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ICS GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE PHANEROZOIC CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC AGE Period Epoch Stage Polarity AGE Duration AGE Polarity AGE Duration AGE Period Epoch Stage Polarity AGE Duration (Ma) Chron (Ma) m.y. (Ma) Period Epoch Stage Chron (Ma) m.y. (Ma) Chron (Ma) m.y. 0 Holocene Changhsingian 251.0 2.8 C30 65.5 255 253.8 Pleisto- C1 1.81 Maastrichtian 5.1 Lopingian Wuchiapingian 6.6 cene 70 C31 1.81 70.6 260 260.4 e Gelasian 0.78 C32 Guada- Capitanian 5.4 n L 2.59 265 n 265.8 e Piacenzian C2 1.01 75 lupian Wordian 2.2 a 268.0 c 3.60 Roadian 2.6 270 i 270.6 o 12.9 i Campanian l Kungurian 5 E Zanclean 1.73 C33 275 m 5 P 5.33 80 275.6 C3 280 r Artinskian 8.8 1.92 Late e Messinian 83.5 284.4 85 Santonian C34 2.3 285 Cisuralian n 7.25 85.8 P a e 290 Sakmarian i 10.2 n 3.5 Coniacian n h o o s r e 89.3 z h L C4 90 y 295 r 294.6 C - e 4.2 Asselian m 4.4 r n Turonian ) p 4.35 a e Tortonian " t 299.0 e 300 u p e 10 r t 93.5 n e u n Gzhelian 4.9 s a S a o - a 95 S 303.9 i K L Z Kasimovian y 305 n 2.6 g t t u 6.1 n Cenomanian i 306.5 r e n i n a a Middle s e l 11.61 u Moscovian e 5.2 o a e o 310 i o v Q n l 99.6 v 311.7 100 P n P u o - s l e e y 2.05 e u Serravallian Early z a 315 Bashkirian s 6.4 r s o e t o l m e e c r c a 318.1 N 13.65 p c r o e a 320 b t t M u 105 N a e e a o C5 Serpukhovian r 12.4 S 8.3 s Albian e L t i D u 2.32 C 325 f 15 Langhian " o ( i e n 326.4 e c M a 110 a 330 r t i 15.97 n e e l r 112.0 p d C o 335 p C e d i Visean n 18.9 i n s a 115 b i M 340 o M"-1r" s n i z r Burdigalian 4.46 i r s (ISEA) v 345 e s a Aptian 13.0 h 345.3 i p k 120 i u E y M l 20 Early 350 T S C r 20.43 a Tournaisian 13.9 M0r 355 E 125 125.0 Aquitanian C6 2.6 M1 360 359.2 ) a 5.0 i Barremian c l M3 i t 365 a r 23.03 130 130.0 a Famennian t 15.3 s M5/ m 370 u 6.4 mixed e Hauterivian A M10 polarity h Late c 135 - 375 n 374.5 C7 mixed s 136.4 polarity ( M11 W 25 380 a Frasnian " 10.8 Chattian 5.37 Valanginian M12/ 3.8 i L n e C8 140 M15 140.2 o n 385 r 385.3 n M16 mixed polarity h c M17 5.3 o Givetian 6.5 Berriasian r e 390 C9 145 Middle e v c M18/ 145.5 p 391.8 395 Eifelian y 5.7 h o M21 e 28.4 Tithonian 5.3 397.5 C10 ) g 400 n i 150 M22 D l Emsian R 9.5 30 150.8 ( C11 M23/ 405 3.7 O Late Kimmeridgian M25 Early n 407.0 155 410 Pragian a 4.2 E Rupelian 5.5 M26/ 155.7 y 411.2 C12 Lochkovian a 4.8 M32 415 S Oxfordian 6.7 " 416.0 160 M33/ Pridoli 418.7 2.7 420 Ludfordian 2.6 M37 161.2 n Ludlow Gorstian 421.3 1.6 33.9 England 3.5 Homerian 422.9 C13/ Callovian 425 a Wenlock 3.3 i 426.2 165 c France 164.7 Sheinwoodian 2 i 35 C16 Bathonian 3.0 430 r 428.2 3.3 s Southern L Priabonian 167.7 u Telychian 7.8 Spain l s Middle 435 170 Bajocian 3.9 i Llandovery Aeronian 436.0 no 3 C17 37.2 a Southern 171.6 440 data 439.0 S r Rhuddanian Switzer- 4.0 443.7 4.7 Aalenian land 445 Hirnantian 1.9 175 u 445.6 d 175.6 3.2 n Bartonian , , J C18 a e l n 450 i c r n 10.2 a n e e Late z p 40 a 7.4 Toarcian t r 180 i S 455 a 40.4 F w n 455.8 i C19 S - 5.1 r 183.0 e 460 c e 460.9 y , l i z t d 185 a i t g n I Darriwilian 7.2 w 465 - 6.6 v Pliensbachian a l Middle S Early N - o M 468.1 S e C20 470 o 190 189.6 3.7 e 471.8 n d l 475 6.8 r e Lutetian 8.2 6.9 45 a Sinemurian western 478.6 c 195 480 Early Austria O P o 196.5 Tremadocian 9.7 3.1 485 E C21 Hettangian 200 199.6 490 488.3 Rhaetian 4.0 48.6 E24/ 203.6 495 Furongian 14.7 205 Paibian C22 E18 500 501 50 n 505 210 E17 12.9 a Middle 10 Norian E16 i C23 510 r E15 513 Ypresian 7.2 b E 215 Late E14 515 216.5 E13 520 m c i C24 220 E12/ 525 a 55 s E10 11.5 Early 29 Carnian 530 C 55.8 s E9 225 a E8 535 i 2.9 r 228.0 L Thanetian C25 E7 540 542.0 230 T e E6/E2 58.7 9.0 n Ladinian Greece, 60 e 235 Italy, For details see "A Geologic Time Scale 2004" by F. M. c M Selandian C26 3.0 Middle Austria 237.0 Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, A. G. Smith, et al. (2004) with o and Turkey e 61.7 240 Cambridge University Press, and the official website of l Anisian Albania, 8.0 a C27 Greece, the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) P Poland 245 245.0 under www.stratigraphy.org . E Danian C28 3.8 Canadian Olenekian Arctic 4.7 This chart is copyright protected; no reproduction of any 65 Early 249.7 parts may take place without written permission by the ICS. C29 65.5 250 Induan 251.0 1.3 Neogene Paleogene Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian 0 23 65.5 145.5 199.6 251 299 359.2 416 443.7 488.3 542 Ma Copyright © 2004 International Commission on Stratigraphy.
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    A Geoconservation perspective on the trace fossil record associated with the end – Ordovician mass extinction and glaciation in the Welsh Basin Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Nicholls, Keith H. Citation Nicholls, K. (2019). A Geoconservation perspective on the trace fossil record associated with the end – Ordovician mass extinction and glaciation in the Welsh Basin. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Chester, United Kingdom. Publisher University of Chester Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 26/09/2021 02:37:15 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/622234 International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2013/01 Erathem / Era System / Period Quaternary Neogene C e n o z o i c Paleogene Cretaceous M e s o z o i c Jurassic M e s o z o i c Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous P a l Devonian e o z o i c P a l Devonian e o z o i c Silurian Ordovician s a n u a F y r Cambrian a n o i t u l o v E s ' i k s w o Ichnogeneric Diversity k p e 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 S 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 n 23 r e 25 d 27 o 29 M 31 33 35 37 39 T 41 43 i 45 47 m 49 e 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 Number of Ichnogenera (Treatise Part W) Ichnogeneric Diversity 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 n 23 r e 25 d 27 o 29 M 31 33 35 37 39 T 41 43 i 45 47 m 49 e 51 53 55 57 59 61 c i o 63 z 65 o e 67 a l 69 a 71 P 73 75 77 79 81 83 n 85 a i r 87 b 89 m 91 a 93 C Number of Ichnogenera (Treatise Part W)
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