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Opportunities of Seaweeds in Animal Production

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Opportunities of Seaweeds in Animal Production Opportunities of seaweeds in animal Marinusproduction van Krimpen/Paul Bikker Wageningen University & Research Main challenges for the feed industry 1) Resource efficiency 2) Healthy animals and people 3) Responsible farming systems Seaweeds as a protein source 1) Resource efficiency Major developments affecting animal production Increase in world population Increase in income levels Limited increase in arable land Competition between feed and food • Less arable land available for feed production How can the sea contribute? • Shift from high-energy, high-digestible feed ingredients fibrous, low-digestible co-products gut health might be compromised 4 FAO report (2009) Increase in world population (9.1 billion people in 2050) Increase in income levels (higher level of prosperity) Need to increase food production by 70% • Meat production: from 229 to 465 Mton (x 2.0) • Milk production: from 580 to 1043 Mton (x 1.8) Only 5% increase in arable land Conclusion: Feed production needs to grow drastically in the coming decades, whereas amount of fallow hectares is limited 5 European and global feed production (million tonnes) 1200 1000 800 600 Europe 400 Global Feed (million Feed tonnes) 200 0 EU feed production (2005 – 2016) 43% Global feed production (2005 – 2016) 60% Prospect 2050: 1,500 MTon Feed protein balance in EU-27 (2015-2016) Category EU-production EU-consumption Rate of self (mln. ton (mln. ton sufficiency crude protein) crude protein) (%) Soybeanmeal 0.7 14.4 5% Rapeseedmeal 3.9 4.5 86% Sunflowermeal 1.0 2.1 47% Legumes 0.8 0.8 100% Oil seeds (no crushing) 0.3 0.3 100% Others (e.g. palm, DDGS, 4.2 4.8 86% wheat bran) Total plant protein 10.9 26.9 41% Animal proteins 0.8 0.9 90% Total all proteins 11.7 27.8 42% 7 Ingredients that meet the criteria to be considered as EU protein source Category Protein source Oil seeds Proteins of soybeans, rapeseed and sunflower seed, after oil removal Grain legumes Peas, field beans, lupine, chickpeas, and their concentrates Forage legumes Lucerne (alfalfa) Leaf proteins Grass, sugar beet leaves Aquatic proteins Seaweeds, microalgae, duckweed Cereals and pseudo cereals Protein concentrates from oat and quinoa Insects E.g. mealworm, housefly Van Krimpen et al. (2013) 8 Protein yield of different sources (kg/hectare) Yield in EU Protein Protein yield conditions content (ton/ha/y) (DM/ha/y) Wheat (reference) 11% 10 tons 1.1 tons Oil seeds – soybean 40% 1.5-3 tons 0.6-1.2 tons Oil seeds – rapeseed 25% 3 tons 0.75 ton Oil seeds – sunflower 23% 3 tons 0.7 ton Legumes (pulses) – peas/beans/ lupine 17-35% 4-6 tons 1-2 tons Legumes (forage) – lucerne 19% 13 tons 2.5 tons Leaves – grass 12% 10-15 tons 1.2-2 tons Leaves – (e.g. sugar beet leaves) 12% 4.5 tons 0.5 ton Cereals – oat 12-15% 3-5 tons 0.4-0.75 ton Pseudo cereals – quinoa 12-18% 3 tons 0.4-0.5 ton Macro algae - seaweed 10-30% 25 tons 2.5-7.5 tons Micro algae 25-50% 15-30 tons 4-15 tons Duckweed 35-45% 15-30 tons 5-14 tons 9 To conclude: a need for new protein sources How to fulfil this demand? Increase crop yield Improve animals’ protein efficiency Close nutrient cycles to prevent waste (e.g. use of slaughter by- products) Focus on new proteins with high yields/ha and no competition with arable land • Seaweeds, micro algae, duckweed • Insects • Leaf proteins 10 Seaweed as a protein source in feed: Past experience, literature 1940-1980 Seaweed used in animal diets in coastal regions (Norway, Ireland, UK, France Up to 10% in diets for cattle, horses, poultry Mainly Ascophyllum nodosum, wild populations Low CP digestibility (fibre and phenolic compounds) No sound information on feeding value Studies with seaweed supplements difficult to interpret 11 Classification of seaweeds 12 Simplified classification of seaweeds Phylum Common # of species Examples name Ascophyllum Nodosum Fucus: kelp Laminaria digitata: Finger kelp Phaeophyta Brown algae 1500 – 2000 Saccharina latisima: Sugar kelp Sargassum: hijiki a.o. Undularia Chondrus Crispus Gelidium: agar Gracilaria: agar Rhodophyta Red algae 4000 – 10000 Palmaria palmata: dulse Polysiphonia Porphyra: laver, nori Caulerpa: sea grape Chlorophyta Green algae 7000 Cladophora Ulva lactuca: sea lettuce Bold species: Promising for cultivation in the North Sea 13 Composition of selected seaweeds, g/kg DM Group: Brown algae Red algae Green algae Genera: Laminaria/Saccharina Palmaria Ulva HK LC HK LC HK LC DM, % 6-27 – 16 – 20-22 – Ash 150–450 270–363 120–270 190 110–550 194 Crude protein 30–210 108–124 80–350 178 40–440 235 Crude fat 3–21 47–96 2–38 83 3–16 28 Carbohydrates 380–610 – 380–660 – 150–650 – HK = Holdt and Kraan (2011) LC = Lopez-Contreras et al. (2012) 14 Composition of seaweeds: Example ash content Colour: brown, red, green species SC = Scotland, IE = Ireland, FR = France, NS = North Sea, IEX = extracted product Ireland Bikker et al. (2017) 15 Composition of seaweeds: Proximate components (g/kg DM) • Large variation: species and location; • High ash; moderate crude protein; low fat and starch; high NSP Bikker et al. (2017) 16 Composition of seaweeds: Protein and amino acids (g/kg DM) • Large variation in CP; green > red > brown; • Reasonable AA-pattern, limited species difference in essential amino acids • High variation in non-essential amino acids (ALA en GLU) Bikker et al. (2017) 17 In vitro digestibility (~boisen, after filtration) Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) • 6h simulates ileal digestibility, 24h simulates total tract digestibility • Large variation in nutrient digestibility between species and locations • Moderate “ileal” N and “total-tract” OM digestibility (soybean meal ≥95%) Bikker et al. (2017) 18 Conservation of seaweed (Saccharina Latissima); storage as silage 19 Saccharina Latissima, fresh and silage; Nutrients and in vitro digestibility OM and N Nutrients in DM, g/kg OM Crude protein Saccharina fresh 535 67 Saccharina washed 575 85 Saccharina silage 626 128 Saccharina silage washed 710 135 20 Conclusions on effects of seaweed silage In silage: Saccharina structure relatively intact In silage: higher OM and CP content, presumably due to loss of sugars (and lactic acid?) and minerals in liquor during ensiling Washing to a lesser extent has a similar effect, presumably due to osmotic shock and cell disruption. Loss of soluble material lower digestibility of remaining OM. Relatively small effect of N digestibility Bikker et al. (2017) 21 Seaweed protein digestibility in animal studies Very limited quantitative data from studies with substantial intact seaweed inclusion levels Study of El-Deek (2009) in broilers: • 25% inclusion of red seaweeds (Polysiphonis SPP) • Oven dried for 72h at 600C • Total Protein Efficiency (body weight gain / protein consumption): Control diet: 2.63 Seaweed diet: 1.26 22 Saccharina silage and silage residue in broilers Washed silage and silage residue (oven dried, 35°C) 10% included in a basal diet via dilution (except vit./min.) 5 pens with 10 birds/treatment Treatments from day 14-22 Items Basal B + B + SED P diet silage residue BW day 14 504 507 511 5.2 0.435 FI, d 14-22 (g) 890b 954a 974a 14.6 <0.001 BWG, d 14-22 (g) 540ab 513b 550a 13.5 0.052 FCR, d 14-22 1.65c 1.86a 1.77b 0.024 <0.001 DC OM of diet, % 82.1a 72.6c 75.1b 0.89 <0.001 DC CP seaweed, % --- 65.9 69.4 6.24 0.587 Bikker et al. (2017) 23 Seaweeds as a protein source ? Potentially, seaweeds can contribute to the increasing protein demand Variation in crude protein content selection for protein-rich species In vitro protein digestibility moderate in intact seaweeds In vivo protein digestibility limited data, moderate in intact seaweeds Extraction of protein from seaweeds might be promising Wageningen – Olmix started a 4-year project to work on this topic Bioactive components in seaweeds 2) Healthy animals and people Intestinal epithelium: function of cells Epithelial layer • Intestinal epithelial cells (IESC): nutrient absorption • Paneth cells: production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) • Goblet cells: mucus production • Stromal cells: connective tissue cells Lamina propia / Peyer's patch • Dendritic cells: recognition virus /bacteria/toxins • Macrophages: innate immune response / phagocytosis • Neutrophil: innate immune response / phagocytosis Peyer's patch • B cell : IgA production • M cell : recognition antigens Intestine • 75% of immune system • 1014 microbiota (800-1200 species) Gut barrier function Balanced gut Imbalanced gut Intact epithelial barrier Epithelial barrier defect Clearance of pathogens Pathogens invade periphery Repair damage Fluid loss (diarrhea) Immune–memory Chronic inflammation Inflammation Bioactive components in seaweeds Bioactive compounds in seaweeds Demonstrated effects • Antibacterial activity • Antioxidant potential • Anti-inflammatory properties • Anti-coagulant activity • Anti-viral activity • Apoptotic activity O’Sullivan et al. (2010) 29 Bioactive compounds in seaweeds Polysaccharides in Brown seaweeds • Alginates • Laminarin • Fucoidan • Cellulose Polysaccharides in Green seaweeds • Ulvan Polysaccharides in Red seaweeds • Agars • Carrageenans O’Sullivan et al. (2010) 30 Response IPEC-J2 cells to seaweed extracts with and without an challenge with E.coli IPEC-J2 cells were grown for 6 -7 days; layer of cells resembles an artificial epithelial layer Seaweed extracts: Fucoidan and Laminarin from brown seaweed Ulvans from green seaweed 2 hr + Seaweed extracts Plus ETEC mRNA Microarray 6 hr (Gene expression) IPEC-J2 cells Microarray (Gene expression) + Seaweed extracts 2 hr NO ETEC mRNA 6 hr Budan et al. (2017) 31 Response IPEC-J2 cells to seaweed extracts with and without an challenge with E.coli Fucoidan and Laminarin from brown Ulvans from green seaweed seaweed Functions of differential expressed Functions of differential expressed genes genes related to: related to: • Cell proliferation • Cell differentiation/proliferation • Protein degradation (with/without ETEC) • Energy metabolism • Oxidative stress • Immune responses • Gut integrity (inflammation) in ETEC • Antigen recognition challenged cells • Vitamin C anti-oxidation pathway • increased aspartate/ glutamate intestinal transporter Budan et al.
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