaceutical qualification of Magister Pharmaciae is awarded to students who have passed the State examination. The higher academic degree of Doctor of Pharmacy is awarded to candidates who are in poisession of the basic diploma and have carried out research work for a certain period (the duration of which depends on the subject), passed examinations in three subjects and HUNGARY 117

presented a thesis. Persons with qualifications other than a pharmaceutical degree but working in the pharmaceutical field may obtain the degree of Doctor Materiae Pharmaceuticae provided they fulfil the following requirements: perform four to six years of practice after acquiring the basic qualification, carry out research work for a certain period (the duration of which depends on the subject), pass examina­ tions in three subjects, and present a thesis.

Licence to practise The diploma of Magister Pharmaciae entitles the holder to practise. There is no obligatory registration. Foreigners who have qualified in Hungary are author­ ized to practise. Hungarian nationals and foreigners who hold foreign qualifications must have their degree or diploma recognized by one of the universities. All pharmacy graduates are in State service.

Year Annual Name and address Teaching Total instruction staff I Admissions I Graduates tuition fees I started enrolment (Ft)

Budapesti Orvostudomanyi 1771 102 f 164m 30m 29m I 000 Egyetem Gy6gyszeresz- 2p 422 f 100 f 108 f tudomanyi Kar (Faculty of Pharmacy, Budapest University of .. Medical Sciences) Ulli:ii ut 26 BUDAPEST VIII

Szegedi Orvostudomanyi 1921 104 f 86 m 22m 10m 1000 Egyetem Gy6gyszeresz- 1 p 242 f 81 f 52 f tudomanyi Kar (Faculty of Pharmacy, Szeged University of Medical Sciences) Ei:itvi:is ut 2 SZEGED 118 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

ICELAND

Introductory data* Population ...... 186 ()()(} Number of pharmacists ...... 57** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 3 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 3 300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 186 ()()(}

• 1963 figures. •• Including 50 working in pharmacies and 7 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Iceland pharmaceutical studies last for three years and lead to the diploma of Examinatus Pharmaciae (an intermediate pharmacy qualification).

Administration The School of Pharmacy is attached to the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Iceland. The University is State-owned and -financed, and operated under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. Its chief executive and administrative officer is the Rector Magnificus, who is elected by the professors for a three-year term of office. The University is administered by a Consortium composed of the Rector Magnificus and the deans of the various faculties. Each faculty has its Faculty Council (composed of the full-time professors), which elects the Dean for a two-year term from among its own members. The academic year consists of two semesters - October to January and February to May.

Conditions of admission There is no age limit for admission. The course is open to students who hold the studentsprof certificate, obtained after seven years of secondary education pre­ ceded by six years of primary school. Applicants are required to undergo a medical examination, including X-ray. Foreign students are subject to the same admission requirements. Instruction is free of charge. In addition, students may obtain loans from the Students' Loan Fund.

Curriculum The curriculum consists of three parts. During the first part, students receive theoretical instruction in pharmacy, operative pharmacy, inorganic chemistry, pharmaceutical Latin, calculus, and jurisprudence. The second part consists of ICELAND 119

fifteen months' practical training in a pharmacy. Thereafter students return to the school for the third part of the curriculum, which consists of organic chemistry, pharmacognosy, botany, drug analysis, qualitative analysis, and business admi­ nistration.

Examinations Examinations are held for each period of the course. They are conducted by members of the teaching staff and are written, oral or practical, according to the nature of the subject. Students who fail may repeat each examination once only.

Qualification The diploma of Examinatus Pharmaciae is awarded to students after they have passed the final examinations. This diploma is an intermediate qualification and merely entitles the holder to work under the supervision of a fully qualified pharmacist. Graduates who wish to operate a pharmacy independently must complete their studies at an accredited school of pharmacy abroad.

Licence to practise Persons wishing to practise in Iceland must hold a professional degree from an accredited school of pharmacy. They must apply for registration to the Minister of Public Health, who grants the licence to practise. In general, foreigners with foreign qualifications are not authorized to practise in the country. However, owing to the shortage of pharmacists, nationals of the Scandinavian countries who hold recognized professional degrees are occasionally granted the licence to practise. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Name and address instruction Total Admissions Graduates Annual started stqff enrolment tuition fees

Lyfiafr~edi lyfsala 1957 1 f Sm 4m 3f None L~eknadeild Hask6la Islands 6p 9f 6f (School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland) REYKJAVIK 120 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

INDIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 486 987 000** Number of pharmacists ...... 73 000*** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 35t Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. tt Population per pharmacist. . . . . 6 670 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 13 914 000

• 1963 figures. •• 1965 figure. ••• Approximate figure. t Of which 15 offer degree courses. tt Data incomplete.

In India pharmaceutical studies last for three years, except at the schools in Andhra, Bombay and Rajasthan States, where the course is of four years' duration. The degree awarded on completion of the studies is that of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm.). There is also a course leading to a Diploma in Pharmacy. This consists of two years of study after the award of the secondary-school certificate, followed by 750 hours of practical work carried out over a period of not less than three months. This diploma entitles the holder to full registration as a pharmacist.

Administration

Most of the pharmacy schools are departments of universities; the school in Madras is included in the Medical College of Madras University, and the Goa College of Pharmacy is a separate institution. Courses leading to a Diploma in Pharmacy are in some cases conducted by Government polytechnics. The univer­ sities have been created by state legislatures. As far as their constitutional powers are concerned, they are under governmental control, but enjoy the greatest measure of autonomy in their internal affairs (regulations, syllabi, examinations, internal economy, etc.). They are financed by state or provincial governments, with assistance from the Federal Government, from the Universities Grant Commission and in some instances from private and foreign sources. The chief executive officer of a pharmacy school is the Head of the Department or the Principal. At some schools the academic year consists of two semesters-from June or July to October and from November to April. At others it is divided into three terms, running from July to September, from October to December, and from January to March. The language of instruction is English. INDIA 121

Conditions of admission Where specified, the minimum age for admission is 16 or 17 years. Applicants must fulfil the following requirements: (1) They must have passed the secondary-school (leaving certificate) exami­ nation held by the Board of Secondary Education set up for the area in which the university is situated. School education is of eleven to twelve years' duration. (2) They must have completed the pre-university course and passed the matric­ ulation or university entrance examination. The universities prescribe the subjects and the minimum percentage of marks necessary for entrance. In the universities in which the three-year degree course has been introduced, candidates must spend two years in pre-university study; candidates for admission to the four-year university programme must complete one pre-university year. The pre-university course is taken either in a higher secondary school or in a college (intermediate). (3) As an alternative to (2) applicants must hold an equivalent qualification, such as the completion of a pre-medical course or a diploma in pharmacy, each requiring two years of study after the award of the secondary-school certificate. Some schools, in addition, require a medical certificate prior to enrolment; at others students undergo a medical examination at the time of admission. Owing to the limited number of places, the selection of candidates depends on their performance in the entrance examination, distinction in extra-curricular activities, and their interest in and motivation for the profession of pharmacy. Foreign students are eligible for enrolment if they possess the necessary admission qualifications and are recommended by the Government of India. Tuition fees are charged. In the majority of schools financial assistance is available in the form of scholarships or loans awarded on the basis of both merit and need by the Government of India, the universities and state and local author­ ities. In some instances foreign students may also apply for scholarships.

Curriculum

As an example of the three-year professional course, the curriculum offered at the school in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, is given below: First year: general pharmacy; pharmaceutical chemistry I (inorganic, physical and analytical); pharmaceutical chemistry II (organic); pharmacognosy; pharmaceutical economics and accounting; dispensing pharmacy; forensic pharmacy; mathematics. Candidates who have passed the Intermediate Pharmacy (or Diploma in Phar­ macy) examinations are required to study mathematics but are exempted from dispensing pharmacy and forensic pharmacy. Candidates who have passed the Intermediate Science or Bachelor of Science examinations with chemistry, botany or microbiology are required to study dispensing pharmacy and forensic pharmacy but are exempted from mathematics. Second year: manufacturing pharmacy and microbiology; pharmaceutical chemistry I (inorganic, physical and analytical); pharmaceutical chemistry 122 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

II (organic); pharmacognosy; physiology biochemistry and hygiene; drug marketing. Third year: pharmaceutical technology; pharmaceutical and biological engi­ neering; advanced pharmaceutical chemistry (analytical); chemistry II (organic); advanced pharmacognosy; pharmacology and bioassays; phar­ macy management.

Examinations During the study year regular records are kept of the individual student's theoretical and practical class work, and examinations are conducted by the department or the college. Examinations at the end of the academic year are con­ ducted by the universities and are known as the First, Second and Final Examina­ tion for the Degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy. Applicants for admission to any of the three examinations must show that they have satisfied the head of the teaching department or the principal as to their performance in the terminal and other tests, that they have attended the prescribed number of lectures, and that they have completed the prescribed practical work. The marks obtained in the class examin­ ations, as well as those obtained in the First and Second Examinations, are taken into consideration in determining the type of degree awarded (i.e., Distinction, First Class, Second Class or Pass). The examinations are written, oral and practical. All the training institutions make provision for repeat examinations, but the regulations vary from school to school.

Qualification In addition to the university course, every candidate for the B. Pharm. degree is required to undergo two to four months of practical training in a recognized commercial pharmaceutical establishment, an analytical laboratory and/or a hospital pharmacy. This period of practical work is completed during the study course or after the Final Examination, depending on the teaching institution. Candidates who have complied with this requirement and who are successful in the Final Examination are awarded the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree.

Licence to practise "\ The profession and practice of pharmacy in India are regulated by the Pharmacy Act, 1948.1 The states of the Union of India are empowered to constitute Pharmacy Councils for the purpose of registration of pharmacists. The minimum qualification for registration is the Diploma in Pharmacy, the course for which is prescribed under the Pharmacy Act. Graduates in pharmacy and candidates possessing higher academic qualifications are eligible for regis­ tration provided they have followed, during their academic training, a course of study whose quality and content are comparable to those of the Diploma in Phar­ macy course prescribed under the Act.

1 When the registration of pharmacists under this Act commenced, the law permitted the registration of persons who were already engaged in the profession of pharmacy, regardless of whether they had any academic background. Such persons were eligible for registration at that time if they had had a minimum of five years' experience in dispensing. This concession was valid for a period of three years from the date of constitution of the State Pharmacy Councils, which were established after the "First Register" of pharmacists had been completed in each state. INDIA 123

Foreigners with foreign qualifications are permitted to practise provided that their degree or diploma has been approved by the Pharmacy Council of India for the purpose and, further, that Indian nationals with the same foreign qualifications are permitted under the law and according to the practice of the State or country granting such qualifications to practise the profession of phar­ macy there. Foreigners who have qualified in India are authorized to practise in the country under the same conditions as nationals. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address Instruction staff enrolment Admission• Graduates I tuition fees started I (R•)

ANDHRA I Department of Pharmacy 1951 llf 90m 30m 15m 350 Andhra University WALTAIR GOA Goa College of Pharmacy 1864 6f 14m 9m - 175 PANJIM 5p 1 f GUJARAT L.M. College of Pharmacy 1947 44 f 523 m 167m 65 m 119-194 Navrangpura 40 f 20 f 5f AHMEDABAD 9 KERALA Maharaja's College• b b b b b 175-200 ERNAKULAM MADRYA PRADESH Department of Pharmacy 1952 9f 50m 18m 15m 180 University of Sagar 4p 1 f 1 f SAGAR MADRAS Department of Pharmaceutics 1939 13f 85 m 23m 6m 167 Madras Medical College 2p 6f 2f MADRAS 3 Medical College b b b b b 183 MADURA! MAHARASHTRA Department of Chemical 1958 12 f 26m 7m 10 m 400 Technology 5p 14 f Sf 3 f University of Bombay Matunga Road BOMBAY 19 University Department 1956 10 f 75 m 30m 32m 300 of Pharmacy 6p 4f 2f N agpur University L.I.T. Premises Amravati Road NAGPUR

a Offers only the post-graduate course leading to the Master of Pharmacy degree. • Information not available. 124 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction Admissions Graduates tuition fees started staff enrolment (Rs)

MY SORE Government College of b b b b b 150 Pharmacy BAN GALORE PUNJAB 1944 llf 43 m 14m 19m 276-312.50 Department of Pharmacy 1 p 1 f Punjab University CHANDIGARH 3 RAJASTHAN I S.M.S. Medical College b b b b b 125 JAIPUR School of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology 1950 9f 77m 21m 13m 230 and Science 9p PiLANI UTIAR PRADESH College of Technology b b b b b b Banaras Hindu University VARANASI I WEST BENGAL Jadavpur University b b b b b 180 CALCUTTA

o Information not available. INDONESIA 125

INDONESIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 100045 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 437** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 7*** Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 94 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 229 000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 14 300000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 206 working in pharmacies and 231 in other pharmaceutical acti· vities. ••• In 1964 three new schools were opened-two in Djakarta and one in Surabaya. All are privately owned.

In Indonesia pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the diploma of Sardjana Farmasi (Master of Science in Pharmacy).

Administration

The Indonesian universities are either government institutions and financed by the State, or privately owned institutions. Both categories are operated under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and Sciences. Each faculty is admi­ nistered by a Dean. Pharmaceutical training is given in close co-operation with the faculty of medicine and the faculty of agriculture of the same university. The academic year, which begins in September and ends in August, is divided into two semesters-September to February and February to August.

Conditions of admission

To be admitted to the pharmacy course the student must be between 18 and 27 years of age. The academic requirement is possession of the secondary-school certificate, which is obtained after six years of primary and six years of secondary education. In addition, applicants must pass an entrance examination in chemistry, biology, physics and general knowledge (civics). Owing to the shortage of accom­ modation and other facilities, the number of first-year students is limited. Candi­ dates are selected according to their scholastic standard. All applicants must submit a chest X-ray and a certificate testifying that they are in a good state of health and free from colour-blindness. Foreign students are eligible for enrolment under the same conditions as Indonesian citizens. Instruction is free of charge. For national students bursaries are available from regional councils and privates sources. 126 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Curriculum

The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: organic chemistry; physical chemistry; analytical chemistry; physics; general biology; botany; anatomy of plants; morphology of plants; prescriptions; plant physiology; mathematics; English language; civics; inorganic chemistry. Second year: organic chemistry; analytical chemistry; botany; prescriptions; bacteriology; parasitology; human anatomy; physiology. Third year: organic chemistry; analytical chemistry; botany; prescriptions; pharmaceutical chemistry; clinical chemistry; galenicals; pharmacology. Fourth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; galenicals; prescriptions; pharma­ cognosy; pharmacology; toxicology; biochemistry; food technology. Fifth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; galenicals; prescriptions; pharma­ cognosy; pharmacology; toxicology. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work.

Examinations

Written, oral and, where appropriate, practical examinations are taken at the end of the academic year. According to the regulations in force, the student who fails may present himself three times for each final examination.

Qualification

Students who pass the final examinations obtain the degree of Sardjana Farmasi.

Licence to practise

Persons wishing to practise pharmacy in Indonesia must hold the degree of Sardjana Farmasi, awarded by an Indonesian school of pharmacy. The licence to practise is issued, following registration, by the Pharmaceutical Directorate of the Department of Health, Djakarta. Colour-blind persons are excluded from registration and practice. Foreigners who have qualified in Indonesia may practise under the same conditions as Indonesian citizens. Nationals who have obtained their degree or diploma in a country with which Indonesia has a reci­ procity agreement are authorized to practise, after registration, without having to fulfil any special conditions; on the other hand, if their qualification was awarded in a country with which there is no such agreement they must pass a practical examination. Foreigners with foreign qualifications are not permitted to practise unless they were granted the licence before 1957. Following graduation all pharmacists must work for the State for a period of three years. This obligation is carried out in military, public or private hospitals, laboratories, or universities. INDONESIA 127

Year Teaching Total A.nmml Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I tuition fees I started I

Faculty of Pharmacy 1947 28 f 449 m 30m 30m None Department of Chemistry 3p 315f 17 f 32f and Biology Bandung Institute of Technology Djl. Ganeca l 0 BAND UNO

Faculty of Pharmacy 1962 13f 38m - None Christian University of 4p 37 f Indonesia Djl. Ambon 3A BAND UNO

Department of Pharmacy 1958 24 f 118m 21m - None Faculty of Science 14 p 126 f 30 f State University Padjadjaran BAND UNO Faculty of Pharmacy 1963 12 p 155m 155m - None National University 57f 57 f Djl. Pemrisa DJAKARTA

Faculty of Pharmacy 1949 20 f 297m 38m 18m None University Gadjah Mada 150 p 291 f 43f 14 f Manbubumen JOGJAKARTA

Department of Pharmacy 1963 7f 38m 38m - None Faculty of Mathematics 20 p 31 f 31 f and Physics Hasan Uddin State Uni- versity Djl. Mesdjid Raja MAKASSAR

FIPPA, Faculty of Pharmacy 1963 Sf 28m 28m - None University of Airlangga 7p 12 f 12 f Djl. Dr Sutomo 61 SURABAYA 128 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

IRAN

Introductory data* Population ...... 22182 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 1 204** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 3 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 68 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 18 400 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 7 400 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including 1009 working in pharmacies and 195 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Iran pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy.

Administration The course is offered at university faculties of pharmacy. The universities are State-owned and -financed institutions, which, although enjoying a large measure of autonomy, operate under the general supervision of the Ministry of Education. The chief executive officer of a university is its Chancellor, elected by the University Senate, approved by the Minister of Education, and appointed by imperial charter for a period of three years. The Senate consists of the Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, the deans, and at least one other professor of each faculty, and is responsible for both administrative and academic policy. Each faculty is administered by a Council composed of the Dean, the Vice­ Dean, and the titular professors of the faculty. The Dean is elected by the Council from among its members and is appointed by the Minister of Education on the Chancellor's recommendation. He holds office for three years and is eligible for re-election. Close co-operation exists between the faculty of pharmacy and the faculty of medicine of the same university. The acadeinic year is divided into two semesters-September to January and January to June.

Conditions of admission The minimum requirement for admission to a faculty of pharmacy is the secondary-school diploma in natural sciences, obtained after six years of primary and six years of secondary education. Pharmacy students adinitted to the first year must pass a selective entrance examination, which includes a foreign language, biology, cheinistry and mathematics. A medical certificate, including X-ray, is also required. Foreign students are eligible for admission under the same conditions as nationals, but so far no such applications have been received. Tuition fees are IRAN 129 charged. In special cases needy students may obtain financial assistance from various organizations.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: analytical chemistry; botany; galenicals; inorganic chemistry; English; French; mathematics; organic chemistry; physics; physiology; apprenticeship; physical training. Second year: analytical chemistry; botany; chemical technology of drugs; galenicals; inorganic chemistry; materia medica; basic substances in phar­ macy; organic chemistry; physics; physiology. Third year: analytical chemistry; biochemistry; chemical technology of drugs; foodstuffs; galenicals; basic substances in pharmacy; microbiology; phar­ macodynamics; physics; toxicology. Fourth year: biochemistry; chemical technology of drugs; foodstuffs; galen­ icals; public health; hydrology; microbiology; parasitology; pharmaco­ dynamics; physical chemistry; serology. Instruction consists of lectures and laboratory work. In addition, after the first year of the course, during the three-month summer vacations, students are given practical training in an approved pharmacy.

Examinations An examination in each subject studied is held at the end of each academic year. All examinations are written and practical, with the exception of the language examinations, which are written and oral. The examinations are conducted by members of the teaching staff. The student must pass all the requisite examinations before he is admitted to the following academic year. If he fails in an examination in June, he may repeat it in September; if he fails in the September examination, he must repeat the whole year.

Qualification Candidates who are successful in the examinations at the end of the fourth year of the course are awarded the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy. The requirements for the post-graduate degree of Doctor of Pharmacy are three years of further training with examinations plus research work, followed (accord­ ing to the new regulations) by the presentation of an acceptable thesis.

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise, graduate pharmacists must register with the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health. Iranian citizens with foreign qualifications are allowed to practise in the country provided their degree or diploma has been recognized by the High Council of the Ministry of Education. 130 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Foreigners who have qualified in Iran or abroad must have their degree or diploma recognized by the Ministry of Education and obtain a residence permit. However, they are not authorized to practise in Teheran, the capital city, or in provincial centres. National graduates are not obliged to work in State service before engaging in private practice. Only those pharmacists who work for the Ministry of Health are required to serve for four years in a town other than Teheran.

Year I Annual Name and address instruction Te~~'Jrng I en:~~!nt I Admissions I Graduates I tuition fees I started (Ris)

Faculty of Pharmacy a a a a a University of Isfahan ISFAHAN Facuity of Pharmacy 1949 34 p 126m 13m 29 3 550 University of Tabriz 34 f 10 f average TABRIZ Faculty of Pharmacy 1922 25f 299m 50 20m 6 000- University of Teheran 42 p 124 f 19 f 10 530 TEHERAN

a The Faculty closed in 1964. IRAQ 131

IRAQ

Introductory data* Population ...... 6 855 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 650** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1*** Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 36 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 10 500 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 6 855 000 • 1963 figures. •• Including 400 working in pharmacies and 250 in other pharmaceutical acti· vi ties. *** A new school of pharmacy was opened in Mosul in 1964. In Iraq pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science.

Administration The College of Pharmacy is one of the faculties of the University of Baghdad, a State institution. The College is administered by a Council, formed by the heads of the different departments and presided over by a Dean, who is the chief exec­ utive officer. The College is financed by the State through the University. The College of Pharmacy maintains close relations with the Medical Faculty of the University, with which it shares facilities; members of the teaching staff of the Medical Faculty lecture at the College. The academic year consists of two semesters-! October to 1 February and 15 February to 1 June. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission Candidates for admission must be between 17 and 23 years of age and must hold the secondary-school certificate, which is obtained after five years of secondary education preceded by six years of primary school. The number of first-year students is restricted, and preference is given to candidates with an average of 70% or more in the secondary-school examination. In addition, all applicants must submit a medical certificate and chest X-ray; they must also have an eye examin­ ation and be vaccinated against smallpox. The course is also open to foreigners, who are admitted as regular students. There are no special conditions governing their admission provided that they hold a secondary-school diploma. Instruction is free of charge, and the Iraqi Government offers financial assist­ ance to foreign students.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: general chemistry; biology; physics; pharmacy orientation; mathematics. 132 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Second year: organic chemistry; analytical chemistry; physical chemistry; pharmacy; pharmaceutical botany; pharmaceutical Latin. Third year: organic chemistry; pharmacy; pharmaceutical chemistry; para­ sitology; bacteriology; physiology; pharmacognosy. Fourth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; biochemistry; pharmacognosy; phar­ macology; public health; pharmacy; toxicology. Fifth year: drug analysis; manufacturing pharmacy; pharmaceutical specialties; seminar; biological products; commercial pharmacy and book-keeping; pharmaceutical jurisprudence. Instruction consists of theory and laboratory work. The requisite six-month period of practice, in retail pharmacies and hospital pharmacies, is divided into three two-month periods. The first two-month period is carried out after com­ pletion of the second study year, and the second and third during the summer vacations of the subsequent years of the course.

Examinations Class examinations are conducted by the professors of the respective subjects. Final examinations are held at the end of each semester before the Examination Board of the College. The examinations are written and practical; occasionally an oral test is also given. The student may take the same examination twice during a period of two years. If he fails at the second attempt he is excluded from further studies.

Qualification Candidates who have completed the whole five-year course and passed the examinations are awarded the degree of Bachelor of Science. No post-graduate degrees in pharmacy are obtainable in Iraq.

Licence to practise Holders of the Bachelor of Science degree obtain the licence to practise after registration with the Association of Medical Professions. Nationals with foreign qualifications are authorized to practise provided that their degree or diploma is considered equivalent to the Iraqi Bachelor of Science degree. Foreigners who have qualified in Iraq and foreigners with foreign qualifications may obtain the licence to practise in Iraq provided that their government grants the same privilege to Iraqi nationals. Pharmacy graduates are required to serve the State for five years.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment Admissions I Graduates I tuition fees started I I

College of Pharmacy 1936 15f 150m 66m 22m None University of Baghdad 6p 122 f 52 f 14 f BAGHDAD IRELAND 133

IRELAND

Introductory data* Population ...... 2 841 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 1 800** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 27 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 1 600 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 841 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 1650 working in pharmacies and I 50 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Ireland pharmaceutical studies last for three years 1 and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science (Pharmacy).

Administration The College of Pharmacy is attached to the Faculty of Science, which is part of the University College, Dublin, a privately owned institution. The College of Pharmacy, headed by a Dean, is administered by the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland. The College of Pharmacy is financed in part by a direct government grant; the remaining budget expenditure is covered by private funds and students' fees. There is full co-operation with the University College, Dublin, whose Depart­ ments of Pharmacology and Microbiology are associated with the College of Pharmacy in the teaching of both these subjects. Likewise, members of the teaching staff of the College of Pharmacy lecture in pharmaceutics to medical students at the University College, Dublin. The academic year begins in October and ends in June, and consists of three terms of approximately ten weeks each. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission The minimum age for admission to pharmaceutical studies is 17 years; there is no upper age limit. Applicants must possess the matriculation of the National University of Ireland or leaving certificate of the Department of Education, obtained after six years of primary and six years of secondary education. While there is no competitive entrance examination, if the number of applications exceeds 65, Irish nationals are given preference, the number of foreign students admitted being limited to 12 at the maximum. Foreign students are required to produce evidence that they have passed an exainination equivalent to the matriculation

1 Arrangements are at present being made for the introduction of a fourth-year Honours Degree. It is hoped to introduce this change in the session 1965/66. 134 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY examination in the required subjects. They must apply to the President of the University College, Dublin, for permission to be admitted to the College. There are no specific health requirements. Tuition fees are charged and no scholarships are available.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: chemistry; physics; botany; zoology. Second year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; pharmacology; microbiology. Third year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; phar­ macology; forensic pharmacy. Instruction consists of lectures and practical work. During the first year students have a weekly practical session, lasting three hours, in chemistry, botany, zoology and physics. In the second and third years of the course there is a weekly three-hour session of practical work in pharmacognosy, pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical chemistry, and pharmacology.

Examinations Examinations are held at the end of each academic year in all the subjects studied except forensic pharmacy. They are written and practical; in pharmacology an oral examination is given at the end of the third year instead of a practical test. The examinations held after completion of the first and third years of study are conducted by the University, with the participation of both external and internal examiners. The second-year College examination is internal, con­ ducted by the professors of the respective subjects. The student who does not complete the year's examinations is not eligible to proceed to the next year of the course. The student who fails at the first attempt in the first- and second­ year examinations has three more chances; if still unsuccessful, he is excluded from further studies.

Qualification Students who have passed the Final Examination for the General Degree of Bachelor of Science (Pharmacy) are required to pursue a course of practical training for one year in an approved pharmacy and to pass an examination in forensic pharmacy to become eligible for registration as Pharmaceutical Chemist.

Licence to practise The authority responsible for registration and licence is the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland. Foreigners who have qualified in Ireland are allowed to practise in the country under the same conditions as nationals. Irish nationals and foreigners who hold foreign pharmaceutical degrees are not permitted to practise as pharmaceutical chemists in Ireland unless: IRELAND 135

(1) reciprocity exists between the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland and the pharmacy registration board or society of the foreign country concerned; (2) they pass an examination in forensic pharmacy, and (3) in the case of foreigners, they comply with the immigration law and the law relating to the taking up of gainful employment in Ireland. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Name and address Teaching Total tuition fees instruction staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I started I I (£1r)

The College of Pharmacy 1922 7f 67 m 21m 18m 90 (R); 18 Shrewsbury Road 5p 35 f 16 f 9f 135 (F) Balls bridge 0UBLIN4 136 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

ISRAEL

Introductory data* Population ...... 2 376 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 980** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 14 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 2400 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 376 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Includes 903 working in pharmacies and 77 in other activities.

In Israel pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Musmach Lerokchut (Master of Pharmacy).

Administration The School of Pharmacy, together with the School of Medicine and the School of Dentistry, is part of the Hebrew University, an independent institution. The three Schools are administered by a Board of Management, an Implementation Committee and a Faculty Board. General policy is formulated by the Board of Management, composed of representatives of the University, Hadassah (the Women's Zionist Organization of America), the Medical Faculty (one represent­ ative being the Dean), and the Government (represented by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education and Culture). The policy and decisions of the Board of Management are carried out by the Implementation Committee, com­ posed of the Director of the School of Medicine as Chairman, a representative of the University, a representative of Hadassah, and the Associate Dean of the School of Medicine ex officio. The Committee on Instruction and Research consists of senior members of all pre-clinical departments, the heads of clinical departments and other members of the staff of the School of Medicine above and including the rank of Lecturer, and one representative of the teachers with the rank of Instructor. The Faculty Board, composed of the Dean of the Medical Faculty and the senior teaching staff and representatives of the instructors, deals with tuitional matters. The School of Pharmacy is headed by an Executive Secretary. It is financed from annual budgetary provisions made by the Government; other sources of income are private funds, foreign grants, and to some extent student fees. The academic year, which begins in October and ends in July, consists of three trimesters.

Conditions of admission No age limits for admission are specified. Applicants must have completed eight years of primary and four years of secondary education and be in possession ISRAEL 137 of the secondary-school certificate (teudat bagrut). Candidates are selected by the Admission Committee on the basis of the marks obtained in the matriculation examination and the results of an interview. A chest X-ray is required at admission. The school is also open to foreign students, who must, however, have a knowledge of Hebrew. Tuition fees are charged. Several scholarships and loans are available for needy and/or deserving students, both national and foreign.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: botany; physics; zoology; mathematics; English; pharmacy; chemistry, general and inorganic; chemistry, analytical and qualitative; physical chemistry; biochemistry. Second year: pharmacy; physical chemistry; chemistry, analytical and quan­ titative; organic chemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry; anatomy; Latin. Third year: pharmacy; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; physiology. Fourth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacy; pharmacology; pharma­ ceuticallaw; parasitology; bacteriology. In addition to lectures and laboratory work, students are required to complete two periods of practical work-each of two months' duration-during the vacations at the end of the second and third years respectively.

Examinations Examinations are conducted by the professors of the respective subjects at the end of each study term. They are oral, but in some subjects written and practical tests are given in addition. The examinations of the first year cover the following subjects: botany; physics; chemistry, analytical and qualitative; and zoology. The second-year examinations include: chemistry, analytical and quan­ titative; organic chemistry; physical chemistry; pharmacy; and Latin. The third­ year examinations cover: pharmacy; pharmaceutical chemistry; and biochemistry. The fourth-year examinations are in: bacteriology; pharmaceutical law; and parasitology. Examinations may be repeated once during one year of studies. If the student fails on both occasions, he must repeat the whole year of study. If he fails again in the two sessions of examinations, he is excluded from further studies.

Qualification After having passed the final examinations at the end of the fourth year, students must complete eight months of practice before they are awarded the degree of Musmach Lerokchut. The post-graduate pharmaceutical qualification obtainable in Israel is a Doc­ torate of Philosophy in one of the following subjects: pharmacy; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; or pharmacology. The experimental work for the thesis takes two to three years, and in addition candidates are required to attend certain lectures and pass an examination in a foreign language. 138 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Licence to practise

The licence to practise is granted to holders of the degree of Mus mach Lerokchut after registration with the Ministry of Health. At present there are no other requirements, but an amendment of the law is now in preparation, according to which two years of practice under supervision after the award of the degree will be necessary for the issue of the licence. Under the Mandatory Administration of Palestine, the High Commissioner was empowered to grant licences to persons with training in pharmacy other than at the university level; however, this practice was stopped in 1948. Israeli citizens and foreigners with foreign qualifications may practise in Israel provided that their degree or diploma was conferred by a recognized school of pharmacy and that they have obtained the work permit issued by the Ministry of Interior. Foreigners who have qualified in Israel must obtain the work permit if they wish to practise in the country. Every Israeli citizen is required to do two and a half years of military training.

Teaching Annual Name and address I instructionYear Total tuition fees staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I started I (I£)

School of Pharmacy 1953 27 f 35m 9m 7m 550 Hebrew University 7p 35 f 13f 7f P.O.B. 1172 JERUSALEM ITALY 139

ITALY

Introductory data* Population ...... 50498 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 28 500** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 23 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 858*** Population per pharmacist. . . . . 1 800 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 200000

• 1963 figures. •• Includes about 20 000 working in pharmacies and 8500 in other pharmaceu­ tical activities. ••• Figure supplied by the Government.

In Italy pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Laurea di Dottore in Farmacia (Doctorate in Pharmacy).

Administration All the pharmaceutical training institutions are faculties of their respective universities. The universities in Italy are owned and operated by the State, which provides the greater part of their financial support. Responsibility for the curric­ ulum, the system of examinations, and the distribution of financial grants rests with the Ministry of Education. The statutes of each university, however, assure some measure of autonomy, both in teaching and in administration. Academic policy is decided by the Senate, which is composed of the deans of the various faculties. The head of the university and chairman of the Senate is the Rector, who is elected for three years by the teaching staff and is directly responsible to the Ministry. The full professors of each faculty constitute the Faculty Council, which is presided over by the Dean. He is elected by that Council, holds office for three years, and is eligible for re-election. The academic year, divided into two semesters, begins on 1 November and ends on 31 October.

Conditions of admission The requirement for admission to a faculty of pharmacy is possession of the secondary-school certificate (maturitii classica or maturitii scienti/ica). Previous education consists of five years of elementary school, three years of secondary or intermediate school, and five years of lyceum. There is no further selection process and no numerus clausus. No health certificate is required. Foreigners are admitted on the same basis as Italian citizens-i.e., they must hold a secondary-school certificate equivalent to the Italian maturitii. In addition, 140 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY they must pass an examination in the Italian language and, if they come from countries in which university entrance is restricted (numerus clausus), they must also pass an examination in general culture. Foreign students should apply for admission through the Italian consulate in their respective countries. Tuition fees are charged. Bursaries are available, for both Italian and foreign students, from the Ministry of Education (through the University), the National Council for Research (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), and other public and private sources.

Curriculum The curriculum is prescribed by law. The subjects covered are the same at all faculties of pharmacy, although the order of presentation may differ. The following, which is the curriculum of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Bari, is given as an example: First year: general and inorganic chemistry; physics; pharmaceutical botany; pharmaceutical chemistry and toxicology (laboratory I); general zoology. Second year: organic chemistry; general physiology (I); human anatomy; pharmaceutical chemistry and toxicology (laboratory II); physical chem­ istry and mineralogy. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry and toxicology (theory I); pharmacology and pharmacognosy; general physiology (II); pharmaceutical chemistry and toxicology (laboratory III); bromatology. Fourth year: pharmaceutical chemistry and toxicology (theory II); biochem­ istry; pharmaceutical techniques and legal aspects; hygiene, or applied biochemistry, or applied pharmaceutical chemistry. In addition to the above theoretical instruction and laboratory work, students must complete six months of practice in an approved pharmacy. This period of practice is carried out during the third and fourth years of the study course.

Examinations There are two sessions of examinations-in the summer and in the autumn. The examinations are held before a Board of Examiners appointed by the Dean of the Faculty and consisting of three members-namely, the professor and an assistant professor or lecturer in the subject, and the professor of an allied subject. The examinations, which cover all the subjects studied, are oral and, where appropriate, practical. If the candidate fails he may present himself for the same examination an unlimited number of times, but not more than twice within the same academic year.

Qualification In order to obtain the degree of Laurea di Dottore in Farmacia candidates must comply with the regulations established by each university, which are usually as follows: (1) Completion of six months' practice in an approved pharmacy. ITALY 141

(2) Success in a practical examination consisting of three tests-namely: quan­ titative determination of a known drug, recognition of two drugs listed in the official pharmacopoeia, and preparation of a prescription. (3) Success in an oral examination testing ability to identify medicinal plants and knowledge of pharmacognosy, pharmacological techniques and legal aspects. (4) Presentation and defence of a thesis. Examinations for the Laurea degree are held before a Board of Examiners appointed by the Rector of the University and presided over by the Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy. Post-graduate courses are available in the following fields: (I) Organic and pharmaceutical chemistry: the course is offered at the Uni­ versity of Pisa and lasts for three years. (2) Industrial pharmacy: the course is offered at the University of Turin and lasts for two years. (3) Hospital pharmacy: the course is offered at the University of Turin and lasts for one year. (4) Pharmaceutical science and applied biochemistry: courses are offered at the University of Padua (three years' duration) and at the University of Perugia (two years' duration). (5) Science and technique of medicinal plants: the course is offered at the University of Pisa and lasts for two years. (6) Pharmacognosy: the course is offered at the University of Messina and lasts for two years.

Licence to practise The degree of Laurea di Dottore in Farmacia is an academic degree only and does not entitle the holder to practise pharmacy. In order to obtain the licence to practise graduate pharmacists must pass the State examination and register with the professional association (Ordine de Farmacisti). The State examination is held before a Board of Examiners composed of a Chairman, who is named by the Minister of Education, and four members selected from the following categories: (I) university professors, active, emeriti or retired (at least one member should be from this category) (2) assistant professors (3) directors of hospital pharmacies (4) senior Army pharmacists (5) lecturers of at least five years' standing (6) registered pharmacists with at least fifteen years of good professional practice. The State examination and registration are not necessary for those who whish to engage in teaching, research, administration, industry or public relations. Italian citizens who have qualified abroad and wish to practise pharmacy in the country must have their degree recognized, after which they are admitted to 142 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

the State examination. On the basis of present cultural agreements, pharmacy degrees obtained in Austria, Ecuador and Spain are recognized as equivalent to the Italian Laurea after the graduate has passed a special examination. As Italian citizenship is a prerequisite for registration, foreigners are not permitted to practise in the country. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction st

Facoltil di Farmacia 20 f 294m 38m 30m 1600- Universitil di Bari 135 f 21 f 31 f l 700 BAR!

Facoltil di Farmacia c. 1860 12 f 479 78 72 Universitil di Bologna 4p Via Belmeloro 6 BOLOGNA

Facoltil di Farmacia Universitil di Cagliari CAGLIARI

Facoltil di Farmacia 1824 22 f 141 7 17 c. 50 000 Universitil di Camerino CAMERINO

Facoltil di Farmacia Universitil di Catania CATANIA

Facoltil di Farmacia 1933 13 p 176m 33m 29m 63 800- Universitil di Ferrara 49 f 19 f 24 f 67 200 Via Scandiana 21 FERRARA

Facoltil di Farmacia Universitil di Firenze FIRENZE (FLORENCE)

Facoltil di Farmacia 1805• 33 101m 14m 14m 60 000- Universitil di Genova l38f 13f 22 f 63 000 GENOVA (GENOA)

Facoltil di Farmacia llf 351 42 25m 31 000- Universitil di Messina 25 f 35 000 Via dei Verdi MESSINA

Facoltil di Farmacia 17 f 11m 39 60000 Universitil di Modena 9f MODENA

Facoltil di Farmacia 1865 4f 242m 52 m 36m 44 950- Universitil di Napoli 14 p 158 f 26 f 31 f 50 700 Via L. Rodino 22 NAPOLI (NAPLES)

• The practice of pharmacy began in the 14th century and the first Collegio dei Farmacisti (Collegio degli Speciali di Genova) was founded in the 15th century. ITALY 143

Year Annual Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I started I I (Lit)

Facoltit di Fannacia 1749 22 f 206m 27m 27m 52 000- Universitit di Padova 137f 14 f 28 f 54 500 Via Marzolo 5 PADOVA (PADUA)

Facoltit di Farmacia 2f 19m 34 Universitit di Palermo 16 p 22 f Via Archirafi 32 PALERMO

Facoltit di Farmacia Universitit di Panna PARMA

Facoltit di Farmacia 1934 44 f 592 so 94 49 000- Universitit di Pavia 54000 PAVIA

Facoltit di Farmacia 1895 21 f 197 32 35 34 885 Universitit di Perugia + 4400 PERUGIA (laboratory fees) Facoltit di Farmacia 1876 17 f 97 m 34m 9m 38 164- Universitit di Pisa 5p 48 f Sf 14 f 72 664 Via Bonanno 6 PISA

Facoltit di Farmacia Universitit di Roma RoMA Facoltit di Farmacia 19 f 38m 3m Universitit di Sassari 19 f 4f SASSARI

Facoltit di Farmacia 1865 20 f 85 10 18 35 000 Universitit di Siena SIENA

Facoltit di Fannacia 1936 13f 156m 21m 20m 59 100- Universitit di Torino 4p 140 f 20 f 36 f 64100 Via G. Verdi 8 TORINO (TURIN)

Facoltit di Farmacia 1956 10 f 170 15 23 50000 Universitit di Trieste TRIESTE

Facoltit di Farmacia Universita de Urbino URBINO 144 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

JAMAICA

Introductory data* Population ...... 1 687 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 375** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. Population per pharmacist. . . . . 4500 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1 687 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including 215 working in pharmacies and 160 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Jamaica pharmaceutical studies last for three years and lead to the College Diploma in Pharmacy.

Administration The school of pharmacy is a department of the College of Arts, Science and Technology. The College is owned and financed by the State, but is autonomous in administrative and academic matters. Its governing body is the College Council, which is responsible for financial administration and appointment of the academic staff. The chief executive and academic head of the College is the Principal. The academic year is divided into three terms-September to December, January to April, and April to June.

Conditions of admission No age limits for admission are specified. Applicants must hold the general certificate of education (ordinary level), with passes in English, mathematics and science subjects (i.e., chemistry, physics or biology). The general certificate of education is obtained after six years of secondary education, preceded by seven years · of primary school. All candidates are interviewed. There are no special health requirements. The school is open to foreign students under the same conditions. Students coming from the British Caribbean islands may be admitted as special students. Non-residents are charged tuition fees, special financial arrangements being made for residents. Government scholarships are available for national students.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: English; chemistry; physics; biology. JAMAICA 145

Second and third years: chemistry; pharmaceutics; physiology; forensic phar­ macy; pharmacology; pharmacognosy. In addition to theoretical instruction and laboratory work, students are required to complete a two-month period of hospital practice after the second year of the course, and a six-month period after the third year.

Examinations Written and practical examinations are conducted by members of the teaching staff and are held at the end of each academic year in all the subjects studied during that period. The examination taken after the first year of study is called an intermediate examination.

Qualification After having passed the final examination at the end of the course, all students must work for six months in a hospital pharmacy before they receive the College Diploma in Pharmacy.

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise, graduate pharmacists must register with the Drugs and Poisons Control Board. Nationals and foreigners who have qualified in the United Kingdom are granted the licence on payment of the registration fee; those who have qualified in another country must first pass an examination set by the Drugs and Poisons Control Board. Foreigners who have qualified in Jamaica obtain the licence to practise under the same conditions as nationals. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Annual I Year Teaching Total tuition feel Name and address in.structio11 staff I Admissions Grad110tes started enrolment (£J)

College of Arts, Science 1961 5f 24m 2m - 26.5.0 and Technology 7f 10 f (NR) KINGSTON 6 146 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

JAPAN

Introductory data*

Population ...... 95 899 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 64 915 .. Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 32 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 3 493 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 1 500 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 3 ()()()()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including 33 945 working in pharmacies and 30 970 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Japan pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Yakugakushi (Bachelor of Pharmacology).

Administration The pharmaceutical training institutions are either faculties of their respective universities or departments attached to a medical faculty or science and engi­ neering faculty of a university (twenty schools), or separate institutions (twelve). Of the thirty-two schools of pharmacy in Japan, twelve are "national" (i.e., they were astablished by the State), and three are "public schools", established by local public entities and financed from State or local government funds. The remaining seventeen institutions are private schools, established by non-profit school juridical persons, exclusively assigned to education. These last-mentioned schools cover their budget expenditure entirely from their own sources, though the State may assist them by granting certain tax exemptions. Both categories of school-State or privately owned-fall within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. The schools attached to faculties of medicine are in close contact with other faculty departments and, indirectly, with many hospitals and health centres of the area. The chief executive officer of a pharmacy school is the Dean, Director or President, as the case may be. The academic year begins in April and ends in March; it consists of two semesters-April to September and October to March.

Conditions of admission

To gain admission to a school of pharmacy the student must have completed twelve years of school education (six years of primary, three of junior high school JAPAN 147 and three years of senior high school), or have been designated by the Minister of Education. Admission is also open to candidates whose scholastic achievements are considered equal to or better than those mentioned above. In addition, all candidates must sit for a university entrance examination consisting of written tests in mathematics, science and a foreign language. The number of applicants usually far exceeds the number of vacancies, and the size of entering classes is therefore limited in accordance with the facilities available for adequate training. Students are selected on the basis of marks obtained in the entrance examination. All candidates undergo a medical exam­ ination in a public hospital or health centre and must submit, on application, the health certificate on a prescribed form. Foreign students are admitted to pharmacy schools under the following conditions: (1) they must show evidence of having completed twelve years of school education or its equivalent; (2) they must speak, understand, and write Japanese; (3) they must be officially recommended by the Japanese Ministry of Education, and their request must be endorsed by the Japanese Ministry of Affairs or its overseas legations. Tuition fees are charged. For national students a few scholarships with repayment conditions are available from the Japanese Scholarships Society (Nihon-lkuei-Kai), and some bursaries are offered by the prefectures, city admin­ istrations and other bodies. Foreign students selected by the Japanese Government may obtain financial assistance from the Japanese Ministry of Education. Some Korean students receive scholarships from the Central Education Society of Korean Residents in Japan, and for students from the Ryukyu Islands there are scholarships granted by the Ryukyu Scholarships Society.

Curriculum

According to the University Establishment Standards the prerequisite for graduation from a school of pharmacy is attendance at a university for four years, of which one to two years are devoted to general education and two to three years to professional studies. The subjects offered at a university are divided, according to their content, into the following groups: (1) general education (including humanities, social science, natural sciences); (2) foreign languages; (3) health and physical education; (4) fundamental education-i.e., subjects related to the field of special study; (5) professional education. A candidate for the Yakugakushi degree must obtain 124 or more credits, as follows: (1) 12 credits covering 3 subjects or more from the respective groups of human­ ities, social science and natural sciences, totalling 36 credits covering 9 subjects; (2) 8 credits for foreign-language studies; 148 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

(3) 4 credits for physical education; (4) 76 credits or more for professional education. Subjects studied in the professional curriculum include: biology; physics; chemistry (organic and inorganic); pharmacognosy; pharmacology; anatomy and physiology; microbiology and immunology; legislation; economics; biochemistry; hygiene and public health; pharmaceutics; pharmacopoeia; bioassay; quantitative analysis; qualitative analysis; pharmaceutical engineering; industrial management; physical chemistry; new drugs; phytochemistry; dispensing pharmacy; hospital pharmacy; epidemiology; history of pharmacy; radiochemistry; clinical medicine; fermentation chemistry; agricultural chemicals; cosmetic chemistry. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work.

Examinations

Examinations are taken at the end of each academic year, or at the end of each subject period. They are written and, where appropriate, also practical or oral. Examinations are internal and are conducted by members of the teaching staff. Regulations governing repeat examinations vary from school to school, but the failed student may repeat an examination at least once.

Qualification

Mter satisfactory attendance over four years and success in all the examinations the student obtains the university degree of Yakugakushi. Two post-graduate pharmaceutical degrees are obtainable in Japan-namely, the Master's degree and the Doctorate. Candidates for the Master of Pharmacy (Master of Pharmacology, Master of Pharmaceutical Sciences or Master of Phar­ maceutics) must have spent two years in research following graduation and have undergone twelve to twenty-four months of formal training. In addition, success in the final examination and presentation of an acceptable thesis are required. The advanced degree of Doctor of Pharmacology is granted to graduates from the Master's course after they have completed twenty-seven to sixty months of formal training and three years of research work, passed an examination and presented a thesis.

Licence to practise

Before they are allowed to practise, holders of the degree of Yakugakushi must pass the National Examination for Pharmacists; thereafter the licence is issued by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Nationals who have qualified abroad must pass the National Examination also. The same rule applies both to foreigners with foreign qualifications and to foreigners who have qualified in Japan. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service. JAPAN 149

Year Annual Name and address Teaching Total instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates I tuition fees I started (Yen)

Faculty of Pharmacy 1890 20 f 69 m 11m 15m 9 000- Chiba University 11p 110f 34 f 21 f 12 000 785, Y ahagi-cho CmBA, Chiba

Department of Pharmacology 1950 29 f 50m 12m 16m 9000 Faculty of Medicine 5p 67 f 27f 19 f Oaza-katakasu 1276 FUKUOKA, Fukuoka

Faculty of Pharmaceutical 1960 74 f 227m 47m 55 m 62 300- Science 25 p 242 f 70 f 41 f 86200 Fukuoka University Nanakuma FUKUOKA, Fukuoka

First Pharmaceutical College 1960 38 f 323m 78 m 62m 130 000- 93, Tamagawa Street 32 p 344 f 89 f 75 f 140 OOO(R); Takamiya 60 000- FUKUOKA, Fukuoka 70000 (NR); 140 OOO(F)

College of Pharmacy 1934 26 f 226m 63 m 106 56 500- Kinki University 20 p 228 f 54 f 114 900 231, Kowakae FusE, Osaka

Gifu College of Pharmacy 1932 43f 339m 85 m 136 20000 3-8, Kokonoe-cho 11m 184 f 45 f GIFU, Gifu

Faculty of Pharmacy 1923 32 f 69m 17m 15m 9 000- Kanazawa University 10 p 106 f 24 f 21 f 12000 15, Tsuchitoriba-nagamachi KANAZAWA, Ishikawa

Kobe Women's College 1932 41 f 720 f 180 f 174 f 97 860- of Pharmacy 22 p 147 960(R); Motoyama-cho 74 460- Higashinada-ku 124 560 KOBE, Hyogo (NR) Faculty of Pharmacy 1885 25 f 152m 40m 43 m 12 000 Kumamoto University 8p 174 f 44 f 41 f Kuhonji Oye-machi KuMAMOTO, Kumamoto

Faculty of Pharmaceutical 1939 37 f I 201m 57 m 33m 9 000 Sciences 13p 72f 23 f 7f Kyoto University Yoshida Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku KYOTO, Kyoto Kyoto College of Pharmacy 1884 29 f 447 m 124m 94m 52 800- Misasagi, Yamashina 29 p 391 f 113f 74 f 72 800(R); Higashiyama-ku 50 000- KYOTO, Kyoto 70000 (NR) 150 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year Annual Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment Admissions I Graduates I I started I (Yen)

Osaka College of Pharmacy 1950 23 f 315m 75 m 76 m 60 000 Takaminosato 19 p 397 f 105f 83 f MATSUBARA, Osaka Faculty of Pharmacy 1890 23 f 86 m 23m 19m 9000 Nagasaki University 14 p 91 f 22 f 22 f Showa-machi 863 NAGASAKI, Nagasaki Faculty of Pharmacy 1949 64 f 210m 54m 51 m 15 000 Nagoya Municipal University 12 p 127f 33 f 26 f 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho ' Mizuho-ku NAGOYA, Aichi School of Pharmacy 1954 54 f 325m 94m 85 m 76 000- Meijo University 20 p 239 f 77f 51 f 117 500 Tenpaku-cho, Showaku N AGOYA, Aichi Department of Pharma- 1925 67f 169m 43 m 34m 50 000- ceutical Chemistry 20 p 438 f 101 f 101 f 70 000 T 6h6 University 4 -113, Okubo-machi N ARASINO, Chiba F acuity of Pharmacy 1962 20 f 254 f 13Sf - 60000 M ukogawa Gakuin 1 p w omen's University 29, Edagawa-cho N ISIDNOMIYA, Hyogo I D epartment of Pharmacy 1954 28 f 65 m 31m 42 9 000 F acuity of Medical Science 3 p 19 f 19 f H okkaido University N ishi 5-chome, Kitaichijo sAPPORO, Hokkaido p harmaceutical Department 1957 14 f 97 m 25m 12m 9000 M edical College 6p 66 f 16 f 23f T ohoku University 8 5, Kita-yonbancho s ENDAI, Miyagi T ohoku Pharmaceutical 1939 61 f 381m 91 m 129m 65 000- College 21 p 398 f 86 f 65 f 80000 7 7, Odawara-Nankozawa H arano-machi s END AI s hizuoka College of 1916 59 f 212m 48 m 57 m 18 000 Pharmacy llp 124 f 35 f 33f 160, Oshika s HIZUOKA, Shizuoka F acuity of Pharmaceutical 1922 26 f 119m 43 m 13m 9 000 Sciences 25 p 152 f 38 f 44 f T okushima University 78, 1-chome, Shomachi T OKUSIDMA, Tokushima I JAPAN 151

Year Annual Teaching tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolmentTotal Admissions Graduates started I I I (Yen)

Department of Pharmacy 1930 20 f 256m 69m 175 71 600- Showa Pharmaceutical 33 p 474 f 111 f 81 OOO(R); College 50 000- 3-577, Turumaki-cho 60000 Setagaya-ku (NR) TOKYO, Tokyo Department of Pharmacy 1960 19 f 177m 48 m 34m 50 000- Tokyo College of Science 55 p 407 f 102f 88 f 60000 12, Ichigaya-Funagawara- machi Shinjiku-ku TOKYO, Tokyo Faculty of Pharmaceutical 1873 25 f 103m 58 m 44m 9000 Sciences 38 p Sf 3f 4f Tokyo University 1, Motofuji-cho, Bunkyo-ko TOKYO, Tokyo Hoshi College of Pharmacy 1941 26 f 246m 67 m 62m 180 000 320, 2-chome, Ebara 6p 550 f 170 f 97f Shinagawa-ku TOKYO, Tokyo Kyoritsu College of 1931 22 f 601 f 160 f 143f 60 000- Pharmacy 24p 70000 6-3, Shiba Park Minato-ku TOKYO, Tokyo Meiji Pharmaceutical 1914 58 f 554 m 122m 98 m 70000 College 27 p 709 f 237f 136 f 1-1, Nozawa-machi Setagaya-ku TOKYO, Tokyo Pharmaceutical Institute 1952 36 f 344m 73 m 184 60 000- College of Science and 14 p 330 f 73f 100000 Engineering Nihon University 8, 1-chome, kandasurudadai Chiyoda-ku TOKYO, Tokyo Tokyo College of Pharmacy 1880 76 f 620 m 173m 141m 50 000- 4-600, Kashiwagi 40p 578 f 154 f 138 f 70000 Shinjuku-ku TOKYO, Tokyo Faculty of Pharmaceutical 1893 35f 150m 35m 35m 9 000- Sciences 20 p 188 f 45f 45f 12000 Toyama University 3190, Gofuku TOYAMA, Toyama Faculty of Pharmaceutical 1873 20 f 50m 40m 20m 12 000 Science 3 p 63f 40 f 35 f Osaka University Toneyama 6-5 TOYONAKA, Osaka 152 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Introductory data* Population ...... 26 868 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 5 660** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 13 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 1 283 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 4700 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2100000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 4537 working in pharmacies and 1123 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In the Republic of Korea pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (B.Sc.Pharm.).

Administration

Although the great majority of the schools of pharmacy are owned and operated by private, non-profit foundations, all are supervised by the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs gives technical advice, holds the National Pharmacist Licence Examination, and grants the licence to practise. The Government-owned schools are financed by the Ministry of Education, while the private schools receive endowments, subsidies and other grants from private foundations, either secular or religious. The schools of pharmacy are directed by their deans, who are advised by boards representing various government and community interests. In those schools of pharmacy that are affiliated to universities the Dean is responsible to the President of the university concerned. The acadeinic year extends from March to February and consists of two semesters-March to August and September to February.

Conditions of admission

Candidates for admission must have completed six years of primary and six years of secondary education. They must produce a certificate of graduation from a high school and pass an entrance examination consisting of a written and oral test in Korean, English, mathematics, and cheinistry. Selection is made chiefly on the basis of the results of this examination and an interview. Medical examination, including X-ray, is also required, and no applicants are admitted who are colour­ blind or have one or more fingers missing. KOREA, REPUBLIC OF 153

Foreign students are admitted under the same conditions as Korean citizens. Tuition fees are charged at all schools except one (Chung Buk College, Chongju). Scholarships are, in general, available in the schools and from other sources in the country. Usually their award is based on (a) scholastic ability and achievement, (b) character, and (c) financial need. The scholarships are usually for one year only, but awards may be renewed if a satisfactory academic record is maintained.

Curriculum

The curriculum, which is similar at all schools, is arranged as follows: First year: Korean; English; German; pedagogy; natural sciences; mathe­ matics; physics; history of civilization; philosophy; general and inorganic chemistry; botany; qualitative analysis; physical education. Second year: organic chemistry; pharmacognosy; inorganic chemistry; quan­ titative analysis; physical chemistry; psychology; pharmaceutical Latin; pharmaceutical German; pharmaceutical English; physical education. Third year: organic analysis; public health chemistry; pharmacopoeia; bio­ chemistry; physiology and anatomy; instrumental analysis; pharmacology; history of pharmacy; Chinese herbal. Fourth year: practical pharmacy; microbiology; pharmacology; pharmacy management; public health; legislation; pharmaceutical chemistry; phyto­ chemistry; cosmetic chemistry; new drugs; antibiotics; toxicology. Instruction consists of lectures and laboratory work.

Examinations

During each term partial examinations are held at the discretion of the members of the teaching staff. Regular examinations in all subjects take place at the end of each semester. The marks obtained in the partial examinations are considered together with those of the final examination. The examinations are written, and where appropriate, practical and oral tests are given in addition. Regulations governing repeat examinations vary from school to school; in general the student may repeat an examination once only.

Qualification

The student who has completed his studies with full credits obtains the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy. The post-graduate degree of Master of Science in Pharmacy (M.Sc.Pharm.) is obtainable in Korea. For this the candidate must spend at least twenty-four months in research, complete twenty-four months of formal training, present a thesis, and pass an oral examination. Requirements for the academic degree of Doctor of Philosophy are the M.Sc. Pharm. degree, thirty-six months of research, thirty-six months of formal training, presentation of a thesis, and an oral test. 154 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise holders of the degree of B.Sc.Pharm. must pass the National Pharmacist Licence Examination, held annually by the Government. The licence to practise is issued, after registration, by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. Graduates from foreign countries wishing to practise in Korea must also pass the above-mentioned examination. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates tuition fe~s I started I I (W)

Department of Pharmacy 1956 12 f 108m 20 49 m None Chung Buk College 3p 18 f 9f CHONGJU College of Pharmacy 1954 13f 380m 60 114m 21000 Chosun University 12 p 123f 32 f 375, Su-suk Dong KWANJU College of Pharmacy 1953 12 f 120m 27m 58 m Pusan National University 16 p 71 f 15 f 37 f PUSAN College of Pharmacy 1954 13f 581 m 118 180m 9110-9 770 Chungang University 15 p 80 f 56 f SEOUL College of Pharmacy 1945 16 f 621 f 162 f 178 f 10 060 Ewha Women's University 4p San 1-l Daehyon-Dong Sodaemun-ku SEOUL College of Pharmacy 1915 23 f 334m 80 93f 17 720- Seoul National University 17 p 71 f 15m 19 720 28, Yun-kun-Dong Chong-Ro-Ku SEOUL College of Pharmacy 1952 llf 507f 196 f 146 f 10 410- Sookmyung Women's 7p 12 510 University Chungpa-Dong 2KA Yongsan-ku SEOUL College of Pharmacy 1953 12 f 468 m 64 12m 20000 Sung Kyun Kwan University 4p 160 f Myung Ryun Dong SEOUL Department of Pharmacy 1955 6f 200 f 50 f 29 f 21 000- Dong Duk Women's College 12 p 22 600 Chong Ro-Ku K wanfundong 151 SEOUL KOREA, REPUBLIC OF 155

Year Teaching Annual Name and address instruction Total Graduates tuition fees staff enrolment I Admissions started (W)

Department of Pharmacy 1954 Sf 154m 80 m 10 000 Dong Yang Medical College 15 p 10 f 54, 3rd Street Anamdong SEOUL Department of Pharmacy 1953 10 f 300 f 50 f 74 f 10 710- Duksung Women's College 2p 20 910 114, Woonee-Dong Chongno-Ku SEOUL Department of Pharmacy 1953 6f 213 f 50 f 57f 20 000- Hyosung Women's College 10 p 21 410 TAEGU Faculty of Pharmacy 1955 10 f 221m 60 47 m 9 200 Taegu College 14 p 46 f 17f 317-1, Taemyung-Dong TAEGU 156 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

LEBANON

Introductory data* Population ...... 2 200000 Number of pharmacists ...... 390** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 2 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 24 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 5 600 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1100 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 185 working in pharmacies and 205 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Lebanon pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the Diplome d'Etat de Pharmacien (French State Diploma), conferred by the French Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, or to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (B.Sc.Pharm.), conferred by the American University of Beirut.

Administration

The French Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, together with the Faculties of Theology and Law, the Higher School of Engineering, and the Institute of Oriental Letters, is part of St Joseph's University, a private foundation owned and operated by the Society of Jesus. Its chief executive and administrative officer is the Rector. The French Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy is a faculte libre (i.e., non­ governmental) within St Joseph's University, under the technical direction of a Higher Council (Conseil superieur), which is located in Paris. The Council is composed of eminent French professors of medicine and includes the deans of the Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Universities of Paris and Lyons. The French Faculty itself is headed by a Chancellor. In addition to the departments of medicine and pharmacy it includes a School of Dental Science, a School of Midwifery and a School of Nursing. The academic year is divided into two semesters, running from October to February and from February to June. The language of instruction is French. The American University of Beirut is a private, non-sectarian institution of higher learning, founded in 1866. It functions under a charter from the State of New York, USA, and is administered by a private Board of Trustees, which appoints its own members. The chief executive officer of the University is its President. The University has four faculties: the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Faculty of Medical Sciences, the Faculty of Engineering, and the Faculty of Agricultural LEBANON 157

Sciences. Degrees are conferred by authority of the Board of Regents of the Uni­ versity of the State of New York, where the University is incorporated. The language of instruction is English. Being an integral part of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, which is administered by a Dean, the School of Pharmacy enjoys close relations with the Schools of Medicine, Nursing and Public Health. The School of Pharmacy is headed by a Director. The academic year begins in October and ends in June, and is divided into two semesters-October to January and February to June. Sixteen weeks, inclu­ ding one week for examinations, constitute one semester. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission

There is no age limit for admission to the French Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. Applicants must hold the French or Lebanese baccalaureat (obtained after thirteen years of education, both primary and secondary). In addition, they must pass a written examination in physics, chemistry, natural sciences, mathe­ matics and French, and are required to undergo a medical examination. Foreigners are admitted under the same conditions and are charged the same tuition fees. Scholarships are available, being offered by the Lebanese Government for Lebanese students, by the French Government for some foreign students, and by individual organizations. In order to be eligible for admission to the School of Pharmacy of the Amer­ ican University of Beirut, the student must be at least 17 years old, must have fulfilled the legal requirements of his country for admission to pharmaceutical studies, and must have satisfactorily completed the freshman science programme in the School of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut, or an equivalent programme, with a grade of 70 or more in 12 credit hours 1 and an average of 70 or more in chemistry or mathematics. Lebanese students are required to submit the Lebanese baccalaureat Part II, or its equivalent, before admission to the first year of the pharmacy course. Students from other countries, of whom the School has a good number, are admitted on the basis of secondary-school certificates obtained in their respective countries; if these certificates do not admit to the first professional year, the students concerned must complete the freshman science programme in the School of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut. The subjects studied in this programme are Arabic, English, chemistry, mathematics and physical education. In addition to academic credentials, applicants must submit a recommendation from the principal of their school, to be sent directly to the University Registrar. All candidates must pass the English Language Entrance Examination. The number of admissions is limited and prospective pharmacy students are selected by the Committee on Admission on the basis of academic achievements. Prior to registration every student must undergo a complete physical exami-

1 For an explanation of the term •credit hour", see the relevant part of the chapter relating to the USA (page 257). 158 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

nation (including chest X-ray and laboratory tests), which is conducted by the University Health Service. Tuition fees are charged. Scholarships and grants-in-aid are available, for both Lebanese and foreign students, from the Government, the University, the United States Agency for International Development, the World Health Organi­ zation, various other organizations, and individual donors.

Curriculum The curriculum, examinations and the degree awarded at the French Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy are the same as those in France (see the chapter relating to France, page 92). The curriculum at the School of Pharmacy of the American University of Beirut, which is taken after completion of the freshman science programme in the School of Arts and Sciences, or an equivalent programme, is arranged as follows: 1 First year: zoology; botany; qualitative analytical chemistry; quantitative analytical chemistry; pharmacy orientation; general pharmacy; pharma­ ceutical calculations; general physics; general psychology. Second year: taxonomy; business methods; organic chemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry (inorganic); pharmaceutical analysis; pharmaceutical prepara­ tions; physical pharmacy; history of pharmacy. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry (organic); pharmaceutical analysis; pharmacognosy; pesticides; anatomy-physiology; biochemistry; library practice; bacteriology. Fourth year: pharmacodynamics; bioassay methods; toxicology; parasitology; plant chemistry; pharmacy and chemistry of medicinal substances; dispens­ ing; pharmacy jurisprudence; public health; first aid. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work. In addition, students of the first, second and third years must complete, during their summer vacations, twelve weeks of practical experience in an approved pharmacy (total period of practice: thirty-six weeks = nine months). For this purpose the School gives the students instruction sheets according to which they should keep a record of their work.

Examinations At the School of Pharmacy of the American University of Beirut two major written examinations are held each academic year-one in the middle and the other at the end of the year. In addition to these examinations, the teachers entrusted with the respective courses hold tests at weekly or monthly intervals to determine the students' proficiency. The results of these tests contribute to the students' rating reported to the Registrar. Students who have fulfilled the practice requirements and completed the third year of pharmacy studies are required to pass a comprehensive written, oral and

' This curriculum is registered and approved by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York, where the American University of Beirut is incorporated. LEBANON 159 practical examination covering the work done during the period of practice and the professional courses of the first three years. If the student fails at the end of the year in courses equivalent to not more than eight credit hours, he is allowed to take a "make-up" examination once only, in October, provided his grades in these courses are not less than 50% and provided he obtains a satisfactory average at the end of the year (65% or above for the first year and 70% or above for the subsequent years). If he fails in more than eight credit hours, or if he fails in the "make-up" examination, he must repeat the year. The student who fails in sixteen credit hours or more at the end of the academic year, or who does not meet promotion or graduation standards after repeating a year, is excluded from further studies.

Qualification The degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy is awarded on completion of the fourth year of study, provided the candidate has satisfactorily completed at least 150 semester credit hours and nine months of practical experience in an approved pharmacy. The American University of Beirut offers the post-graduate degree of Master of Science in Pharmacy. Candidates for this degree must: (1) hold the B.Sc.Pharm. from a recognized institution; (2) work in research for such a period of time as is necessary to complete an acceptable thesis; (3) take a formal training course, the duration of which is not fixed, since it depends on the number of courses required of the student and the time necessary to complete the above-mentioned thesis; (it cannot, however, be less than twelve months); and (4) pass an exam­ ination. The post-graduate degree conferred by the French Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy is the Doctorat en Pharmacie. Requirements for this are one year of research work and the presentation and defence of a thesis.

Licence to practise Graduates from both schools of pharmacy in Beirut are required to pass the colloquium examination (oral), administered by the Lebanese Government through an official Examination Board. Thereafter they register with the Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, of which membership is obligatory except for pharmacists in government service. The licence to practise is issued by the Ministry of Health. In order to obtain it, graduate pharmacists must be at least 22 years of age, of Lebanese nationality and have a clear police record. Lebanese citizens who have qualified abroad and wish to practise in the country must hold a degree from a school of pharmacy recognized by the Lebanese Government. In addition to the colloquium examination they must pass a written and practical examination. Foreigners who have qualified in Lebanon are authorized to practise if they fulfil the above requirements and provided the relevant reciprocity exists between Lebanon and their respective countries. Also they must have obtained their degree at least ten years earlier than the date of their application for registration in Lebanon. Foreigners with foreign qualifications may practise in Lebanon provided 160 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

they have graduated from schools of pharmacy recognized by the Lebanese Government, and provided the relevant reciprocity exists between Lebanon and their respective countries. In addition, they must comply with the general regu­ lations governing the licence to practise. Regardless of where they have qualified, no foreign pharmacists may be employed by the Government or other public institution. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Teaching Annual Name and addreu I itUtructionYear Total tuition fees stq/J enrolment Admission• I Grad110te• started I I (LL)

School of Pharmacy 1871 10 f 74m 25m 12m 1800 American University of Beirut 20 pa 25f 10 f 1 f BEIRUT 1889 3 f 41 m 6m 7m 1200 Faculte fran~aise de lip 50 f 13f 4f Medecine et de Pharmacie de l'Universite Saint-Joseph Rue de Damas BEYROUTH

• From other department& of the University. MADAGASCAR 161

MADAGASCAR

Introductory data* Population ...... 5 940000 Number of pharmacists ...... 77** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 4 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 77 ()()() Population per school of pharmacy ...... 5 940 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including 48 working in pharmacies and 29 (of whom IS hold the State diplo­ ma and 14 the local diploma) in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Madagascar pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the Dip/Ome de Pharmacien de Tananarive (Diploma of Pharmacist, Tananarive-the local diploma).

Administration The course is offered at the Ecole de Medecine et de Pharmacie de Befelatanana­ Tananarive, which, since 1957, has been operating under the authority of the Ministry of Education. For technical matters the school is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Health and Population, but its financial support is provided by the Ministry of Education. The Director of the school is appointed by the Minister of Education. The academic year begins in October and ends in July; it is divided into three terms-October to December, January to April and May to July. The language of instruction is French.

Conditions of admission Candidates for admission must be between 18 and 24 years of age. They must have completed six years of primary and five years of secondary education and hold the secondary-school certificate (certi.ficat de probation). In addition, in order to be admitted to the preparatory year, they must pass a competitive exam­ ination consisting of written and oral tests in French, natural sciences, physical sciences, and mathematics. Candidates who are in possession of the bacca/aureat are admitted without this examination. As far as the enrolment of foreign students is concerned, only candidates from the Comoro Islands are accepted (provided they pass the entrance examination). They are recuited in addition to the normal admission, but since the opening of the school no Comoran has applied for admission. Instruction is free of charge and, in addition, national students are automat­ ically awarded scholarships. 162 WORLD DffiECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First (preparatory year): French; animal and plant biology; theoretical physics; general inorganic and organic chemistry. Second year: inorganic chemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry; physics; pharma­ ceutics; materia medica. Third year: galenical and chemical pharmacy; materia medica; analytical chem­ istry; biochemistry. Fourth year: bacteriology; parasitology; hygiene; pharmaceutical legislation. Instruction consists of lectures and laboratory work. Practical work is carried out every morning in different departments of the pharmacies attached to the main teaching hospitals of Tananarive, in the Central Pharmacy of the Health and Medical Services, and in the Food Inspection and Research Service.

Examinations Examinations are held at the end of each academic year and cover the subjects studied during that period. The final examinations, at the end of the whole course, cover all subjects taught in the three years of the professional curriculum. If the student fails in the first session of examinations (in July) he may repeat the examination at the second session (in October). If he fails on that occasion, he must repeat the year. Such a student is excluded from further studies if he fails again in the first and second sessions of the repeat year.

Qualification Candidates who are successful in the final examinations obtain the Dip/Ome de Pharmacien de Tananarive.

Licence to practise Until further notice, holders of the local diploma cannot obtain the licence to practise unless they convert it into a State diploma. The licence to practise is issued by the Ministry of Public Health after registration with the professional association (Ordre national des Pharmaciens). Nationals with foreign diplomas and foreigners who have qualified in Madagascar are not authorized to practise in the country. Foreigners with foreign qualifications may obtain the licence to practise provided the relevant reciprocity exists between Madagascar and the foreign country concerned. Pharmacy graduates must work for the State for a period of ten years.

I Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff I Admissions I Graduates tuition fees started enrolment I I Ecole de Medecine et de 1947 8p 2m 2m None Pharmacie 1 f 2f Befelatanana TANANARIVE MALAYSIA 163

MALAYSIA 1

Introductory data* Population ...... 10 673 000 Number of pharmacists...... 187** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 19 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 57000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 10 673 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 51 working in pharmacieo and 136 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Malaysia pharmaceutical studies last for three years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm.).

Administration The School of Pharmacy is part of the University of Singapore, an autonomous institution. The University is financed by contributions from the Government of Singapore, foreign grants and tuition fees. The chief executive of the School of Pharmacy is the Director. The academic year, which begins in May and ends in January, consists of three terms-May to July, August to October, and November to January.

Conditions of admission There is no age limit for admission. Applicants must have obtained the Cambridge Higher School Certificate or its equivalent, for which six years of primary and six years of secondary education are necessary. Candidates are selected by the Senate Selection Committee on the basis of grades obtained in the examinations for the Higher School Certificate. A satisfactory health certif­ icate is required. Foreign students may enter the course provided they comply with the Uni­ versity entrance regulations. Tuition fees are charged. National students are eligible for government scholarships and bursaries; University scholarships are also available.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: chemistry; physics; zoology; and botany, or mathematics or philosophy.

' On 9 August 1965 Singapore seceded from Malaysia and became an independent State. - En. 164 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Second year: pharmaceutical chemistry, organic and physical; microbiology; pharmacognosy; physiology; and introductory pharmacy. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry, medicinal and synthetic; pharmaceutics; pharmacology; forensic pharmacy. Instruction consists of lectures and practical work.

Examinations Examinations are given at the end of each academic year in all the subjects studied. They are internal examinations, but both internal and external examiners participate. All examinations are written; practical and oral tests may also be given. The student who fails an examination must repeat the course of study for one year; if he fails again he may be refused readmission to the course.

Qualification After passing the final examination at the end of the third year of study, the student is awarded the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy. On the basis of merit the B. Pharm. graduate may be permitted to proceed to the honours degree. After one year of study and success in the written exami­ nations he is awarded the B. Pharm. (Hons.) degree, Class I, Class II (Upper or Lower), or Class III. For the degree of Master of Pharmacy the following are required in addition to the honours degree: three terms of full-time research, presentation of a thesis on the research work carried out and an oral examination (if needed). The highest academic degree obtainable is that of Doctor of Philosophy, for which the requirements are: a minimum of two years of full-time research, pres­ entation of a thesis and an oral examination (if needed).

Licence to practise After one year's practical training in an approved retail or government phar­ macy or in the pharmaceutical industry, the holder of the B. Pharm. degree is entitled to be registered as a pharmacist by the Pharmacy Boards of the States of Malaya and Singapore. Pharmacists with foreign qualifications recognized by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain are eligible for registration by the Phar­ macy Boards. The Boards are also empowered to accept qualifications other than those recognized by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Name and addreso instruction Teaching Total tuition fees I staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates I I started I (MI)

School of Pharmacy 1935 10 f I 70m 24m lim 640 University of Singapore 50 f 18 f 8 f SINGAPORE MALTA 165

MALTA

Introductory data* Population ...... 328 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 185** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. *** Population per pharmacist. . . . . 1 800 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 328 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 128 working in pharmacies and 57 in other pharmaceutical activities. ••• 1964 fi11ure. In Malta pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy. The provisions for the course of pharmacy are now under review.

Administration The School of Pharmacy is attached to the Faculty of Medicine of the Royal University of Malta. The University is an autonomous institution governed by a University Council. The Vice-Chancellor and Rector Magnificos is the head of the University in both administrative and academic matters and acts in conjuction with the University Council. Each faculty is administered by a Faculty Board, consisting of the Vice-Chancellor and Rector Magnificos, the Dean, the Heads of Departments, representatives of other teachers and two co-opted members. The University is financed through a grant from the Maltese Government and through student fees. The academic year begins in October and ends in June; it is divided into three terms-October to December, January to April, and April to the beginning of June. A period consisting of the remainder of June and the beginning of July is devoted to examinations. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission Candidates for admission must be at least 16 years of age on 17 October of the current year. They must be in possession of a general certificate of education or have passed the matriculation examination of the University of Malta. (Previous education consists of five to six years of primary school and six to seven years of secondary school.) There is no entrance examination, and no health requirements are stipulated. The pharmacy course is open to foreigners provided they comply with the admission requirements. Tuition fees are charged. Indigent students are granted free tuition, and a limited number of scholarships (£75 a year) are available. Under the scholarship scheme, one scholarship is awarded by the Maltese Government to a citizen of the Commonwealth. 166 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: mathematics; physics; chemistry; histology. Second year: physics; chemistry; biology. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; pharmaceutics (in­ cluding forensic pharmacy and bacteriology). Fourth year: pharmacology; pharmacognosy; pharmaceutics. Instruction consists of lectures and practical work. In addition to laboratory work in pharmaceutics (not less than 240 hours and carried out in the University laboratories), pharmacy students must complete a two-year period of apprentice­ ship in a recognized dispensary during the course.

Examinations The examinations are internal, and are written, oral and practical, with the exception of mathematics, in which only a written test is held. In those subjects of the pharmacy course that extend over two years, an examination is held at the end of the second year. Students who fail are allowed two further chances to complete the examinations.

Qualification Success in the final examination leads to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy.

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise, holders of the degree Bachelor of Pharmacy must register with the Medical Council of Malta. Qualifications obtained from universities in the United Kingdom or from other universities recognized by the Medical Council of Malta are also acceptable for registration. The licence to practise is issued by the Governor-General on advice of the Medical Council. Citizens of Malta who hold qualifications other than those mentioned above must pass a State examination if they wish to practise in Malta. Foreigners who graduate from the University of Malta and foreigners with foreign qualifications are not authorized to practise pharmacy in Malta. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Annual Name and address I instructionYear T~aching Total Admissions tuition fees staff enrolment Graduates I started I (£)

School of Pharmacy 1680 15 f 23m 8m 5 m• 45 Faculty of Medicine 6p 15 f 12 f 6 f4 Royal University of Malta St Paul Street VALETTA

• 1964 figures; as entry to the pharmacy course takes place bienially, graduation also occurs every two years. MEXICO 167

MEXICO

Introductory data* Population ...... 38 416 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 3 400** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 5 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 103 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 11 300 Population per school of pharmacy . . . . . 7 683 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including both pharmacists working in pharmacies and those in other phar­ maceutical activities (1400 pharmacists working in the Federal District and 2000 in the states).

In Mexico pharmaceutical studies last for three years at the University of Chihuahua, four years at the University of Coahuila, and five years at the Univer­ sities of Sinaloa and Guadalajara and the National University of Mexico. The degree of Quimico Farmaceutico BiO/ogo (Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemist) is conferred by all schools except that of the University ofChihuahua, which awards the Farmaceutico (Pharmacist) degree.

Administration All five schools are affiliated with their respective universities, which are auto­ nomous institutions. Four of the universities are owned by the states in which they are situated, and supported financially by the federal and state governments; one-namely, the University of Guadalajara-is a private institution, financed entirely by private funds (from lay organizations). The schools of pharmacy exchange scientific information with other schools in the country and maintain relations with official institutes and universities in con­ nexion with research in biochemistry, chemistry and pharmacy. Good co-opera­ tion exists also with public health centres, the pharmaceutical industry, the food industry, etc. The academic year begins in September and ends in June-July at all institutions except the National University of Mexico, where it runs from February to October.

Conditions of admission Students seeking admission to a school of pharmacy must have completed six years of primary school and five to six years of secondary education, and hold the bachil/erato (secondary-school certificate). At the National University of Mexico applicants must also take a selective entrance examination in the basic scientific subjects and humanities. Some schools require a medical certificate, including serological tests, vaccination and X-ray. 168 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Foreign students are admitted to all schools on the condition that they have obtained governmental authorization and present a certificate of education equivalent to the bachil/erato, or, if necessary, have their secondary-school certi­ ficate validated.

Curriculum

The teaching programme is similar at all schools. As an example the five-year curriculum offered at the National University of Mexico may be quoted: First year: inorganic chemistry; qualitative analysis; physics; botany; mathe­ matics. Second year: organic chemistry; quantitative analysis; physical chemistry; pharmacognosy; general microbiology; anatomy; histology. Third year: organic chemistry; instrumental analysis; galenical pharmacy; bacteriology and virology; physiology; forensic pharmacy. Fourth year: organic chemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry; immunology; parasitology. Fifth year: biochemistry; pharmacology; pharmaceutical techniques; drug analysis; clinical analysis; biosynthesis (industrial application). Instruction consists oflectures and practical and laboratory work. The require­ ments for practical training in local laboratories or pharmacies, outside the school of pharmacy, vary from school to school.

Examinations

There are two sessions of examinations, regular and special. Regular examina­ tions are held at the end of each term and cover all the subjects taught. In the subjects in which practical work is required, candidates must have completed the laboratory work before they are admitted to the final examinations, which may be oral and/or written. Special or extraordinary sessions are held for referred students. The number of times a student is allowed to repeat the examinations varies from school to school.

Qualification

In order to be eligible for the degree of Quimico Farmaceutico Bi6logo or Farmaceutico, the student must complete a period of social service after finishing the study course. (This service, which may be of either six months' or one year's duration, is in accordance with the country's general labour legislation and the provisions of the Ministry of Health and Welfare.) Thereafter he is required to pass the final, professional examination. In some schools candidates must also submit a thesis. A programme for post-graduate studies leading to the Master's degree and the Doctorate in Chemistry or in Biochemistry is at present under review at the National University of Mexico. MEXICO 169

Licence to practise

Persons wishing to practise pharmacy must have their degree recognized by the General Directorate of Professions (Direcci6n General de Profesiones) of the Ministry of Education. After registration with the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the licence to practise is issued by the Drug Control Administration (Direcci6n de Control de Medicamentos). Mexican citizens who have qualified abroad are authorized to practise provided they have their degree or diploma validated by the General Directorate of Profes­ sions and register with the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Foreigners who have qualified in Mexico or abroad must obtain Mexican citizenship, have their degree recognized by the National University of Mexico, and register with the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I I started (Mex$)

Escuela de Farmacia 1944 llp 6m 2m 180 + 50 Universidad de Chihuahua 15 f 10 f (registration CHIHUAHUA, Chihuahua fees); 2 000 (validation of degree + 5for each subject validated) Escuela de Ciencias 1874 2f 37m 9 4m 482 Quimicas y Biol6gicas 18 p 19 f 4f Universidad de Sinaloa CULIACAN, Sinaloa Escuela de Ciencias 1935 4f 18m 19 10 f 150 Quimicas 12 p 38 f Universidad Aut6noma de Guadalajara Lomas del Valle GUADALAJARA, Jalisco Escuela Nacional de 1916 2f 66m 14m 11m 200 (R); Ciencias Quimicas 27 p 302f 52 f 55 f 2 000 (F) Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de Mexico MEXICO 20, D.F. Escuela de Ciencias 1949 16 p 3m lm 300 Quimicas 42 f 6 f Universidad de Coahuila ToRREoN, Coahuila 170 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

NETHERLANDS

Introductory data* Population ...... 11 967 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 1100.. Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 4 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. *** Population per pharmacist. . . . . 10 900 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 991 000

• 1963 figures. •• Approximate figure; includes 900 pharmacists working in pharmacies and 200 in other pharmaceutical activities. • • • Data incomplete.

In the Netherlands pharmaceutical studies last for six years and lead to the Apothekersdiploma (Diploma of Pharmacist).

Administration

In the Netherlands pharmacy schools are departments of university faculties of science. Administrative matters are dealt with by a College of Curators, whose members are not on the university staff. The academic body is the University Senate, composed of professors of the faculties, and presided over by the Rector Magnificus, who holds office for one year. All professors of the department of pharmacy are members of the faculty of science, which is headed by a Dean. Universities receive their funds from the Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences. In some instances, such as that of the University of Amsterdam, the municipal authorities contribute 5% of the total budget. The academic year is of ten months' duration-from September to July.

Conditions of admission

The basic requirement for admission to the pharmacy course is possession of the secondary-school certificate in science. This certificate--the eidexamen gymnasium or eidexamen, H.B.S.B.-may be obtained either at the gymnasium (grammar school) or at the hogere burgerschool B (higher secondary school, section B) after a six-year course. (Previous primary education also lasts for six years.) There is no entrance examination, nor are there any health requirements. Foreign students are admitted provided they have obtained the authorization of the Ministry of Education, which is based on an evaluation of their secondary-school studies. NETHERLANDS 171

Curriculum In order to establish a general basis for the recognition of pharmaceutical degrees among the countries of the European Economic Community (Common Market) the pharmacy curriculum is now under review. It is expected that conside­ rable changes will be made in the near future. The following is the curriculum, taught at the present time, at the school of pharmacy of the University of Leiden: First year: inorganic chemistry; analytical chemistry; organic chemistry; mathe­ matics; physics; botany, anatomical and systematic; pharmacy. Second year: inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; physical chemistry; botany (physiology); zoology (anatomy and physiology). Third year: organic chemistry. Fourth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; analytical chemistry; pharmacognosy; pharmaceutical techniques; microbiology; legislation; pharmacology; pharmacotherapeutics. Fifth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; analytical chemistry; pharmacognosy; toxicology; pharmaceutical techniques; legislation; pharmacology; phar­ macotherapeutics; dispensing. Sixth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmaceutical techniques; legislation; pharmacology; pharmacotherapeutics; dispensing. Instruction consists of lectures and laboratory work. In addition, pharmacy students must perform four months of practical training-three months in a phar­ macy and one month in a hospital pharmacy.

Examinations Three major examinations are held. The first of these-the Kandidaatsexamen­ is held during the third year and covers chemistry, botany, physics, zoology and pharmacy. The tests are oral and, where necessary, written, and are conducted by members of the teaching staff. The second examination-the Doctoraalexamen-takes place at the end of the sixth year and includes pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutics, analytical chemistry, pharmaceutical techniques, pharmacology, and toxicology. These tests are oral and are conducted by the professors of the subjects concerned. The final examinations are held before a board of internal and external exami­ ners on completion of the study course. They are oral and, in most subjects, also practical, and cover dispensing, pharmacotherapeutics, legislation, pharmaceutical analysis, pharmacognosy, and toxicology. The student who fails may repeat any of the examinations an unlimited number of times.

Qualification The candidate who passes the final examination is awarded the Apothekers­ diploma. A higher academic degree obtainable in the Netherlands is that of Doctor 172 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

of Science. This is awarded after two to four years of research work and the pre­ sentation of an acceptable thesis.

Licence to practise

Holders of the Apothekersdiploma are granted the licence to practise. However, they must first register with the Inspectorate of Pharmacists of the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. Foreigners who qualify in the Netherlands may be authorized to practise. Nationals and foreigners with foreign qualifications are not permitted to practise in the country. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Name and address Teaching Total instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates I tuition fees started I (f.)

Subfaculteit der Farmacie 4f 120 20 15 Faculteit der Wiskunde 4p en Natuurwetenschappen Universiteit van Amsterdam AMSTERDAM

Subfaculteit der Farmacie Faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen GRONINGEN

Subfaculteit der Farmacie 1865 9f 92m 12m 6m Faculteit der Wiskunde 4p 38 f 4f 4f en Natuurwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden LEJDEN

Subfaculteit der Farmacie 1916 14 220 40 12 300 Faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht UTRECHT NEW ZEALAND 173

NEW ZEALAND

Introductory data* Population ...... 2 538 ()()(} Number of pharmacists ...... 1 889** Number of schools of pharmacy. . . . 2 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. Population per pharmacist. . . . . 1 300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1269 ()()(}

• 1963 figures. •• Total number of pharmacists registered at 31 March 1962. The School of Pharmacy of the University of Otago offers a four-year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm.), but to become a registered pharmacist the graduate must subsequently serve a one-year apprentice­ ship. Hence the minimum period of professional qualification is five years. The corresponding period for students at the New Zealand School of Pharmacy, at Petone, is four years (two years at the school and two years as an apprentice). The latter school does not award a degree.

Historical background In the past, entry into the pharmaceutical profession in New Zealand was procured by "practice". This system ceased to operate in 1899, and until recently training has been on the basis of a long apprenticeship (minimum of four years). Candidates had a few weeks' formal training at the New Zealand College of Pharmacy in Wellington, and received other instruction at local technical colleges and by a correspondence course conducted by the above College. An examination was given at the end of this mixed course. The last commencing date for this course was 30 April 1959 and the last examination is scheduled to take place in October 1968. It has recently been decided that there is need for a small number of pharmacists with more advanced training, and a degree course has been insti­ tuted at Dunedin, within the medical faculty of the University of Otago.

Administration The School of Pharmacy in Dunedin is incorporated as a department of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Otago. Furthermore, seven of twelve degree credits can be credited as units towards the degree of Bachelor of Science awarded by the Faculty of Science. The New Zealand School of Pharmacy is a separate institution. Both schools are State-owned and -financed. In each case the chief executive officer is the Head of the school. The academic year, which consists of three terms, runs from March to Novem­ ber in Dunedin, and from February to October in Petone. 174 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Conditions of admission The basic condition for admission to either of the schools is success in the university entrance examination, or its equivalent. Physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics are compulsory subjects for this examination. Candidates must have completed a minimum of seven years (but usually eight) of primary school and a minimum of four years (but usually five) of secondary education. Additional requirements for admission to the New Zealand School of Pharmacy are a general medical certificate and a report on the candidate's attitude to study from the principal of his secondary school. In both schools foreigners are admitted under the same conditions as national students. Tuition fees are charged. Government (Department of Education) bursaries are available for each student at the School of Pharmacy of the University of Otago, as long as he makes satisfactory progress. The Pharmacy Board of New Zealand awards scholarships to students of the New Zealand School of Pharmacy. For foreign students there are scholarships available under the Colombo Plan.

Curriculum and examinations The four-year curriculum leading to the B. Pharm. degree consists of one pre-professional year, common to the medical and other science courses, and three years of professional studies. The various stages of the curriculum are marked by examinations, as follows: (1) The intermediate examination is in chemistry, physics, and zoology. (2) The first professional examination covers chemistry, and either physiology, biochemistry and intermediate botany, or advanced physiology and avanced biochemistry. (3) The second professional examination is in pharmaceutical chemistry, advan­ ced microbiology, and pharmaceutics. (4) The third professional examination covers pharmacology, pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical analysis (including pharmacognosy). Selected graduates of the New Zealand School of Pharmacy may be admitted to the course for the B. Pharm degree. If their standards in the diploma course have been adequate, they may be exempted from the intermediate examination and from pharmaceutics. No candidate may present himself for any examination without having com­ pleted the relevant period of the curriculum. Only in the case of the intermediate examination may a student make a second attempt to pass in a subject in the corresponding academic year. Failure to pass in more than two units in two years renders the student liable to exclusion from the B. Pharm. course. At the New Zealand School of Pharmacy the subjects covered in the first year are physics, botany and chemistry; those of the second year include pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, pharmaceutics, forensic pharmacy and microbiology. At present there are no restrictions on the number of repeat examinations that may be taken. After two failures the student makes further attempts on an extramural basis. NEW ZEALAND 175

Qualification The degree of B. Pharm. is awarded to candidates after success in the third professional examination. The student who has obtained the degree of B. Pharm., or has been admitted ad eundem statum, may be permitted to proceed to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.), provided that "he has subsequently carried out research (for at least two years) which is in the opinion of the Senate satisfactory evidence of his ability to proceed to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." The presentation of a thesis and an examination are also required.

Licence to practise Persons who wish to practise as pharmacists in New Zealand must be registered by the Pharmacy Board of New Zealand. An apprenticeship (internship) is required before registration. The period of this apprenticeship is dependent on the type of academic qualification held. Those holding a diploma serve two years, and those holding a degree, one year. Foreigners who have qualified in New Zealand are authorized to practise under the same conditions. Nationals and foreigners with foreign qualifications are not permitted to practise in New Zealand. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Annual Name and address I Year Teaching Total tuition fees instruction staff enrolment Admissions I Graduates I started I I (£NZ)

School of Pharmacy 1962 54 f• 9m 4m - 84.10.0 Faculty of Medicine 6p 2f 2f University of Otago DUNEDIN I New Zealand School of 1960 10 f 98 m 43 m - 25.0.0 Pharmacy 2p 34 f 29 f P.O. Box 177 PETONE

• Engaged mainly in teaching medical students taking the same subjects. 176 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

NICARAGUA

Introductory data* Population ...... 1 541 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 470** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 12 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 3 300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1 541 ()()()

0 1963 figures. 00 Including 170 working in pharmacies and 300 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities. In Nicaragua pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Doctor en Farmacia y Quimica (Doctor of Pharmacy and Chemistry).

Administration The school of pharmacy is a faculty of the National University of Nicaragua. The University is an autonomous institution, administered in accordance with its Organic Law by an Academic Board (Junta Universitaria) composed of the Rector, the Vice-Rector, the deans of the faculties, a representative of the Ministry of Education, a representative of the students' body and the Secretary-General. Each faculty is administered by a Governing Board (Junta Directiva), presided over by the Dean. The academic year, which begins on 1 June and ends on 28 February, consists of two semesters-June to September and October to February.

Conditions of admission To be admitted to pharmaceutical studies candidates must be in possession of the secondary-school diploma (bachillerato en ciencias y letras), which is obtained after eight years of primary and five years of secondary education. In addition, they must have followed a two-month preparatory course and pass an entrance examination. A satisfactory health certificate, an X-ray examination and a blood test are other requirements. Before entering the course proper, students attend the Faculty of Basic Sciences for one year. Foreigners are admitted provided that their secondary-school certificate is recognized by the Technical Board of the Ministry of Education. Tuition fees are charged.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: fundamental principles of chemistry; inorganic chemistry (I); applied physics; anatomy and physiology; botany; book-keeping. NICARAGUA 177

Second year: inorganic chemistry (II); organic chemistry (I); qualitative analytical chemistry; microscopical botany and plant histology; zoology; legislation, deontology and history of pharmacy. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry (I); galenical pharmacy (I); organic chemistry (II); qualitative analytical chemistry; materia medica (I); parasi­ tology; operative pharmacy (1). Fourth year: pharmaceutical chemistry (II); galenical pharmacy (II); materia medica (II); mineralogy and geology; hygiene and first aid; operative pharmacy (II); biochemistry. Fifth year: criminology; hydrology; pharmaceutical technology; bromatology; microbiology; applied analysis; operative pharmacy (III).

Examinations Examinations are held periodically throughout the course. A failed student is permitted two further attempts before being excluded from studies.

Qualification Candidates who complete the study course and pass all the prescribed examinations are awarded the degree of Doctor en Farmacia y Quimica.

Licence to practise Graduates must have their degree registered with the National University and also register with the Ministry of Health in order to obtain the licence to practise. Citizens of Nicaragua and foreigners who hold foreign qualifications may engage in practice if they complete the necessary formalities; these consist in obtaining recognition of the equivalence of the degree or diploma from the Ministry of Education and registration of the holder at the National University and with the Ministry of Health. Foreigners who have qualified in the country are permitted to practise if they are residents of Nicaragua. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment Admissions Graduates started I (CS)

Facultad de Ciencias 1917 43 m 22m 2m 240 + 15 Quimicas 51 f 22 f 10 f per subject Universidad Nacional examination de Nicaragua fees LE6N 178 WORLD DmECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

NIGERIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 55 670 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 454** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 2 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 37 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 123 000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 27 835 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 359 working in pharmacies and 95 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Nigeria pharmaceutical studies last for three years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy.

Administration The school at Ibadan is part of the University of Ife, an institution founded in June 1961. It is expected that in about ten years the University will have grown to the extent of having a student body of 5000 and an academic staff of 500. It is at present located on the site formerly occupied by the Ibadan Branch of the Nigeria College of Arts, Science and Technology. The main body of the University will move to Il-Ife, when the new site has been suitably developed, but some departments (including the Pharmacy Department) will remain in Ibadan. The University's main source of income is an annual grant from the Federal Government and from the Government of the Western Region; the University in turn finances its schools. The Pharmacy Department is directed by the Head of the Department. The School of Pharmacy at Zaria is a separate institution under the juridiction of, and financed by, the Ministry of Health of Northern Nigeria. Its chief execu­ tive officer is the Principal. The academic year begins in October and ends in June. It consists of three ten-week terms-October to December, January to March and April to June. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission The age limits for admission are not specified. Applicants must have obtained the general certificate of education at ordinary level or the West African school certificate with credit, in English, mathematics and three other subjects. In addition, they must have obtained the general certificate of education at advanced level, or the higher school certificate at principal level, in three subjects-namely, chemistry, physics and either a biological subject (biology, botany or zoology) or mathematics. NIGERIA 179

Approximately seven years of primary and six years of secondary education are required for these certificates. The above courses of secondary education are normally taken in secondary school-i.e., before the student enters university, but for the time being, and in special cases, the University admits candidates for one preliminary course of a standard similar to that required for the advanced level of the West African School Certificate. Such candidates should have obtained at least one of the levels in the higher school certificate, and satisfy other conditions. Candidates for the pharmacy course are interviewed by the Departmental Committee, which consists of members of the teaching staff. They must produce a satisfactory medical certificate and chest X-ray. Foreign students are eligible for enrolment in Ibadan only. Tuition fees are charged in Ibadan. Federal and regional government scholar­ ships worth approximately £N160 per annum are awarded to national students; foreigners may obtain them only by special arrangement.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; phy­ siology. Second year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; pharmacology. Third year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy or pharmacology. Instruction consists of theory and laboratory work. There is no set practice outside the school during the study course, but students are encouraged and assis­ ted in finding employment in pharmacies during the vacations.

Examinations There are three examinations-Parts I, II and III-held at the end of each academic year in May-June; the second session, for referred students, takes place in September. The examinations cover all the subjects studied during the respective period and are written and practical; in certain cases candidates may be required to present themselves for an oral examination. The student who fails in one subject at Parts I and II may repeat the subject in the September of that year, but if he fails in two or more subjects he is required to repeat the year. He is not allowed a repeat year for both Part I and Part II. Normally only one attempt at Part III is permitted.

Qualification After success in the final examination, candidates are awarded a first-class, second-class, or third-class Honours Degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm. Hons.). The candidate whose performance does not merit the award of Honours may, at the discretion of the examiners, be awarded a pass degree. 180 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Licence to practise The degree does not in itself entitle the holder to practise as a pharmacist, and registration by the Pharmacy Board of Nigeria is necessary. It is anticipated that a one-year period of internship will be required. However, as this is not yet applicable, the Pharmacy Board of Nigeria recognizes the degree of B. Pharm. for the purpose of awarding the Statutory Diploma of Chemist and Druggist. Nationals and foreigners with foreign qualifications and foreigners who have qualified in Nigeria are allowed to practise in the country provided they abide by the conditions stipulated by the Pharmacy Board of Nigeria. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction tuition fees staff enrolment Admissions! Graduates started I I (£N)

Pharmacy Department 1957 llf 50m 14m 27m 70 University of Ife 1 p 3 f 3f 1 f Ibadan Branch IBADAN, Western Nigeria School of Pharmacy 1930 7f 44 m lOrn Sm None ZARIA, Northern Nigeria 2f 2f 1 f I NORWAY 181

NORWAY

Introductory data* Population ...... 3 667 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 1 266** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 35 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 2 900 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 3 667 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including 700 working in pharmacies, 160 in other pharmaceutical activities, and 406 Farmasllyter. In Norway pharmaceutical studies last for four and a half years and lead to the Apotekereksamen (Pharmacists Examination).

Administration The Pharmaceutical Institute is attached to the Faculty of Mathematics and Science of Oslo University. The University is owned and financially supported by the State. Its chief administrative officer is the Rector, who is elected by the teaching staff from among the professors for a term of three years. The deans of the faculties are elected by the staffs of their faculties from among the faculty professors for a term of three years. They are eligible for re-election. The Academic Senate exercises general control over all university affairs. It consists of the Rector (Chairman), the Vice-Rector, the deans of the various faculties (six), one representative of the non-professorial staff (the lecturers, etc.), and one representative of the students. The Director of the University acts as Secretary. Although the faculties must adhere to certain general regulations, they enjoy considerable autonomy in admi­ nistration and academic affairs. The Institute of Pharmacy is headed by a Director. The academic year consists of two semesters-August to December and January to June.

Conditions of admission Candidates for admission must have passed the examen artium, an examination held after five years of secondary studies (preceded by seven years of primary school). The Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs and Education determines each year the number of students to be admitted to the School of Pharmacy. The decision is based on the number of vacancies in the school and the country's need for gra­ duate pharmacists. The number of admissions is fixed before the end of the month of May preceding the new academic year. Before the decision is confirmed, the University Senate and the Ministry of Social Affairs are given the opportunity to express their opinion. Applications for admission must reach the Pharmaceutical Institute by 5 July of the year in which studies are to begin. The Institute notifies applicants before 182 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

10 July as to whether or not they have been accepted. Replies to offers of vacancies must reach the Institute by 1 August. When the number of applicants exceeds the number of vacancies allotted, the entrants are selected by the Senate on the basis of marks obtained in the examen artium. All applicants are X-rayed and undergo a Pirquet or Mantoux test. Foreign students are admitted to the pharmaceutical course only under special circumstances. Instruction is free of charge and scholarships are available from the University and from the Directorate of Health Services.

Curriculum The pharmacy course is divided into three stages, each of which is concluded by an examination. Instruction is given by means of lectures, classes and labora­ tory work. In the first and third stages studies commence once a year, at the beginning of September. During the first stage of the course, which extends over three semesters, the following subjects are taught: inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; botany; physics; and mineralogy. The second stage consists of practical work in a pharmacy combined with instruction at the Pharmaceutical Institute. Lectures are given in the following: pharmaceutics; pharmacognosy; Latin, including prescription reading; phar­ maceutical legislation; chemistry; and physics. The practical work is carried out in an approved pharmacy from 2 January to 15 May of the following year. During this period the student also receives instruction at the Institute. This occupies a maximum of sixty days spread over the three semesters. The tour of duty in the pharmacy must not be interrupted for more than six weeks for any reason whatsoever (the usual holiday period at the pharmacy is not considered an interruption). In special cases the Board of Examiners may grant exemption from this ruling. The third stage consists of three semesters of instruction in special pharmaceu­ tical subjects-namely: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; pharmaceu­ tics; business methods and book-keeping; bacteriology; pharmacodynamics, with biological assays of pharmaceutical preparations; and biochemistry. As regards the laboratory work carried out by students during the study course, the number of hours devoted to each subject is determined beforehand.

Examinations Pharmacy examinations are administered by a Board of Examiners appointed in accordance with § 25 of the University statutes. As a rule, the examinations for each stage are held at the end of each semester. In the event of illness an examina­ tion may be taken on another occasion. Applications for examination must be in the hands of the Board of Examiners by the closing date prescribed by the University. Applications for examination after the first and third stages must be accompanied by a certificate from the tea­ chers concerned declaring that the candidate has satisfactorily performed the labo­ ratory work and has attended the lectures pertaining to the stage in question. Applications for examination after the second stage must be accompanied by: NORWAY 183

(1) a certificate of general service in a Norwegian pharmacy; (2) a laboratory record book; this must contain a certificate from the pharma­ cist or pharmacy manager concerned declaring that the assignment has been performed in a satisfactory manner; (3) a report by the pharmacist or pharmacy manager on the student's general conduct during the tour of duty. Examinations are written, oral and practical, depending on the nature of the subject. In the event of failure, students may not sit for an examination in the same subject more than three times. However, the Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs and Education, on the recommendation of the University Senate, may grant exemption from this ruling.

Qualification After completion of three years of study, the intermediate degree of Farmaseyt (Pharmacist) is awarded. This authorizes the holder to prepare medicaments in a pharmacy without supervision, but does not entitle him to run his own pharmacy. Students who have completed the whole course (of four and a half years) and passed the Apotekereksamen are duly notified by the Faculty of Mathematics and Science and presented with the relevant certificate. At the presentation, candidates are required to give a solemn undertaking that they will at all times practise their profession conscientiously and honourably. Candidates who are unable to attend the presentation give this undertaking in writing. There is no special higher academic degree in pharmacy. The degree of Doctor Philosophiae (Doctor of Philosophy) may be obtained at the Faculty of Mathema­ tics and Science.

Licence to practise Holders of the above-mentioned certificate in pharmacy are automatically qualified to practise as pharmacists. Nationals with foreign qualifications wishing to practise in Norway must pass an additional examination covering Norwegian legislation, the Norwegian Pharmacopoeia and the preparation of medicaments included therein, and dispensing according to Norwegian practice. The same rules apply to foreigners with foreign qualifications, who, however, are not entitled to own or manage a pharmacy. Persons who have qualified in the Reseptarutdanningen (a school for lower pharmaceutical education) are legally entitled to prepare and dispense all drugs and poisons, but cannot obtain a licence to run their own pharmacy. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff Admissions Graduates started enrolment tuition fees

Universitetets Farmas0ytiske 1931 25 f 37m 8m 12m None Institutt 6p 74 f 28 f 23f Universitetet i Oslo Blindem OSLO 3 184 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

PAKISTAN

Introductory data* Population ...... 98 683 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 365** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 3 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 63 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 270 300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 32 894000

• 1963 figures. •• Figures for West Pakistan only. In 1963, there were no pharmacists who had actually graduated in East Pakistan. In Pakistan pharmaceutical education is provided in three institutions, as follows: (1) A three-year degree course (Bachelor of Pharmacy), in the Department of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore (West Pakistan). (2) A two-year diploma course, in the Dow Medical College, Karachi. (3) A two-year diploma course, in the Institute of Public Health, Mohakhali, Dacca (East Pakistan). Short courses lasting about nine months and leading to the Compounders and Dispensers Certificate are also conducted in various district and major hospitals. The data pertaining to these courses have not been included.

Administration The degree course at Lahore is conducted by the Department of Pharmacy, which is attached to the University of the Punjab. The diploma course at Karachi is conducted by the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics of the Dow Medical College. The course at Dacca is offered in the Institute of Public Health, under the control of the Directorate of Health Services, Government of East Pakistan. The Chief Executive of the Institute is the Director.

Conditions of admission At the Institute in Dacca, candidates for admission must be between 18 and 22 years of age. The Department in Lahore and the Dow Medical College, Karachi, do not specify age limits. The basic academic qualification for admission to the diploma course at Dacca and Karachi is matriculation, with general science, physiology and hygiene as elective subjects; for admission to the degree course at Lahore, candidates must have passed the Intermediate Examination in Science (Medical group). In addition, they must pass a competitive examination and attend an interview. PAKISTAN 185

Consideration is generally given to the candidates' academic achievements in the matriculation and intermediate science examinations. Applicants are also required to produce a satisfactory medical certificate. Foreigners are eligible for admission to the pharmacy courses provided they comply with the educational requirements and are recommended by their respective governments through their missions in Pakistan. No tuition fee is charged at the Dacca Institute, while a fee of PRs 14 per month is charged for the degree course at Lahore. In both schools scholarships are available from the Government, various foundations, local bodies or private institutions. At Karachi a total fee of PRs 60 is charged for the whole two-year course. No scholarships are available at the moment.

Curriculum The curriculum for the three-year degree course at Lahore is arranged as follows: Part I: physiology; mathematics. Part II: pharmacognosy; pharmacology. Part III: pharmaceutics; forensic pharmacy; vaccines and sera; pharmaceutical technology; dispensing; pharmaceutical chemistry, physical, inorganic, organic and synthetic. The two-year curriculum in the Dacca Institute consists of: (1) six months' basic training; (2) one year's special training; and (3) six months' hospital training. The subjects covered in the one year of special training include elementary phar­ macology, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutics, pharmacognosy, pharma­ cology, and toxicology. The curriculum for the two-year diploma course at Karachi is as follows: First year: chemistry; pharmaceutics; physiology; hygiene. Second year: pharmacognosy; pharmaceutics; pharmacology; toxicology.

Examinations At the Department of Pharmacy in Lahore, students sit for examinations at the end of each academic year. The examinations, which are held before a Board of Examiners composed of both internal and external examiners, are written, oral and, in most subjects, also practical. The student who fails may take the same examination an unlimited number of times. The examinations at the Dacca Institute, which are written, oral and practical, are held under the supervision and control of the State Medical Faculty. Both internal and external examiners participate. There are two examinations, of which the first is held after the six-month course of basic training. The second examination takes place one year and six months later-i.e., after the one year of special training and the six months of hospital training have been completed. At Karachi there are two examinations, held at the end of the first and the second academic years. These are known respectively as the preliminary Pharmacy Examination and the Final Pharmacy Examination. Each examination may be held twice a year by way of annual and supplementary examinations. 186 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Qualification and licence to practise After having passed the final examination of the course, students receive the appropriate degree or diploma. In East Pakistan the diploma is conferred by the Medical Faculty and the licence to practise is issued by the Directorate of Health Services of the Government of East Pakistan. The degree at Lahore is awarded by the University of the Punjab; registration does not yet exist. On successful completion of the course at Karachi, the diploma is issued by the Administrator, Dow Medical College and Civil Hospital. A foreigners who have qualified in Pakistan are admitted to practice under the same conditions as nationals. In both provinces nationals with foreign phar­ macy qualifications are authorized to practise, provided their degree or diploma is recognized and they are eligible to practise in the country in which they obtained it. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Annuo/ I Year Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates I started I (PRs)

Institute of Public Health 1963 12 f 25m 25m - None Mohakhali DACCA 5, East Pakistan (Consolidated Training Scheme for Public Health and Paramedical Personnel) Department of Pharmacology 1952 4f 111m 78 m 35 60 and Therapeutics, I I (for two-year Dow Medical College I I course) KARACHI ! Department of Pharmacy 1947 10 f 137m 57 m 28 168 University of the Punjab llp Sf 3f LAHORE, West Pakistan PANAMA 187

PANAMA

Introductory data* Population ...... 1177 000 Number of pharmacists...... 337** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 5 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 3 500 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1177 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 193 working in pharmacies and 144 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Panama pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Licenciado en Farmacia (Licentiate in Pharmacy).

Administration

The School of Pharmacy, in which the course is offered, is attached to the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Pharmacy of the University of Panama, a State­ owned and -financed institution. The chief executive officer of the School of Phar­ macy is the Director. The School is associated with institutions such as the National Medical Asso­ ciation, which has a Pharmacy Commission, specialized and analytical laborato­ ries, in which post-graduate courses are arranged, the Department of Pharmacies, Food and Drugs, and the National Pharmacy Society (Colegio), of which graduate pharmacists must become members. The academic year consists of two semesters-10 May to 10 September and 10 September to 15 February.

Conditions of admission

Candidates for the pharmacy course must hold the bachillerato en ciencias, a secondary-school certificate gained after six years of secondary education preceded by six years of primary school. Applicants must sit for an entrance examination consisting of a series of tests in the basic sciences, and are also required to present a satisfactory medical certificate. Foreign students are eligible for enrolment provided they hold a secondary­ school certificate equivalent to the bachillerato en ciencias. All students are char­ ged the same tuition fees. The University awards a few scholarships and gives financial assistance to students, both national and foreign, whose means are limited. 188 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Curriculum

The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: pharmacy; chemistry; zoology; botany; Spanish; physics. Second year: pharmacy; chemistry, quantitative, qualitative, organic; English; pharmacognosy; zoology; physiology. Third year: pharmacy; toxicology; zoology; botany; chemistry; pharmacology; parasitology; bacteriology; biochemistry; history of pharmacy, legislation and ethics; hospital pharmacy; administration of pharmaceutical establish­ ments. Fourth year: prescriptions; pharmacology; bromatology; professional practice; industrial pharmacy; graduation work. In addition to the above curriculum, there is a group of optional subjects, one of which can be selected to replace a regular subject in the last year of the course. The aim of this is to promote professional specialization in the subject chosen. The optional subjects are: cosmetology; analysis of cosmetics; advanced hospital pharmacy; analytical pharmaceutical chemistry; food analysis; analysis of pharma­ ceutical products; pharmacological analysis. Instruction consists of lectures and practical work. In addition, during the last two years of the study course, students must work for 150 hours in commercial pharmaceutical establishments.

Examinations

Examinations are held at the end of the period of study in all subjects of the course.

Qualification

After the final examination, at the end of the fourth year, successful candidates are awarded the university degree of Licenciado en Farmacia. Holders of the above degree may take two-year post-graduate courses in phar­ maceutical and food analysis. Candidates for admission to these courses must have spent two years in research subsequent to graduation, and, in accordance with University regulations, must also pass an examination on completion of the formal training and present a thesis.

Licence to practise

In order to practise, graduate pharmacists must be registered with the Ministry of Social Welfare and Public Health. Panamanian nationals who have qualified abroad must have their degree or diploma validated by the University of Panama. Foreigners who have qualified in the country must become citizens of Panama if they wish to practise. Foreigners with foreign qualifications must become citizens and pass a validation examination. PANAMA 189

The Board of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Pharmacy aims to establish a curriculum with the largest possible number of credits in order to obtain recogni­ tion of the pharmacy course in the United States of America, since at present such recognition is required before graduates can work as pharmacists in Canal Zone establishments. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates started I I (B)

Escuela de Farmacia 1920 9 f 60m 18m 3m 67.50-72.75 Facultad de Ciencias 9p 38 f 23f 2f Naturales y Farmacia Universidad de Panama PANAMA 190 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

PARAGUAY

Introductory data*

Population ...... 1 903 000 Number of pharmacists . . . . 304** Number of schools of pharmacy 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 35 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 6 300 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1 903 000

• 1963 figures. •• Includes only those working in pharmacies.

In Paraguay pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the diploma of Quimico-Farmaceutico (Pharmaceutical Chemist).

Administration The Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy is part of the National University of Asuncion, a government institution under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. The Rector of the University, together with the University Council (Consejo Superior Universitario), nominates the Dean and professors on the recommendation of the Governing Council (Consejo Directivo) of the Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy. The Rector prepares the budget proposals and approves the curriculum and internal regulations. The Faculty is financed by the National Government (Ministry of Education) through the University. The academic year begins in April and ends in March.

Conditions of admission

There are no age limits for admission. Candidates must hold the secondary­ school certificate (bachillerato en ciencias y letras), which represents twelve years of education (six years of primary and six years of secondary school). The number of first-year students is limited, and those admitted are selected on the basis of a competitive written examination in general chemistry, biology, physics and mathe­ matics. Candidates must obtain a minimum of 260 points out of 400 in this exami­ nation. All applicants must present a satisfactory health certificate from the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare. Foreign students are admitted on the same basis as Paraguayan citizens. Tuition fees are charged, and there are no scholarships available. PARAGUAY 191

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: inorganic chemistry; physics; crystallography; biology; qualitative chemical analysis; mathematics; history of chemistry. Second year: inorganic chemistry; physics; special applied botany; special applied zoology; quantitative chemical analysis; mathematics. Third year: organic chemistry; galenical pharmacy; pharmacology; microbio­ logy; public health; clinical analyses; pharmaceutical chemistry. Fourth year: anatomy; physiology; first aid; organic chemistry; toxicology; galenical pharmacy; pharmacology; industrial pharmacy; pharmaceutical chemistry. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work.

Examinations There are four sessions of examinations: (1) regular, at the end of each course, held from 1 November to 15 December; (2) supplementary, held in February; (3) "regularization" examinations, held in July; (4) extraordinary; these are held: (a) in July (during the "regularization" examinations), for students who still need up to two passes in order to complete their curriculum, or (b) at any time during the year, for students who have failed three times in any subject. The student who fails in all four sessions is excluded from the course.

Qualification Having passed the final examinations, at the end of the fourth year, the student is awarded the diploma of Quimico-Farmaceutico.

Licence to practise The diploma of Quimico-Farmaceutico entitles the holder to practise in Para­ guay. The licence to practise is issued by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare following registration. Paraguayan nationals who hold foreign qualifications and foreigners who have qualified in Paraguay may practise after registration with the Ministry. Foreigners with foreign qualifications are not allowed to practise in the country. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Name and address Teaching Total Graduates tuition fees instruction staff enrolment Admissions I started (Guaranies)

Facultad de Quimica y 1906 7lp 14m 14m 12m 850 Farmacia ll7f 22 f 23 f Universidad Nacional de Asuncion AsUNCION 192 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

PERU

Introductory data*

Population ...... 10 958 000 Number of pharmacists . . . . . 2 350** Number of schools of pharmacy . 3 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. *** Population per pharmacist. . . . . 4700 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 3 653 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 1750 working in pharmacies and 600 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities. ••• Data incomplete.

In Peru pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Quimico Farmaceutico (Pharmaceutical Chemist).

Administration

All three training institutions are faculties of their respective universities. The universities are controlled by the Ministry of Education and their budget expen­ diture is largely covered by government grants; they, in turn, finance the various faculties. Each faculty is administered by a Board (Junta), presided over by the Dean. The faculties of pharmacy exchange scientific information with other faculties of the same university. The academic year begins in April and ends in December.

Conditions of admission

There are no age limits for admission. Applicants must have completed six years of primary and five years of secondary education, and must pass a competitive entrance examination with special emphasis on the science subjects. They are also required to undergo a medical examination and psychological test given by the University Medical Service. The regulations stipulate that before being admitted to the pharmacy course proper the candidate must have successfully completed a one-year pre-pharmacy course, which is taken at the Faculty of Science. Foreign students are admitted under the same conditions as Peruvian citizens. Tuition fees are charged. For national students a certain number of bursaries are available from the universities, and, in addition, students may obtain financial assistance for the purchase of textbooks. PERU 193

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: inorganic chemistry; qualitative analytical chemistry; higher mathematics; physics; botany; parasitology. Second year: quantitative analytical chemistry; organic chemistry; physical chemistry; human physiology; galenical pharmacy; microbiology; pre­ military training. Third year: organic chemistry; functional analytical chemistry; general techno­ logy; bromatology; instrumental analysis; pharmacognosy; pre-military training. Fourth year: biochemistry; industrial pharmaceutical chemistry; analysis of organic drugs; pharmacognosy; pharmacology and posology; clinical analysis; economics and pharmacy administration; pre-military training. Fifth year: biochemistry; bromatology and nutrition; experimental pharma­ cology; toxicology and legal chemistry; hospital pharmacy; legal aspects and pharmaceutical ethics; pre-military training. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work. In addition, students must work in industrial pharmaceutical laboratories for at least three hours a week for eight months of each academic year.

Examinations

Written and practical examinations are held twice a year in all subjects, one at the end of each semester. The examinations are official and national, conducted under the auspices of the Faculty. The student who fails in up to two subjects in the end-of-the-year examinations in December may sit for the same examination in March of the following year. If he fails in more than two subjects, he must repeat the whole year.

Qualification

Mter success in the examinations at the end of the study course, candidates are awarded the basic degree of Quimico Farmaceutico. If the holder of this degree wishes to specialize, he may take a supplementary year. On completion of this one-year course, examinations are held and successful students receive the certificate of specialization-namely, Quimico Farmaceutico Analista (analysis), Quimico Farmaceutico Bromatolo (bromatology) or Quimico Farmaceutico Indus­ trial (industrial pharmaceutics), according to the subjects studied. In order to obtain the higher academic degree of Bachiller en Farmacia y Bio­ quimica (Bachelor of Pharmacy and Biochemistry), the holder of the degree of Quimico Farmaceutico must carry out research for such a period of time as is necessary to prepare an acceptable thesis; he is also required to pass a practical examination. The highest academic degree available is that of Doctor en Farmacia y Bio­ quimica. Candidates for this degree must hold the two qualifications Quimico 194 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Farmaceutico and Bachiller en Farmacia y Bioquimica. Apart from this requirement, they must have completed a formal study course lasting twenty-four months. This includes the following subjects: first year: experimental pharmacology; special biochemistry; microbiology and immunology; and clinical analysis; second year: food control; phytochemistry; biological assay of drugs; special bromatology; and analysis of organic drugs. Examinations in all the subjects are held on comple­ tion of the course. An original thesis must also be presented.

Licence to practise

The degree of Farmaceutico Quimico entitles the holder to practise. The licence to practise is issued, following registration, by the Directorate of Pharmacy of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance. Foreigners who have qualified in Peru are authorized to practise. Holders of foreign degrees or diplomas must have these validated by means of examination.

Year Annual Teaching Total Graduates tuition fees Name and address • instruction staff enrolment I Admissions started I I (Sf.)

Facultad de Farmacia y 1810 24 f 196m 62m 120 Bioquimica 100 p 475 f 114f Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Giron Puno 902 LIMA Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica Universidad de Ia Libertad TRunLLO

• No information is available about the third school. PHILIPPINES 195

PHILIPPINES

Introductory data* Population ...... 30 241000 Number of pharmacists ...... 16 600** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 15 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. *** Population per pharmacist. . . . . 1800 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 016000

• 1963 figures. •• Approximate figure; includes 5700 pharmacists working in pharmacies and I 0 900 in other pharmaceutical activities. ••• Data incomplete. In the Philippines pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy.

Administration All the pharmacy schools in the Philippines form parts of privately owned universities (except one-the College of Pharmacy of the University of the Philip­ pines, which is a Government-supported institution). Juridically they fall under the supervision of the Department of Education, through the Bureau of Private Schools. They derive their income from private sources, student's fees and, in some instances, religious funds. The colleges of pharmacy maintain good relations with other faculties of the same university and some members of the teaching staff lecture in other depart­ ments. In some university cities pharmacy students carry out their practical training in private drug stores. The chief executive officer of a college of pharmacy is the Dean, Directress, or President of Studies, as the case may be. The academic year runs from July to April and consists of two or three terms. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission Admission requirements vary from school to school. Only one school-that of the University of San Agustin in Iloilo City-specifies a minimum age limit (16 years); there is no maximum age limit. Applicants for admission to all schools must have completed six to eight years of primary and four years of secondary education and hold the high-school diploma with an average of at least 80% in physics and mathematics. Some schools require an entrance examination in English and mathematics, as well as intelligence and personality tests. The results of interviews with students and their parents and consideration of the individual student's background may also be used as additional criteria in selecting candidates. 196 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

The majority of schools require a medical certificate as prescribed by the Bureau of Private Schools; at some schools entrants undergo medical and dental exami­ nations and a chest X-ray, given by the University Health Service. The denominational schools admit female students only. Foreign students may enrol in all schools if they are in possession of an equivalent secondary-school certificate and are proficient in English, and provided that their admission is approved by the Bureau of Private Schools and that they comply with the immi­ gration formalities. National and foreign students are charged the same tuition fees. Scholarships are available from the universities in the form of exemption from payment of all or part of the tuition fee.

Curriculum Although the curriculum is not identical in all the schools, the following out­ line will give a general idea of the arrangement of subjects: First year: botany; zoology; chemistry; mathematics; introduction to pharm­ acy; English. Second year: chemistry; physics; mathematics; English; Spanish; social science. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; qualitative and quanti­ tative analyses; pharmacy; physical chemistry; Spanish; Latin; social science. Fourth year: microbiology; biochemistry; manufacturing pharmacy; physical pharmacy; physiology; general pharmacy; pharmaceutical chemistry; economics; bibliography; Spanish; Latin. Fifth year: pharmacology; drug assays and testing; history of pharmacy; legislation and ethics; principles of hygiene and public health; dispensing; toxicology; plant chemistry; prescription reading; hospital pharmacy; seminar. Instruction is both theoretical and practical. In addition to the university course, all pharmacy students are required by law to serve a three-year apprentice­ ship as a prerequisite for the Pharmacy Board Examination. This practice must be consecutiw and cover 1500 hours; it must not exceed eight hours per day and the total for one year must not be less than 500 hours. The practice is carried out in approved pharmacies and drug stores under the supervision of a registered phar­ macist. Each student must keep a time record and a prescription book as proof of the work performed.

Examinati,l)ns The examinations are mainly internal; they are held at the end of each term or semester and cover all the subjects studied during that period. At all schools the examinations are written; they may also include oral or practical tests, or any combination of these, depending on the nature of the subject and on the school. The regulations governing repeat examinations vary from school to school, but the failed student is given at least one further chance. In the event of failure PHILIPPINES 197 in the Board Examination the student may present himself three times. If he passes the practical and fails the theoretical examination, he is required to repeat only the theoretical; if he fails in the practical and passes the theoretical, he must repeat only the practical.

Qualification After success in the end-of-the-year examinations and completion of the three­ year apprenticeship, students take the qualifying examination before the Board of Pharmacy Examiners. They are then awarded the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy. The following post-graduate degrees are obtainable in the Philippines: (1) Master of Science in Pharmacy, requirements for which are one to five years of research, ten to twenty-four months of formal training, presentation of a thesis, and success in a written and oral examination. The oral part of the examination is held before a board of three examiners. (2) Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Candidates for this degree must complete one or more years of satisfactory research, follow a formal course for twenty-four months, present a thesis, and pass an examination. (3) Doctor of Pharmacy, which requires possession of the Master's degree, one to five years of research, ten to eighteen months of formal training, presentation of a thesis, and success in an oral examination held before a board of five exami­ ners.

Licence to practise After registration (which is obligatory except in the cases mentioned below) the licence to practise is issued by the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners under the Commission of the Civil Service. The certificate of registration is not required from the following persons: (1) pharmacists in the service of the United States of America in the Philip­ pines, and (2) pharmacists of other countries who have been called for consultation. Citizens of the Philippines who hold foreign pharmacy qualifications are allowed to practise provided they pass the prescribed licensing examination. Foreigners who have qualified in the Philippines may practise if the relevant reciprocity exists with the country of which they are citizens. Foreigners with foreign qualifications are admitted to the licensing examin­ ation and may obtain the certificate of registration if they fulfil the following conditions: (1) Are of good moral character. (2) Are registered in the office of the secretary of the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners as an apprentice in pharmacy for at least three years before applying for examination. (3) Have had at least three years' practical experience in a retail pharmacy. 198 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

(4) Have graduated from a recognized school, college or university in which the duration of the professional pharmacy course is not less than four academic years each of nine months' duration. (This provision has been in force since July 1934 and does not apply to persons who qualified before that date.) (5) Have satisfactorily completed the secondary-school course in a public high school or one duly recognized by the Government. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Teaching Total Graduates tuition fees Name and address instruction staff Admissions I I started enrolment (Pesos)

College of Pharmacy 1950 10 f 3m 1m 439.50- University of Negros 25 f llf 494.50 Occidental-Recoletos BACOLOD CITY College of Pharmacy 1946 25f 1m 31 f Southwestern University 5p 96 f CEBU CITY College of Pharmacy 1947 3f 6m 4m 27f 300-338 University of San Carlos 4p 140 f 36 f CEBU CITY College of Pharmacy University of the Visayas CEBU CITY College of Pharmacy 1947 12 f 57f 13f 18 f 165-192(R); Immaculate Conception 198-207 College (NR) DAVAO CiTY College of Pharmacy Central Philippine University ILOILO CITY College of Pharmacy 1946 25 f 4m 1m 2m 210..290 University of San Agustin 89 f 10 f 33f ILOILO CITY College of Pharmacy 1947 6f 5m 10 f 4f 6-9 Adamson Escolar University 3 p 30 f I per unit MANILA I College of Pharmacy Centro Escolar University Mendiola Street I MANILA College of Pharmacy 1950 6f 36 f 5 f 12f 550 College of the Holy Spirit 6p 163, Mendiola Street MANILA College of Pharmacy 1904 19 f 104m 2m Manila Central University 6p 320f 30 f Zurbaran, Santa Cruz MANILA

I PHILIPPINES 199

Year Ttaching A.1111ual Name and address instruction Total staff enrolment Admissions I Graduates tuition/tts starttd (Ptsos)

College of Pharmacy National University San Anton MANILA College of Pharmacy 1926 10 f 105 f 28 f l7f 537-543 The Philippine Women's 10 p University Taft Avenue MANILA Faculty of Pharmacy 1873 7lf 39m 12m 4m 448 University of Santo Tomas ll45 f 230 f 245 f MANILA

College of Pharmacy 19ll l3f 22m 8m 14 f 105-100 University of the Philippines 2p 61 f llf Diliman QUEZON CiTY 200 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

POLAND

Introductory data* Population ...... 30 691 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 9132** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 7 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 604 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 3 400 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 4 384 000

• 1963 ligures. •• Including 7036 working in pharmacies and 2096 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Poland pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the diploma of Magister Farmacji (Master of Pharmacy).

Administration Undergraduate pharmacy courses are given at the faculties of pharmacy, which are attached to the medical academies. The medical academies are government institutions of university status, supervised by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare. The governing body of each academy consists of the Rector, an Academic Senate, the deans and faculty boards. The Rector directs the Academy with the assistance of the Senate, of which he is the chairman. Each academy includes one or two faculties. At present there are eleven faculties of medicine and seven faculties of pharmacy in Poland. The faculties of pharmacy maintain close relations in the field of scientific research and training with other colleges in the same city and also co-operate with the public health and social welfare services. The academic year, which begins on 1 October and ends on 30 September, consists of two semesters-October to February and March to June. During the holiday months of July, August and September, students may be assigned to carry out specialized training according to their study syllabus.

Conditions of admission In principle, there are no age limits for admission. Applicants must comply with the basic admission requirement, which is possession of the secondary­ school certificate (swiadectwo dojrzalosci), obtained after seven years of primary and four years of secondary education. They must also pass an oral and written examination, held before a Board of Examiners, in the following subjects: biology, physics, chemistry, and a foreign language. Before admission to a medical academy all candidates must undergo a complete medical examination, including X-ray. Where necessary, they are referred to specialists. POLAND 201

The conditions under which foreign students are admitted to pharmaceutical studies have been laid down either by international agreements, or by cultural agreements with social institutions. Individual applications are also considered. As the main condition of admission to higher education in Poland is possession of a secondary-school certificate, the foreign candidate must present such a certifi­ cate, giving him access to university studies in the country in which he has comple­ ted his secondary-school course. Foreigners are admitted without being obliged to sit for the entrance examination, but they are required to have sufficient know­ ledge of Polish. Those who do not know the language must follow a specially organized one-year preparatory course and pass an examination. Instruction is free of charge. For national students scholarships are available consisting of money allowances as well as canteen and accommodation facilities at reduced rates. Foreign students may be granted full or partial government schol­ arships, or they pay full (US$150) or partial (US$50) annual study expenses. Students who are granted full government scholarships or who pay full tuition fees in a foreign currency are entitled to: a money allowance of 1000 zlotys per month; accommodation in a student home free of charge; canteen coupons at a reduced price; a fully or partially paid holiday; an annual allowance of 50 zlotys for textbooks and other training aids; and medical care free of charge. Students who are granted partial government scholarships are entitled to: instruction free of charge; free accommodation in a student home; medical care free of charge; and a fully paid holiday.

Curriculum The curriculum, which is identical at all schools, is arranged as follows: First year: biology; physics; inorganic and analytical chemistry; higher mathematics; Latin; a foreign language; botany (field excursions); gym­ nastics. Second year: inorganic and analytical chemistry; a foreign language; organic and ana]¥tical organic chemistry; botany (with field excursions); gymnas­ tics; physical chemistry; human anatomy; physiology and pathology; his­ tory of pharmacy and ethics. Third year: instrumental analysis; biochemistry; materia medica (pharmaco­ gnosy); pharmaceutical chemistry; philosophy. Fourth year: applied pharmacy (I); technology of drugs (I); toxicological chemistry (I); bromatology (I); microbiology; pharmacodynamics; visits to factories. Fifth year: hygiene; pharmaceutical services (organization and principles); first aid (with practical exercises). In addition to the above compulsory subjects, for fifth-year pharmacy students there are four groups of subjects, one of which must be selected according to the student's preference and aptitude. These groups are: (1) pharmacy, (2) analyses, (3) technology, and (4) phytology. The subjects covered in the elective pharmacy course are: applied pharmacy (II) with galenical technology; chemistry of new drugs; practical training in a pharmacy 202 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY and principles of organization of work; and visits to firms making galenical pro­ ducts. The analytical studies course includes: principles of statistics; bromatology (II); toxicological chemistry (II); clinical chemistry; and drug analysis. The subjects studied in the technological course are: general chemical technology (with visits to factories); chemical technology of drugs (II); galenical technology; principles of industrial chemistry; technical drawing. The phytological course includes: general and detailed cultivation of medicinal plants; phytochemical analysis and preparation; experimental methods and statistical evaluation; and visits to industrial undertakings whose production is based on medicinal plants. In addition to theoretical and laboratory instruction, after the fourth year of study, all students must complete a one-month period of practice in a pharmacy. Fifth-year students who have chosen the elective pharmacy course undergo an additional one-month training period in a public pharmacy or a hospital pharmacy.

Examinations The examinations are official and are held at the end of each year of study before a Board of Examiners. All examinations are oral. The examinations of the first, second, third and fourth years of the pharmacy course cover all the subjects studied during the respective periods. After the fifth year of study all students sit for an examination in pharmacodynamics and hygiene. Students who have chosen the elective pharmacy course take, in addition, an examination in applied phar­ macy (II) and galenical technology. Those following the analytical studies course have examinations in bromatology (II) and toxicological chemistry (II). Students of the technological course are examined in general chemical technology and chemical technology of drugs (II). Those following the phytological course take an examination in general and detailed cultivation of medicinal plants. Students are allowed one repeat examination. In the event of a further failure they have the possibility of sitting for the examination once more, before a board of three professors. If they are again unsuccessful they are excluded from the school unless the Dean authorizes a repetition of the year.

Qualification After they have completed the whole study course and passed all the requisite examinations, all students must submit a thesis. They are then awarded the diploma of Magister Farmacji. Post-graduate training of pharmacists is provided at the Post-graduate Institute for Physicians (Studium Doskonalenia Lekarzy). The Institute has a Chair of Pharmacy with three departments-namely, pharmaceutical analyses, industrial pharmacy and applied pharmacy. A holder of the basic degree may obtain the higher degree of Doctor of Phar­ macy at this Institute after one year of research work, presentation of an acceptable thesis and success in the requisite examinations. Provided that his research work has been considered a contribution to pharmaceutical science, the holder of the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy may obtain the qualification of Docent, which confers POLAND 203

the right to teach (venia legendi) in the universities. This requires the submission of an original piece of work of greater importance than the doctoral thesis (praca habilitacyjna) and the delivery of a public lecture (wyklad habilitacyjny), pre­ ceded by an examination.

Licence to practise The diploma of Magister Farmacji entitles the holder, whether national or foreign, to practise in Poland, after obligatory registration with the national health authorities. Polish nationals and foreigners who have qualified abroad may be authorized to practise in Poland provided their degree or diploma is validated by one of the Polish faculties of pharmacy. After graduation, pharmacists are required to take a post in a pharmacy under the public health services for a period of three years. Thereafter they are free to chose the type and location of their employment. There is, however, no private practice in Poland.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction I Admissions I Graduates I started staff I enrolment tuition fees

Wydzial Farmaceutyczny 1946 70 f 114m 22m 20m None Akademia Medyczna 40 p 478 f 128 f 63f GDANSK (DANZIG)

Wydzial Farmaceutyczny 1850 80 f 75 m 6m 16m None Akademia Medyczna 593f 102f 81 f KRAKOW Wydzial Farmaceutyczny 1945 77 f 163m 33m 19m None Akademia Medyczna 30 p 436 f 107 f 68 f L6oz Wydzial Farmaceutyczny 1946 73f 107m 31m 20m None Akademia Medyczna 20 p 480 f 119 f 93f LUBUN Wydzial Farmaceutyczny 1919 75f 83 m 14m 15m None Akademia Medyczna 28 p 352 f 102 f 51 f PozNAN

Wydzial Farmaceutyczny 1919 88 f 120m 18m 4m None Akademia Medyczna 25 p 590 f 129 f 82 f WARSZAWA (WARSAW) Wydzial Farmaceutyczny 1945 65 m 76m 26m 7m None Akademia Medyczna 15 f 393f 104 f 65 f WROCI:.AW 204 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

PORTUGAL

Introductory data* Population ...... 9 037 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 2108** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 3 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 116 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 4 300 Population per school of pharmacy . . . 3 012 000

• 1963 figures. •• 1962 figure (Licenciados and Farmaceuticos); includes 1960 pharmacists working in pharmacies (with the exception of those working in private hospital pharmacies) and 148 pharmacists working in industrial pharmaceutical laboratories.

In Portugal there are two courses for the training of pharmacists: one of these lasts for three years and leads to the diploma of Farmaceutico (Pharmacist), and the other extends over five years and leads to the degree of Licendiado em Farmacia (Licentiate in Pharmacy).

Administration

The diploma course is offered at the schools of pharmacy in Coimbra and Lisbon. The degree course is given at the Faculty of Pharmacy of Porto University. All three training institutions are component units of their respective universities. The universities are owned and financed by the State and operated by the Ministry of Education. Each university is headed by a Rector, and each faculty and school by a Director. The governing body of a university is its Senate, composed of the Rector, the Vice-Rector, directors of faculties and schools, and representatives of the professors. The academic year, which begins in October and ends in July, is divided into two semesters-October to February and March to July.

Conditions of admission

Candidates seeking admission to the pharmacy course must have completed four years of primary and seven years of secondary school (liceu), and hold the secondary-school certificate (diploma do curso complementar de ciencias). In addition, they must pass an entrance examination. Candidates who have obtained less than 14 points in the last year of the secondary school are given an aptitude test. Certificates of immunization against smallpox and tetanus are required. Foreigners are accepted as regular degree students provided they comply with the general admission requirements, obtain special authorization from the Ministry of Education and are proficient in Portuguese. If they follow courses as non-degree PORTUGAL 205 students they are not eligible to take the examinations or to obtain the diploma or the degree. Tuition fees are charged. For national students bursaries are available and exemption from tuition fees may be obtained.

Curriculum The curricula of the schools and the faculty of pharmacy are identical. The following subjects are taught: First year: general botany; general chemistry; chemical analysis; pharmaceu­ tical physics; pharmacognosy. Second year: inorganic chemistry; chemical analysis; pharmacognosy; phar­ maceutical techniques; galenical pharmacy. Third year: mycology and fermentation; organic pharmaceutical chemistry; galenical pharmacy; deontology and legal aspects. The course leading to the degree of Licenciado em Farmacia includes the foll­ owing subjects: Fourth year: physical chemistry; pharmacodynamics; microbiology; hydro­ logy; industrial pharmacy. Fifth year: biochemistry; toxicology; bromatology; hygiene; comparative pharmacopoeial studies. Theoretical, practical and laboratory instruction is given in each subject.

Examinations Written and oral examinations in all subjects are held at the end of each academic year (June-July) and are conducted by the respective professors. The student who fails in the same subject three times is excluded from further studies.

Qualification Mter having passed the examinations at the end of the three-year course can­ didates receive the diploma of Farmaceutico. Students who have completed the five-year course and passed all the requisite examinations receive the degree of Licenciado em Farmacia. At the Faculty of Pharmacy of POrto University, a post-graduate course of one to two years' duration is offered to holders of the Licenciado em Farmacia degree. On completion of the course, candidates sit for an examination and, if successful, receive the Certificate of Post-Graduate Studies in Pharmacy.

Licence to practise Possession of either the Farmaceutico diploma or the Licenciado em Farmacia degree confers the right to practise. However only holders of the Licenciado em Farmacia degree may be recruited for official posts-i.e., as pharmacists of State hospitals-or engage in clinical, food or other types of analysis. The licence to 206 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

practise is issued, after registration, by the Dir~o-Geral de SaUde, Servi~os Tecnicos do Exercicio de Farmacia e Comprova~o de Medicamentos. Foreigners holding Portuguese qualifications are authorized to practise pharmacy in Portugal. Nationals or foreigners who have qualified abroad are not admitted to practice. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

I Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff I Admissions I Graduates I tuition fees started I enrolment (Esc.)

Escola de Farmacia de late Sf 14m 6m 26 f Coimbra 16th 57 f 19 f Universidade de Coimbra century COIMBRA Escola de Farmacia de 1918 llf 56 rn 14 rn 4rn 1 300-1 500 Lis boa 136 f 44 f 29 f (R); Universidade de Lisboa 1 300-1400 LISBOA (F)

Faculdade de Farrnacia 1902 13 p 52 rn 32 rn 15 rn 1 300-1400 do Porto 274 f 84 f 42 f Rua Anibal Cunha Universidade do Porto PoRTo ROMANIA 207

ROMANIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 18 813 000 Number of pharmacists...... 4 741** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 4 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 66 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 4000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 4 703 000

* 1963 figures. •• Including pharmacists working in pharmacies and those in other pharmaceu­ tical activities.

In Romania pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the diploma of Farmacist (Pharmacist).

Administration Two of the four schools-namely, those in Bucharest and Cluj-are faculties of medical and pharmaceutical institutes; the remaining two (in Jassy and Tirgu­ Mure~) are attached to the faculties of medicine of medical institutes. The insti­ tutes are Government-owned and operate under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and Culture and of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. Each medical institute, which includes one or more faculties (medicine, phar­ macy, stomatology and paediatrics), is headed by a Rector, who is directly respon­ sible to the above Ministries. He is assisted by two Vice-Rectors, who are responsible for the co-ordination of teaching and scientific activities. These activities include the arrangement of courses, practical work, internship, seminars, examinations, etc., in conformity with study programmes. The Dean of each faculty controls and directs the instruction and assesses the progress made by the students. He is assisted in this task by the Scientific Board of the faculty, which is composed of the professors. The chief executive of the two schools attached to faculties of medicine (Jassy and Tirgu-Mure~) is the Vice-Dean. The pharmacy schools maintain close relations with the faculties of medicine of their respective institutes. They also collaborate with the State Institute for Drug Control and Pharmaceutical Research, as well as with the drug industry. The academic year, which begins on 1 October and ends on 30 June, is divided into two semesters-1 October to 4 February and 15 February to 28 June. The language of instruction is Romanian in all institutes; at Tirgu-Mure~ Hungarian is used in addition.

Conditions of admission There are no age limits for admission. Applicants must hold the secondary­ school certificate (diploma maturitate), obtained after eight years of primary and 208 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY four years of secondary education. Candidates are selected in an entrance exami­ nation consisting of oral and written tests in botany and chemistry and an oral test in physics. Before admission all candidates must undergo a medical examination, including chest X-ray. Foreign students are admitted without the entrance examination. Instruction is free of charge and State scholarships are available for both national and foreign students. The latter may also obtain scholarships from international organizations.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: mathematics; physics; inorganic chemistry; pharmaceutical botany; analytical chemistry; modern languages 1 ; physical training 2 ; Latin 2• Second year: analytical chemistry; normal and pathological physiology; organic chemistry; microbiology and hygiene; physical chemistry; modern languages 1 ; physical training 2• Third year: physical chemistry; biochemistry; pharmacognosy; pharmaceutical chemistry; galenical pharmacy; modern languages 2 ; scientific socialism; physical training 2 ; business aspects. Fourth year: pharmacognosy; pharmaceutical chemistry; galenical pharmacy; pharmacodynamics; first aid; toxicology; pharmaceutical statistics and legislation 2• Fifth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; galenical pharmacy; toxicology; phar­ maceutical organization and history of pharmacy; philosophical problems of pharmacy; biology 2. Instruction consists of lectures and laboratory work. In addition, during the summer vacations following the third and fourth years of study, the students carry out practical work in pharmacies for a period of four weeks. They devote the whole of the second semester of the fifth year (twenty-one weeks) to practice in pharmacies, drug control laboratories and the drug industry.

Examinations All examinations are internal and are conducted by the members of the teaching staff. They are both oral and practical; only in mathematics is a written test given. The examinations are held in June and cover all the subjects taught during the respective academic year. Students must pass these end-of-the-year examinations before they are admitted to the next year of the course. In the event of failure the student has two or three more chances.

Qualification Candidates who have passed all the examinations receive the diploma of Farmacist. After three years of practice, a period of research work (the duration

1 Subjects in which number of classes attended is optional. ' Optional subjects. ROMANIA 209

of which may vary according to the nature of the subject), three to ten months of formal training and an examination, the holder of the basic diploma obtains a post-graduate certificate of specialization, granted by the department of post­ graduate education of the medical institute concerned.

Licence to practise Possession of the diploma of Farmacist confers the right to practise. No regis­ tration is required. Romanian citizens who hold an equivalent foreign degree are permitted to practise. Foreigners who have qualified in Romania may practise if they obtain authorization to settle in the country. Foreigners with foreign qualifi­ cations are allowed to practise provided their degree or diploma is equivalent to the Romanian diploma, and provided they obtain authorization to settle in the country. All pharmaceutical establishments in Romania are State-owned.

Year Name and address Teaching Total Admissions Graduates Annual instruction staff enrolment tuition fees started I I

Facultatea de Farmacie 1889 123f 62m 12m 9m None Institutul de Medicina 12 p 415f 94 f 27f ~i Farmacie Strada Alexandru Sahia 20 BUCURE~TI (BUCHAREST) Facultatea de Farmacie 1919 91 f 50m 12m 2m None Institutul de Medicina 5p 285 f 42f 13f ~i Farmacie Strada 1 Mai 13 CLUJ Sectia de Farmacie a 1961 36 f 8m lm - None Facultatii de Medi£ina llp liOf 25f Institutul de Medicina IA~I (JASSY) Sectia de Farmacie a 1948 55 f 45 m 15m 6m None Facultatii de Medicina 1 p 115 f 20 f 9f Institutul de Medicina Strada Universitatii 38 TIRGU-MURE~ I 210 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

SAUDI ARABIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 6 600 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 43*"' Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 11 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 153 000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 6 600 000 • 1963 figures. •• Including 8 working in pharmacies and 35 working in other pharmaceutical activities. In Saudi Arabia pharmaceutical studies last for four years (preceded by a preparatory year at the Faculty of Science) and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.

Administration The University of Riyadh, of which the Faculty of Pharmacy is a component unit, is a State-owned and -financed institution. At the head of the Faculty is a Dean. The academic year is divided into two semesters-October to January and February to June. Instruction is given mainly in Arabic, but English terminology is taught in addition.

Conditions of admission Candidates for admission are usually between 17 and 24 years of age. They should hold the secondary-school certificate, obtained after six years of primary and six years of secondary education. Preference is given to students with the highest marks in the secondary-school examination. All candidates must undergo a medical examination, and are required to furnish evidence of good conduct and reputation. The Faculty is open to male students only. To be eligible for enrolment, foreign students must have obtained a secondary-school certificate equivalent to the Saudian qualification. Instruction is free of charge; scholarships are available for two students from the newly independent African states.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: Preparatory year: botany; zoology; physics; chemistry, organic and physical; English. First year: general pharmacognosy and medicinal plants; pharmaceutics; history and ethics of pharmacy; organic chemistry; physiology; anatomy and histology; mathematics and mechanics; English. Second year: pharmacology; pharmaceutics ; general pharmacognosy and medicinal plants; organic chemistry; analytical chemistry; book-keeping and pharmacy administration; English. SAUDI ARABIA 211

Third year: pharmacology; toxicology; first aid; pharmaceutics; pharmaceu­ tical chemistry ; chemistry of drugs; biochemistry. Fourth year: pharmaceutics; manufacturing pharmacy; applied pharmaco­ gnosy; pharmaceutical chemistry; biological assays and biostatistics; public health; forensic medicine. In addition to attending formal lectures and performing laboratory work, students are trained during the summer vacation of the second and third years in a hospital pharmacy or public pharmacy under the supervision of a graduate pharmacist.

Examinations Examinations are written, oral and practical, and are held yearly. The exami­ ners are both internal and external. If the candidate fails in the examinations of the preparatory year, he is allowed to repeat the year. If he fails again, he is excluded from the Faculty. During the subsequent years of the course the Faculty Council may allow a failed student to sit for the examinations as an external candidate; if he fails again he is excluded from further studies. However, a final-year student may be given another opportunity by the Council of the University on the recom­ mendation of the Faculty.

Qualification On completion of the study course and success in the examinations, the student receives the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The University of Riyadh confers two post-graduate degrees-namely, the Master of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Doctor of Philosophy, Phar­ macy (Ph. D., Pharmacy). In order to obtain the first-mentioned degree the candidate must have completed one year of practice following graduation and two years of research, pass an examination and present a thesis. The requirements for the Ph. D., Pharmacy degree are two years of research after obtaining the Master's degree, success in an examination and the presentation of a thesis.

Licence to practise The degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry entitles the holder to practise, after registration with the Ministry of Health. Nationals and foreigners who have graduated from well-known universities are authorized to practise in Saudi Arabia after registration with the Ministry of Health. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching A.nnUJJI Name and address instruction Total staff enrolment I Admissions GradUJJtes I tuition fee. started I

Faculty of Pharmacy 1959 12 f 53 m 34m llm None University of Riyadh 3p RIYADH I I I 212 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

SENEGAL

Introductory data* Population ...... 3 326 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 60** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 3 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 55 000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 3 326 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 42 working in pharmacies and 18 in other pharmaceutical activities. In Senegal pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the Diplome d'Etat de Pharmacien (State Diploma of Pharmacist).

Administration The course is given at the joint Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Dakar. The University is a State institution, administered and finan­ ced by the French Ministry of Education. The University of Dakar and its various institutes follow the legislative provisions and the rules in force in the universities of France and in their corresponding institutes, particularly with regard to the conditions governing registration, examinations and the conferring of degrees. The University is presided over by a Rector, who is Chairman of the University Council. Each faculty is administered by a Dean. The academic year begins in October and ends in July, and is divided into two semesters-October to February and March to July. The language of instruction is French.

Conditions of admission To be eligible for admission to the pharmacy course, students are required to possess the bacca/aureat, a secondary-school certificate obtained after six years of primary and six years of secondary education. In the absence of the baccalaureat, they must submit the State Diploma of Docteur es Sciences (Doctor of Science), or Doctor es Lettres (Doctor of Letters), or Docteur en Medecine (Doctor ofMedicine), or Docteur en Medecine veterinaire (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine), or Doctor en Science politique (Doctor of Political Science), or the degree of Agrege de I' Enseigne­ ment secondaire (a teaching qualification), or they must pass a special entrance examination. In addition, all students must produce a certificate of physical fitness issued by the University Medical Service. Foreign students are eligible for enrolment if they hold a diploma or certificate equivalent to the baccalaureat. Only registration fees are charged. The University SENEGAL 213 of Dakar has funds at its disposal for the award of scholarships for higher educa­ tion to students registered at the University.

Curriculum Candidates for the DiplOme d'Etat de Pharmacien receive the following instruc­ tion during their course of study: (a) practical, (b) theoretical, (c) dirige-i.e., on the lines of the tutorial, given to groups of about twenty-five students and con­ sisting of a review of exercises and a broadening of the knowledge already acquired by the students. The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: applied mathematics; physics; organic chemistry; general and inorganic chemistry; botany; zoology and animal biology; galenical pharmacy; legislation and vocational guidance. Second year: physics; organic chemistry; plant biology; general physiology; human anatomy and physiology; analytical chemistry; general and inor­ ganic chemistry; mycology. Third year: pharmaceutical chemistry; analytical chemistry; general bioche­ mistry; general pharmacodynamics ; galenical pharmacy; human anatomy and physiology; materia medica; rudiments of semeiology and general me­ dicine. Fourth year: materia medica; microbiology; parasitology; hygiene; toxicology; pharmacodynamics; clinical pharmacy; galenical pharmacy; hydrology; legislation. Before commencing the fifth year of study all students must complete a period of practical training of three month's duration. This practical training is carried out in a pharmacy during the vacations after the second year of study. It can be completed in several periods, each of which must be of not less than one month. Candidates who pass the final examinations at the end of the fourth year must complete, during the fifth year, the second three-month period of practice in a pharmacy. Fifth-year students must specialize in two of the following fields: (1) Biological techniques (2) Industrial pharmaceutical techniques (3) Health education and social hygiene (4) Applied analytical chemistry (5) Techniques of physical chemistry. In order to obtain the final diploma, candidates must hold certificates in two of the above-listed specialties, one of which must be either biological techniques or industrial pharmaceutical techniques. The other certificate may be replaced by a certificate granted by another faculty or institute of higher learning; this latter certificate must appear in the list of certificates determined by decree of the French Minister of Education, following consultation with the Board of Higher Education (Conseil de l'Enseignement superieur) in France. 214 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

The following subjects are covered in the above-listed fields of specialization: (1) Biological techniques: biochemistry; parasitology; microbiology and virology; haematology. (2) Industrial pharmaceutical techniques: analytical chemistry applied to drug control; industrial microbiology; industrial galenical pharmacy; raw materials of plant and animal origin; pharmaceutical industrial legislation and labour legis­ lation. (3) Health education and social hygiene: social hygiene and dietetics: pharma­ ceutical and social legislation; first aid and civil defence; rudiments of phyto­ pharmacy and zoopharmacy; toxicology and hydrology. ( 4) Applied analytical chemistry: special analytical chemistry; toxicology; bromatology and hydrology. (5) Techniques of physical chemistry: mathematics; physical chemistry and radioactivity; organic chemistry applied to the synthesis of drugs.

Examinations The examinations are arranged as follows: (1) One end-of-the-year examination for each of the first four years. There are two sessions of examinations per year-the first in June-July and the second in September-October. Examinations are written, oral and practical. Students who have obtained an average of at least 12 points (out of a possible 20) in practical laboratory work may, at the discretion of the Dean of the Faculty, be exempted from part or all of the practical examinations. (2) Validation examinations, held during the fifth year of the course; these examinations are practical and oral. (3) Examinations for the respective certificates (see above), held after the fifth year of the course, and consisting of oral and practical tests. If the student fails four times in the examinations of the first year, he is excluded from further studies. The end-of-the-year examinations are held before a Board composed of at least three members, drawn from the teaching staff. The Board of Examiners for the validation examinations, held during the fifth year, consists of one member of the Faculty and two pharmacists appointed by the Dean on the recommendation of the French professional association (Conseil de l'Ordre des Pharmaciens). The regulations governing the competitive examinations for the Internal en Pharmacie des Hopitaux de Dakar are determined by the Decree of 17 May 1962.

Qualification

After passing the final examinations on completion of the study course candidates are awarded the Diplome d'Etat de Pharmacien. At present there are no facilities for the post-graduate training of pharmacists at the University of Dakar. SENEGAL 215

Licence to practise The licence to practise is issued by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs to persons holding the DiplOme d'Etat de Pharmacien obtained in France or in Senegal. Only Senegalese citizens and citizens of countries with which there is a reciprocity agreement are authorized to practise in Senegal. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction Admissions I Graduates tuition fees started I staff I enrolment (CFAF)

Faculte mixte de Medecine 1958 15 f 37m 9m 1m 3200 et de Pharmacie 2p 35 f Sf 2f (registration Universitc de Dakar fees) DAKAR 216 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

SPAIN

Introductory data* Population ...... 31 077 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 14 740** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 4 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 192 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 2100 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 7 769 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 9870 working in pharmacies and 4870 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities. In Spain pharmaceutical studies last for six years and lead to the degree of Licenciado en Farmacia (Licentiate in Pharmacy).

Administration All four training institutions are faculties of their respective universities. The Spanish universities are Government-owned and are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of National Education. The executive officer of each university is its Rector, who is assisted by a Governing Board. The deans of the various faculties are members of that Board. Each faculty is administered by a Dean, a Vice-Dean, and a Secretary, all of whom hold Chairs in the faculty. A Faculty Board assists them in an advisory capacity. The academic year begins in October and ends in June, and consists of three terrhs-October to December, January to March and April to June.

Conditions of admission The minimum requirement for admission to a school of pharmacy is possession of the bachillerato, a certificate obtained after six years of primary and six years of secondary education. Applicants must also pass a selective entrance examination (in chemistry, physics, mathematics, animal biology, and geology) and present a health certificate showing that they are free from contagious diseases. Foreigners are admitted under the same conditions as national students and are charged the same tuition fees. Various scholarships are available for both national and foreign students.

Curriculum The curriculum, which is identical at all schools, is arranged as follows: First year: chemistry; biology; mathematics; physics. Second year: physical techniques; geology; descriptive botany; inorganic chemistry. SPAIN 217

Third year: descriptive botany; plant physiology; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry. Fourth year: animal parasitology; physical chemistry; general pharmacognosy; microbiology; organic chemistry; analytical chemistry. Fifth year: applied animal physiology; biochemistry; special pharmacognosy; galenical pharmacy; applied microbiology. Sixth year: bromatology; biochemistry; hygiene; pharmaceutical techniques; comparative legislation; history of pharmacy. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work.

Examinations The examinations are official and national. They are held at the end of each academic year, in June, and cover all the subjects studied during that period. All examinations are written, oral and practical and are held before a jury composed of the members of the teaching staff. The first year of the course is regarded as a probationary and formative period; no student may be promoted to the second year without passing the first-year examinations. In the event of failure, the student may present himself once more, in September; after the second failure he must repeat the whole year. If he fails again in the next two attempts, he is excluded from further studies. There are no limitations as to the number of times the failed student may take the examinations in the subsequent years of the study course.

Qualification After success in the final examinations, at the end of the sixth year of studies, the candidate is awarded the university degree of Licendiado en Farmacia. After completing one year of practice, two years of research, and a formal course of eight months followed by an examination, and after presenting a thesis acceptable to the faculty, the graduate pharmacist is eligible for the higher acade­ mic degree of Doctor en Farmacia. Candidates for the doctoral degree must take at least four of the following subjects of specialization: clinical and biological ana­ lyses, industrial pharmacy, pharmacotoxicological analysis, applied phytobiology, and industrial fermentations.

Licence to practise Possession of the degree of Licenciado en Farmacia confers the right to enter the professional association (Colegio Oficial de Farmaceuticos), which issues the licence to practise. Spanish citizens who have qualified abroad must have their degree or diploma validated if they wish to practise in the country. Foreigners who hold the degree of Licenciado en Farmacia conferred by one of the Spanish schools of pharmacy must obtain Spanish citizenship before they are entitled to register with the professional association. Foreigners with foreign pharmaceutical quali­ fications are not permitted to practise in Spain. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service. 218 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year Teaching Annual Name and address instruction enrolmentTotal I Admissions Graduates I tuition fees started staff I (Pts)

Facultad de Farmacia 1840 Universidad de Barcelona BARCELONA Facultad de Farmacia 1850 Universidad de Granada GRANADA Facultad de Farmacia 1830 Universidad de Madrid MADRID Facultad de Farmacia 1860 Universidad de Santiago SANTIAGO 52 f• 2281 m• 332 m• 112 m• 3 379- 80 p• 1 604 f• 180 r• 80 f• 3 489b

a Total for all schools. b Range of tuition fees in all schools. SUDAN 219

SUDAN

Introductory data* Population ...... 13 180 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 66** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. Population per pharmacist. . . . . 200000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 13 180 000

* 1964 figures. ** Including 54 working in pharmacies and 12 in other pharmaceutical activities. In the Sudan pharmaceutical studies last for five years (including one year spent in the Faculty of Science) and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy.

Administration The school is a faculty of the University of Khartoum, which is an autonomous body, constitutionally independent of the Government. Most of the University's income accrues from the interest on endowments and trusts; the balance is supplied by an annual grant-in-aid from the Government. The chief academic and administrative officer of the University is the Vice­ Chancellor, whose appointment is controlled by the Executive Council. The Council is responsible for the general administration and financial management of the Uni­ versity. It appoints the academic staff, including the deans of the faculties. The latter serve three-year terms and are eligible for reappointment. An Academic Board is responsible for establishing admission requirements, the general regulation of courses of study and examinations, the conferring of diplomas, and the promotion of research. Its members include the Vice-Chancellor, the deans of the faculties, the heads of departments and representatives of the tea­ ching staff. Each faculty has its Faculty Board, whose chairman is the Dean of the faculty. Subject to the authority of the Academic Board, the Faculty Boards regulate teaching, study and examinations in their respective faculties. The Vice-Chancellor is ex officio a member of all Faculty Boards. Although the school of pharmacy is a separate faculty, it retains close links, geographically and academically, with its sister Faculty of Medicine. Students of both faculties share many basic lectures and practical classes, the buildings are adjacent, and the students live in the same hostels. The academic year is divided into two semesters-August to October and November to March. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission There are no age limits for admission. Candidates must have completed six years of primary and six years of secondary education and be in possession of the 220 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Sudan School Certificate, the Cambridge Overseas School Certificate, or the Egyptian Secondary-School Certificate. After graduation from secondary school, all future pharmacy students must take one year at the Faculty of Science and pass an examination at the end of this preliminary year. The selection of entrants to the Faculty of Pharmacy depends on the results obtained in this examination (known as B. Pharm. Part I). All entrants to the university must undergo a routine medical examination before they are admitted to the first year of studies. Owing to the large number of Sudanese applicants, foreigners are not, for the time being, eligible for admission. Instruction is free of charge. No bursaries are available.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year (taken at the Faculty of Science): chemistry; physics; botany; zoology. Second year: history of pharmacy; pharmaceutics; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; physical chemistry; biochemistry; physiology; elemen­ tary anatomy; pharmacognosy. Third year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology; toxico­ logy; pharmacognosy. Fourth year: pharmaceutics; forensic pharmacy; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology; toxicology; pharmacognosy. Fifth year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; analytical chemistry; pharmacology; pharmacognosy; business administration; public health; first aid; organization of pharmacy. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work. In addition, students must complete, during the vacations, a period of practical work in an approved retail or hospital pharmacy or industrial pharmacy laboratory of not less than twenty-four weeks' duration-i.e., four periods each lasting not less than six weeks.

Examinations There are three examinations leading to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy. Part I is held after the first year of study at the Faculty of Science and covers all the subjects studied, Part II is held after the third year, and Part III (the final examination) is held after the fifth year. The examinations are written, oral and practical. In the event of failure, the student may repeat the examinations twice; if still unsuccessful he is excluded from further studies.

Qualification On passing the final examination the student is awarded the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy. The University of Khartoum has also instituted the post-graduate degrees of Master of Pharmacy and Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy. Candidates SUDAN 221

for the M. Pharm. degree are required to carry out two years of research, pass a written and an oral examination, and present a thesis. Requirements for the Ph. D. degree are possession of the B. Pharm. Hons. or M. Pharm. degree, two years of practice, three years of academic research, success in an oral examination and the presentation of a thesis.

Licence to practise The licence to practise is granted to holders of the degree of Bachelor of Phar­ macy after registration with the Central Board of Public Health. Nationals who hold foreign pharmacy qualifications must work in the Sudan under the supervision of a qualified pharmacist for three months, and pass the examination in forensic pharmacy conducted by the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Khartoum. Foreigners with foreign qualifications must be approved by the Central Board of Public Health and are required to pay annual registration fees. Since the Faculty of Pharmacy started functioning only in August 1964, no decision has yet been taken by the Ministry of Health regarding obligatory State service for pharmacy graduates.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment Admissions Graduates tuition fees started

Faculty of Pharmacy 1964 7f 24m 24m - None University of Khartoum 2p P.O. Box 102 KHARTOUM 222 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

SWEDEN

Introductory data* Population ...... 7 604000 Number of pharmacists ...... 2 663** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 207 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 2 900 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 7 604000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 2363 working in pharmacies and 300 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Sweden there are two undergraduate pharmacy courses: a three-year course leading to the Apotekarexamen (Pharmacists Examination), and a one-year course leading to the Receptarieexamen (Dispensers Examination).

Administration The Royal Pharmaceutical Institute is a completely independent institution financially supported by the State. However, co-operation is maintained with the National Board of Health, other authorities, scientific institutions, etc. The chief executive officer is the Rector, who is elected from among the professors of the Institute. The academic year consists of two semesters-1 September to 15 December and 15 January to 31 May.

Conditions of admission Since 1877, the studentexamen (success in which is synonymous with matricu­ lation) has been a requirement for entry into Swedish institutions of higher lear­ ning. Nowadays the studentexamen is usually taken at the age of 20 years, after nine years at the compulsory comprehensive school and three years at the gymnasium, which accepts only pupils with the highest examination marks from the compre­ hensive school. The gymnasium is divided into three sections with emphasis on different subjects-classical or modem languages, history and subjects connected with social science, or natural sciences. Candidates for admission to the pharmacy course are required to have passed the studentexamen in natural sciences. As the number of applicants usually exceeds the number of places available, those admitted are selected on the basis of marks obtained in the student­ examen. A certificate testifying that the candidate is in a good state of health and has no physical defects is another admission requirement. Foreign students are admitted only in exceptional cases and provided they comply with the same admission requirements as Swedish students. Normally SWEDEN 223 they are admitted as regular students, but if they come to study a particular subject they are admitted as special students. Instruction is free of charge, and Swedish students may apply to the school for subsidies. Financial assistance to foreign students is awarded through the Swedish Institute.

Curriculum

The three-year curriculum leading to the Apotekarexamen is arranged as follows: First year: inorganic and physical chemistry; analytical pharmaceutical chemis­ try; mathematics. Second year: organic chemistry; analytical pharmact:utical chemistry; botany; statistics. Third year: pharmacognosy; pharmaceutical microbiology; galenical phar­ macy; forensic pharmacy; pharmacodynamics and toxicology. In addition to the theoretical and laboratory instruction given during the study course, students must undergo practical training in a pharmacy one year before and one year after the course at the Royal Pharmaceutical Institute. The subjects studied in the one-year curriculum leading to the Receptarieexa­ men are as follows: First semester: chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry; sterilization tech­ nique. Second semester: pharmacognosy; galenical pharmacy; forensic pharmacy; biological-medical review of the action of pharmaceuticals. Instruction consists of lectures and laboratory work. In addition, students must have undergone two years of practical training in a pharmacy before entering the course at the Royal Pharmaceutical Institute.

Examinations

Examinations in each subject are held by members of the teaching staff after lecture courses and laboratory work. They may be written, oral or practical, according to the subject. Students are allowed two examinations per semester.

Qualification

After completing the study course and passing the examinations, candidates are awarded the respective degrees (in pharmacy or dispt:nsing). Those who have passed the Apotekarexamen are eligible to take the examina­ tion for the Licentiate of Pharmacy or Doctor of Pharmacy degrees. In addition to passing this examination, candidates for either of the two degrees must present a thesis; candidates for the Doctor of Pharmacy degree must defend the thesis in public. 224 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Licence to practise The licence to practise is granted by the National Board of Health. There are no other obligations to be fulfilled before the graduate pharmacist, national or foreign, may commence independent practice. Swedish citizens who hold foreign pharmacy qualifications must pass an examination in forensic pharmacy and an examination in practical pharmacy if they wish to practise in the country. Foreigners with foreign qualifications must, in addition to passing the two above-mentioned examinations, prove their know­ ledge of the Swedish language before they are permitted to practise in Sweden. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment Admissions Graduates tuition fees started I

Kung!. Farmaceutiska 1837 28 f 160m 45 m 23m None Institute! 25 p 350 f 225 f 184 f Kungstensgatan 49 STOCKHOLM SWITZERLAND 225

SWITZERLAND

Introductory data* Population ...... 5 770000 Number of pharmacists ...... 1 446** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 5 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 56 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 4000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 1154 000

• 1963 data. • • Including 1200 working in pharmacies and 246 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities. In Switzerland pharmaceutical studies last for five and a half years and lead to the Diplome federal de Pharmacien or Dip/om als Apotheker (Federal Diploma of Pharmacist), which is awarded to Swiss citizens and to refugees who were author­ ized to reside permanently in Switzerland on 24 June 1960, or to the Certificat de fin d'etudes de Pharmacien (Certificate of Pharmaceutical Studies), which is awarded to foreign students only. The latter diploma does not authorize the holder to prac­ tise in Switzerland.

Administration Three of the five schools of pharmacy are attached to the Faculties of Sciences of the Universities of Basle, Geneva and Lausanne respectively; one - that in Berne-is attached to the Faculty of Medicine. The fifth school is part of the Eidge­ nossische technische Hochschule (Ecole polytechnique federale) in Ztirich. In addition, students may follow the first part of the pharmacy course (devoted to natural sciences and extending over three semesters) at the Universities of Neucha­ tel and Fribourg. Except for the Ecole polytechnique federale, Swiss universities are owned and financed by the government of the canton in which they are located, and operate under the ministry of education of the respective canton. The budget of the Ecole polytechnique federale is integrated into the State budget. The school has at its disposition various funds for the financing of research and the granting of scholar­ ships. The chief executive officer of a school of pharmacy is the Director or Adminis­ trator. The academic year consists of two semesters running from 15 October to the end of February and from Easter to 15 July. The language of instruction is French in Geneva and Lausanne and German in Basle, Berne and Ztirich.

Conditions of admission The minimum age for admission to a school of pharmacy is 18 years. Candidates must comply with the university entrance requirements-i.e., hold an officially 226 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY recognized secondary-school certificate (maturite-Maturitiit), for which twelve years of education are required, and which cannot be obtained before the age of 18. Foreign students are admitted if they are in possession of a recognized secon­ dary-school certificate, or a certificate showing the studies they have completed at a university in their own or another country. They must also prove their know­ ledge of the language of instruction. As a rule there is no numerus clausus, but the admission of foreigners may be restricted because of limited facilities. Entrants must undergo a medical examination in order to be admitted to the university health insurance. Tuition fees are charged. For national students bursaries are available, granted by the universities. These may consist of the exemption from payment of the tuition fees only, or cover other expenses. At the Ecole polytechnique federale the award of bursaries depends both on the financial situation of the student and on his scho­ lastic achievements during the course. No scholarship is awarded before the student proves that his work at the school is satisfactory. This applies also to foreign students studying in ZUrich. Foreigners studying at other Swiss universities may apply for bursaries to the Commission federale des Bourses.

Curriculum

The pharmacy course, identical at all schools, is divided into two periods. The first, lasting three semesters, is taken at the faculty of sciences, and on its comple­ tion candidates sit for the examination in natural sciences for pharmacists. There­ after they work eighteen months in one or several public pharmacies in Switzerland. Following this period of practical training they commence the professional course (five semesters) at a school of pharmacy. The subjects studied during the first period are as follows: physics; inorganic chemistry; analytical chemistry; general botany; systematic and pharmaceutical botany; and introduction to practical pharmacy. In addition to lectures, students are required to do practical work in physics, analytical inorganic chemistry, orga­ nic chemistry, morphology of plants, and histology of plants. After completing the period of practical training in pharmacies, candidates receive a certificate, in the form of a laboratory day-book, signed by the pharmacists under whose supervision they have worked, showing that they have acquired the necessary practical knowledge in: preparation of simple chemical medicaments and reagents which, according to the Swiss Pharmacopoeia, require a prescription; manufacture of all important medicaments that may be prescribed by a physician, and preparation of pharmacy stocks ; and simple quantitative and qualitative analysis of medicaments, according to prescriptions in the Swiss Pharmacopoeia. Having completed his practical training the pharmacy student returns to the university to proceed to the second, professional, part of the studies. This period of the course lasts for five semesters and includes the following subjects: inorganic and organic pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; galenical pharmacy; principles of human anatomy and physiology; biochemistry; hygiene; bacteriology and parasitology; pharmacodynamics with demonstrations; pharmacy organiza­ tion and deontology. The obligatory laboratory work is in pharmaceutical chemis- SWITZERLAND 227 try, pharmacognosy, galenicals, bacteriology, and biochemistry. The number of hours of lectures is fixed, but the student is free to take them in any order or at any time during the five-semester period.

Examinations The examinations for the Diplome federal de Pharmacien are held in three parts: (1) The examination in natural sciences is held on completion of the three semes­ ters at the faculty of sciences. It consists of a practical test and an oral examination. The practical test includes qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, and organic chemistry, with a written report on each test taken. The oral examination is in physics, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, general botany, and systematic and pharmaceutical botany. (2) The examination for Assistant-Pharmacien is held after completion of the eighteen-month period of practical training in a Swiss pharmacy. The know­ ledge gained during this period is assessed by practical, oral and written tests. c (3) The professional examination is held at the end of the professional course. It is in two parts: practical, with a written report on each practical test taken, and oral. The oral examination covers inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry, organic pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy, galenical pharmacy, principles of hygiene, bacteriology and parasitology, pharmacodynamics, and biological methods of testing medicaments and poisons. Swiss candidates sit for examinations conducted under the supervision of a committee (Comite directeur) appointed by the Swiss Federal Council on the recommendation of the Federal Department of the Interior. This committee has its headquarters in Berne, but in each university town it has a local branch that accepts applications and organizes and conducts the examinations. Examinations for foreign candidates are conducted under the supervision of a commission nominated by each faculty. The student who fails in the natural sciences examination (first propaedeutic) or in the Assistant-Pharmacien examination may take the same examination once more. (From 1 January 1965 candidates may present themselves for these examinations three times.) In the professional examination three attempts are allowed.

Qualification After having passed this final examination, the candidate is awarded the Dip/Ome federal de Pharmacien (or the Certificat de fin d'etudes de Pharmacien). All five schools of pharmacy award the post-graduate degree of Docteur en Pharmacie (Doctor of Pharmacy) or Docteur es Sciences naturelles (Doctor of Natural Sciences). The conditions for the doctoral degree vary from school to school. In addition to possession of the basic degree, all schools require the candidate to perform two to three years of research, present a thesis, and sit for an examination. Some require a formal course of one to two years. 228 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Licence to practise Only possession of the Dip/Ome federal de Pharmacien, which is issued by the Federal Department of the Interior, confers the right to practise in Switzerland. The Certificat de fin d'etudes de Pharmacien, issued by the universities, is an academic degree only, and does not give this right. The licence to practise is granted by the health authorities of the canton concerned. Swiss nationals and foreigners who hold foreign degrees or diplomas and foreigners who have qualified in Switzerland are authorized to work only as pharmacy assistants or scientific collaborators. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual T•aching Total N am• and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates I tuition fees start•d I (SwF)

Pharmazeutische Anstalt 1830 • . . 6mb 800-1000 Philosophisch-Naturwis- 2 r• senschaftliche Fakultat der Universitat Basel Totengasslein 3 BASEL Pharmazeutisches Institut 1836 . • • 8 m• 1 000-1 100 Medizinische Fakultat 5 r• der U niversitat Bern BERN Ecole de Pharmacie 1906 • • . 4 m• 500 Faculte des Sciences de 2 f" l'Universite de Geneve Rue Candolle GENEVE Ecole de Pharmacie 1873 • . . 6 m• 280-560 Faculte des Sciences 6fb (R); Universite de Lausanne 380-760 (F) LAUSANNE + c.450 (laboratory fees) Abteilung fiir Pharmazie 1855 " • . 6 m• 520 + Eidgenossische technische llfb 530-730 Hochschule (laboratory ZORicH fees) + 35 (1st and 2nd examination fees), 80 (final examination fees) I • As the schools of pharmacy are attached to university faculties of sciences or medicine, it is impossible to give the figuros for teaching staff, enrolment and admission in each school. • Swiss students only. SYRIA 229

SYRIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 5 251 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 404** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 42 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 13 ()()() Population per school of pharmacy ...... 5 251 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including 343 working in pharmacies and 61 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Syria pharmaceutical studies last for five years (including the pre-pharmacy year) and lead to the degree of Baccalaurius fi a/ Saidalah wal Kimia al Saida/iyeh (Bachelor of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry).

Administration Damascus University, of which the Faculty of Pharmacy forms part, is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. Although largely supported by the State it enjoys considerable adininistrative and financial autonomy. The Faculty of Pharmacy is directed by a Dean, who is elected for a three­ year term of office by the Faculty Council, a body to which all the professors belong. The decisions of the Faculty Council are submitted to the University Council, which consists of the faculty deans and a professor from each faculty. After being approved by the University Council, such decisions are submitted to the Ministry of Education. There is close scientific co-operation between the Faculty of Pharmacy and the Ministry of Public Health. The academic year, which begins in October and ends in July, is divided into two semesters- October to February and February to July.

Conditions of admission The basic requirement for adinission to the Faculty of Pharmacy is possession of the bacca/aureat (a certificate obtained after six years of primary and six years of secondary education). The number of students admitted to the first year is deter­ mined each year by the University Council, the selection of entrants being based on the results obtained in the baccalaureat examination. All applicants must undergo a medical examination, including X-ray. Foreign students are eligible for enrolment at the Faculty of Pharmacy under the same conditions as Syrian nationals; each year the University Council deter­ mines the number of admissions for each country concerned. 230 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Instruction is free of charge for national students, foreign students being char­ ged tuition fees. Financial assistance is available for needy students and for students whose academic achievements, either at secondary school or at university, have been outstanding. The award of scholarships to foreign students depends on the decision of the University Council.

Curriculum

The curriculum is arranged as follows: First (pre-pharmacy) year: plant biology; animal biology; general chemistry; physics; mathematics; Arab community; a foreign language. Second year: pharmacognosy; general botany; galenicals; organic chemistry; physical chemistry; analytical chemistry; physiology, histology and anato­ my; a foreign language. Third year: pharmacognosy; galenicals; organic chemistry; analytical che­ mistry; a foreign language; pharmacodynamics; pharmaceutical chemistry; bacteriology; pharmaceutical book-keeping. Fourth year: galenicals; pharmacodynamics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pre­ sentation of scientific information; biochemistry; parasitology; mathema­ tics and statistics; psychology and sociology. Fifth year: presentation of scientific information; industrial pharmacy; broma­ tology; toxicology; first aid; pharmaceutical history, legislation and deontology; galenicals; drug control; biological assay. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work. In addition, pharmacy students must complete three periods of practical training each amoun­ ting to 250 hours. The first two of these periods are carried out in pharmacies during the long vacations after completion of the second and third years respec­ tively; the third period is carried out in hospital pharmacies, industrial pharma­ ceutical establishments and analytical laboratories.

Examinations

Written and, where appropriate, oral and/or practical examinations are held at the end of each academic year in all the subjects studied. The examinations are official and national, and are conducted by members of the teaching staff. The student who fails is allowed four more attempts in the examinations for the first (preparatory) year, and six more attempts in the examinations for the following years.

Qualification

After having completed the course and passed all the requisite examinations, the candidate is awarded the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. At present no post-graduate degrees are obtainable in Syria; however, it has been planned to establish specialization diplomas in analytical chemistry, SYRIA 231

toxicology, industrial pharmacy, drug control and bromatology, each of which will require one year of study. Further, the institution of a post-graduate degree of Doctor in Pharmaceutical Science is envisaged.

Licence to practise

The licence to practise is issued by the Ministry of Health. Persons wishing to practise pharmacy in Syria must hold a recognized university degree in pharmacy and must register with the Faculty of Pharmacy of Damascus University and with the Ministry of Health. Syrian nationals and foreigners who have qualified abroad are authorized to practise in the country after passing an oral examination (colloquium) held before a joint committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy and the Ministry of Health. Foreigners who hold the Syrian pharmaceutical degree may practise in Syria provided the relevant reciprocity exists between their country and Syria. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Annual Name and address instruction Total staff enrolment Admissions Graduates tuition fees started (LS)

Faculty of Pharmacy 1901 12m 163m 68 m 31m None (R); Damascus University llf 67f 35 f llf 200 (F) DAMASCUS 232 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

THAILAND

Introductory data* Population ...... 28 835 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 1 114** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 100 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 26000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 28 835 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including both pharmacists working in pharmacies and those in other phar­ maceutical activities.

In Thailand pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Bhesajasart Bundit (Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy).

Administration

The Faculty of Pharmacy is part of the University of Medical Sciences, which includes faculties of medicine, dentistry, public health, tropical medicine, medical science and medical technology. The University is owned by the Government and is under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Prime Minister. The budget expendi­ ture of the Faculty of Pharmacy is covered mainly by government subventions and to some extent by private grants and students' fees. As a unit of the University the Faculty of Pharmacy maintains close relations with the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Medical Science. Its chief executive officer is the Dean. The academic year, which begins in June and ends in March, consists of three terms-June to August, September to November and December to March. English is used in addition to Thai as the language of instruction.

Conditions of admission

The basic requirement for admission to pharmaceutical studies is completion of seven years of primary and five years of secondary education. Candidates are usually 18 years of age. They must hold the secondary-school certificate (madhayom suksha 5) or its equivalent, and must have passed a competitive entrance examina­ tion administered by the National Education Council. In the final selection of candidates the marks obtained in this examination, as well as the candidate's aptitude for the pharmaceutical profession, are taken into account. In addition, a satisfactory health certificate must be produced and an X-ray examination is obligatory. THAILAND 233

Foreign students are eligible for enrolment provided they comply with the admission requirements and have a working knowledge of the Thai language. Tuition fees are charged; for national students fellowships are occasionally available from the Civil Service Commission and other local sources and from international or foreign agencies in the country (e.g., the South-East Asia Treaty Organization and the United States Information Service).

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: general, inorganic and qualitative chemistry; zoology; mathema­ tics; physics; English. Second year: organic chemistry; botany; human anatomy; English (II); sociology; physical chemistry. Third year: pharmaceutical orientation; inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry and quantitative analysis; physiology; microbiology; economics; psycho­ logy; pharmaceutical preparations; professional communications. Fourth year: physical pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology; phar­ macy administration; accounting; pharmacology; pharmacognosy; bio­ chemistry; drug assay. Fifth year: dispensing pharmacy; pharmacy jurisprudence; chemistry and pharmacy of medicinals; manufacturing pharmacy; sterile preparations; advanced pharmacology and toxicology; biological preparations; public health; drug evaluation; hospital pharmacy. In addition to theoretical instruction and laboratory work, students obtain practical experience in retail drug stores, hospitals and government pharmaceu­ tical laboratories. In all, 350 hours are devoted to this practice.

Examinations Examinations covering all the subjects studied during the academic year are held at the end of that period by members of the teaching staff. They are all written and, where appropriate, also practical. In organic chemistry and in English an oral test is given in addition. If the student fails to pass the end-of-the-year examinations for two consecutive years, he is excluded from further studies.

Qualification After completion of the study course and success in the final examinations, students are requested to work in pharmacies for a certain time. They are then awarded the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy. A higher academic degree obtainable in Thailand is that of Master of Science in Pharmacy. Candidates for this degree, in addition to possessing the basic qualification, must have worked for one year in research, completed two years (twenty-four months) of formal training, pass an examination, and present a thesis. 234 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Licence to practise The licence to practise is granted to holders of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy after registration with the Medical Council. Foreigners who have qualified in the country may practise under the same conditions as nationals. Citizens of Thailand and foreigners with foreign qualifications must sit for an examination in order to obtain registration and the licence to practise. This examination, which is usually arranged by the Sub-Committee in Pharmacy of the Medical Council at the applicant's convenience, includes the following subjects: pharmaceutical jurisprudence (Thailand's legislation); theory and practice of pharmacy; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; and pharmacology. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Annual Name and address Teaching Total instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates tuition fees started (B)

Faculty of Pharmacy 1913 56 f 228m 55 m 34m 930-1030 University of Medical 31 p 360 f 45 f 66 f Sciences Phya Thai Road BANGKOK TUNISIA 235

TUNISIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 4 494000 Number of pharmacists ...... 160** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . l*** Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. Population per pharmacist. . . . . 28 000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 4 494 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including 130 working in pharmacies and 30 in other pharmaceutical activities. ••• Established in 1964. Up to the end of the academic year 1963/64 pharmaceutical education in Tunisia consisted of a one-year training course, known as the stage en pharmacie, after which students had to complete their studies abroad. As from the academic year 1964/65 the teaching of pharmacy has been orga­ nized within the University of Tunis. At present it covers only the first year of the curriculum; courses for the subsequent years will be opened successively until the complete five-year course is established.

Administration Pending the organization of the complete course, the first-year curriculum is taught in co-operation with the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Tunis. The University is a State-owned and -financed institution. The chief executive officer of the course is the Director. The academic year, which begins in October and ends in June, is divided into three terms-October to December, January to March, and April to June. The language of instruction is French.

Conditions of admission Students seeking admission to the course must produce evidence that they have obtained the baccalaureat (a secondary-school certificate awarded after twelve years of primary and secondary education). There is no entrance examina­ tion. A medical certificate is required on admission. Foreign students are eligible for enrolment on the same basis as nationals. Instruction is free of charge and scholarships are available for both national and foreign students.

Cuniculum The curriculum of the first year covers the following subjects: galenical phar­ macy and pharmaceutical chemistry; animal biology; plant biology and botany; geology; mathematics. Instruction consists of lectures, practical work and tutorials. 236 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Examinations On completion of the course students take an official examination, which covers all the subjects studied. This examination is held before a Board of Examiners composed of both internal and external examiners. The student is allowed four attempts at the examination before being excluded from further studies.

Licence to practise Persons wishing to practise pharmacy in Tunisia must hold the State Diploma of Pharmacist, or an equivalent diploma granted by a foreign university (provided that the relevant reciprocity exists between Tunisia and the country in which the university concerned is situated). The right to practise pharmacy in the cities of Tunis, Sousse, Sfax, and Bizerta, and their suburbs, is granted only to pharmacists who have served for at least two years in a public health service or in localities other than those cities. Foreigners with foreign qualifications are permitted to practise in Tunisia under reciprocity agreements and with special authorization of the Secretary of State for Public Health and Social Affairs.

Year Teaching Total Graduates Annual Name and address I instruction I staff enrolment I Admissions I tuition fees started

Faculte de Sciences 1964 1 f 20m 20m - None Universite de Tunis 6p 19 f 19 f rue Souk Ahras I I I TUNIS I I I TURKEY 237

TURKEY

Introductory data* Population ...... 30 256000 Number of pharmacists ...... 1 386** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 2 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 159 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 22000 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 15 128 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including pharmacists working in pharmacies and those in other pharmaceu­ tical activities. In Turkey pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the Eczacilik Lisans Dip/omasi (Bachelor of Pharmacy degree).

Administration Both schools of pharmacy are faculties of their respective universities. Turkish universities are autonomous institutions, although the Ministry of National Education exercises certain general supervisory powers. Their major sources of income are governmental, provincial and municipal grants, as well as fees, dona­ tions and bequests. The universities are headed by their Rectors, who are each assisted by an Executive Board and a Senate. Each faculty is a relatively independent unit, headed by a Dean, with its own administration and revenue. Close co-operation exists between the Faculty of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The academic year, which begins in November and ends in June, consists of two semesters-November to February and March to June.

Conditions of admission To be eligible for admission to the pharmacy course students must have com­ pleted five years of primary and six years of secondary education and be in posses­ sion of the secondary-school certificate (lise diplomasi). In addition, applicants must pass an entrance examination and produce a satisfactory health certificate. Foreign students are eligible for enrolment provided they pass an examination in the Turkish language. Instruction is free of charge. For national students scholarships are available, and students who have been awarded them engage themselves to serve the State for a certain period of time on completion of the study course.

Curriculum The curriculum is similar at both schools and is arranged as follows: First year: physics; botany; chemistry; qualitative analytical chemistry; a foreign language. 238 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Second year: microbiology and food control; biochemistry; pharmaceutical botany; quantitative analytical chemistry; inorganic pharmaceutical che­ mistry; physiology; anatomy; pharmaceutical Latin; hygiene; a foreign language. Third year: pharmacy; toxicology; pharmacology; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; first aid; general statistics; economics. Fourth year: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; history of pharmacy and deontology; legislation; galenicals. Instruction is in the form of lectures and practical work. The period of practice during the study course amounts to six months in Ankara, and up to twelve months (in two periods, each of six months' duration) in Istanbul.

Examinations and qualification Examinations are written, oral and practical, according to the subject. They are internal and are held under the auspices of the faculty at the end of each semester. After passing the examinations at the end of the study course the student is eligible for the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree.

Licence to practise In order to obtain the licence to practise new graduates must register with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; with the exception of those who were awarded scholarships, they are not obliged to work in State service. Nationals with foreign qualifications must have their degree or diploma vali­ dated by the Ministry of Health. Foreigners who have qualified in Turkey and for­ eigners with foreign qualifications are not permitted to practise in the country.

Year Name and address Teaching Total Annual instruction staff I Admissions Graduates I tuition fees I started I enrolment

Ankara Universitesi 1961 4f 135m 48 m - None Eczacilik Fakiiltesi 10 p llOf 32 f (Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ankara) Ihlamur Sokak No. 5 Yenisehir ANKARA

Istanbul Universitesi 1908 15 f 369m 114m 106m None Eczacilik Fakiiltesi 341 f 87f 53 f (Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Istanbul) ISTANBUL I UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 239

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

Introductory data* Population ...... 224 764000 Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 18 Number of medium-grade schools of pharmacy 22** Number of pharmacists ...... 20 872*** Number of pharmacy assistants ...... 64 359t Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 2120 Population per pharmacist and assistant pharma- cist...... 2600 Population per school of pharmacy and medium­ grade school of pharmacy ...... 5 619 000

• 1963 figures. •• In addition to the 22 medium-grade pharmaceutical schools, which train pharmacy assistants, there are 90 pharmaceutical departments of the medium-grade medical schools in which pharmacy assistants are also trained. ••• Including 18 188 pharmacists working in pharmacies and 2684 in other phar­ maceutical activities. t Including 54 520 pharmacy assistants working in pharmacies and 9839 in other pharmaceutical activities. In the USSR pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the diploma of Provisor (Qualified Pharmacist).

Historical background Before the October Revolution of 1917, pharmacy personnel were trained exclusively on an apprenticeship basis. Young persons with at least four years of formal education were permitted to enter as apprentices in the pharmacies. After three years of practical work the apprentice pharmacist took examinations at a university in accordance with a special syllabus, in order to obtain the title of pharmacy assistant. This system of apprenticeship was terminated after the October Revolution and in 1919 special six-month courses were arranged for the training of auxiliary pharmacy personnel. By the end of 1920 the first medium-grade school of pharmacy, with a two-year curriculum, had been established in Moscow. The period of training was increased to three years in 1927 and to four years in 1959. Simultaneously with the establishment of medium-grade schools of pharmacy, medium-grade medical schools with special departments for the training of phar­ macy assistants, as well as institutes of higher learning to train fully qualified pharmacists, were organized.

Administration At present there are eighteen establishments for the training of pharmacists at the university level. Of these, twelve are faculties of their respective medical 240 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY institutes or university, and six are separate pharmaceutical institutes. All the schools are State-owned and fall within the authority of the ministry of health of the republic concerned under the general guidance of the Ministry of Health of the USSR and the Ministry of Special Higher and Secondary Education of the USSR. The schools are financed by the ministries of health of the republics in which they are situated from allocations received through the Ministry of Finance of the USSR under the State budget. The chief executive officer is the Rector in a pharmaceutical institute, and the Dean in a pharmaceutical faculty. The schools of pharmacy maintain links with other educational establish­ ments with regard to the teaching of related subjects, the exchange of lecturers, the co-ordination of research, the holding of joint scientific conferences of students, etc. The academic year begins in September and ends in June; it is divided into two semesters-September to January and February to June. In most schools of pharmacy the language of instruction is Russian; in certain republics, however, the vernacular language is used.

Conditions of admission To be eligible for the undergraduate pharmacy course candidates must be between 18 and 35 years of age. They must have completed ten to eleven years of primary and secondary education and hold the secondary-school certificate (attestat ob okoncanii srednej skoly) or the leaving certificate of a medium-grade pharmacy school (obtained after completion of a four-year course, preceded by seven to eight years of primary school). All candidates must pass an entrance examination consisting of a written test in Russian and an oral examination in chemistry and physics. The admission of first-year students is on a competitive basis and depends on the marks obtained in the entrance examination in chemistry and physics-the basic subjects. In the case of a tie in the total number of marks in the basic subjects, those applicants who had the best marks in Russian language and literature are given preference. In the case of a tie in the total number of marks in all the subjects taken in the entrance examination, preference is given to persons who, on graduation from secondary school, won a gold or silver medal, persons who obtained a diploma "with distinction" on graduation from a medium-grade pharmacy school, and persons with at least two years' practical experience in their specialty. Provided that their results in the entrance examination are satisfactory, the following candidates are admitted without competition: combatants of the Second World War who possess a certificate "with distinction" from a secondary school or who obtained a diploma "with distinction" on graduation from a medium-grade pharmacy school; and persons demobilized from the Army and Navy who have completed a full course of higher military education or have partly completed their higher military or civilian education. All new entrants are subject to a careful medical examination with a view to establishing their fitness for the profession. Foreign nationals are admitted to pharmaceutical studies provided they are in possession of a secondary-school certificate and know Russian. All foreign can- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 241 dictates who seek admission to university courses in the USSR, but who do not know Russian, are admitted to preparatory faculties attached to training esta­ blishments in various cities of the USSR for a period of up to one year. Admission to the preparatory faculties is granted by the Ministry of Special Higher and Secon­ dary Education of the USSR. With a view to acquiring a knowledge of scientific terminology in Russian and bringing their educational standard up to the level required for entry into training establishments in the USSR, the students in the preparatory faculties study, in addition to Russian, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, draughtsmanship, history, geography, and other subjects-depending on their special field. Foreign nationals who are resident in the USSR are admitted to establish­ ments of higher education under the same conditions as citizens of the country. Foreigners coming from abroad are admitted to training on the basis of inter­ governmental agreements and plans for cultural and scientific co-operation between the USSR and the countries concerned, and at the request of their governments. Instruction is free of charge. In addition, bursaries are available; for residents of the area these are provided by the teaching establishments, while for foreign students they are awarded by public organizations in the USSR (the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR, the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Links with Foreign Countries, the Soviet Committee of Solidarity with Countries of Asia and Africa, the Central Union of Consumer Co-operatives, etc.), on the recom­ mendation of the corresponding foreign public organizations. In addition, the USSR allocates a certain number of bursaries to international organizations­ UNESCO, the International Union of Students, etc.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: social sciences; physical training; a foreign language, with a course in Latin; rudiments of higher mathematics; physics; botany; inorganic chemistry; human anatomy and physiology. Second year: social sciences; physical training; a foreign language, with a course in Latin; physics; analytical chemistry; organic chemistry; physical and colloid chemistry; microbiology. Third year: social sciences; physical training; a foreign language, with a course in Latin; physical and colloid chemistry; biochemistry; hygiene; study of medical supplies and equipment; pharmacognosy; drug technology; pharmaceutical chemistry. Fourth year: social sciences; physical training; a foreign language, with a course in Latin; pharmacognosy; drug technology; galenical technology; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology and rudiments of physiopatho­ logy; forensic chemistry; organization of pharmaceutical services. Fifth year: galenical technology; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology and rudiments of physiopathology; organization of pharmaceutical services. 242 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Instruction consists of lectures and practical work throughout the whole period of training. During the first four years the practical work takes the form of periods of duty in pharmacies and other pharmaceutical establishments, in order to acquaint the student with the arrangement and structure of the establishments concerned and the way in which they operate, and also to enable him to study the various branches of work in pharmacies and to acquire experience and skill. After completion of the sixth semester practical work in pharmacognosy is carried out for three and a half weeks in pharmacies, botanical gardens, zone experimental stations, State farms for the cultivation and preparation of pharma­ ceutical raw materials and factories for the processing of raw materials. After completion of the eighth semester, practical work is done on drug technology. This lasts for ten weeks, during which the students work as helpers to pharmacy assistants, as pharmacy assistants themselves and as assistants to the checker (supervisor). After completion of the tenth semester, practical work is done on galenical technology. This lasts for three and a half weeks and takes place in pharmaceu­ tical factories and establishments concerned with the preparation and packaging of galenicals and pharmaceuticals. This is followed by a further period of three and a half weeks devoted to practical work on pharmaceutical analysis, and by a period of seven weeks during which the students study the organization of phar­ maceutical services as assistants to the manager of a pharmacy or as assistants to the head of a department in a pharmacy.

Examinations Examinations are held at the end of each semester and cover the work perfor­ med during that period. Preceding an oral examination there is a test on the practical part of the respective course, and the results of this are entered in the student's mark book. Examinations are held by the faculty. In addition, there are examinations held before a State Examination Board in social sciences, a foreign language, pharmacognosy, drug technology, galenical technology, and pharmaceutical chemistry. In the event of failure repeat examinations are per­ mitted if there are valid reasons, but not more than two further attempts are allowed.

Qualification Candidates who have passed the final State examinations obtain the diploma of Provisor. A higher academic qualification obtainable in the USSR is that of Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The following requirements must be met: (1) two years of practice following graduation; (2) three years of research work; (3) three years of formal training (four years in the case of a correspondence course); (4) success in an examination; and (5) presentation of an acceptable thesis.

Licence to practise The basic diploma of Provisor entitles the holder to practise. In accordance with Article 118 of the Constitution of the USSR, which deals with the right of UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 243

citizens of the USSR to work, all graduates from schools of pharmacy are assigned work in their special fields, account being taken of their state of health, their family situation and their own wishes. On graduation young pharmacists are obli­ ged to work for at least three years in the place to which they are appointed. Nationals and foreigners with foreign qualifications may practise under the conditions described above provided (1) they have graduated from a school of pharmacy with a curriculum of at least four years' duration, (2) they are in posses­ sion of a degree or diploma equivalent to that of Doctor or Master of Pharmacy or Pharmacist, and (3) they obtain the requisite authorization from the Ministry of Health of the USSR. Foreigners who have qualified in the USSR are allowed to practise provided they are granted citizenship of the USSR or, as in some cases, have been given special permission by the Ministry of Health of the USSR.

Year Namt' and address instruction Teaching Total Annual staff enrolment Admissions Graduates I tuition fees I started I

AZERBAIJANIAN SSR Pharmaceutical Faculty None N. Narimanov Azerbaijanian Medical Institute Utice Karganova 13 BAKU BYELORUSSIAN SSR Pharmaceutical Faculty None Vitebsk Medical Institute Utica Frunze 27 VITEBSK ESTONIAN SSR Pharmaceutical Faculty None Tartu State University Utica Jutikooli 18 TARTU GEORGIAN SSR Pharmaceutical Faculty None Tbilisi Medical Institute Utica Melikisvili 10 TBILISI (TIFLIS) I KAZAKH SSR Pharmaceutical Faculty None Kazakh Medical Institute Ulica Komsomol'skaja 94 ALMA-AT A LATVIAN SSR Pharmaceutical Faculty None Riga Medical Institute Bul'var Padom'ju 12 RIGA LITHUANIAN SSR I Pharmaceutical Faculty None Kaunas Medical Institute Ulica Mitskevicha 9 KAUNAS 244 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates I tuition fees started I I I RUSSIAN SFSR Pharmaceutical Faculty None Irkutsk Medical Institute Ulica Krasnogo Vosstanija l IRKUTSK Leningrad Chemophar- None maceutical Institute Ulica Popova 14 LENINGRAD P-22 Pharmaceutical Faculty None First Moscow Medical Institute (The Secenov Institute) Suvorovskij bul'var 13 Moscow Perm' Pharmaceutical None Institute I Ulica Lenina 48 PERM' Pjatigorsk Pharmaceutical None Institute Prospekt Kirova 33 I PJATIGORSK Pharmaceutical Faculty I I None Tomsk Medical Institute Moskovskij Trakt 2 TOMSK UKRAINIAN SSR Pharmaceutical Faculty None Dnepropetrovsk Medical Institute Ulica Dzerzinskogo 9 I DNEPROPETROVSK Harkov Pharmaceutical None Institute Ulica Mel'nikova 12 HARKOY (KHARKOY) Pharmaceutical Faculty None L'vov Medical Institute Pekarskaja 69 L'vov 8 Zaporoze Pharmaceutical None Institute Minskaja ulica 10 TSP-343 ZAPOROZE UZBEK SSR Ta§kent Pharmaceutical None Institute Ulica Karla Marksa 103 TA§KENT 33 3 871 m• 3 495• 2120• 11847 f·

• Total for all •chools. UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC 245

UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC

Introductory data* Population ...... 27 963 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 3 243** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 3 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 149 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 8 600 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 9 321 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including both pharmacists working in pharmacies and those engaged in other pharmaceutical activities.

In the United Arab Republic pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.

Administration All three training institutions form part of their respective universities. The universities are owned and financed by the Government and operate under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Higher Education. Each faculty of pharmacy is headed by a Dean. Though the faculties of pharmacy are located in the same area as the faculties of medicine, they are completely independent in respect of laboratories, library, lecture rooms, etc. Relations are maintained with the Pharmacy Department of the Ministry of Public Health, which participates in the supervision of the students' practice in retail pharmacies. Pharmacy diploma students carry out two months' practice in the respective laboratories of the Ministry of Public Health. The academic year, which begins in September and ends in June, is divided into two semesters-September to January and February to June. The language of instruction is English.

Conditions of admission The Egyptian secondary-school certificate, obtained after five years of secondary school preceded by six years of primary education, is required for admission. There is no entrance examination, but candidates are selected according to the total marks obtained in the examination for the secondary-school certificate (scientific section). In addition, they must present a medical certificate showing that they are free from tuberculosis, heart diseases and colour-blindness. To be eligible for enrolment, foreign students must hold a certificate equivalent to the Egyptian secondary-school certificate. Instruction is free of charge. The following financial assistance is available for Egyptian nationals only: LE 120 for the first 30 students in the secondary-school 246 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY certificate examination and for students with the grade "Excellent" in the univer­ sity examinations; LE 84 for those students who obtain a mark of 80% or more in the university examinations; and LE 48 for those who obtain the grade "Very good" in the faculty examinations. For foreign students scholarships of LE 144 per annum are available from the Ministry of Higher Education.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: physics; chemistry, inorganic and physical; botany; zoology; modem European languages; humanities (Arab community); military training. Second year: chemistry, organic; modem European languages; humanities (Arab community); military training; pharmacognosy and medicinal plants; pharmaceutics; anatomy and histology; human physiology; mathe­ matics and mechanics. Third year: chemistry; humanities (Arab community); military training; phar­ macognosy and medicinal plants; pharmaceutics; pharmacology; book­ keeping and business administration. Fourth year: pharmacology; toxicology; first aid; pharmaceutics; pharmacy jurisprudence; pharmaceutical chemistry; biochemistry; chemistry of crude drugs; psychology and sociology. Fifth year: pharmaceutics; pharmacy jurisprudence; pharmaceutical chemistry; manufacturing pharmacy; bioassays of drugs; biostatistics; pharmaceutical microbiology; hygiene; applied pharmacognosy. Instruction is both theoretical and practical. In addition, students are required to complete 350 hours of practical training in retail pharmacies and 50 hours in a hospital pharmacy. This is done during the summer vacation between the fourth and fifth years of study.

Examinations Written, oral and practical examinations are conducted by both internal and external examiners at the end of each academic year, and cover each subject studied. The regulations allow one repeat examination for the first and second years, two for the third and fourth years, and three for the final year of the study course.

Qualification After passing the final examinations candidates are awarded the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. In addition, the following qualifications are obtainable: (1) Diploma of Drug Analysis and Biological Assays (2) Diploma of Manufacturing Pharmacy (3) Diploma of Food Analysis (4) Diploma of Medicinal Plants UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC 247

(5) Diploma of Medicolegal Chemical Analysis (6) Diploma of Pharmaceutical Microbiology (7) Master in Pharmacy (M. Pharm.) (8) Doctor in Pharmacy (D. Pharm.). To obtain one of the above-mentioned diplomas the candidate must attend the prescribed courses of study for twelve months and pass an examination. Those candidates who hold a bachelor's degree other than the Bachelor of Pharmacy must complete one year of laboratory work before taking the formal training. The degrees of M. Pharm. and D. Pharm. are obtainable after two years of research work, an examination, and the presentation of an acceptable thesis.

Licence to practise The degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry entitles the holder to practise after he has registered with the Ministry of Public Health and the Syndicate of Pharmacists. Nationals with foreign qualifications must have their degree or diploma validated by a special Committee in the Ministry of Public Health. Foreigners who have qualified in the country may be authorized to practise if there is reciprocity in this respect between the United Arab Republic and their country of origin. Foreigners who hold foreign qualifications obtain the licence to practise in the United Arab Republic provided that their degree or diploma is validated, that they pass an examination, and that the relevant reciprocity exists. All graduates are required to serve for two years in the government medical services and government administration before engaging in private practice.

Year Name and address instruction Teaching Total Annual staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates I tuition fees I started I I

Faculty of Pharmacy 1956• 65 f 500 m 281 67m None University of Alexandria 18 p 168 f 26 f ALEXANDRIA

Department of Pharmacy 1960 18 f 150m 10m - None Faculty of Medicine 21 p 100 f 45f University of Assiflt AssiUT

Faculty of Pharmacy 1827 34 f 680 m 158m 46mb None Cairo University 54 p 447 f 138 f 10 fb Kasr El-Ainy CAIRO

• Year in which the Faculty of Pharmacy was separated from the Faculty of Medicine and acquired its own status. b 1963 is the year of transition from a four-year to a five-year curriculum. The figures given indicate the number of graduates referred from 1962. 248 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

Introductory data* Population (mid-year estimate). 53 812 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 27 630** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 17 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 496*** Population per pharmacist. . . . . 1900 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 3 165 000

• 1963 figures. •• Estimated figure; includes 20 467 pharmacists working in pharmacies and 7163 in other pharmaceutical activities. 000 Number of students registered as pharmacists. The figures in the table (total­ ling 541) include pharmacists who gained higher qualifications.

(1) Great Britain (i.e., England, Wales and Scotland) The normal pharmacy course lasts for three years (or four, depending on the degree or diploma taken) and leads either to the Pharmaceutical Chemist Diploma of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, or to the degree-i.e., Bachelor of Pharmacy or Bachelor of Science (in Pharmacy or Pharmacology). Registration with the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain is essential for practice in general or for hospital pharmacy. (2) Northern Ireland The basic pharmacy course lasts either for three years and leads to the diplo­ ma of the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland, or for four years and leads to the degree of Bachelor of Science (Pharmaceutics).

Administration

(1) Great Britain Most schools of pharmacy are parts of universities, either constituting a faculty of pharmacy or being attached to the faculty of medicine or the faculty of science. The rest form parts of colleges of technology, which provide courses for the Phar­ maceutical Chemist Diploma or the external Bachelor of Pharmacy degree of London University. British universities are autonomous, self-governing foundations, and are assisted by State grants. British technical colleges are administered and financed in some cases by the State and in others by the area education authorities aided by State grants. Schools of pharmacy are under the jurisdiction of, and financed by, the technical college or university of which they form part. UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND 249

Though there are no formal connexions with other institutions of the area, the schools of pharmacy are in close relationship with local hospitals, public health laboratories, and branches of the Pharmaceutical Society. Where pharmacy schools are within a university, students may attend certain courses along with medical and science students. At the post-graduate level, the schools are linked with the universities through post-graduate courses and research. The chief executive officer of a school of pharmacy is the Dean, Professor of Pharmacy, or Head of the School, as the case may be. The university year is divided into three terms of ten to eleven weeks, running from October to December, from January to March, and from April to June. (2) Northern Ireland There is one pharmacy school, which is attached to the Faculty of Applied Science and Technology of Queen's University of Belfast, and financed by State and local authority funds. The school keeps in close touch with the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland. At the post-graduate level, it is linked with the University through post-graduate courses and research. The chief executive officer of the school of pharmacy is the Head of the Department. The university year is the same as in Great Britain.

Conditions of admission (1) Great Britain To be eligible for admission to a school of pharmacy in England and Wales the candidate must hold the General Certificate of Education (G.C.E.) at both ordinary and advanced levels, with passes in chemistry, physics and either mathe­ matics or biological subjects at the advanced level. For this, six years of primary and six or seven years of secondary education are required. The examinations for the G.C.E. are conducted by a number of approved examining bodies over which the Minister of Education exercises a co-ordinating authority. A certificate of a similar standard is required in Scotland. Since the number of applications normally exceeds the number of places available, candidates are carefully screened, the final selection being based on the students' academic record, a confidential school report from the headmaster of their secondary school, and an interview by a member of the staff of the school of pharmacy in conjunction with an aptitude test. At most schools, students must present a recent chest X-ray; at some schools students undergo a medical examination on entering the university; a few schools have no health requirements. The pharmacy course is open to foreigners 1 who satisfy the admission require­ ments and have sufficient command of English. Usually they are sponsored by their governments, and their applications should be submitted through the appro-

1 The conditions governing the admission of foreigners to the United Kingdom are the following. All foreigners entering the United Kingdom must have a passport or travel document valid for travel to the United Kingdom and for return to their own country; they also need a visa unJess their country has an abolition agreement w1th the United Kingdom. The power to grant leave to land in the United Kingdom is vested by law in the Immigration Officer at the port of arrival, and all foreigners (including those with visas) must satisfy him as to the purpose and duration of their visit. A foreign pharmacy student would have to show evidence confirming that a course of study had been arranged for him in the United Kingdom and that he would maintain himself during his stay. 250 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY priate agency (embassy, students' office, etc.) in London. In some instances it is also a prior requirement that the candidate give guarantees of sufficient financial provision to meet fees and personal maintenance. Tuition fees are charged. In practically all schools grants are available from local educational authorities, or the national scheme; in certain cases these are also obtainable for foreign students. (2) Northern Ireland Conditions of admission correspond closely to those in Great Britain. The number of applications does not as yet exceed the number of places available, though all candidates are interviewed by the Head of the Department and the Adviser of Studies. All degree students must present a recent chest X-ray. This does not apply to diploma students. The pharmacy course is open to foreigners 1 who satisfy the admission requi­ rements and have sufficient command of English. Tuition fees are charged. Grants are available from local educational authori­ thies. University scholarships are also available.

Curriculum (1) Great Britain The teaching programmes are similar at all schools, though the same subjects are not always taught in the same year of the course. The following outline will serve to give a general idea of the programme: First year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; physiology and pharma­ cognosy; mathematics; general studies (languages, social science, etc.). Second year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology and physiology; pharmacognosy; history of pharmacy; forensic pharmacy. Third year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology and physiology; pharmacognosy. Some schools also teach pharmaceutical engineering science. Theoretical instruction is completed by practical laboratory work within the university or technical college. Though only a few schools require a period of pharmaceutical practice (ranging from six days to two months) during the study course, the majority advise the students to engage in some form of pharmaceutical practice, such as general pharmacy, hospital pharmacy or industrial pharmacy, during their long vacations. (2) Northern Ireland The teaching programme is much the same as in Great Britain and the following outline will serve to give a general idea of the programme: Diploma course First year: biology; physics; chemistry.

1 See footnote on page 249. UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND 251

Second year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; physiology. Third year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology. Degree course First year: biology; physics; chemistry; mathematics. Second year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology; pharmacognosy. Third year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology; physio­ logy; pharmacognosy; history of pharmacy; forensic pharmacy. Fourth year: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology; physiology; pharmacognosy. Practical laboratory work is also carried out in the school.

Examinations (1) Great Britain As in the case of the curriculum, each school has its own regulations dealing with examinations. Sessional examinations may be held by the individual schools and parts of the official degree or diploma examination are held during and at the end of the course. All examinations are written; in some subjects there are practical examinations and, in addition, the students' practical work during the course is assessed. Where necessary, an oral test may be given. The regulations governing repeat examinations also vary from school to school and range from one to an unlimited number of attempts. It may happen, however, that a failed student authorized to resit for an examination cannot repeat the course owing to lack of accommodation. (2) Northern Ireland Final examinations are held at the end of each academic year either by the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland or by the University. All examinations are written, and where necessary an oral test is given. Practical work during the course is assessed. Diploma students are not permitted to repeat the examinations an unlimited number of times.

Qualification (1) Great Britain The degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy or of Bachelor of Science (in Pharmacy or Pharmacology) or the Pharmaceutical Chemist Diploma are awarded according to the examination results on completion of the course. The following post-graduate degrees or diplomas are available in Great Britain: (a) Master of Pharmacy (M. Ph.); a graduate studying for this degree must either have spent twelve months in research and taken nine to twelve months of 252 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

further training or have done at least two years of research work. In addition, candidates for the Masters' degree must either pass an examination or present a thesis or project. (b) Master of Science (M. Sc.); this requires one to two years of research and the presentation of a thesis. (c) Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.); for this qualification two to three years of research and the presentation of a thesis are required. (d) Doctor of Science (D. Sc.); candidates for this degree, which is obtainable at several universities, must have engaged in research for several years and published work of high merit. (e) Fellowship of the College of Technology (F.C.T.); obtainable at Birm­ ingham College of Advanced Technology after two years of research and the presentation of a thesis. (f) Associationship in Applied Pharmacy (A.H.W.C.); granted at Heriot Watt Technical College, Edinburgh, to pharmacy graduates following one year of practice, nine months of formal instruction with an examination, and the presen­ tation of a thesis. (2) Northern Ireland The degree of Bachelor of Science (Pharmaceutics), which is an honours degree, is awarded after successful completion of the course. The following post-graduate degrees are obtainable in Northern Ireland: (a) Master of Science (same conditions as in Great Britain); (b) Doctor of Philosophy (same conditions as in Great Britain).

Licence to practise

(1) Great Britain A graduate in pharmacy must satisfactorily complete one year of practice under approved conditions. Thereafter he must register with the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l), which issues the licence to practise. The Pharmaceutical Society accepts for registration the qualifi­ cations of certain other countries in the British Commonwealth with which it has reciprocal arrangements. (2) Northern Ireland A graduate in pharmacy must complete two years of practice in a pharmacy under approved conditions before registration as a pharmaceutical chemist. The diploma qualification also requires two years' practical training in a phar­ macy before registration as a pharmaceutical chemist. (3) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Foreigners who qualify in the United Kingdom are not authorized to practise unless they become registered and obtain a work permit. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service. UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND 253

Year Teaching Annual Name and address instruction Total tuition fees staff enrolment Admissions Graduates started I I •I (£) I ENGLAND AND WALES School of Pharmacy 1919 18 f 89 m 17m 16m 65.5.0 College of Advanced 4p 34 f 7f 9 f Technology BIRMINGHAM 4 Department of Pharmacy 1922 34 f 156m 64m 14m 60 Bradford Institute of 6p 48 f 20 f 26 f Technology Great Horton Road BRADFORD 7, Yorkshire The School of Pharmacy 1920 19 f 67 m 28m 5m 37.10.0 Brighton College of 4p 28 f 13f 2f Technology Moulsecomb BRIGHTON 7, Sussex School of Pharmacy 1907 21 f 73 m 31m 12m 65.5.0 Bristol College of Science 12 p 29 f llf Sf and Technology BRISTOL The Welsh School of 1919 21 f 89 m 31m 30m 82 Pharmacy 3p 68 f 17 f 20 f Welsh College of Advanced Technology Cathays Park CARDIFF Division of Pharmacy 1933 9f 15m 7m 4m 82 Department of Pharmacology 6p 12 f 7f 2f School of Medicine University of Leeds LEEDS, Yorkshire School of Pharmacy 1866 25 f 124m 62m 21m 20 Leicester College of 2p 73f 24 f 12 f Technology The Newarke LEICESTER Department of Pharmacy 1849• 19 f 96m 42 m 15m 50 College of Technology 7p 39 f 22 f 6f Byron Street LIVERPOOL 3 Chelsea School of Pharmacy 1896 37f 118m 39m 35m 75 Chelsea College of Science 13 p 68 f 21 f 18 f and Technology Manresa Road LONDON, S.W.3 School of Pharmacy 1842 32 f 139m 49m 37m 81 University of London 61 f 22 f 10 f 29, Brunswick Square LONDON, W.C.l

• Including both those with diplomas and those with degrees. • As a private school of pharmacy; in 1950 the school became a department of the college. 254 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year T•aching Annual Name and address instruction staff •nrolmmtTotal Admissions Graduat.s • tuition fee3 started I I I (£)

I ENGLAND AND WALES (continued) Pharmacy Department 1884 18 f 100m 30m 29m 83 University of Manchester 2p 72f 24 f 16 f Oxford Road MANCHESTER 13 Department of Pharmacy 1925 17f 54m 21m 15m 81 The University 64 f 21 f 20 f NoTTINGHAM School of Pharmacy 1921 36 f 230m 63 m 51 m 30 Sunderland Technical 7p 103 f 15 f 18 f College Green Terrace SUNDERLAND

NORTHERN IRELAND School of Pharmacy 1926 7f 73 m 23m 12m 52 Technical College 4p 40 f 12 f 10 f BELFAST

SCOTLAND The School of Pharmacy 1898 10 f 47 m 23m 8m 70 Robert Gordon's 29 f 10 f I 6f Technical College ABERDEEN Department of Pharmacy 1776 9f 80m 25m 9m 75 Heriot Watt Technical 1 p 52 f 30 f 15 f College EDINBURGH Department of Pharmacy 1919 19 f 82m 30m lOrn 60 University of Strathclyde 4p 99 f 38 f 20 f GLASGOW

• Including both those with diplomas and those with degrees. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 255

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Introductory data* Population ...... 191 937 ()()() Number of pharmacists . . . . 117 897** Number of schools of pharmacy 76*** Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 4079 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 1600 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 525 000

• 1963 figures (including those for Puerto Rico). •• Including 104 617 working in community (retail) pharmacies, 5353 in hospital pharmacies and 7927 engaged in other pharmaceutical activities. *** Including one school in Puerto Rico. In the United States of America pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science (B. Sc.) in Pharmacy. The only exception is California, where two schools offer a six-year course and the degree awarded is that of Doctor of Pharmacy. The duration of the course and the degree conferred by the third Californian school-namely, the School of Pharmacy of the Univer­ sity of Pacific, at Stockton-are the same as in the other states (i.e., five years and the B. Sc. in Pharmacy degree), but an optional sixth year is available for those desiring to work towards the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy.

Administration Of the seventy-six schools of pharmacy, seventy are faculties of their respective universities and six are separate, privately owned institutions. The great majority of the universities are owned and operated by state 1 or municipal governments, and the remainder by private non-profit corporations or religious organizations. The financial support of the schools within the category of privately owned institutions comes largely from students' fees and endowments, the latter provided by gradu­ ates (alumni) and various private sources. All schools, whether affiliated or not, are autonomous with regard to teaching methods, admissions, examinations, faculty appointments, etc. Though there is no formal organizational relationship with other component parts of the parent university, many schools carry on co-operative teaching and research programmes with the schools of medicine, chemistry, dentistry, nursing, and other related departments of the university health centre. In all schools of pharmacy the chief administrative officer is the Dean, who is usually appointed by the chief administrative body of the university, generally known as the Board of Trustees, or Regents, or Supervisors. The Dean is respon­ sible to the President (or Chancellor, or Rector) of the university, and through him to the Board.

1 The term "state" in this sense refers to one of the fifty states of the Union, or to Puerto Rico, and not to the United States National Government, which does not operate any pharmacy school. 256 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

The academic year, which begins in September and ends in May or June, consists of either three quarters or two semesters. At the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Puerto Rico the language of instruction is Spanish.

Conditions of admission Primary and secondary education lasts for twelve years. From 18 to 22 years of age, students pursue their education at a college or university and obtain, after successful completion of their studies, the degree of Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) or Bachelor of Science (B. Sc.). Since 1960, the national requirements for the B. Sc. in Pharmacy degree have been five years of college work; during this period one or two years are occupied by pre-professional studies, taken at a college of liberal arts, and three to four years are devoted to the professional course, taken at a school of pharmacy. To be eligible for admission to the pre-professional course, candidates must meet all university entrance requirements-i.e., they must hold a diploma certifying graduation from an accredited secondary (high) school and pass the College Entrance Examination Board Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SCAT). All applicants must also produce a satisfactory medical certificate, including X-ray, or undergo a general physical examination given by the university. Mter successfully completing the prescribed pre-pharmacy programme, the students apply for admission to the school of pharmacy. They are selected on the basis of their academic achievements in the pre-professional curriculum (the minimum of "C" is required), and-in addition-recommendations and referen­ ces, and students' maturity and suitability for the profession are considered. At many schools, a personal interview is also required. In state-supported schools preference is given to applicants who are residents of the state or of adjoining states. Out-of-state students must, in general, score higher in the College Entrance Examination Board Tests than residents and have a better than "B" average in the pre-pharmacy course. With a few exceptions, schools of pharmacy are open to foreign students. Foreign candidates must have a comparable academic background, comply with the immigration regulations, speak and write English proficiently (in Puerto Rico Spanish is required), and make adequate financial arrangements. They must apply to the United States embassy in their country to enter through the Institute of International Education. Tuition fees are charged. Financial assistance in the form of scholarships, grants and loans is available in practically all schools of pharmacy. Their number and amount differ with each school. As a rule they are awarded on the joint basis of need and merit, and for that reason students are eligible only after they have been at school for at least one year. At some schools, foreign students may complete with national students for the same scholarships, or they may apply for bursaries through the Institute of International Education via the cultural attache at the nearest United States embassy.

Curriculum The pre-pharmacy programme, which may be taken at any approved college of liberal arts, may be designed individually, according to the educational philosophy UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 257 and special strengths of the institution involved; it must, however, include the following subjects: mathematics (algebra and/or trigonometry); English language and literature; general inorganic chemistry (including qualitative); general biology; physics; principles of economics; and liberal art electives (which should include both social studies and the humanities). Professional courses prepare students for the responsibility of medical centre pharmaceutical practice, yet provide some flexibility in meeting the interests of the student in urban, rural, industrial or promotional pharmacy. The subjects covered in the professional part of the course include: orientation; pharmacy; history of pharmacy; microbiology; anatomy and physiology; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; pharmacognosy; pharmacology; administration ; legislation and ethics; dispensing; technology; accounting; drug marketing; first aid; management and policies; analyses; public health; and electives. By proper selection of subjects from the approved list of elective courses, an opportunity is offered to students for some specialization in the following fields: pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology; pharmacognosy; toxicology; technology; veterinary pharmaceutics; cosmetic formulation; manufacturing pharmacy; hospital pharmacy; professional commu­ nications; business law; pharmacy literature, etc. The pharmacy curriculum is taught by a variety of techniques, including formal lectures, recitations, laboratory work, special conferences, class meetings, etc. Students are expected to attend all class sessions and all laboratory periods. A student desiring to transfer from another accredited school of pharmacy must comply with the regular admissions procedure, and, in addition, must have the approval of the dean of the school from which he expects to transfer. No course with less than a "C" grade, whether pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical, will be accepted in transfer, and no student will be awarded a degree unless the entire work of the senior year is completed in residence.

Examinations

In order to obtain the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy, the can­ didate must complete the study programme of not less than five academic years and earn a minimum of 160 credit hours 1, which must include all required subjects. Examinations and examiners are both internal. The method of examining may be written, oral, practical or any combination of these. During the course of study periodic examinations are held in all the subjects studied; final examinations are taken at the end of each term and cover the subjects studied during that period. In general, the following grading system is used: A - represents work of high distinction, 92-100 B - represents work above average, 83-91 C -represents an average grade of satisfactory work, 74-82 D- represents passing but inferior work, 65-73 F -(failed) or I (incomplete)- represents failing work.

1 A unit of credit is the quarter or semester hour. It represents one hour of class work per week for one quarter or semester, or its equivalent in any other form of instruction. Five quarter hours of college credit arc equal to three and one-third semester hours of college credit. 258 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

The grade points are earned on the following basis: A - 3 points per quarter or 4 points per semester hour B - 2 points per quarter or 3 points per semester hour C - 1 point per quarter or 2 points per semester hour D - 0 point per quarter or 1 point per semester hour F or I - 0 point per semester hour.

An average of "C" is required for admission to the first professional year and promotion to a higher class of the course. If the student falls below an average of "C" he is put on probation. If he does not improve his record, he is subject to dismissal. Regulations concerning the grade "F" or "I" vary from school to school. At some schools any course for which a student receives a grade "F" must be repeated in full; at other schools the "I" grade may be converted into one of the other grades if the work is completed within a determined period.

Qualification

Students who have earned the prescribed number of credit hours obtain the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy. Many universities offer, through their graduate schools, the post-graduate degrees of Master of Science (M. Sc.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.). Graduate studies are available in certain disciplines of pharmaceutical science. These disci­ plines vary from school to school. Requirements for the M. Sc. degree are: possession of the basic degree of B. Sc. in Pharmacy; one year of course and research work, the latter for a variable period of time (minimum six months); an examination; and a thesis. In some instances knowledge of a foreign language is also a requirement; in others, before admission to the graduate schools, candidates must have engaged in practice for a stipulated period after graduation. The programme of study leading to the Ph. D. degree requires at least a two­ year full-time graduate course, a minimum of one year's research, a dissertation, and success in a final oral examination. Knowledge of two foreign languages may also be required.

Licence to practise

Each state of the USA is autonomous with regard to its rules for licensing pharmacists. Persons wishing to practise pharmacy must, in most states, serve a one-year internship after graduation, pass a State Board Examination held by the board of pharmacy of the specific state, and be a graduate of a five-year programme (at a school of pharmacy). (A board of pharmacy may, in most instances, recog­ nize something other than a five-year programme if it so wishes and if the state so permits.) The state board may negotiate reciprocity through the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, 77, West Washington Street, Chicago, Ill., 60602. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 259

Nationals and foreigners with foreign qualifications are not authorized to practise in the USA. In forty-eight of the fifty states, United States citizenship is required for the licence to practise; foreigners having qualified in the USA who wish to practise must become United States citizens, or must have applied for citizenship and possess the first papers (declaration of intention to become a citizen). They must comply with the usual requirements-i.e., graduate from an accredited 1 school of pharmacy and pass the State Board Examination. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

1 Accreditation is granted by the American Council of Pharmaceutical Education. This Council consists of three representatives from each of the following: the American Pharmaceutical Association, the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy; there is also one representative from the American Council of Education. The aims and objectives of the organization are to formulate the educational, scientific and professional principles and standards that an approved school of pharmacy is expected to meet and maintain.

Year Annual Name and address instruction Teaching Total stqff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I tuition fees started (USS)

ALABAMA Auburn University 1895 6f 227m 52 m 50m 75 (R); School of Pharmacy 31 f 9f 7 f 175 (NR and AUBURN F) per quarter Howard College 1926 6f 212m 58 m 44m 645 (R); Division of Pharmacy 2p 42 f 4f 10 f 745 (NR 800, Lakeshore Drive and F) BIRMINGHAM, 35209

ARIZONA University of Arizona 1947 9f 159m 40m 31m 300 (R); College of Pharmacy 2p 17 f 4f 5 f 900(NR TucsoN and F)

ARKANSAS University of Arkansas 1951 9f 101m 51 m 26m 270 (R); Medical Center School 1 p 9 f 4f 1 f 540 (NR of Pharmacy and F) LITTLE ROCK

CALIFORNIA University of Southern 1905 13 f 360m 88 m 88 m 1200 California 10 p 30 f 12 f 6f School of Pharmacy University Park Los ANGELES, 90007 University of California 1873 25f 241m 64m 53m 387 (R); School of Pharmacy 10 p 56 f 16 f 9f 787 (NR San Francisco Medical and F) Center SAN FRANCISCO, 94123 University of Pacific 1956 10 f 247m 75 m 33m 1100- School of Pharmacy 5p 47 f 18 f 2f 1180 STOCKTON 4 260 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year Teaching Total Annual instruction tuition fees Name and address staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I started (USS)

COLORADO University of Colorado 1911 9f 52 m 30m 16m 358 (R); School of Pharmacy 1 p 14 f 6f 1 106 (NR BouLDER and F)

CONNECTICUT University of Connecticut 1925 12 f 257m 64m 67 m 160 (R); School of Pharmacy 10 p 63f 28 f 14 f 560 (NR STORRS and F)

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Howard University • 1868 6f 106m 31m 14m 445 College of Pharmacy 5p 46 f 15 f 6f WASHINGTON

FLORIDA University of Florida 1923 15f 132m 60m 57 m 113 (R); College of Pharmacy 8p 25 f 13f 14 f 288 (NR GAINESVILLE and F) Florida A and M University 1951 6f 54m 20m 1m 118 (R); School of Pharmacy 21 f llf 4f 530 (NR TALLAHASSEE, 32307 and F)

GEORGIA University of Georgia 1903 16 f 245m 105m 50m 252 (R); School of Pharmacy 7p 17 f Sf 7f 597 (NR ATHENS and F)

Mercer University 1903 Sf 81 m 34m 42m 750- Southern College of 4p I f 2f 4f 825 Pharmacy 223, Walton Street, N.W. ATLANTA 3, 30303

IDAHO Idaho State University 1919 7f 185m 12m 26m 178 (R); College of Pharmacy 3p 33f 6f 3f 428 (NR POCATELLO and F)

ILLINOIS University of Illinois 1859 41 f 336m 115m 114m 300 (R); College of Pharmacy 38 p 74 f 19 f 19 f 651 (NR 833, S. Wood Street and F) CHICAGO

INDIANA Butler University 1904 10 f 63 m 28m 31m 850 College of Pharmacy 9p 14 f 7f 6f 4600, Sunset Avenue INDIANAPOLIS, 46207

• Discontinued since July 1964. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 261

Annual Year T•achinf Total Nam• and address instruction tuition!••• stqff ~nrolment I Admissions I GradUilt•s I start•d (USI)

INDIANA (continued) Purdue University 1884 23f 264m 67m 115m 330 (R); School of Pharmacy and 32 p 75 f 32 f 30 f 950(NR Pharmaceutical Sciences and F) LAFAYETTE

IOWA Drake University 1939 6f 217m 65 m 50m 700 College of Pharmacy 3p 42f 10 f Sf DES MOINES State University of Iowa 1885 12 f 147m 52m 30m 290 (R); College of Pharmacy 3p 25f 13f 2f 620(NR IOWA CITY and F)

KANSAS University of Kansas 1885 6f 119m 53 m 21m 244 (R); School of Pharmacy 4p 20 f 9f 3 f 574 (NR LAWRENCE and F)

KENTUCKY University of Kentucky 1870 12f 91 m 42m 28m 110 (R); College of Pharmacy 16 f 8 f 5f 260 (NR LEXINGTON and F)

LOUISIANA Northeast Louisiana 1956 Sf 344m lOOm 50 m 70 (R); State College 35 f 10 f Sf 670 (NR School of Pharmacy and F) MONROE Loyola University 1901 13f 61 m 28m 16m 750 College of Pharmacy 4p 15 f 4f 2f (N.O.C.P.) NEW ORLEANS Xavier University 1927 3f 38m 22m 8m 490- College of Pharmacy 4p 15f 9 f Sf 560 7325, Palmetto Street NEW ORLEANS, 70125

MARYLAND University of Maryland 1841 16 f 138m 38m 46m 306 (R); School of Pharmacy 4p 21 f 7f 7f 410-656 636, W. Lombard Street (NR and F) BALTIMORE, 21201

MASSACHUSETTS Massachusetts College 1823 25 f 537 m 142m 98 m 750 of Pharmacya 33 p 55 f 15 f 6f 179, Longwood Avenue BOSTON 15

a Non-accredited by the American Council of Pharmaceutical Education; graduates may practise in Massachusetts only. 262 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff Admissions I Graduates I tuition fees I started I enrolment (US I)

MASSACHUSETTS (continued) Northeastern University 1962 14 f 215m 82 m - 855 College of Pharmacy 1 p 26 f 15 f 360, Huntington Avenue BosTON, 02115

Hampden College of 1927 7f 24 mm 24b 22m 1000 Pharmacy 6p 3f 694, Chicopee Street WILLIAMANSETT

MICHIGAN College of Pharmacy 1868 9 f 65 m 23m 9m 280-310 University of Michigan 8p 36 f 15f 14 f (R); ANN ARBOR 900-960 (NRand F) Ferris State College 1893 9 f 366m 120m 82 m 255 (R); School of Pharmacy 56 f 14 f 13f 570 (NR BIG RAPIDS and F)

Wayne State University 1924 9f 119m 36m 34m 312(R); College of Pharmacy 11p 21 f 6f 7f 666(NR 4841, Cass Avenue and F) DETROIT, 48202 I

MINNESOTA University of Minnesota 1892 19 f 203m 46m 26m 333 lR); College of Pharmacy 4p 27 f 10 f 6f 780-795 MINNEAPOLIS, 55455 (NR); I I 795-810 (F) MISSISSIPPI University of Mississippi 1908 10 f 249m 75 m 41 m 140 (R); School of Pharmacy 10 p 27 f 8 f 7f 340 (NR UNIVERSITY and F)

MISSOURI University of Missouri 1885 7f 117m 42m 23m 310 at Kansas City School 2p 10 f 2f 1 f of Pharmacy 5100, Rockhill Road KANSAS CITY, 64110

St Louis College of 1865 15f 328m 65 m 132m 827-1 072 Pharmacy 10 p 23 f 6f 7f 4588, Parkview Place STLOUIS, 63110

MONTANA Montana State University 1907 Sf 121m 28m 12m 313 (R); School of Pharmacy 1 p 34 f 12 f 1 f 590.50 (NR MISSOULA and F)

• Admissions and enrolment under the five-year plan for the first time in 1963. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 263

Year Annual Teaching Total tuition fees Name and address instruction stqff enrolment Admissions I Graduates I I started (USS)

NEBRASKA University of Nebraska 1908 6f 124m 46m 20m 264 (R); College of Pharmacy 9p 25f 9f 2f 504(NR LINCOLN, 48508 and F) Creighton University 1905 7f 103m 29m 21m 750-800 School of Pharmacy 2p 24 f Sf 6f OMAHA

NEW JERSEY Rutgers - The State 1892 25 f 159m 56 m 76m 440 (R); University College of 3p 21 f 7f Sf 558 (NR Pharmacy and F) NEWARK

NEW MEXICO University of New Mexico 1945 5f 81 m 34m 20m 276 (R); College of Pharmacy 1 p 5f 2f 3f 546(NR ALBUQUERQUE and F)

NEW YORK Albany College of Pharmacy 1881 17 f 301m 67 m 83 m 832 Union University 9p 55 f 16 f 11f ALBANY, 12208 I Fordham University 1912 16 f 225m 52m 80 m 1150 College of Pharmacy 10 p 35 f 7f Sf BRONX, 10458 Brooklyn College of 1886 31 f 420 m 133m 108m 450 per Pharmacy 3p 18 f 6f 1 f semester Long Island University I 600, Lafayette Avenue BROOKLYN, 16 State University of 1886 26 f 214m SOm 40m 400 (R); New York at Buffalo 5p 43f 24 f 12 f 600(NR 3435, Main Street and F) BUFFALO StJohn's University 1929 11f 264m 71 m 66m c. 1100 College of Pharmacy 3p 45 f 16 f 6f Grand Central and Utopia Parkways JAMAICA, 11432

Columbia University 1829 22 f 251m 76m 78 m 1100 College of Pharmacy 21 p 15 f 7 f 6f 115, West 68th Street NEW YORK, 10023

NORTH CAROLINA University of North 1897 13f 189m 69m 54m 284.50- Carolina 7p 58 f 20 f 12 f 394.50 (R); School of Pharmacy 744.50 CHAPEL HILL (NR and F) 264 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year Total Annual instruction Teaching tuition fees Name and address staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I started (USIJ

NORTH DAKOTA North Dakota State 1902 15 f 302m 63 m 52 m 100 (R); University of Agriculture 2p 54 f 13f 8f 190(NR and Applied Science and F) College of Pharmacy FARGO

OHIO Ohio Northern University 1884 10 f 167m 52m 68 m 960 College of Pharmacy I P 30 p 10 f 16 f ADA University of Cincinnati 1850 7f 225m 65 m 8m 475 (R); College of Pharmacy 2p 27 f llf 1 f 750(NR CINCINNATI 21 and F) Ohio State University 1885 15 f 141m 51 m 33m 345 (R); College of Pharmacy I p 28 f 10 f 6f 795 (NR 1958, Neil Avenue and F) COLUMBUS, 43210 University of Toledo 1904 6 f 135m 61 m 22m 14 (R), 26 College of Pharmacy I P 24 f 7f 2f (NR and F) 2801, W. Bancroft per semester TOLEDO, 43606 hour

OKLAHOMA University of Oklahoma !889 6f 131m 38m 45 m 7 (R), 18 College of Pharmacy 4p 22 f 12 f 6f (NR and F) NORMAN per credit hour Southwestern State College 1939 8 f 183m 53 m 60m 5.25 (R), School of Pharmacy 4p 22 f 13f 2f 13(NR WEATHERFORD and F) per credit hour OREGON Oregon State University 1898 12 f 307m 81 m 65 m 330 (R); School of Pharmacy 8p 91 f 30 f 9f 900 (NR CORVALLIS and F)

PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia College of 1821 40 f 401 m 97 m 121m I 030 Pharmacy and Science 44 p 79 f 19 f 19 f 43rd Street and Kingsessing Avenue PHILADELPHIA, 19104 Temple University 1901 18 f 215m 82m 90 m 900 School of Pharmacy 27 p 28 f 7f 8f 3223, North Broad Street PHILADELPHIA 40 Duquesne University 1925 10 f 79 m 36m 32m 26 per School of Pharmacy 8p 21 f 16 f 10 f credit hour PITTSBURGH, 15219 University of Pittsburgh 1878 16 f 78 m 25m 55 m 990 (R); School of Pharmacy 7p 19 f 7f Sf 1190 (NR PITTSBURGH, 15213 and F) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 265

Year Annual Teaching Total tuition feu Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I started (USI)

PUERTO RICO Facultad de Farmacia 1913 10 f 80m 29m Sm 155-177 Universidad de Puerto Rico 1 p 143f 56 f 17 f SAN JUAN

RHODE ISLAND University of Rhode Island 1957 15f 130m 53 m 15m 250 (R); College of Pharmacy llp 20 f 12 f 3f 750 (NR KINGSTON and F)

SOUTH CAROLINA Medical College of South 1824 5f 36m 16m 23m 182.50 (R); Carolina 19 p 1 f 1 f 7f 282.50 School of Pharmacy (NRandF) 80, Barre Street CHARLESTON University of South 1865 6f 143m 40m 26m 195 (R), Carolina 1 p 27 f 10 f Sf 345 (NR School of Pharmacy and F) per CoLUMBIA semester

SOUTH DAKOTA South Dakota State College 1889 7f 184m 64m 42m 198 (R); Division of Pharmacy 34 f 7 f 7f 366 (NR BROOKINGS and F)

TENNESSEE University of Tennessee 1897 20 f 221m 82m 73 m 155.50 (R), College of Pharmacy 13 p 31 f 12 f 10 f 205.50 (NR 874, Union Avenue and F) per MEMPHIS quarter, pre-phar- macy pro- TEXAS gramme University of Texas 1893 16 f 470 m 84m 107m 50 (R), College of Pharmacy 4p 87 f 19 f 14 f 200(NR AusTIN and F) per semester Texas Southern University 1948 Sf 133m 37m 13m 90 (R); School of Pharmacy 2p 55 f 22 f 10 f 240 (NR HOUSTON 4 and F) University of Houston 1947 Sf 379 ma 120mb 17m 100 (R); College of Pharmacy 5p 44 fa 10 fb 3f 400(NR 3801, Cullen Boulevard and F) HousToN, 77004

UTAH University of Utah 1947 6f 162m 68 m 38m 300 (R); College of Pharmacy 6p 14 f 2f 3 f 495 (NR SALT LAKE CITY and F)

a Figures for professional programme only. In all five years 379 men and 44 women are enrolled. 11 Number admitted to professional programme. 266 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Year Annual instruction Teaching Name and address staff enrolmentTotal Admissions Graduates tuition fees started I I I (US$)

VIRGINIA Medical College of Virginia 1877 39 f· 128m 52 m 50m 400 (R); School of Pharmacy 17 p• 31 f 12 f 15 f 600 (NR RICHMOND 19 and F)

WASHINGTON Washington State University 1892 9f 92m 31m 20m 270 (R); College of Pharmacy 4p 27 f Sf 3f 600 (NR PULLMAN and F) University of Washington 1894 llf 193m 52 m 34m 300 (R); College of Pharmacy 15 p 84 f 25 f 4f 600 (NR SEATTLE, 98105 and F)

WEST VIRGINIA West Virginia University 1914 7f 50m 21m 25m 230 (R); School of Pharmacy 3p llf 6 f 6 f 760 (NR Medical Center and F) MoRGANT0~,26506

WISCONSIN University of Wisconsin 1883 18 f 155m 89 m 82 m 236 (R); School of Pharmacy 2p 22 f 13f 12 f 750 (NR MADISON and F)

WYOMING University of Wy01ning 1946 5 f 16m 18m 17m 276.50 (R); College of Pharmacy 2p 29 f 7 f 5f 558.50 University Station (NR and F) P.O. Box 3375 LARAMIE, 82071

• Includes all persons paid from College-wide budget who instruct pharmacy students and are on school faculty. URUGUAY 267

URUGUAY

Introductory data* Population ...... 2 649 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 752** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 29 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 3 500 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 649 000

* 1963 figures. ** Pharmacists working in pharmacies.

In Uruguay pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Quimico Farmaceutico (Pharmaceutical Chemist).

Administration The school of pharmacy is a faculty of the Universidad de la Republica, a State institution. The University has full autonomy in technical, administrative and academic matters, and is administered by a Central Governing Council (Consejo Directivo Central), composed of the Rector of the University and twenty members appointed by the various faculties. The Faculty of Chemistry is directed by a Governing Council (Consejo Directivo de la Facultad), of which the chief executive is the Dean. The Government finances the Faculty via the University. In matters of professional practice the Faculty is in close contact with the Ministry of Public Health; in research and education it co-operates with the University. The academic year begins in March and ends in December, and consists of two semesters-March to June and July to December.

Conditions of admission There are no age limits for admission. To enter the pharmacy course, the can­ didate must have had six years of primary and six years of secondary education, and obtained the secondary-school certificate (bachillerato). There is no entrance examination and the number of first-year students is not limited. Smallpox vacci­ nation is obligatory, and twice a year all students must be examined by the Student Medical Service. Foreign students are eligible for emolment provided that they hold a second­ ary-school certificate equivalent to the bachillerato. In some cases further exami­ nations may be required before admission. Neither national nor foreign students are charged tuition fees, and the University offers bursaries to both categories of student. 268 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Curriculum

The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: qualitative analysis; physics (I}; mathematics; inorganic chemis­ try (I). Second year: quantitative analysis; physics; organic chemistry (I); inorganic chemistry (II). Third year: physical chemistry; organic chemistry (II}; applied analysis; botany; microscopy. Fourth year: pharmaceutical techniques; microbiology and hygiene; pharma­ ceutical chemistry; biochemistry; materia pharmaceutica. In the fifth year, students have the choice between two programmes-namely, industrial and galenical pharmacy (A}, and clinical analyses (B). In addition to courses common to both groups-i.e., legislation, anatomy and physiology, and pharmacodynamics-students of the A group must take industrial and galenical pharmacy plus one elective (from the B or C group). Students of the B group must take clinical analyses and two electives (from the A or C group). Electives (C) are as follows: toxicology; bromatology; industrial microbiology; general biology; parasitology; and materia pharmaceutica. Instruction consists of lectures and practical work.

Examinations Examinations are held at the end of each academic year. They cover the theore­ tical as well as the practical aspects of the course, except in the subjects of legis­ lation, in which the examination is theoretical only, and microscopy, in which no examination is held. As a rule the examinations are conducted under the auspices of the teaching faculty, with the participation of external examiners where necessary. The student may present himself for the same examination an unlimited number of times.

Qualification

Candidates who pass all the requisite examinations are awarded the degree of Quimico Farmaceutico. After one year of research work and the presentation of an original scientific thesis, holders of the basic qualification may obtain the higher academic degree of Doctor en Quimica (Doctor of Chemistry).

Licence to practise

The degree of Quimico Farmaceutico constitutes the licence to practise, which is issued by the Ministry of Public Health, after registration. Foreigners who have qualified in Uruguay may practise under the same conditions. Nationals and for­ eigners who have qualified abroad may have their degree or diploma recognized URUGUAY 269

provided the relevant bilateral treaties exist between Uruguay and the country concerned. Persons who have graduated in countries with which no such agree­ ment exists must have their degree validated by means of examination. Thereafter the licence to practise is granted by the Ministry of Public Health. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Name and address instruction Total Annual staff enrolment I Admissions I Graduates I tuition fees I started I

Facultad de Quimica 1885 13f 96m 27m 16m None Universidad de Ia Republica 52 p 128 f 26 f 13f MONTEVIDEO 270 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

VENEZUELA

Introductory data* Population ...... 8 144 000 Number of pharmacists ...... 1 078** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 4 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 59 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 7 600 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 2 036 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 878 working in pharmacies and 200 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities. In Venezuela pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the degree of Farmaceutico (Pharmacist).

Administration The faculties of pharmacy are component parts of their respective universities. Two of the four universities listed-the Universidad Central de Venezuela, at Caracas, and the Universidad de Los Andes, at Merida-are State-owned; the other two universities, both of which are located in Caracas, are private institutions. Both State-owned and private institutions fall within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. The governing body of each university is the Aca­ demic Council (Consejo Academico), presided over by the Rector and composed of the Vice-Rector, the Secretary and the deans of the faculties. A Faculty Council (Consejo de Facultad), elected from among the professors, assists and advises the Dean. The faculties of pharmacy maintain close liaison with neighbouring aca­ demic, scientific, and cultural institutions. The academic year begins in September and ends in July.

Conditions of admission To be admitted to pharmaceutical studies candidates must have completed six years of primary and five years of secondary education and hold the secondary­ school certificate in sciences (bachillerato en ciencias). A candidate holding the school certificate in humanities must take an entrance examination covering the science subjects. A chest X-ray and a satisfactory medical certificate issued by a health centre (unidad sanitaria) are also admission requirements. Foreigners are admitted on the same basis as national students. Instruction is free of charge, and bursaries for needy Venezuelan and foreign students are available from the Students' Welfare Organization (Organizaci6n de Bienestar Estudiantil) and from private bodies. VENEZUELA 271

Curriculum The curriculum, which is uniform in all the faculties of pharmacy, is arranged as follows: First year: chemistry; botany; physics; applied mathematics; parasitology. Second year: quantitative chemistry; galenicals; physics and instrumental analysis; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry. Third year: biochemistry; galenicals; physiology; microbiology; organic chemistry. Fourth year: bromatology; galenicals; pharmacognosy; pharmacology; organic chemistry; toxicology. Fifth year: economics; administration; pharmacology; legislation, deontology and history of pharmacy. In addition to the courses listed above, fifth-year students have the choice of electives, according to the subject of specialization. These subjects are as follows: industrial pharmaceutical techniques; applied microbiology; laboratory tech­ niques; and applied instrumental analysis. Instruction consists of lectures and practical and laboratory work.

Examinations

Examinations are written, oral and practical, according to subject. They are official examinations, held under the auspices of the university at the end of each academic year in all the subjects studied. The student who fails in July or who, for a legitimate reason, is unable to take the examination, may sit for a re-examination (reparaci6n) in September. The regulations governing repeat examinations, in the event of failure in the reparaci6n, vary from school to school.

Qualification

After the student has completed the fifth year of studies and passed the end-of­ the-year examinations, he is awarded the degree of Farmaceutico. The Faculty of Pharmacy of the Universidad Central de Venezuela offers the post-graduate degree of Doctor en Farmacia. Candidates for this degree must: (1) complete a post-graduate course of not less than one year's duration in a specialty determined by the Faculty; (2) complete a course and pass an examination in a modern language, such as French, English, or German; (3) complete a course and pass an examination-at the university level-in a humanities subject, such as anthropology, history of culture or sociology, or any other subject approved by the Faculty Council; and (4) present a thesis based on original research that contributes new knowledge and promotes pharmaceutical studies. 272 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Licence to practise

The degree of Farmaceutico entitles the holder to practise in Venezuela. However, in order to obtain the licence to practise he must have the degree regis­ tered with the respective university and thereafter with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. The same conditions apply to national and foreign graduates. Citizens of Venezuela who possess a foreign degree or diploma must have this validated by a university and accepted by the above Ministry. Foreigners holding foreign qualifications are authorized to practise in Venezuela provided their degree or diploma is validated and provided they comply with the legal requirements. Pharmacy graduates are not obliged to work in State service.

Year Teaching Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolm~ntTotal Admissions Graduates tuition fees started I I I (Bs)

Facultad de Farmacia 1953• - Universidad Cat61ica Andres Bello CARACAS Facultad de Farmacia 1777 26 f 118m 1m None Universidad Central de 35 p 290 f 16 f Venezuela CARACAS Facultad de Farmacia 1953 36 p 31m 3m 160 Universidad Santa Maria 76 f 15f CARACAS Facultad de Farmacia 1894° 30 f 49m 18m 10m None Universidad de Los Andes 9p 146 f 58 f Sf MERIDA

• No fresh admission since 1959; the school started closing in that year. • From 1894 to 1941 the school was attached to the Faculty of Medicine; in 1941 it was established as a separate faculty. VIET-NAM, REPUBLIC OF 273

VIET-NAM, REPUBLIC OF

Introductory data* Population ...... 15 317 ()()() Number of pharmacists ...... 454.. Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 1 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 44 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 34 ()()() Population per school of pharmacy ...... 15 317 ()()()

• 1963 figures. •• Including 380 working in pharmacies and 74 in other pharmaceutical activities.

In Viet-Nam pharmaceutical studies last for five years and lead to the Diplome de Pharmacien d'Etat (State Diploma of Pharmacist).

Administration The course is offered at the Faculty of Pharmacy, which is part of the Univer­ sity of Saigon, a Government-owned and -operated institution. The chief execu­ tive officer is the Dean of the Faculty. Close co-operation exists between the Faculty of Pharmacy and the Faculty of Medicine, and public health institutions, such as public hospitals, where pharmacy students work during the internship period. The academic year consists of two semesters-August to the end of November and December to the end of March. French is used in addition to Vietnamese as the language of instruction.

Conditions of admission In order to be admitted to the Faculty of Pharmacy, candidates must hold the secondary-school certificate (baccalaureat), obtained after seven years of secondary education preceded by five years of primary school. They must present a satisfac­ tory medical certificate and a chest X-ray. To be eligible for enrolment foreign students must hold a secondary-school certificate recognized as equivalent to the Vietnamese baccalaureat. Tuition fees are charged. Scholarships are available for national students.

Curriculum The curriculum is arranged as follows: First year: organic chemistry; inorganic chemistry and mineralogy. Second year: organic chemistry; inorganic chemistry and mineralogy; physics; mathematics; botany; zoology; physiology. 274 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Third year: botany; analytical chemistry; biochemistry; chemical pharmacy; physics; hydrology; materia medica; galenical pharmacy. Fourth year: analytical chemistry; biochemistry; chemical pharmacy; toxico­ logy; galenical pharmacy; materia medica; mycology; bacteriology. Fifth year: pharmacodynamics; hygiene; pharmaceutical legislation and deon­ tology. Instruction consists of lectures and laboratory work (chemical and biological analyses, micrography and plant collecting, parasitology, testing and indentifi­ cation of drugs, bromatology, and hydrology. In addition, first-year students must work in a pharmacy for a period of six months. During the fifth year of study, the students complete two periods of practical work, each of four months' duration, in an analytical laboratory and in a laboratory making pharmaceutical specialties.

Examinations The examinations cover all the subjects studied during the academic year. They are internal and are conducted by the members of the teaching staff, with the exception of those at the end of the whole study course, which are official and natio­ nal. Examinations may take the form of written, oral or practical tests, or any combination of these. Those in organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry and mineralogy, taken at the end of the first year, are written only. For the examina­ tions of the second and third years of study, there are written tests in two subjects drawn by lot; examinations in the remaining subjects are oral, and in some-such as chemistry and botany-practical tests are given in addition. The examinations for the fourth and fifth years are oral and, where appropriate, practical. For the first, second, third and fourth years of study there are two sessions of examinations-in June and August. For the fifth year there is a regular session every second month. Students who fail four times in the examinations of the first, second and third years are excluded from the course. This ruling does not apply to the fourth- and fifth-year examinations.

Qualification

Candidates successful in the final examinations are awarded the Diplome de Pharmacien d'Etat.

Licence to practise The Dip lOme de Pharmacien d'Etat constitutes the licence to practise; the holder of the diploma must, however, be registered in the National Register of Phar­ macists, kept by the Ministry of Health. Vietnamese nationals who hold foreign pharmaceutical qualifications and who wish to practise in the country must be in possession of a school certificate equiva­ lent to the Vietnamese baccalaureat and of a degree or diploma equivalent to the Vietnamese Diplome de Pharmacien d'Etat. VIET-NAM, REPUBLIC OF 275

Foreigners are not authorized to practise in Viet-Nam. After graduation, pharmacists must serve for two years in the health services or in the Army, depending on the needs of the respective ministries.

Year Teaching Annual instruction Total Name and addres• st

Faculte de Pharmacie 1961 llf 1 062m 683 m 22m 610-720 Universite de Saigon 7p 1045 f 564 f 22 f SAIGON 276 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

YUGOSLAVIA

Introductory data* Population ...... 19 065 000 Number of pharmacists...... 3 549** Number of schools of pharmacy . . . . 3 Number of pharmacists who graduated in year. 166 Population per pharmacist. . . . . 5 400 Population per school of pharmacy ...... 6 355 000

• 1963 figures. •• Including 2260 working in pharmacies and 1289 in other pharmaceutical acti­ vities.

In Yugoslavia pharmaceutical studies last for four years and lead to the degree of Diplomirani Farmaceut (Graduate Pharmacist).

Administration

Two of the schools-those in Belgrade and Zagreb-are faculties of their respective universities; the remaining school-that in Ljubljana-is attached to the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology of the University. The Yugoslav universities are financially supported by public agencies, and functioa in accor­ dance with the provisions of the Universities Act, Statute of Universities and Facul­ ties. They are self-supporting and autonomous institutions set up in accordance with the principles of social management. Faculties are governed by a Faculty Council, a Faculty Board and a Dean, who is the executive officer. Professors are elected by the respective faculties and appointed in each instance by the Faculty Council. The chief administrator of the school of pharmacy in Ljubljana is the Head of the Department of Pharmacy. The schools of pharmacy co-operate with medical faculties within the same university, especially in the field of post-graduate education, and with institutes of public health and the pharmaceutical industry. The academic year is divided into two semesters, running from 1 October to 15 January and from 15 February to 31 May. The language of instruction is Serbo-Croat in Belgrade and Zagreb, and Slovenian in Ljubljana.

Conditions of admission

Candidates for admission must hold the secondary-school certificate. This is obtained after eight years of primary and four years of secondary education, or after four years at a secondary professional school. At Ljubljana, applicants who YUGOSLAVIA 277 have no secondary-school certificate must pass an entrance examination. In Zagreb all candidates take an oral examination in physics, chemistry and mathe­ matics and sit for a written test in Serbo-Croat. If the number of applicants exceeds the number of places available, those admitted are selected on the basis of the results obtained in this examination and their performance in the same subjects during secondary school. The Zagreb school also requires a satisfactory health certificate. Foreigners are admitted under the same conditions as national students, provided they know the language of instruction. Tuition is free of charge, and for national students scholarships are available from the universities and from institutions and enterprises connected with the pharmaceutical profession. Foreign students may apply for scholarships to the Yugoslav Government through the Commission for Cultural Relationships with Foreign Countries, in Belgrade.

Curriculum The pharmaceutical course consists of two parts, each extending over four semesters. The curricula in the schools differ in details, but the following outline is generally applicable: First year: physics; mathematics; inorganic chemistry; botany; sociology; organic chemistry; pre-military training. Second year: organic chemistry; analytical chemistry; pre-military training; physical chemistry. Third year: microbiology; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; phy­ siology, with elements of anatomy; elementary biochemistry. Fourth year: pharmaceutical technology; pharmacodynamics, with elements of pathophysiology; toxicological chemistry; bromatology; hygiene. In the fourth year, in addition to the above-listed subjects, there are three groups of subjects studied by students specializing in different branches of phar­ macy: (1) pharmaceutical technology, which includes industrial processes and machi­ nery used in pharmaceutical production; (2) medical biochemistry, which includes general biochemistry and introduction to clinical analysis; (3) food hygiene, which covers food biochemistry, food analysis, toxicology of food and of the working environment (air pollution, water analysis, etc.). Instruction consists of lectures and practical laboratory work. The school in Ljubljana requires, in addition, thirty days of practical work in a pharmacy during the first two years of the study course.

Examinations Examinations in all the subjects studied are held at the end of each academic year. At all three schools these are oral and, where appropriate, also practical. At 278 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY the school in Zagreb a written test is given in addition. Examinations are held by the professors of the respective subjects, except those in pre-military training and sociology, in which the examiners are external and the method of examining is oral only. The number of times the failed student may repeat the same examination is limited.

Qualification

Students who have completed the first part of the curriculum-i.e., passed the examinations at the end of the second year of the study course-obtain an intermediate pharmaceutical qualification (first degree). A proposal is under study to give the title of "Pharmacist" to this qualification. Having obtained this first degree, students continue the course and sit for the end-of-the-year examinations. Those who study at the Universities of Belgrade and Ljubljana are awarded the degree of Diplomirani Farmaceut (Graduate Pharmacist) after success in the final examinations. Those who study at the University of Zagreb obtain the degree of Diplomirani Inienjer Farmac1)"e (Engineer in Pharmacy, i.e., pharmaceutical technology), Diplominari lnienger Medicinske Biochemije (Engineer in Medical Biochemistry), or Diplomirani Inienjer Prehrambenosanitarne Hemije (Engineer in Food Hygiene), according to their field of specialization. Two of the schools-namely, those in Belgrade and Zagreb-offer post­ graduate specialization courses (in Ljubljana these courses are being planned). The courses cover the fields of medical biochemistry, pharmaceutical technology, pharmacodynamics, food analysis, etc., and last for four semesters. On completion of the formal training, candidates must pass an examination in the respective subjects and in a foreign language, and present a thesis. They are then awarded the certificate of specialization. The same requirements must be met for the post­ graduate degree of Master of Science in Pharmacy.

Licence to practise

The degree of Diplomirani Farmaceut entitles the holder to practise after one year of compulsory internship. Nationals with foreign degrees or diplomas may be permitted to practise after the necessary validation. Foreigners with foreign qualifications are authorized to practise in Yugoslavia after validation of their degree or diploma and after they have obtained the labour permit of the Federal or Republican Executive Council. Foreigners who have qualified in Yugoslavia must also possess the labour permit in order to obtain the licence to practise. All pharmaceutical establishments in Yugoslavia are State-owned. YUGOSLAVIA 279

Year Teaching Total Annual Name and address instruction staff enrolment I Admissions Graduates tuition fees I started I I I

Farrnaceutiski Fakultet 1939 79 f 151m I 39m I 22m I None Univerziteta u Beogradu 8p 535f 114f 67 f (Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade) Delingradska 35 BEOGRAD Odsek za Farmacijo 1955m 8 f 28m 14m - None Fakultete za Naravoslovje 23 p 176 f 50 f in Technologio (Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology) LJUBLJANA Farmaceutiski Fakultet 1882 22 f 88 m 127 17m None Sveucili~ta u Zagrebu 13p 301 f 60 f (Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagreb) ZAGREB

m Up to 1960 only the first two years of the course were offered; the third and the fourth years of the curriculum were introduced after that date.

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 283

Annex 1

AFRICA: SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACISTS, 1963

Number of Number of pharmacists Population Population Population Number of per school Country schools of pharmacists who ofpharmacy per (thousands) pharmacy graduated pharmacist in year (thousands)

Algeria. 11600 1 200 ... 11 600 58 000 Angola. 5 015 - 104 - - 48000 Basutoland 727 - 2 - - 364 000 Bechuanaland . 540 - 1 - - 540000 Burundi 2650 - 4 - - 663 000 Cameroon 5 008 51 - - 98 000 I - Cape Verde Islands 218 - 4 - - 55 000 Central African Republic 1 300 - 7 - - 186000 Chad. 2 800 I - 8 - - 350000 Comoro Islands . 190 - - - - - Congo (Brazzaville) 840 - 14 - - 60000 Congo, Democratic Re- public of the 15 007 1 60 - 15 007 250000 Dahomey. 2250 - 15 - - 150000 Equatorial Guinea . 258 - 21 - - 12 300 Ethiopia 21800 1 55 - 21800 396 000 French Somaliland. 70 - 4 - - 17 500 Gabon. 456 - 7 - - 65 000 Gambia 315 - - - - - Ghana. 7 340 1 355 7a 7 340 21000 Guinea. 3 360 - 7 - - 480000 Ifni 50 - 1 - - 50000 Ivory Coast . 3 665 - 62 - - 59000 Kenya 8 847 - 146 - - 61000 Liberia. 1030 - 13 - - 79000 Libya 1 504 - 54 - - 28000 Madagascar. 5 940 1 77 4 5 940 77000 Malawi. 3 753 - 9 - - 417 000 Mali. 4394 - 8 - - 549 000 Mauritania 780 - 1 - - 780000 Mauritius. 701 - 45 - - 15 600 Morocco. 12 665 - 363 - - 35 000 Mozambique 6789 - 173 - - 39000 Niger 3 117 - 3 - - 1039 000 Nigeria. 55 670 2 454 37 27 835 123 000 Portuguese Guinea. 524 - 6 - - 87000 Reunion 370 - 50 - - 7 400 Rwanda 2 850 - 3 - - 950000 St Helena. 5 - - - - - Sao Tome and Principe. - 56 I 5 - - 11200

•1964. . . . Information not available. 284 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Annex 1 (concluded)

Number of Number of pharmacists Population Population Country Population Number of per school (thousands) schools of pharmacists who ofpharmacy per pharmacy graduated (thousands} pharmacist in year

Senegal. I 3 326 1 60 3 3 326 55 000 Seychelles. 45 -- - I - - Sierra Leone 2 300 - 5 - - 460000 Somalia 2 300 - 6 - - 383 000 South Africa 17 057 ... 3211 . .. I ... 5 300 Southern Rhodesia . 4010 - 265 - - 15100 Spanish Sahara 33 - 5 - - 6 600 Sudan". 13 180 1 66 - 13 180 200 000 Swaziland. 278 - 4 - - 70000 Togo. 1 565 - 12 - - 130000 Tunisia. 4494 1" 160 - 4490 28 000 Uganda 7190 - 32 - - 225 000 United Arab Republic 27 963 3 3243 149 I 9 321 8 600 United Republic of Tan- zania: I Tanganyika . 9 789 - 39 - - 251000 Zanzibarb. 304 - 7 - - 43 000 Upper Volta 4 650 - 11 - - 423 000 Zambia. 3 496 - 82 - - 43 000

ToTAL 296 434 13C 9600 200d 22 803C 31000

a 1964 . • 1959. c Excluding South Africa. • Excluding South Africa, and Algeria . . . . Information not available. See also footnotes to the introductory data at the head of each chapter. ANNEX 2 285

Annex 2

AFRICA: CONDITIONS GOVERNING PRACTICE

Persons authorized to practise Nationals Foreigners .~...... I " I ~ Authority re•ponsible Country ~~ ~ for registration <;~ "~ "'2\)~ .. ~ .... .!:l and/or licence "'~IE ~~'S§ :§~§ !~ t' 1:§.§§ 'j~.s 3:"'- ~ ~~~ ~:6- 3: !.S 8 ~~ ""

Algeria. X X X X 2a X Ministere de Ia Sante publique Angola. xb xb 5< X Servi-;os de Saude et Assistencia Basutoland xa xa - X Permanent Secretary for Health Bechuanaland . x• x• - X Director of Medical Services Burundi ...... Cameroon X - ... X Ministere de Ia Sante publique et de Ia Population Cape Verde Islands xD xb - X Servi~os de SaUde et Assistencia Central African Republic xt xt ... X Ministere de Ia Sante publique Chad. xt I xt - X Ministere de Ia Sante publique Comoro Islands . xt xt - X Ministere de !'Assistance medicale, Direction du Service de Sante Congo (Brazzaville) xt xt - I X Ministere de Ia Sante publique Congo, Democratic Re- public of the X xg X xg - X Direction de Ia Sante publique Dahomey. xt xt 10 X Ministere de Ia Sante Equatorial Guinea . X - ... X Presidencia de Consejo del Gobier- no; Direcci6n de Sanidad Ethiopia X x" X xh xc X Ministry of Public Health French Somaliland...... Gabon. X X ... X Inspecteur des Pharmacies, Minis- tere de Ia Sante publique Gambia ...... Ghana. X xl X xt xc X Pharmacy Board, Ministry of Health Guinea. I X X X X Ministere de Ia Sante Ifni xi xi - X Gobierno general de Ia Provincia de Ifni Ivory Coast. xt x"' 5 X Ministere de Ia Sante publique et de Ia Population Kenya xl xl - I X Government of Kenya, Pharmacy and Poisons Board Liberia. X X - X National Public Health Service Libya X X xc X Ministry of Health or Regional Director Madagascar. _m - - xn 10 X Ordre national des Pharmaciens (registration); Ministere de Ia Sante publique (licence) Malawi. xo xo - X Pharmacy and Poisons Board 286 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Annex 2 (continued)

Persons authorized to practise .. NatioM/s Forei'gners ~" -~-t ~ Authority responsible Country .., g for registration -<~ ~~~ ~ ~ :2 .~ and/or licence ...d!t: "" ~~~i:: -:;.!!!> E o;-2 ~ :§~~ ·- ~ 0 I - 0:: 1.~.2"$-- $'"- ~ g.s 5 =a..- Cl::l i!:5"

Mali. X XP X X Ministere de la Sante publique Mauritania X X - X Ministere de la Sante Mauritius. xq xq - X Supreme Court of Mauritius (regis- I tration) Government, on recom- mendation of the Pharmacy Board (licence) Morocco. X X za X Secretariat general du gouverne- ment, or recommendation of the Ministere de la Sante Mozambique X~ X~ - X Servi9os de Saude et Assistencia Niger X X xr X Ministere de la Sante Nigeria. X X X X - X Pharmacy Board Portuguese Guinea. X~ X~ ~ X Servi9os de Saude e Assistencia Reunion ...... Rwanda X X - X Departement de la Sante publique St Helena. xz l X Senior Medical Office Sao Tome and Principe. X~ X~ - X Servi9os de Saude e Assistencia Senegal. X xt xn xn - X Ministere de la Sante et des Affaires sociales Seychelles...... Sierra Leone ...... Somalia • X X X X Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Health, Labour and Veterinary Services South Africa ...... Southern Rhodesia. xa xa - X Medical Council of Southern Rho- desia Spanish Sahara ...... Sudan X x' X x' j X Central Board of Public Health Swaziland. xa xa - X Chief Secretary, Swaziland Govern- ment Togo .. X X - X Ministere de la Sante publique Tunisia. X X X xn i X Secretariat d'Etat a la Sante publi- que Uganda xz xz - X Pharmacy and Poisons Board United Arab Republic X xh xn xh,n 2 X Ministry of Public Health and Syn- dicate of Pharmacists United Republic of Tan- I zania: ...... Tanganyika . xz xz - X Pharmacy and Poisons Board Zanzibar . xz xz - X Pharmacy and Poisons Board ANNEX 2 287

Annex 2 (concluded)

Persons authorized to practise .. Nationals Foreigners -~...... § t~ Authority responsibl~ Country ., .. ~ [or registration <;tl "tl ~'-!~ "

x =Yes. -=No. . = Not applicable. . . . = Information not available. See also the relevant texts ("Licence to practise"). • Nationals only. • Holders of Portuguese diploma. c Holders of Government fellowships only. • Holders of qualifications registrable in the United Kingdom and South Africa. e Each case considered on its merits. f Holders of French State Diploma or equivalent qualification. • Holders of Belgian pharmaceutical degree. • Following evaluation and/or validation of degree or diploma. ' See the relevant chapter. i Degree of diploma must be validated in Spain. • In State services or as pharmacy assistants (not entitled to own or manage a pharmacy). 'Holders of qualifications registrable in the United Kingdom. m Local diploma must be converted into a State diploma. " Provided reciprocity exists. • Holders of qualifications registrable in the United Kingdom. Holders of other qualifications of acceptable standard must sit for an examination covering the relevant laws of Malawi and the apothecary system of weights and measures. P Two-year contract at least. • Provided qualification is recognized by the Pharmacy Board. r Period equivalent to duration of fellowship awarded. • There is a school for the training of pharmacy assistants. 288 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Annex 3

AMERICAS: SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACISTS, 1963

Number of Population Numb~rof pharmacists Population Population Number of per school per Country (thousands) schools of pharmacists who pharmacy graduated ofpharmacy pharmacist (thousands) in year

Antigua .I 61 - 13 - - 4700 Argentina. 21 688 6 ... 263 3620 . .. Bahamasa. 134 - 12 - - 11200 Barbados a 242 - 1Q4b - - 2 300 Bermudaa. 48 - 23 - - 2100 Bolivia. 3 596 3 470 51 1199 7 700 Brazil 76409 28 10924 ... 2700 7000 British Guiana 611 - 1 - - 611000 British Honduras 100 - 1 - - 100000 Canada. 18 928 8 8 322 307 2366 2 300 Chile. 8217 2 2100 59 4111 3 900 Colombia. 15 098 4 1213 103 3 775 12400 Costa Rica 1 344 1 389 20 1344 3 500 Cuba. 7 236 1 1 451 21 7236 5 000 Dominica. 63 - 58b - - 1100 Dominican Republic . 3 334 1 555 32 3 334 6000 Ecuador 4734 3 ...... 1578 ... El Salvador . 2 721 1 285 8 2721 9 500 Falkland Islands. 2 - - - - - French Guiana< . 34 - 9 - - 3 800 Greenland 36 - . .. - - ... Grenadac. 91 - 28b -- 3 300 Guadeloupe. 297 I - 45 I - - 6 600 Guatemala 4144 1 290 19 4144 14 300 Haiti. 4448 1 165 9 4448 27 000 Honduras. 2024 1 173 3 2024 11700 Jamaica 1 687 1 375 - 1687 4 500 Martinique". 291 - 58 - - 5 000 Mexico. 38 416 5 3 400 103 7 683 11 300 Montserrata. 13 - 2 - - 6 500 Netherlands Antillesa. 205 - 23 - - 8 900 Nicaragua 1 541 1 470 12 1541 3 300 Panama 1 177 1 337 5 1177 3 500 Panama, Canal Zone . 50 - 8 - - 6 300 Paraguay. 1903 1 304 35 1903 6 300 Peru ...... 10958 3 2 350 ... I 3 653 4 700 I I St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla. I 61 - 8 - - 7 600 St Lucia ...... 94 - 16 - - 5 900 I I

a 1964. b Including "pharmacists" without university education. '1962. d 1961. ... Information not available. ANNEX 3 289

Annex 3 (concluded)

Number of Population Number of Number of pharmacists Population Country Population schools of per school (thousands) pharmacists who ofpharmacy per pharmacy graduated pharmacist in year (thousands) I St Pierre et Miquelon. 5 - - - I - - St Vincente . 82 - 30b - - 2 700 Surinam 369 - 15 - - 25 000 Trinidad and Tobago. 922 - 261 - - 3 500 United States of America and Puerto Rico . 191 937 76 117 897 4079 2 525 1600 Uruguay . 2 649 1 752 29 2649 3 500 Venezuela. 8 144 4 1078 59 2036 7 600 Virgin Islands (UK) 8 - - - - - Virgin Islands (US) 40 - 11 - - 3 600

TOTAL 436 192 154 154026• 5 2171 2832 2 700• I I I I

b Including "pharmacists" without university education. '1962. • Excluding Argentina, Ecuador, and Greenland. t Excluding Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. See also footnotes to the Introductory data at the head of each chapter. 290 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Annex 4

AMERICAS: CONDITIONS GOVERNING PRACTICE

Persons authorized to practise Foreigners .::" NatioMls I """ -~" Authority responsible Country ., .,~ "~ g for registration -(3 "'2\)~ "; ~~~ ~~- ~~-sa ....

Antigua 000 00 0 •• 0 ... 0 0 0 xa xa Argentina. X X - X I Direcci6n de Farmacia, Drogas y Medicamentos

Bahama 000 0 00 ... 000 000

Barbados ... 000 0 00 0 00 000

Bermuda 0 0 0 ...... 000 00 0 Bolivia. X xa X xa _b X Direcci6n del Servicio Quimico Farmaceutico Nacional, Minis- terio de Salud Brazil X xa xc xc - X National Control Service for Medi- cine and Pharmacy; and Regio- nal Pharmacy Council

British Guiana ... 0 0 0 •• 0 000 ... British Honduras d X X - X Druggist and Chemist Board _b Canada. X X X I X X Provincial professional association Chile. X xa X xa - - University of Chile Colombia. X xa X xa - X Ministry of Education (registra- tion); Ministry of Public Health (licence) Costa Rica X X X X a, e - X Colegio de Farmaceuticos Cuba. X xa X xa X X Colegio de Farmaceuticos

Dominica. ... •• 0 • 0. . .. 0 00 Dominican Republic . X xa X xa - - President of the Republic Ecuador X xa X xa - X Director, Federation of Chemists and Pharmacists El Salvador . X xa X xa xt X Colegio de Farmaceuticos; Super- visory Board of the Pharmaceuti- I cal Profession Falkland Islands. 00. • 0 0 •• 0 ......

French Guiana ... • 0. 0 0 0 000 0 ••

Greenland ... 0. 0 0 0 0 000 ...

Grenada •• 0 ......

Guadeloupe...... 0 •• ...... Guatemala X xa X xa - X University of San Carlos Haiti. X xa xg xa,g 2 X Department of Public Health Honduras. X xa X xa - X Colegio de Farmaceuticos Jamaica X xh X xh - X Drugs and Poisons Control Board Martinique ... X ...... ANNEX 4 291

Annex 4 (concluded)

Persons authorized to practise Nationals Foreigners -~...... " I -~" t ~ Authority responsible Country ~ for registration 1;~ ~\)~ .., "E "tl -;;:.!::!>"tl E §~"""'" ·~ and/or licence ·~·g.s ~~~~ ·-., ..\,) _c Ill; ~I~ S\: ~-5 il I ~~ ~~ "' ... ~:a "'

Mexico. X xa X xa,i - X Ministry of Health and Welfare I (registration); Direcci6n de Con- I trol de Medicamentos (licence) Montserrat ...... Netherlands Antilles ...... Nicaragua X xa X xa, i - X National University; Ministry of Health Panama X xa xi x•· • - X Ministry of Social Welfare and Public Health Panama, canal Zone...... Paraguay. X X X - - X Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare Peru. X x• X xa ... X Directorate of Pharmacy, Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla...... St Lucia ...... St Pierre et Miquelon...... St Vincent ...... Surinam ...... Trinidad and Tobago. x" x"· i ... X Pharmacy Board of Trinidad and Tobago United States of America Board of Pharmacy of the respec- and Puerto Rico . X - xl - - X tive State Uruguay X x• X xa - X University of Public Health Venezuela. X xa X xa - X University where degree was obtai- ned; and Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Virgin Islands (UK) ...... Virgin Islands (US) ......

X ~Yes. -~No. . ~ Not applicable. . . . ~ Information not available. See also the relevant texts ("Licence to practise"). • Following recognition or validation of the diploma. • See the relevant chapter. c Following special examination. • There is a three-year apprentice system leading to the diploma of druggist. • Provided reciprocity exists. I For period equivalent to duration of fellowship awarded. • Not more than two foreign pharmacists may practise in the same community. • Holders of United Kingdom pharmaceutical degrees; holders of other degrees must pass an examination. • Residence permit or citizenship mandatory. J Holders of qualifications other than those registrable in the United Kingdom may be examined in such subjecis as may be determined by the Council of the Pharmacy Board. 292 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Annex 5

ASIA: SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACISTS, 1963*

Number of Number of pharmacists Population Population Population Number of per school Country (thousands) schools of pharmacists who ofpharmacy per pharmacy graduated pharmacist in year (thousands)

Aden: Federation of South Arabia 225 - I6 - - I4000 Afghanistan. I4900 I 23 10 I4900 65 000 Bahrain I60 - 3I - - 5 200 Brunei . 93 - I -- 93 000 Burma. 23 735 - 296 - - 80000 Cambodia 5 900 I I2 - 5 900 490 000 Ceylon . IO 625 I I I53 2I IO 625 9 200 China (Taiwan) 11 696 4 I400 87 2 924 8400 Cyprus. 589 - 179 - - 3 300 Hong Kong. 3 592 - 115 -- 3I 000 India. 486 987a 35 73 000 ... 13 9I4 6700 Indonesia. I00045 7 437 94 I4300 229 000 Iran 22I82 3 I204 68 7 400 I8 400 Iraq 6 855 I 650 36 6 855 IO 500 Israel. 2 376 I 980 I4 2 376 2400 Japan 95 899 32 64 9I5 3 493 3 000 I 500 Jordan . I 827 - I45 - - I2 600 Korea, Republic of. 26 868 13 5 660 I 283 2IOO 4 700 Kuwait. 388 - 68 - - 5 700 Laos. I 925 - 5 - - 385 000 Lebanon 2200 2 390 24 IIOO 5 600 Macau. I72 - 8 - - 22000 Malaysia (including Sin- gapore). IO 673 I I87 I9 IO 673 57000 Mongoliab 968 I 466 ... 968 2IOO Muscat and Oman . 565 -- - - - Nepal 9 700 - I - - 9700000 Pakistan 98 683 3 365d 63 32 894 118 oooa Philippines 30 24I I5 I6600 ... 2 OI6 I 800 Portuguese Timor 536 - I - - 536 000 Quatar. 55 - 2 - - 28 000 Ryukyu Islands 9I5 - I67 - - 5 500 Saudi Arabia 6 600 I 43 11 6 600 I 53 000 Syria. 5 25I I 404 42 5 25I I3 000 Thailand . 28 835 I I 114 IOO 28 835 26000

• Excluding China (mainland), North Korea, North Viet-Nam, and the Asian part of the USSR (see data for USSR in Annex 11 -World Totals) . • 1965 . • 1961. • West Pakistan only. . . . Information not available. ANNEX 5 293

Annex 5 (concluded)

Number of Population Population Number of pharmacists Population Country schools of Number of per school (thousands) pharmacists who ofpharmacy per pharmacy graduated pharmacist in year (thousands) I I Turkey. 30256 0 ./ 2 1 386 159 15 128 22000 Viet-Nam, Republic of. 15 317 1 454 44 15 317 34000 Yemen. 5000 - 4 - - 1250 000

TOTAL 1 062 834 127 1171 882 5 505C 8 369 6 200

' Excluding India, the Philippines, and Mongolia. See also footnot-. to the introductory data at the head of each chapter. 294 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Annex 6

ASIA: CONDITIONS GOVERNING PRACTICE

Persons authorized to practise

Nationals Foreigners .::,....._"' .g" I Authority r.sponsib/e Country _.., .., ~~ g for registration ~~~ "<:! " .::~ and/or licence .., "E '5~ E c~..::: ...... ~ .~.2"" 0 .... ""~ 0 ..::...:::: -10::: :§·~ § ~-2 ;:~o...... , Xoc:::s >:'"- 0:: ~~~ ~:S- 1 s·- a ~~

Aden: Federation of I South Arabia X X - X Ministry of Health Afghanistan. X X ...... 6 X Ministry of Public Health Bahrain ...... I . .. Brunei xa X a, b - X State Medical Officer Burma...... Cambodia X X -- 6C X Direction des Services pharmaceu- tiques et chimiques du Cambod- ge; Minish~re de la Sante Ceylon. X xa X - X Ceylon Medical Council China (Taiwan) X X X X Y2 X Ministry of Interior, Department of Health administration i Cyprus. xa xb,d - X Pharmacy and Poisons Board Hong Kong. xa X a,~ - X Pharmacy Board India. X X X xt - X State Pharmacy Councils Indonesia. X xt. v X -" 3 X Pharmaceutical Directorate, De- partment of Health Iran X X xb xb __!J X Ministry of Education, and Mini- stry of Health Iraq X X xt xt 5 X Association of Medical Professions Israel. X X X X 2llz' X Ministry of Health Japan X xv xv xv - X Ministry of Health and Welfare Jordan . X xt 2 X Jordanian Pharmacy Association Korea, Republic of. X xv X xv - X Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Kuwait. X ... - X Ministry of Public Health Laos...... Lebanon X X xt.v xt. g - X Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon (registration); Ministry of Health (licence) Macau. xt xt - X Servi~os de Saude e Assistencia Malaysia (including Sin- gapore). X xa X X" - X Pharmacy Boards Mongolia ...... X X ... Muscat and Oman ...... Nepal _k k Pakistan X X X X - xv Directorate of Health Services (East Pakistan only) I ANNEX 6 295

Annex 6 (concluded)

Persons authorized to practise

Nationals Foreigners .~"...... _ " -~ Authority responsible Country =~ for registration <;<:! "<:! ~~~ ., <:! .... .:. and/or licence :§·~ § ~~'5~ 'S·~ E ~ """""i .g .s "§::!..9 ~~ Ill:; .... - ~ g.5 g ~:a ~:a- "' " ~~

Philippines X I X xt I xg - I xg Board of Pharmaceutical Exami- ners Portuguese Timor xi xi - X Servic;os de SaUde e Assistencia Quatar. X X 2-5 X Director of Medical and Public Health Services Ryuk:yu Islands x' x' 4 - Government of the Ryukyu Islands Saudi Arabia X X X X - X Ministry of Health Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, and Ministry of Syria. X xm xt xm - X Health Thailand X xm X xm - X Medical Council Turkey. X xm - - xc X Ministry of Health and Social Wei- fare Viet-Nam, Republic of. X xg - - 2 X Ordre national des Pharmaciens, and Ministere de Ia sante Yemen. X X -" X Ministry of Public Health

x =Yes. -=No. . = Not applicable. . . . = Information not available. S•e also the relevant texts ("Licence to practise"). • Holders of qualifications registrable in the United Kingdom. • Residence permit or citizenship mandatory. c Holders of government fellowships only. • Holders of qualifications registrable in the United Kingdom and of those entitling the holder to practise in Greece or Turkey. 'Holders of qualifications other than those registrable in the United Kingdom may be required to undergo such examinations as may be considered necessary. I Provided reciprocity exists. • See the relevant chapter. • Excluding those who were granted licence before 1957. 'Military training (Israeli citizens only). 1 Holders of Portuguese diplomas only. k No provision has yet been made for registration and licence to practise. 1 Holders of pharmaceutical licence from Japan or foreign countries (USA) designated by the Chief Executive. '" Following examination and or validation of the diploma. n At present all pharmacists work of their own will for the government. 296 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Annex 7

EUROPE: SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACISTS, 1963 *

Number of Population Population Number of Number of pharmacists per school Population schools of who per Country (thousands) pharmacists ofpharmacy pharmacy graduated (thousands) pharmacist in year

Albania 1 762 1 132 41 1762 13300 Austria. 7 172 3 2264 111 2390 3 200 Belgium 9 290 4 5 750 172 2322 1600 Bulgaria 8 078 1 1 859 53 8078 4300 Channel Islands . 110 - 34 - - 3200 Czechoslovakia 13 951 1 5 163 134 13 951 2 700 Denmark. 4684 1 1495 87 4 684 3 100 Faeroe Islandsa 35 - 3 -- 11 700 Finland. 4 543 2 3 523 217 2 271 1300 France. 47 854 23 20750 1072 2 081 2 300 Germany: Federal Repu- blic of and West Ber- lin a 56947 14 18 868 I 759 4068 3 000 Gibraltar. 24 - 1 - - 24000 Greece . 8 480 2 2000 75 4240 4200 Hungary 10061 2 3 731" I 199 5044 2 700 Iceland. 186 1 57 3 186 3 300 Ireland. 2 841 1 1 800 27 2 841 1600 Italy . 50498 23 28 500 858 2200 1800 Luxembourg 324 - 166 - - 2000 Malta and Gozo 328 1 185 11b I 328 1800 Monaco 22 - 30 - - 730 Netherlands. 11 967 4 1100 ... 2 991 10900 Norway 3 667 1 1266 35 3 667 2900 Poland. 30 691 7 9132 604 4384 3 400 Portugal . 9037 3 2108" 116 3 012 4 300 Romania. 18 813 4 4741 66 4703 4000 Spain 31077 4 14740 192 7 769 2100 Sweden. 7 604 1 2663 207 7 604 2900 Switzerland . 5 770 5 1446 56 1154 4000 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 53 812 17 27 630 496 3 165 1900 Yugoslavia . 19 065 3 3 549 166 6 355 5 400

TOTAL 418 693 129 164 686 5 757< 3 246 2 500 I I I I I

• Excluding Eastern Germany, and the European part of the USSR (see data for USSR in Annex 11-World Totals). 4 1962. •1964. c Excluding the Netherlands. . . . Information not available. See also footnotes to the introductory data at the head of each chapter. ANNEX 8 297

Annex 8

EUROPE AND USSR: CONDITIONS GOVERNING PRACTICE

Persons authorized to practise .. -~ Nationals Foreigners ~ ..... -~"' I ~.., Authority respon•ib/e Country " .. g for registration -<~ ·!:l ..., ~ E "::! "g'-1~ "'

Albania X X X X X X Ministry of Health Austria. X X xa xa - X Chamber of Pharmacists Belgium X X b, c X X b, c - X Commission medicale provinciale and Ordre des Pharmaciens Bulgaria X xb X xb,a 3 - Diploma constitutes licence to practise Channel Islands ...... Czechoslovakia X xb X xb X X Ministry of Public Health Denmark. X X b, c x• X b, • -- Diploma constitutes licence to practise Faeroe Islands ...... Finland. X xb X xb - X National Board of Health France . X - xa.l - - X Ordre national des Pharmaciens, I and Greffe au Tribunal; Prefec- ture Germany: Federal Repu- blic of and West Ber- lin X xa.l xa xa - X Health authorities of the respective Land Gibraltar...... Greece. X xb xa,d xl -- Higher Council of Health Hungary X xb X xb X - Diploma constitutes licence to practise _a _a Iceland. xa - - X Minister of Public Health Ireland. X xc. I X xc. I - X Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland Italy . X X a, b -- - xa Ordine de Farmacisti Luxembourg ...... Malta and Gozo X xa --- X Medical Council of Malta (regis- tration); Governor-General (li- cence) xg xg Monaco - i X College des Pharmaciens, on the recommendation of The Minister of State (Ministre de l'Etat) Netherlands . X - X -- X Inspectorate of Pharmacists, Minis- try of Health and Social affairs Norway X xc X xc - - Diploma constitutes licence to I practise Poland. X xb X xb X X National Health authorities

I I I 298 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Annex 8 (concluded)

Persons authorized to practise

Foreigners ~ ....._ " Nationals .. Authority responnble Country ~~ "! for registration -..:a .. :a ~~c- c:S .... .::~ and/or licence -:: § E: "'·!!!> E t' :§·~, .. _§ ~~'5 ~ ~~ Q:; "i":::-9 ~ g.s 6 ·i ~.s !!:5' ~:5' "' " ~:5'

Portugal X - X - - X Direc~;iio-Geral de Saude Romania X xb xa I xb,a X - Diploma constitutes licence to practise Spain X xb xa - - X Colegio Oficial de Farmaceuticos Sweden. X xc X xc, h - X National Board of Health Switzerland . X x' xi xi - X Health authorities of the respective canton United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland X X"·' xi _j - X Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain Yugoslavia X xb xi X b, i X - Diploma constitutes licence to practise ------Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. X X" X" X" X X Ministry of Health of the USSR

x =Yes. -=No. . = Not applicable. . . . = Information not available. See also the relevant texts ('"Licence to practise"). • See the relevant chapter. • Following recognition or validation of the diploma. c Following special examination. a Residence permit or citizenship mandatory. • Special authorization required. f Provided reciprocity exists. • Holders of French State Diploma or equivalent qualification. • Proof of knowledge of Swedish required. ' Only as pharmacy assistants or scientific collaborators. 1 Labour permit required. ANNEX 9 299

Annex 9

OCEANIA: SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACISTS, 1963

Number of Population Number of pharmacists Population Population Number of per school per Country (thousands) schools of pharmacists who ofpharmacy pharmacy graduated (thousands) pharmacist In year

American Samoa .I 23 - 4 -- 5 800 Australia . 10 916 6 9 992 313 1 819 1100 British Solomon Islands. 130 - 2 - - 65 000 Cook Islands 19 - 2 - - 9 500 Fiji Islands . 434 1 42 1 434 10300 French Polynesia 81 - 6 -- 13500 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 49 - 2 - - 25 000 Guam". 66 - 2 - - 33 000 Nauru 5 - - --I - New Caledonia and de- pendencies . . . 81 - 14 - - 5 800 New Guinea (Aust.) 1 516 - 23 - - 66000 New Hebrides . 64 - - - - - New Zealand 2 538 2 1 889" - 1269 1 300 Niue. 5 -- - - - Pacific Islands . 86 - - - - - Papua 534 - 13 - - 42000 Tonga 69 - - - - - Western Samoa 119 - 2 - - 60000

TOTAL 16 744 9 111 993 314 1 860 1400

• 1962. See also footnotes to the introductory data at the head of each chapter. 300 WORLD DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY

Annex 10

OCEANIA: CONDITIONS GOVERNING PRACTICE

Persons authorized to practise I .. Nationals Foreigners -~~" ~" Authority responsible Country .., " ~ for registration 1ia "

American Samoa X - 2 - No registration or licensure in American Samoa, but anybody licensed in any state of the USA may practise Australia . X xa X xa - X Pharmacy Board of respective state British Solomon Islands. xb xb ... X Pharmacy and Poisons Board Cook Islands X - X - Cook Islands Administration Fiji Islands - x• - x• ... X Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Fiji

French Polynesia 000 ... •• 0 0 00 ... Gilbert and Ellice Islands X X xa - Chief Medical Officer

Guam ...... 00 0

Nauru 0 00 000 ... • 00 000 New Caledonia and de- pendencies x• - - X Gouverneur de Ia Nouvelle-Cale- donie New Guinea (Aust.) xb xb - X Medical Board New Hebrides . X X - X Medical Committee of the Condo- minium New Zealand X - X - - X Pharmacy Board

Niue...... •• 0 Pacific Islands . X X xt _fl g Papua xb xb - X Medical Board Tonga xb xb xh X Medical Department Western Samoa X X 5 X Department of Health

x ~Yes. -~No . . ~ Not applicable. . . . ~ Information not available. See also the relevant texts ("Licence to practise"). • Following recognition or validation of the diploma. • Holders of qualifications registrable in the United Kingdom, Australia or New Zealand, or such as the responsible authority may approve. ' Holders of qualifications registrable in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, or Ireland. • Holders of government fellowships only. • Holders of French State Diploma only. t Period equivalent to duration of fellowship awarded. • It is proposed that registration should be carried out by a Bureau of Licences within the Department of Public Health. h There is little, if any, possibility of practice outside the government services. ANNEX 11 301

Annex 11

WORLD TOTALS: SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACISTS, 1963

Number of Population Number of pharmacists Population Country Population schools of Number of per school per (thousands) pharmacists who ofpharmacy pharmacy graduated pharmacist in year (thousands) "- I Africa 296 434 13<> 9 600 I 200b 22 803<> I 31000 America 436192 154 154 026° 5 217d 2 832 2 700° Asia•. :I 1 062 834 127 171 882• 5 5051 8 369 6 200 Europeu 418 693 129 164 686 5 757h 3 246 2 500 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 224 764 40 85 231 2120 5 619 2 600 Oceania 16 744 9 11993 314 I 1 860 1400 19 113b, TOTAL"· u 2 455 661 472<> 597 418° 5 200a 4100° I d,/, h I I • Excluding South Africa. • Excluding Algeria, and South Africa. 'Excluding Argentina, Ecuador, and Greenland. • Excluding Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. • Excluding China (mainland), North Korea, and North Viet-Nam. f Excluding India, the Philippines, and Mongolia. • Excluding Eastern Germany. • Excluding the Netherlands. See also footnotes to the Introductory data at the head of each chapter. WHO publications may be obtained through :

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