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5 Potential Benefits of Golden Rice 16 6 Sensitivity Analysis 18 7 Conclusion 19 References 20 Appendix 24 A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Zimmermann, Roukayatou; Ahmed, Faruk Working Paper Rice biotechnology and its potential to combat vitamin A deficiency: a case study of golden rice in Bangladesh ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy, No. 104 Provided in Cooperation with: Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung / Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn Suggested Citation: Zimmermann, Roukayatou; Ahmed, Faruk (2006) : Rice biotechnology and its potential to combat vitamin A deficiency: a case study of golden rice in Bangladesh, ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy, No. 104, University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/32303 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu ZEF Bonn Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung Center for Development Research Universität Bonn Roukayatou Zimmermann, Faruk Ahmed Rice Biotechnology and Its Potential to Combat Vitamin A Number Deficiency: A Case Study of 104 Golden Rice in Bangladesh ZEF – Discussion Papers on Development Policy Bonn, March 2006 The CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (ZEF) was established in 1995 as an international, interdisciplinary research institute at the University of Bonn. Research and teaching at ZEF aims to contribute to resolving political, economic and ecological development problems. ZEF closely cooperates with national and international partners in research and development organizations. For information, see: http://www.zef.de. ZEF – DISCUSSION PAPERS ON DEVELOPMENT POLICY are intended to stimulate discussion among researchers, practitioners and policy makers on current and emerging development issues. Each paper has been exposed to an internal discussion within the Center for Development Research (ZEF) and an external review. The papers mostly reflect work in progress. Roukayatou Zimmermann, Faruk Ahmed: Rice Biotechnology and Its Potential to Combat Vitamin A Deficiency: A Case Study of Golden Rice in Bangladesh, ZEF – Discussion Papers On Development Policy No. 104, Center for Development Research, Bonn, March 2006, pp. 31. ISSN: 1436-9931 Published by: Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung (ZEF) Center for Development Research Walter-Flex-Strasse 3 D – 53113 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-73-1861 Fax: +49-228-73-1869 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.zef.de The authors: Roukayatou Zimmermann, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn University, Bonn, Germany (contact: [email protected]). Faruk Ahmed, Nutrition Program–Division of International Health, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (contact: [email protected]). Rice Biotechnology and Its Potential to Combat Vitamin A Deficiency Contents Acknowledgements Abstract 1 Kurzfassung 2 1 Introduction 3 2 Analytical Framework 5 2.1 Conceptual Issues 5 2.2 Methodology 5 3 Vitamin A Deficiency and Its Costs in Bangladesh 7 3.1 Vitamin A Deficiency in Bangladesh 7 3.2 Cost of VAD in Bangladesh 7 4 Golden Rice and Factors Influencing Its Effectiveness 9 4.1 Efficacy 10 4.1.1 Amount of the Beta-carotene 10 4.1.2 Bioavailability and Bioconversion of Beta-carotene 10 4.1.3 The Concept of Dose-response and the Impact of Golden Rice 11 4.2 Coverage Rate 13 4.2.1 Accessibility 13 4.2.2 Acceptance 14 5 Potential Benefits of Golden Rice 16 6 Sensitivity Analysis 18 7 Conclusion 19 References 20 Appendix 24 ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy 104 List of Tables Table 4-1: Contribution of Golden Rice to reduce VAD in Bangladesh 13 Table 4-2: Assumptions Used to Simulate the Potential Benefits of GR 15 Table 5-1: Cost Estimates for R&D and Dissemination of GR in Bangladesh 17 Table 5-2: Annual Burden of VAD in Bangladesh and the Cost-effectiveness of GR 17 Table 6-1: Reduction of VAD-functional Outcomes in Different Scenarios 18 Table D-1: Estimated Requirements of VAC 200,000 IU 31 Table D-2: Estimated Requirements of VAC 100,000 IU 31 Table D-3: Other Associated Costs 31 Table D-4: Total Cost of VA Supplementation 31 List of Figures Figure 4-1: Relationship between Beta-carotene Intake and Health Outcome 12 Rice Biotechnology and Its Potential to Combat Vitamin A Deficiency List of Abbreviations and Acronyms µg Microgram BR29 Rice variety Brridham29 BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute BSCIC Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation DALYs Disability Adjusted Life Years dL Decilitre FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GBD Global Burden of Disease GR Golden Rice HKI Helen Keller International ICCIDD International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders INFS Institute of Nutrition and Food Science IPHN Institute of Public Health Nutrition IRRI International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, The Philippines IVACG International Vitamin A Consultative Group Kg Kilogram L Litre NGO Non Governmental Organisation NIPORT National Institute of Population Research and Training NPB National Programme for Biotechnology R&D Research and Development ßC Beta-carotene UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund USA United States of America VA Vitamin A VAC Vitamin A Capsule VAD Vitamin A Deficiency WHO World Health Organization YLD Years Lived with Disability YLL Years of Life Lost due to Mortality ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy 104 Acknowledgements The financial support to this project by Syngenta Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank researchers at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) and at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) especially Dr. Nilufer Hye Karim, Dr. Noel Magor, Dr. M. A. Hamid Miah, and Dr. Gerard Barry for the good cooperation. Our special thanks go to Prof. Rezaul Karim (University of Dhaka), Dr. Tahmeed Ahmed (ICDDR,B), and Gudrun Stallkamp (HKI) for facilitating the data collection and our stay in Bangladesh. Also, we are grateful to Prof. Matin Qaim (University of Hohenheim), Dr. Craig Meisner (IFDC), Dr. Jorge Mayer (University of Freiburg), and Dr. J.V. Meenakshi (HarvestPlus) for valuable comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Finally, we would like to thank Prof. Frohberg (ZEF) and our Family for the moral support we have received at all stages of this work. Rice Biotechnology and Its Potential to Combat Vitamin A Deficiency Abstract Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) remains a public health problem in many developing countries. Thousands of preschool children go blind every year, and many of them die due to VAD. Also VAD weakens the immune system, making children to be prey to infection diseases. Adults are also affected by VAD, and the most affected population groups are pregnant and lactating women. Fortunately, there are many ways to tackle this problem, including pharmaceutical supplementation, food fortification, dietary education, and breeding food crops rich in micronutrient. One of the famous examples of crops rich in micronutrient is Golden Rice (GR). Golden Rice has been genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene in the grain endosperm. Beta-carotene is a precursor of vitamin A (VA). This study analyses the potential health impacts of this rice on VA deficient consumers in Bangladesh. We have calculated the current burden of VAD in the country by using the methodology of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), then simulated the future benefits by using 24 hours recall data for individual food intake of household members. Finally, we have juxtaposed the health benefits and overall cost of Research and Development (R&D) of GR in Bangladesh to assess its cost-effectiveness. Since GR is still in the stage of R&D, our calculations are of ex ante nature. Therefore, we have used scenarios for our calculations. To test the robustness of parameters used, we have conducted a sensitivity analysis. The results of our study show that GR has a potential to reduce significantly the burden of VAD in Bangladesh and the technology is cost-effective. However, the same results show also that GR alone will not completely eliminate the problems of VAD; therefore GR should be seen as a complementary intervention to the existing ones. 1 ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy 104 Kurzfassung Vitamin A Mangel (VAM) bleibt ein schwerwiegendes Gesundheitsproblem in vielen Entwicklungsländern. Jedes Jahr erblinden tausende Kinder im Vorschulalter, und viele von ihnen sterben infolge von
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