<<

Opportunities of seaweeds in

Marinusproduction van Krimpen/Paul Bikker Wageningen University & Research Main challenges for the feed industry

1) Resource efficiency 2) Healthy and people

3) Responsible farming systems Seaweeds as a source

1) Resource efficiency developments affecting animal production

 Increase in world population

 Increase in income levels

 Limited increase in arable land

 Competition between feed and

• Less arable land available for feed production  How can the sea contribute?

• Shift from high-, high-digestible feed ingredients  fibrous, low-digestible co-products  gut health might be compromised

4 FAO report (2009)

 Increase in world population (9.1 billion people in 2050)

 Increase in income levels (higher level of prosperity)

 Need to increase food production by 70% • production: from 229 to 465 Mton (x 2.0) • production: from 580 to 1043 Mton (x 1.8)

 Only 5% increase in arable land

 Conclusion: Feed production needs to grow drastically in the coming decades, whereas amount of fallow hectares is limited

5 European and global feed production (million tonnes)

1200 1000 800 600 Europe 400 Global ed(ilo tonnes) Feed (million 200 0

 EU feed production (2005 – 2016)  43%  Global feed production (2005 – 2016)  60%  Prospect 2050:  1,500 MTon Feed protein balance in EU-27 (2015-2016)

Category EU-production EU-consumption Rate of self (mln. ton (mln. ton sufficiency crude protein) crude protein) (%) Soybeanmeal 0.7 14.4 5% Rapeseedmeal 3.9 4.5 86% Sunflowermeal 1.0 2.1 47% Legumes 0.8 0.8 100% Oil seeds (no crushing) 0.3 0.3 100% Others (e.g. palm, DDGS, 4.2 4.8 86% wheat bran) Total protein 10.9 26.9 41% Animal 0.8 0.9 90% Total all proteins 11.7 27.8 42%

7 Ingredients that meet the criteria to be considered as EU protein source

Category Protein source Oil seeds Proteins of soybeans, rapeseed and sunflower seed, after oil removal

Grain legumes Peas, beans, lupine, chickpeas, and their concentrates

Forage legumes Lucerne (alfalfa)

Leaf proteins Grass, sugar beet Aquatic proteins Seaweeds, microalgae, duckweed

Cereals and pseudo cereals Protein concentrates from oat and quinoa

Insects E.g. ,

Van Krimpen et al. (2013)

8 Protein yield of different sources (kg/hectare)

Yield in EU Protein Protein yield conditions content (ton/ha/y) (DM/ha/y) Wheat (reference) 11% 10 tons 1.1 tons Oil seeds – soybean 40% 1.5-3 tons 0.6-1.2 tons Oil seeds – rapeseed 25% 3 tons 0.75 ton Oil seeds – sunflower 23% 3 tons 0.7 ton Legumes () – peas/beans/ lupine 17-35% 4-6 tons 1-2 tons Legumes (forage) – lucerne 19% 13 tons 2.5 tons Leaves – grass 12% 10-15 tons 1.2-2 tons Leaves – (e.g. sugar beet leaves) 12% 4.5 tons 0.5 ton Cereals – oat 12-15% 3-5 tons 0.4-0.75 ton Pseudo cereals – quinoa 12-18% 3 tons 0.4-0.5 ton Macro - seaweed 10-30% 25 tons 2.5-7.5 tons Micro algae 25-50% 15-30 tons 4-15 tons Duckweed 35-45% 15-30 tons 5-14 tons

9 To conclude: a need for new protein sources How to fulfil demand?

 Increase crop yield  Improve animals’ protein efficiency  Close cycles to prevent waste (e.g. use of slaughter by- products)

 Focus on new proteins with high yields/ha and no competition with arable land • Seaweeds, micro algae, duckweed • proteins

10 Seaweed as a protein source in feed: Past experience, literature 1940-1980

 Seaweed used in animal diets in coastal regions (Norway, Ireland, UK, France

 Up to 10% in diets for , , poultry

 Mainly Ascophyllum nodosum, wild populations

 Low CP digestibility (fibre and phenolic compounds)

 No sound information on feeding value

 Studies with seaweed supplements difficult to interpret

11 Classification of seaweeds

12 Simplified classification of seaweeds

Phylum Common # of Examples name Ascophyllum Nodosum Fucus: kelp Laminaria digitata: Finger kelp Phaeophyta Brown algae 1500 – 2000 Saccharina latisima: Sugar kelp Sargassum: hijiki a.o. Undularia Chondrus Crispus Gelidium: agar Gracilaria: agar Rhodophyta 4000 – 10000 Palmaria palmata: dulse Polysiphonia Porphyra: laver, nori Caulerpa: sea grape 7000 Cladophora Ulva lactuca: sea lettuce

Bold species: Promising for cultivation in the North Sea

13 Composition of selected seaweeds, g/kg DM

Group: Brown algae Red algae Green algae

Genera: Laminaria/Saccharina Palmaria Ulva

HK LC HK LC HK LC

DM, % 6-27 – 16 – 20-22 –

Ash 150–450 270–363 120–270 190 110–550 194

Crude protein 30–210 108–124 80–350 178 40–440 235

Crude fat 3–21 47–96 2–38 83 3–16 28

Carbohydrates 380–610 – 380–660 – 150–650 –

HK = Holdt and Kraan (2011) LC = Lopez-Contreras et al. (2012)

14 Composition of seaweeds: Example ash content

Colour: brown, red, green species SC = Scotland, IE = Ireland, FR = France, NS = North Sea, IEX = extracted product Ireland

Bikker et al. (2017) 15 Composition of seaweeds: Proximate components (g/kg DM)

• Large variation: species and location; • High ash; moderate crude protein; low fat and starch; high NSP

Bikker et al. (2017) 16 Composition of seaweeds: Protein and amino acids (g/kg DM)

• Large variation in CP; green > red > brown; • Reasonable AA-pattern, limited species difference in essential amino acids • High variation in non-essential amino acids (ALA en GLU)

Bikker et al. (2017) 17 In vitro digestibility (~boisen, after ) Organic (OM) and nitrogen (N)

• 6h simulates ileal digestibility, 24h simulates total tract digestibility

• Large variation in nutrient digestibility between species and locations • Moderate “ileal” N and “total-tract” OM digestibility (soybean meal ≥95%)

Bikker et al. (2017)

18 Conservation of seaweed (Saccharina Latissima); storage as silage

19 Saccharina Latissima, fresh and silage; and in vitro digestibility OM and N

Nutrients in DM, g/kg OM Crude protein

Saccharina fresh 535 67

Saccharina washed 575 85

Saccharina silage 626 128

Saccharina silage washed 710 135

20 Conclusions on effects of seaweed silage

 In silage: Saccharina structure relatively intact

 In silage: higher OM and CP content, presumably due to loss of sugars (and lactic acid?) and minerals in liquor during ensiling

 Washing to a lesser extent has a similar effect, presumably due to osmotic shock and disruption.

 Loss of soluble material  lower digestibility of remaining OM.

 Relatively small effect of N digestibility

Bikker et al. (2017)

21 Seaweed protein digestibility in animal studies

 Very limited quantitative from studies with substantial intact seaweed inclusion levels

 Study of El-Deek (2009) in broilers: • 25% inclusion of red seaweeds (Polysiphonis SPP) • Oven dried for 72h at 600C • Total Protein Efficiency (body weight gain / protein consumption): Control diet: 2.63  Seaweed diet: 1.26

22 Saccharina silage and silage residue in broilers

 Washed silage and silage residue (oven dried, 35°C)  10% included in a diet via dilution (except vit./min.)  5 pens with 10 /treatment  Treatments from day 14-22

Items Basal B + B + SED P diet silage residue BW day 14 504 507 511 5.2 0.435

FI, d 14-22 (g) 890b 954a 974a 14.6 <0.001

BWG, d 14-22 (g) 540ab 513b 550a 13.5 0.052

FCR, d 14-22 1.65c 1.86a 1.77b 0.024 <0.001

DC OM of diet, % 82.1a 72.6c 75.1b 0.89 <0.001 DC CP seaweed, % --- 65.9 69.4 6.24 0.587

Bikker et al. (2017)

23 Seaweeds as a protein source ?

 Potentially, seaweeds can contribute to the increasing protein demand

 Variation in crude protein content  selection for protein-rich species

 In vitro protein digestibility  moderate in intact seaweeds

 In vivo protein digestibility  limited data, moderate in intact seaweeds

 Extraction of protein from seaweeds might be promising

 Wageningen – Olmix started a 4-year project to work on this topic Bioactive components in seaweeds

2) Healthy animals and people Intestinal : function of cells

 Epithelial layer • Intestinal epithelial cells (IESC): nutrient absorption • Paneth cells: production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) • Goblet cells: mucus production • Stromal cells: connective cells

propia / Peyer's patch • Dendritic cells: recognition // • Macrophages: innate immune response / phagocytosis • Neutrophil: innate immune response / phagocytosis

 Peyer's patch • B cell : IgA production • M cell : recognition antigens

 Intestine • 75% of • 1014 microbiota (800-1200 species) Gut barrier function

Balanced gut Imbalanced gut Intact epithelial barrier Epithelial barrier defect Clearance of pathogens Pathogens invade periphery Repair damage Fluid loss (diarrhea) Immune–memory Chronic inflammation

Inflammation Bioactive components in seaweeds Bioactive compounds in seaweeds

 Demonstrated effects

• Antibacterial activity

• Antioxidant potential

• Anti-inflammatory properties

• Anti-coagulant activity

• Anti-viral activity

• Apoptotic activity O’Sullivan et al. (2010)

29 Bioactive compounds in seaweeds

in Brown seaweeds • Alginates • Laminarin • Fucoidan • Cellulose

 Polysaccharides in Green seaweeds • Ulvan

 Polysaccharides in Red seaweeds • Agars • Carrageenans

O’Sullivan et al. (2010)

30 Response IPEC-J2 cells to seaweed extracts with and without an challenge with E.coli

 IPEC-J2 cells were grown for 6 -7 days; layer of cells resembles an artificial epithelial layer  Seaweed extracts:  Fucoidan and Laminarin from brown seaweed  Ulvans from green seaweed

2 hr + Seaweed extracts Plus ETEC mRNA Microarray 6 hr ( expression)

IPEC-J2 cells Microarray (Gene expression) + Seaweed extracts 2 hr NO ETEC mRNA 6 hr

Budan et al. (2017)

31 Response IPEC-J2 cells to seaweed extracts with and without an challenge with E.coli

Fucoidan and Laminarin from brown Ulvans from green seaweed seaweed

Functions of differential expressed Functions of differential expressed genes related to: related to:

• Cell proliferation • Cell differentiation/proliferation • Protein degradation (with/without ETEC) • Energy metabolism • Oxidative stress • Immune responses • Gut integrity (inflammation) in ETEC • Antigen recognition challenged cells • Vitamin C anti-oxidation pathway • increased aspartate/ glutamate intestinal transporter

Budan et al. (2017)

32 Marine-sulphated polysaccharides (MSPs)

 Extract from green seaweed (Ulva armoricana)

 In vitro anti-bacterial activity against e.g.: • Pasteurella multocida • Mannheimia haemolytica • aureus • Streptococcus suis

 In vitro immune response mediators were stimulated • Higher expression of cytokines (IL1α, IL1β, L6, IL8, TNFα, TGFβ) • Higher expression of chemokines (CCL20) • Higher expression PPARγ

Berri et al. (2016)

33 Seaweeds in Atlantic

 Study with (378 g for 42 d), challenged with LPS at the end of the experiment and sampled after 68-70h

 Treatments: 1) Fishmeal based basal diet, 2) diet with 10% Laminaria digitata, 3) diet with 10% seaweed (commercial blend)

 No effect on growth levels, worse FCR in the seaweed-based diets

 RNA sequencing data showed improved immunomodulatory effects in the seaweed-fed Salmon

(Palstra et al., 2015)

34 Brown seaweed (A. nodosum) in weaned piglets

 Study with weaned piglets (5 wk, 9 kg BW, supplementation for 11 d)

 Treatments: Basal diet (BD), BD + 1% SW, BD + 2% SW

 No effect on levels of streptococci and total anaerobes in gastric and proximal gut microbiota

 Reduced abundance of E. coli (stomach, proximal gut) and increased abundance of lactobacilli (proximal gut) in BD + 1% SW

 Growth performance parameters not determined

(Dierick et al., 2009)

35 Sow supplementation of fucoidan, laminarin or both: effects on the offspring

 Study with sows (day 107 of until weaning (day 24). Piglets followed from weaning until slaughter (day 117)

 Treatments: • Basal diet (BD) • BD + 1.0 g Laminarin/d • BD + 0.8 g Fucoidan/d • BD + 1.0 g Laminarin +0.8 g Fucoidan/d

 Effects on: • Growth performance • Faecal excretion of Enterobacteriaceae • Gut integrity • Genes expression (Heim et al., 2015)

36 Sow supplementation of fucoidan, laminarin or both: effects on BW of the offspring

Body weight (kg) development over 120

100

80

60

Bodyweight (kg) 40

20

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Week after weaning

Control FUC LAM LAM+FUC

(Heim et al., 2015)

37 Sow supplementation of fucoidan, laminarin or both: effects on FCR of the offspring

Development of FCR over time 3,0

2,5

2,0

1,5

1,0 FeedConversion Ratio

0,5

0,0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Week after weaning

Control FUC LAM LAM+FUC

(Heim et al., 2015)

38 Sow supplementation of fucoidan, laminarin or both: explanatory factors

 Sow faecal Enterobacteriaceae: higher values in Fucoidan-sows; no effect in Fuc-Lam sows

 At weaning shorter villi in ileum of piglets from Fuc-sows

 Longer villi in the ileum at day 8 post-weaning in piglets from Lam-sows

 Downregulation of IL-6 mRNA in at weaning and IL-8 in ileum on d8 post-weaning in from the Lam-sows

 Conclusion: Maternal laminarin supplementation: positive effects on intestinal health post- weaning and growth performance during the grower-finisher period.

(Heim et al., 2015)

39 Brown seaweed (A. nodosum) in Campylobacter jejuni challenged young broilers

 Ross broilers challenged at d3 with Campylobacter jejuni  Diets (d0-10) with 0, 500 and 1000 ppm Ascophyllum nodosum extract (MSP’s mannitol, laminarin and fucoidan)

Results (d0 –d10) 0 ppm 500 pm 1000 ppm ADG (g/d) 17.0a 15.5b 15.1c ADFI (g/d) 26.0a 24.8b 24.6c FCR (g/g) 1.55a 1.62ab 1.66b a b b C. Jejuni counts (Log10 CFU/g f.) 7.8 7.1 7.1 Villus height (µm) 288a 321ab 351a

 Higher expression of tight-junction genes  No data after d10  need for an experiment including the whole cycle

(Sweeney et al., 2016)

40 Prebiotic effects of red seaweeds in laying hens

 Study with Lohmann Brown Classic laying hens (67 wk, 4-wk exp.)

 Chondrus crispus and Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (0.5%, 1% or 2%)

 No negative effects on hen performance, blood serum profile; improved FCR with 2% seaweeds

 Improved villus height and villus surface with 2% red seaweeds

 Higher abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g. bifido)

 Lower abundance of unfavourable bacteria (Clostridium perfringens)

 Higher concentrations of short-chain fatty acids

(Kulshreshta et al., 2014)

41 Conclusions on seaweeds and healthy animals

 Seaweeds are sources of bioactive components

 These components demonstrated a lot of health improving properties via in vitro studies as well as via in vivo studies in , pigs, broilers and laying hens.

 Some studies show long-term effects of seaweed components

 Not all components respond in similar ways (laminarin vs. fucoidan)

 There is a need to find the balance between gut health and performance

42 Responsible farming systems Responsible farming systems

Arts impression seaweed farm (http://www.noordzeeboerderij.nl) Sustainability aspects of seaweeds

 No competition with arable crops (no )

 No need to use fertilizers for seaweed cultivation (low CO2-footprint); reabsorption of C, N, and P from soil waters/sea (nutrient cycles)

 Demonstrated methane emission reducing effects in by feeding red seaweeds (Asparogopsis taxiformis)

 Reduction of emissions from agriculture because of soil improvement

 Energy used for processing and drying will increase CO2-footprint

(Duarte et al., 2017)

45 Take- message

 Seaweeds might be considered as a (future) resource of valuable nutrients (protein, ...)

 Seaweeds might improve the (gut) health status of farm animals

 Seaweeds might positively contribute to responsible farming systems

46 Thank you for your attention! [email protected]