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Development and Current Status of Clinical Pharmacy Education in China

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Development and Current Status of Clinical Pharmacy Education in China American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2014; 78 (8) Article 157. REVIEW Development and Current Status of Clinical Pharmacy Education in China Ming Hu, PhD,a Gary Yee, PharmD,b Naitong Zhou, MS,a Nan Yang, PhD,a Xuehua Jiang, PhD,a and Donald Klepser, PhDb a West School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China b College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska Submitted October 24, 2013; accepted February 19, 2014; published October 15, 2014. Objective. To describe the current status and developing trend of clinical pharmacy education in China. Methods. Descriptive analysis of data and information about the clinical pharmacy specialty, pharmacy colleges, and curriculum from literature, college websites, and statistics from the Ministry of Health (MOH) and Ministry of Education (MOE) websites was conducted. Results. Clinical pharmacy programs were established in China in 1989 but developed more fully after 2006. In 2012, there were 30 pharmacy colleges with clinical pharmacy undergraduate programs, which included a bachelor’s degree in clinical pharmacy and a clinical pharmacy concentration within the BS programs of pharmacy or medicine. More than 40 colleges within the university system offer 4 types of master’s degree programs in clinical pharmacy. Five universities offer a PhD program in clinical phar- macy. Three postgraduate programs exist, which train hospital pharmacists and clinical pharmacists: the 312 year Hospital Pharmacist Standardized Training Program at Peking hospitals; the 1-year Clinical Pharmacist Training Program sponsored by the MOH; and the 2-year Clinical Pharmacist Residency Program provided by West China Hospital at Sichuan University. Conclusion. A growing clinical pharmacy education system has been established and has become an important subfield in Chinese pharmacy education. Measures should be taken to further promote the development of clinical pharmacy education in China. Keywords: Chinese clinical pharmacy education, Chinese undergraduate programs, Chinese graduate program, postgraduate by guest on October 1, 2021. © 2014 American Association of Colleges Pharmacy INTRODUCTION Institutions, issued by the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Chinese pharmacy education was initially designed 2011, pharmacists should make up no less than 8% of the to train pharmaceutical practitioners to work in industry total medical professionals in a hospital,3 so the number of or research.1 In the past two decades, however, well trained hospital pharmacists in China should be 610,000. This pharmacists with clinical knowledge and skills have be- leaves a huge gap of 246,000 pharmacists to be filled in http://www.ajpe.org come urgently needed to meet the increasing demand the immediate future. The MOH is working to establish for high-quality medical care. According to the Chinese standardized entry level criteria for clinical pharmacists Ministry of Health’s Annual Health Statistics in 2011, via the Licensed Pharmacist Law,4 and it is expected that there were 364,000 hospital pharmacists and pharmacy only graduate students with at least a bachelor’s degree in technicians in mainland China, serving 1.28 billion peo- clinical pharmacy or pharmacy will be able to qualify as Downloaded from ple, 21,979 hospitals and 918,003 primary medical insti- clinical pharmacists by passing a national examination. tutions.2 There were, therefore, an average of only 2.69 The focus on clinical pharmacy education is increasing, pharmacists per million people, and 16.6 pharmacists as it is the only system for training clinical pharmacists in and pharmacy technicians per hospital. According to the China. paper Regulation of Pharmacy Management in Medical Clinical pharmacy education was first established in China in 1989, when the College of Pharmacy at the West Corresponding Author: Ming Hu, PhD, West School of Chinese Medical University (now known as West China Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No.17, Section-3, Renmin College of Pharmacy, Sichuan University) offered the 5 South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China 610041. first 5-year clinical pharmacy bachelor’s degree program. Tel: 18613980008091. Fax: 1862885422571. Until 1999, there were at least 8 colleges that offered E-mail: [email protected] a 4- or 5-year clinical pharmacy bachelor’s degree. 1 American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2014; 78 (8) Article 157. However, in 1999, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Pharmacy, Pharmacy Administration, Pharmacy Analysis, canceled the clinical pharmacy program because a major Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Ocean Pharmacy.10 review of bachelor’s degree programs revealed too many According to the MOH website, there were 218 colleges obstacles in the process of establishing a quality clinical that provided undergraduate pharmacy programs in 2011. pharmacy program.6 In 2002, however, the MOH real- By the end of 2012, 30 colleges (13.8%) were offering ized there was a need for trained clinical pharmacists and a clinical pharmacy program across 19 of the 31 provinces issued a document on the provisional regulation of phar- in mainland China (Table 1). macy management in medical institutions, which re- Of these 30 colleges, 17 provided a clinical phar- quired pharmacy departments in hospitals to establish macy bachelor’s degree program (BPharm), which was a pharmaceutical care program oriented toward patient formally approved by the MOE. The other 13 colleges care.7 Driven by the increasing need for clinical phar- provided a clinical pharmacy concentration as part of macists, the MOH set up the Clinical Pharmacist Train- pharmacy or medicine degree. Clinical pharmacy concen- ing Program in 2006, which trained clinical pharmacists trations can be established by the colleges themselves, in qualified hospitals.8 In the same year, the Chinese whereas the BPharm program must be assessed by an Pharmaceutical University was approved to establish affiliated university first and then assessed and approved a pilot clinical pharmacy bachelor’s program.9 Since by the MOE. Approval is based on demand of profes- then, other pharmacy colleges have also begun clinical sionals, existing teaching resources, the reputation of pharmacy programs. With both graduate and postgrad- the college, among other factors. In 2011, there were 13 uate programs in clinical pharmacy, a more comprehen- applications from colleges wanting to begin degree pro- sive pharmacists’ training system has been established grams, of which 6 were approved. The number of BPharm and is continuing to develop in China. programs increased from 1 in 2006 to 11 in 2009, and to 17 in 2011. Undergraduate Programs Of the 17 formal clinical pharmacy programs, 16 According to the last Undergraduate Program Catalog awarded a BPharm degree and 1 awarded a bachelor’s issued by the MOE in 2012, there were 8 kinds of under- of science (BS) degree. Of 13 clinical pharmacy concen- graduate pharmacy programs in China, which include trations, 9 awarded BS degrees, and 4 awarded bachelor Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Science, and Traditional Chi- of medicine degrees because they were provided under nese Pharmacy, and 5 relatively new ones, Clinical medicine programs. Table 1. Clinical Pharmacy Undergraduate Programs in China by guest on October 1, 2021. © 2014 American Association of Colleges Pharmacy Type of Academic Number of Program/ Concentration Degree Years Colleges Names of Colleges Clinical pharmacy program BPharm 5 16 Anhui Medical University; Chinese Medical University; Chinese Pharmaceutical University; Dalian Medical University; Fujian Medical University; Guangdong http://www.ajpe.org Pharmaceutical University; Harbin Medical University; Luzhou Medical College; Nanjing Medical University; Qiqihar Medical University; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Sichuan University; Wenzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Medical College Downloaded from BS 4 1 Kun ming Medical University; Clinical pharmacy BS 4 7 Beihua University; Hebie North University; Jilin concentration as part Medical College; Nanjing TCM University; of pharmacy or Southern Medical University; Suzhou University; medicine program Xian Medical College BS 5 2 Huazhong University of Science and Technique; Tianjing TCM University BM 5 3 Guilin Medical College; Nanchang University; Taishan Medical College BM 4 1 Bengbu Medical College Total 30 2 American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2014; 78 (8) Article 157. The length of program varied in different colleges. emphasis on the development of empathy and service Of the 17 colleges with formal clinical programs, 16 pro- conscientiousness. vided 5-year programs while 1 provided a 4-year program. Of the 9 colleges with a clinical pharmacy concentration as Graduate Degrees part of a pharmacy program, 7 provided 4-year programs Until 2012, there were 4 kinds of clinical pharmacy and 2 provided 5-year programs. Of the 4 colleges with master’s degree programs: an MS in clinical pharmacy, a clinical pharmacy concentration as part of medicine pro- an MPharm with a clinical pharmacy concentration, an grams, 3 provided 5-year programs and 1, a 4-year pro- MS in clinical medicine or pharmacology with a clinical gram. In total, 21 colleges provided 5-year programs and pharmacy concentration, and a long-term program (7-8 9 provided 4-year programs. years as opposed to 4-5 years) of clinical pharmacy. In According to incomplete statistics issued by the Chi- total, 44 colleges in 30 universities recruited clinical phar- nese Pharmacy Almanac, in 2006 there were
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