Index

Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables. accretion 86, 93, 100, 101, 102 black schist/shale 58, 62 Moldanubian 9, 24, 28–30 blueschist 17, 24, 90, 91, 92, 118, 170 Allochthonous units 82–97, 141 Bohemian Massif 2, 7, 13, 62, 67, 68 Iberia 229, 231–233, 237, 238 tectonic domains 14–19, 172 Portugal 118, 121–122 tectonic re-interpretation 26–31 Alpine overprinting 249–251 Bohemian Massif, plate model 169–184 Alps 380–381 deformation and plutonism 180–184 convergence–extension 368–375 lithotectonic units 170–175 geology 365–368 timing and kinematics 175–180, 182 magmatism 375–378 boudin 13, 17, 23, 24, 235, 289, 321, 370, 373 metamorphism 369–375 Bouguer gravity anomaly 230, 334, 335 numerical model predictions 379–389 Bouillouses gneiss dome 268, 269 tectonic map 365, 366, 374 Bre´venne Unit 11, 14, 24, 29, 65 Ancenis Basin 141, 142–143, 147, 152, 154, 155 Bristol Channel–Bray Fault 47 age of sedimentation 158–161 Brunia continent 17–18, 19, 25, 176, 181, 183 Andorra pluton 274–275 Brunovistulian Unit 172–173, 175 Ar/Ar age 322–323, 348–351, 355 Ibero-Armorican 83, 86, 87, 92, 93, 237, 238 Cadomian block 138, 161, 169, 170 Pyrenees 273, 280 Calabria, reconstruction 334, 351 Vosges 54, 55, 200 calc-alkaline composition 49, 83, 87, 91, 127, 155 Ar/Ar analysis, white mica 3, 137–138, 141 Alps 375, 377, 378 age groups 145, 148–149, 151–154 granitoids 183, 335 methodology and samples 143–144 plutons 11, 15, 24, 254, 257, 272 arc setting 54, 68, 95, 97, 184 Bohemian Massif 171, 176, 179, 180 Armorican Massif 2, 99, 158 Vosges 51, 198, 200–203, 210–215 Allochthon, Lower–Upper 83–97 Canigou–Caranc¸a` gneiss dome 268, 269, 272 comparison with southern belt 325 Cantabrian Orocline 282, 283 correlation 81 Cantabrian Zone 230, 231, 233, 242, 249, 257, 259 geology 139–142 Caranc¸a` dykes 274, 277, 279 pressure–temperature path 85 carbonate 50, 60, 118, 142, 158, 181, 378 relief and erosion 137–162 platform/reef 47, 62, 97, 99–100, 138 Aston gneiss dome 266, 268, 269–272, 281 Carboniferous position, Corsica 352 Asturian Phase 1, 77, 102 Catalan Coastal Ranges 250, 253, 257, 273, aureole 52–53, 275, 371 282–283 Austroalpine Domain 367–368, 375–377, 379, 382, Cauterers–Panticosa plutons 275–276, 278 384–387 Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex 176, 177, 181 Autochthonous units, Iberia 229–233, 237, 239, 240 Central Iberian Arc 226, 282 Portugal 116–118 Central Iberian Zone 225, 240, 241, 282–283 Avalonia 28–39, 83, 98, 169, 175, 356 metamorphism 230, 232, 234–237 passive margin 197–220 NE Portugal 115–118, 128, 129 subduction 216, 218–219 Chalonnes Formation 141, 147, 152, 157, 161 Ax-les-Thermes pluton 273–274 Champ du Feu 9, 21, 51 age 276–277, 279, 280 Champ du Feu Massif 198, 199, 200, 203, 218 Champtoceaux Complex 83, 86, 87, 93, 143, 153 back-arc basin 14, 24–25, 157, 161 Devonian–Carboniferous events 159 opening 65–66, 68, 98 erosion 155, 160–162 model sections 29, 30, 63, 65, 217 Lower–Middle Allochthon 141 back-thrusting 315, 325, 326, 327 chert 97, 122, 142 Bande Me´diane, volcanics 204, 214, 217, 218 cleavage 56–59, 64, 66 geochronology 198–202 slaty 233, 241, 254, 255, 259 Barrovian metamorphism 15, 29–30, 64, 154, 315, coal-bearing basin 141–143, 155, 158–161 323–325 collision 2, 3, 4, 26, 28–30, 239, 387, 389 Barrovian zones 234, 235, 236 Devonian 62–66 Basal Lower Parautochthon Detachment 128, 129 Iberia and Eurasian plates 250 bathymetry 334, 335, 349, 351 numerical modelling 382, 383 Bay of Biscay, formation of 252 Variscan 100–101 Belmont granite 198–204, 210–212, 215–216, 218 conglomerate 142, 147 Black Forest 19, 45, 47, 60, 64, 67, 68 contact metamorphism 52–53 402 INDEX convergence–extension, Alps 368–375, 380–381 Pyrenees 266, 268, 269, 272, 337, 339, 346 numerical modelling 383 Vosges 58–60 Corsica–Sardinia 316–318, 321–322, 324 foliation, magnetic 339 palaeomagnetic data 333–356 France, north–south comparison 313, 325 crust 2, 9–12, 30, 385 France see also Vosges deformation 249, 261, 265, 269–272 Lower Allochthon 83–89 rheological parameters 384 Middle Allochthon 92–94 structure 229–234, 239–242 Upper Allochthon 95–97 Culm 101, 253, 272 French Massif Central 7–31 deformation 141, 159, 160, 181, 182 gabbro 94, 95, 371, 376–378 Iberia 232, 251–252, 254–259 Galicia–Massif Central ocean 14 Pyrenees 267–268, 269–272, 280, 281, 283 Galicia–Tra´s-os-Montes Zone 115, 128, 129 deformation events 56, 61, 325 Allochthon 118, 121–122 dehydration melting 216, 218, 236 HT/LP metamorphism 85, 225, 230, 233, 237, delamination 3, 4, 183–184, 242, 283, 335 239, 241 detachment zone 67, 68 Galicia, geology 82 detrital zircon Armorican Massif 137–138 garnet, Sm–Nd dating 301, 302 age groups 151–155 geochemistry 202–211 methodology and samples 143–144 gabbros 376, 377 sample results 144–151 volcanics 122–130 source identification 155–162 geochronology 238 dome, thermal 254–259, 257 analytical procedure 276 doming 234, 293, 306, 308, 326, 327 multimethod dating 298–302 durbachite 18, 21, 24, 54, 173, 181 Vosges 54–55, 198–204 dykes 91, 95, 98, 274, 277, 279, 337, 377 geothermal relaxation 67–68 magnetism 344, 346–349 geotherms 384, 386 Gfo¨hl Unit 15, 18, 19, 24, 172, 176, 184 East Variscan Shear Zone 324 glaciation, Hirnantian 99 Ebro Basin 249, 250 glaciomarine sequence 97, 100 eclogite 4, 96, 141, 154 gneiss complex 22–24 Alps 370, 371, 373 gneiss dome Iberia 87, 94, 100, 118, 235 Iberia 228, 229, 240, 241 Maures–Tanneron Massif 321, 322, 324 metamorphism 234, 235, 254 Moldanubian Zone 7, 11–12, 15, 17–18, 23, Pyrenees 265–268, 279–280 171–172 Gondwana 4, 28–29, 60, 62 eclogites, Massif Central 289–290, 294–296, 307 collision 225–226, 260 multimethod dating 298–302 crustal thickening 239–240 Sm/Nd isochron plot 302–305 indentation 66–67 U–Pb data 297, 299–301 Gondwana margin 169, 289 Eisgarn granite 175, 180 Ibero-Armorican Arc 78, 79, 83, 90–91, 94, 97, 101 Elbe Shear Zone 179–180, 181 terrane dispersal 98–100, 102, 116 elements, major 202–211 see also trace volcanism, age 118, 127–129 equations, crust–mantle system 379, 382 Gondwana–Laurussia 183, 260, 356 erosion and mountain building 138, 155–161 granite 12, 14, 17, 21–23, 170, 181 Essarta Unit 96, 98 age 237, 238, 276–283 European Variscides 46, 65, 170, 314, 364, 368 Cloos 178–179 geochronology 322–323 Pyrenees 265, 268, 272–283, 293 southern belt 316–324 time–temperature path 281 exhumation Vosges 51, 52, 55, 203–204, 214 Alps 371, 373 granitoid 377 Bohemian Massif 172, 173, 176, 177, 181, 183 Bohemian Massif 169–184 Iberia 235–237 Corsica–Sardinia 335, 337–339, 343, 346, 348, 350, Massif Central 266, 289, 306, 308, 309 354, 356 Mauges Unit 160, 162 Iberia 228, 229, 240–242, 251, 253, 254 Maures–Tanneron Massif 322, 324, age 236–239 325, 326 granulite 289, 370 Ibero-Armorican arc 94, 95, 98 flysch 17, 22, 50–51, 78, 101, 229, 272 Moldanubian Zone 13, 17–19, 21, 23, 24 folding 254, 272, 294 Vosges 54, 55, 62, 68 folds, Iberia 227, 233–234, 236, 241, 255 gravitational dynamics 101, 181, 237, 239, 266, 387 foliation 66, 176 numerical modelling 382, 383 Alps 370, 373 gravitational flow 230, 231, 233 Iberia 233, 234, 237, 254, 257, 260 gravity 230, 334, 335, 349 INDEX 403

Helvetic Domain 367–368, 373, 375, 378, magma mixing 52, 215, 218 385–387 magmatic fabric 179, 180 overview 381 magmatic pulses, Vosges 197–220 Hf isotope data 92 geochemistry 202–203, 204–214 hornfels 53, 95 geochronology 198, 200, 201, 203–206, 214 Hospitalet gneiss dome 268, 269, 270–271, 272 magmatism 3 Cambro-Ordovician 153 Iapetus 98, 100 Carboniferous 159, 171 Iberia Corsica–Sardinia 334, 335, 337 Lower Allochthon 79–83, 84–86 Iberia 232, 237, 253, 254, 257 Middle Allochthon 90–94 Portugal, NE 126–129 Upper Allochthon 94–95 Pyrenees 271, 283, 333 Iberia (central) metamorphism 225–242 Saxothuringian domain 197–198, 217 age 236–237 Vosges 50–52, 54–56, 68 conditions 234–239 magnetic foliation 56, 59, 179 geological setting 228–229 magnetic overprint 344, 346–351 Iberian (NE) Variscan tectonics 249–261 magnetic susceptibility 257, 293, 338, 339, 342 Ibero-Armorican arc 138, 226, 240, 242 magnetization, timing of 347–351 correlation 81 Main Tras-os-Montes Thrust 116, 119, 122, geodynamic evolution 97–102 128, 129 geology 78, 226 manganiferous nodules 92 Lower Allochthon 79–87, 88–89 mantle 7, 17, 23, 25, 26, 52, 171, 175 Middle Allochthon 90–94 delamination 3, 4, 183, 184, 242 Upper Allochthon 94–97 depleted 91, 214, 377 igneous activity see magmatism heat 237, 239 imbrication 90, 91, 230, 231, 233 hydration 386, 387, 389 imprints 368 rheological parameters 384 metamorphic 373, 375, 377 source 92, 214–218, 377, 378 Permian–Triassic 384 wedge 83, 386, 387 indentor 3, 19, 66–67, 242 Massif Central 2, 7–31, 153, 154 Ingrandes Formation 141, 142, 147, 152, 154, 160 comparison with southern belt 325 inversion 22, 24, 65, 159, 325 geochronology 289–309 isotopic composition 51, 52, 213–214 tectonometamorphism 9–19, 139, 290–293 isotopic ratio, measurement 124 tectonic re-interpretation 26–31 Mauges Unit 97, 99–100, 154, 161 Joyeuse–Grimauld Fault 315, 324, 327 Upper Allochthon 141–142 Maures–Este´rel–Corsica–Sardinia 333–356 K–Ar age 200, 273, 348, 351 geology 335–338 Kagenfels granite 199, 200, 201, 210–214, 216–218 palaeomagnetism 339–351 kink folds 255 tectonic evolution 351–356 kinzigite 294, 295, 303, 304, 307, 375 Maures–Tanneron Massif, orogenic wedge klippen 8, 12, 18, 176, 233 313–327 Klippen Belt 50–51, 58, 60, 64, 68 comparison with N France 325 Krkonosˇe–Jizera Plutonic Complex 178–179 geology 313–316 metamorphism 320–324 Lalaye–Lubine Fault Zone 46, 58, 63, 64, 67, 197 structural evolution 316–320, 324–327 large ion lithophile elements 51, 173, 211, Mediterranean back-arc, opening 313 215, 216 me´lange 24, 91 Laurussia 3, 4, 98, 100 metamorphism 3–4, 118, 159, 170–171, 173 collision 169, 183, 225–226, 260 Corsica–Sardinia 337–338 Leptyno–Amphibolitic complex 9, 10–11, 26 Devonian–Carboniferous 159, 160 Liguria Basin, opening 367 Ibero-Armorican arc 78–97 LILE see large ion lithophile elements inverted 101, 155, 160 limestone see carbonate Moldanubian Zone 7–31 lineation 56–60, 234, 237, 266–269, 280 peak 162, 184 magmatic 337, 338, 342, 352, 354, 355 South Armorican Domain 138, 139 magnetic 339 Variscan basement 374 stretching 176, 338, 352, 354, 355, 371 Vosges 49–55, 58–59, 61 lithosphere 28, 171, 173, 283, 384 metamorphism, HT/LP Alps 363–369 Maures–Tanneron Massif 320–325 numerical modelling 383 Montagne Noire Axial Zone, dating thinning 373, 377, 379, 386, 387 289–309 Lower Gneiss Unit 8–9, 12–13, 23, 26, 28, 29 NE Iberia 254–257, 260 Lugo Dome 231, 239, 241 Pyrenees 265, 272–276 404 INDEX metamorphism, HT/LP, central Iberia 225–242 omphacite 301, 302, 322 age 236–237 ophiolite conditions 232, 234–239 Ibero-Armorican arc 90, 91–94, 96, 229 metapelite, U–Th–Pb dating 302–305 suture imprint 369 Mg–K magmatism 52, 59, 60, 62, 67 Vosges 9, 14, 17, 22, 24–25 mica, step-heating analysis 144 orocline 3, 353 micaschist 294, 295, 303, 304 Iberia 225, 228, 234, 240, 241, 261 Mid-German Crystalline Rise 66, 68 Ibero-Armorican 77, 78, 101 mid-ocean ridge basalt see MORB orogenic collapse 67–68 migmatization 228, 234, 236, 241, 242 orogenic wedge 230, 231, 313–327 migmatite 59, 95, 172, 254, 257, 322 orthogneiss 83, 87, 90, 95, 96, 98 migmatitic dome 101, 293, 296, 309 overprint, post-Variscan 314, 363, 379 mineral chemistry, analysis 219 Moho 230, 257, 266 palaeogeography 19, 78, 101–102, 353, 368, 387 Moldanubian Domain 45–47 palaeolatitude 348, 349, 352 Moldanubian thrust system 176–177 palaeomagnetism 4, 66, 333–356 Moldanubian Unit 171–175 data 340–341, 342–343 Moldanubian Zone 7–31 sampling 339 comparison with southern belt 325 palaeontology, Vosges 48 correlation Corsica–Sardinia 353 Palaeotethys 65, 101, 260, 261 suture 64, 65, 68, 181 palaeotopography 138–139, 184 monazite 304, 307 Palaeozoic 63 Ar/Ar age 322–323 detrital geochronology 137–162 U–Th–Pb age 293, 302–306, 309 Vosges 45–68 Mont-Louis pluton 268, 269, 274–278 Pangaea break-up 363, 367, 378–379, 387 age 279, 280 paragenesis 87, 235 time–temperature path 281 passive margin 15, 116, 181, 228, 387 Montagne Noire Axial Zone Avalonia 197–220 detachment zone, age 354 Moldanubian–Saxothuringian 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 geochronology 298–307 Pb measurements 124, 126 geology 293–298 Pb–Pb age 154, 155, 174, 180, 214 metamorphism and tectonics 307–309 Pb/Pb data 297, 299–301 Monts du Lyonnais 11, 12, 13–14 Pb/Pb value 203, 204, 205–206 Mora–Saldanha Volcano-sedimentary Complex Pb/U age 277, 278 geochemistry 121, 122–130 Pb/U data 297, 299–301 geology 116–122 Penninic Domain 367–369, 378, 381 Morais Complex 79, 81, 90–95, 100, 116, 117 P–T conditions 373–375, 379, 382, 384–387 Moravosilesian Unit 172–173 peridotite 15, 18, 23, 24, 54, 370, 371 MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt) 337, 373 Permian position, Corsica–Sardinia 355 Ibero-Armorican arc 91, 92, 94, 96, 102, Peso Formation 122, 128–129 123, 127 petrology, volcanics 200–201, 203 Vosges 211, 212 plant fragments 97, 157, 158 mylonite 96, 100, 233, 257 plate tectonics 1, 2, 28, 183 belts/zone 183, 251, 371 Bohemian Massif, model 169–184 plateau/pseudo-plateau age 144, 145, 148–149, 152 nappe stack 4, 7, 68, 142 plutons 19, 24, 29 Bohemian Massif 160, 162, 170, 176 Bohemian Massif 175–184 Ibero-Armorica, correlation 77–102 Iberia 237, 254, 256, 257 Massif Central 290, 293 Pyrenees 265, 272–276 Maures–Tanneron 323, 325, 327 Vosges 51, 52, 54, 197, 199 Natzwiller granite 203–204, 214 polarity, tectonic 25–26, 62, 100, 290, 325 Nd isotope 91 pole, rotation Nd–Sr isotope, analysis 219–220 Carboniferous–Triassic 350 Triassic–Jurassic 351 obduction, Rhenohercyian 28, 30, 118 Portugal 115–130 ocean–continent transition 13, 28 Lower Allochthon 79 oceanic crust 86, 90, 94, 96, 98 Middle Allochthon 90, 91 Alps 363, 365, 367, 382, 385–387 pressure–temperature path 85, 320, 372, 374 rheological parameters 384 P–T–time 307, 335, 337 oceanic crust/mantle differentiation protolith age 170 numerical modelling 379, 383 Ibero-Armorican arc 83, 93–96, 101, 153 olistolith 122, 293, 308 Moldanubian Zone 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 50 Ollo de Sapo antiform 231, 241 provenance (sediment) 95, 175 Ollo de Sapo gneisses 123–124 see also under white mica INDEX 405 ptygmatic folds 255 sedimentation 97, 99, 142, 156, 159, 160–161 Pyrenean Axial Zone 250, 251–254, 283 seismic profile, Iberian 227, 230, 231, 241, 242 Pyrenees, Variscan shear heating 385, 387, 388, 389 deformation 269–272 shear zone 67, 78, 353, 385, 387 geochronology 273, 276–280 Armorican Massif 139, 140 gneiss domes 266, 267, 269, 270–271 Bohemian Massif 176, 177, 180, 183 granite plutons 268, 272–276 Iberia 226, 230, 234, 235, 237, 241, 261 Pyrenees 267–268, 269, 280, 283 Rabodeau Massif 198, 214, 218 shearing 181, 183 radiogenic age 297, 299–301, 371 shortening 100, 182, 183, 356 radiogenic heat 67–68, 239 Corsica–Sardinia 354 radiolarites 158, 159, 160 Vosges 56, 66–67 radiometric age 280, 351, 373, 375, 378 sill complex 181 Montagne Noire 305–307 slab break-off 325, 326 rare earth elements see REE slab roll-back 98, 216, 218 Rb–Sr age 55, 83, 86, 87, 93, 154, 237, 238 Sm–Nd age 87, 91, 92, 141, 306, 307 Pyrenees 274 Sm–Nd dating 301–302 reconstruction Sn–W mineralization 170 Maures–Corsica–Sardinia 334, 352 South Armorican Domain, topography 139 Variscan Europe 156, 349 South Armorican Massif Central Ocean 155 recumbent folds 100, 233, 296, 298, 306, 308, 309 South Armorican Shear Zone 87, 88 REE (rare earth elements) 87, 173, 353 Southalpine Domain 365–366, 368–370, 387 Mora/Saldanha volcanics 121, 123 magmatism 376–379 Vosges 51, 52, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216 metamorphism 372–375 relamination 19, 26, 30, 175 numerical modelling 384, 385 relief and erosion, Variscan belt 137–162 overview 380–381 remanent magnetization 339, 342–347 Southern Armorican Massif 80, 99 direction 344–347, 349–350 Spain 116, 117 see also Iberia restoration steps 249–252 Sr–Nd isotope data 3, 213, 214 reversed polarity 344, 345, 347–353 Sr/Sr isotopic data 51, 52, 215 Rheic Ocean 98, 100, 101, 118, 169, 382 structure opening 115, 116, 128, 129, 229 central Iberia 230–234 Rheno-Hercynian erosion 138 European Variscides, southern belt 316–320 Rhenohercynian Ocean 25, 28–29, 62, 181, 183 Pyrenean Axial Zone 256 subduction 68, 197–220, 216, 219 Vosges 55–60 rheological parameters subduction 382 numerical modelling 384 Alpine 363, 368, 371 rhyolite 122, 123, 127 Avalonian passive margin 197–220 rifting 98, 157, 161 continental 83, 86, 87, 306, 309, 326 Alpine 365, 369, 377–379, 381 intracontinental, Montagne Noire 289, 308 rotation 283 Maures–Tanneron Massif 324 Corsica–Sardinia Block 333–356 mid-ocean ridge 90–91 Iberia 251–252, 257 Moldanubian 9, 14, 19, 21–26, 28–30, 171 rutile, U–Pb data 305–306 polarity 62, 100, 325 Cameca IMS 1280 dating 298, 299, 300–301 Vosges 52, 64, 214 see also under Saxothuringian Ocean Saint-Georges-sur-Loire, back-arc 157, 161 Sudetic Fault system 177–179, 181 Sainte-Anne Formation 141–143, 145, 152, 154 sulphide 100, 122, 127 provenance 155, 157, 161, 162 suture 47, 67, 78, 98, 102, 290 Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines Fault Zone 46, 58, 64 geotherms 384, 386 Saldanha Volcanics 116–122 Gfo¨hl 176, 184 geochemistry 122–130 intracontinental 382 Sardinia see Corsica Maures–Tanneron Massif 315, 324, 327 Saxothuringian Domain 15, 16, 45–47, 60, 64 Moldanubian–Saxothuringian 64, 65, 68, 181 igneous rocks 197–198, 217 Variscan 23, 139, 368 Saxothuringian Ocean 29, 62 suture zone, reworking 101 closure 65, 66, 176 subduction 9, 18, 19, 25, 26, 30, 181 tectonometamorphic evolution 1 Saxothuringian Unit 170, 172–173, 174 Iberia 226–227, 249–261 Saxothuringian–Moldanubian suture 64, 65, 68, 181 Ibero-Armorican Arc 78, 97–101 Schirmeck Massif 198, 199, 214, 218 Montagne Noire 307–308 Schistose Domain, Galicia–Tra´s-os-Montes Tepla´ suture 64, 65, 68, 175–176, 181, 352 115–116, 129 Tepla´ –Barrandian Unit 170–171, 172–174, 177, 181 Schwarzwald basement 7, 19, 20, 22–24 Tethys 4, 367, 378, 379, 387 406 INDEX

Th–Pb age 303, 304 Variscan Th/Nb ratio 92 collision 227–229, 363, 365 Th/U data 297, 299–301, 305 correlation 280–283 thermal anomaly 29–30, 283 domains 2–3, 45, 138 thermal demagnetization 343 palaeopositions 349–350, 352, 355 thermal domes 254–259, 281 plutonism 170, 172–173, 182 thermal modelling 239, 242 Variscan Belt thermal regime NW Europe 28, 251 Alps 368, 369, 371, 373, 384–388 relief and erosion 137–162 thermal relaxation 236, 239 Variscan tectonics, NE Iberia 249–261 thermal subsidence 161 basement 226–228, 252–257 thermobarometry 91, 95, 234, 337 correlation 259–261 thick-skinned tectonics 14 geological zonation 257–259 tholeiite 50, 90–95, 98, 335 restoration, post-Variscan events 249–252 emplacement 217 virtual geomagnetic pole 336, 346, 349, 350 geochemistry 198, 214 volcanic complex, U–Pb age 115–130 thrusts 100–101, 233, 236, 240 volcanism time–temperature path 280, 281, 307, 335, 337 Alps 378–379, 380–381 topography and erosion, Armorican Massif 137–162 Ibero-Armorican 97, 100 age groups 151–155 Moldanubian 11, 14, 15, 21, 22, 25 relief evolution 155–160 Vosges 47–52 samples 144–151 Vosges, magmatic pulses 3, 197–220 source 160–162 geodynamic model 216–218 study methods 143–144 geology/geochronology 198–200 Torquist Ocean 100 Vosges, Palaeozoic evolution 2, 7, 60–68 trace elements geochronology 54–55 analytical techniques 219 lithostratigraphy 19–22, 47–51 Vosges 208–209, 211–214 magmatism 51–52 transpression 254, 259, 261, 315, 324 metamorphism 52–54 Bohemia 176, 180, 181 structure 55–60 Pyrenees 272 tectonic re-interpretation 27, 28, 45–47, 61 Triassic rotation, Corsica–Sardinia 334, 356 Younger granites 199–201, 203, 216–218 turbidite 142, 147, 157 typological repartition, zircon 146, 147, 150, 158 West African, provenance 95, 175 West Asturian–Leonese Zone 115, 129 U–Pb age 236–238, 293, 303, 304, 307 metamorphism 225, 230, 233, 234, 237, Bohemian Massif 169, 173–175, 178–180 240, 249 Corsica–Sardinia 348, 351, 354, 355 tectonics 257, 259, 282, 283 Ibero-Armorican 83, 86, 87, 90–96 white mica, provenance study 137–138 Pyrenees 266, 273, 274, 275, 282 methodology 143–144 Vosges 200, 203, 214 sample results 144–155 U–Pb analysis, Armorican Massif 137–138, 143–144, wrench fault 259, 261, 283, 333, 356 146, 150–151, 153 age groups 154–155, 160 xenolith 51, 59, 95 U–Pb analytical techniques 219 U–Pb data 204, 205–206 zircon age 66 U–Pb dating 3, 4, 276–279, 322–323 SHRIMP dating 297, 298, 299, 301 U–Pb ID-TIMS 125 U–Pb 305–306, 322–323 U–Pb zircon age, Vosges 54, 55 resetting 309 U–Pb–Th age 354 volcanics 124–126, 129 U–Th–Pb age 4, 293, 302–307 zircon grains 276–278, 280 U/Pb data 297, 299–301, 305 see also detrital zircon age U/Pb ratio 124 zoning 151, 155, 203, 277 underplating 98, 216, 218, 325 compositional 171 Upper Gneiss Unit 9, 12–13, 24, 26, 28 structural 254–259