The Interplay of Order and Disorder in the Dynamical Evolution of Physical and 408 Biological Systems and Have Extended It to the Whole Universe

Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0711.v1

1 2 The interplay of order and disorder in the dynamical

3 evolution of physical and biological systems

4 Asima Tripathy1,* and Rajat Kumar Pradhan2 5 1. Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Bhadrak Autonomous College, Bhadrak, Odisha, India, 6 756100, email: [email protected] 7 2. Post Graduate Department of Physics, Bhadrak Autonomous College, Bhadrak, Odisha, India, 8 756100, email: [email protected] 9 *Correspondence: [email protected] ;Tel.:+91-943-891-0619 10 11 Abstract: We discuss the role of the opposing principles of order and disorder in physical and 12 biological systems in determining stability, growth and evolution and bring forth the potential role 13 of a cosmic ordering agency. We analyze its role in decreasing entropy by coarse-graining and hence 14 in determining the initial low entropy state of the big bang universe. Since all physical and biological 15 systems have either cycles of order and disorder alternating, or may have chaotic evolution with 16 non-linear laws, the same is expected of the dynamics of the whole universe as well. The entropy of 17 the initial state of the universe could be low because of the reduction of degrees of freedom (DoF) as 18 one moves from physical encoding to neural encoding and then on to psychic encoding of 19 information in a nested manner by coarse-graining. It is by such encoding that this cosmic agency 20 enables the universe to pass through the big crunch phase and then rolls it out as the big bang 21 universe from the initial state of low entropy. 22 Key words: Order, Entropy, Chaos, Evolution, Cosmic Mind, Big bang 23

24 1. Introduction

25 According to Inflationary Big bang cosmology our universe can be considered to have begun in a 26 highly ordered low entropy initial state since it is evolving forward in time and is assumed to be 27 self-contained i. e. isolated and hence according to second law of thermodynamics, its entropy can 28 only increase in the forward direction [1-3]. Reversing the evolution backwards and extrapolating 29 closer to the instant of big bang we infer that the initial state must have been a highly ordered state4. 30 The expansion of the universe is isentropic, but there are local density clumpings due to gravity, 31 leading to formation of denser structures such as galaxies and stars within them etc. The current 104 32 entropy of the observable universe is largely in the supermassive black holes (~10 k , k = Boltzmann 33 Constant, and then the next contribution is from the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 90 34 (CMBR) at a uniform temp of 2.7 K filling the whole universe10 k , which is almost on par with 35 that due to cosmic neutrinos [4]. The attractive nature of gravity (the Planck regime onwards) makes 36 it play the role of a local ordering agency in our universe. To answer why gravity is attractive or why 37 the universe started out in such a low entropy state, either we have to move along an infinite past 38 regression of causes as in the very speculative string-inspired pre-big-bang scenarios [5,6] or, we 39 have to settle for a probabilistic emergence of the universe as a quantum fluctuation with a highly

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40 improbable fine-tuning for life to emerge in future (as has happened in our pocket universe), which 41 is bound to be anthropic reasoning anyway [7]. 42 In a hot Big Bang inflationary scenario for the emergence of our universe, as the temperature 43 gradually fell after the initial exponential inflation phase, protons and neutrons formed from Quarks 44 in a soup called Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) that was there just after a few milliseconds after the Big 12 45 bang when the temperature was ~ 210 K [8]. Thereafter, nuclei were synthesized in the course of 46 evolution of stars, which were formed in galaxies by the gravitational condensation process. In each 47 of these formations, smaller constituents came together by attractive forces, overcoming whatever 48 repulsive forces that might be there, to form larger wholes and the process continued till the 49 formation of earthlike planets, where biological macro molecules like proteins and nucleic acids 50 could come up and provide the basis for life to manifest. 51 On the other hand, it is well known that living systems are self-organized complex systems in 52 continuous exchange of matter and energy with the environment and the process of living entails 53 maintenance of its self-organized state which is a state of low entropy by degrading the 54 matter-energy inputs to higher entropy final states. Thus they subsist on not just the matter-energy 55 input but also on their lower entropy. The organism itself is a lower entropy configuration. And the 56 required substances for its sustenance are also necessarily in lower entropy configurations, which 57 implies that order is fundamental to the manifestation and continuation of life. Biomolecules 58 including the long chained proteins, the DNA and the RNA themselves are all low entropy 59 configuration of their constituents. And to maintain such configurations lower entropy substances 60 are taken in, processed and utilized in such a way that the second law of thermodynamics is not 61 violated [9-10]. 62 Right from Big-Bang to the formation of living planets with macromolecules providing the basic 63 building blocks for life to thrive, some ordering agency appears to have been at work against the 64 principle of increase of disorder of the second law. From macromolecules to the evolution of living 65 systems and for the continuous evolution of species thereafter, there is the need for an underlying 66 ordering principle that has acted all through against the principle of increase of disorder till now and 67 will also continue to act in future. Living systems are inevitably associated with an astounding 68 amount of order and organization, although disorder in the form of fluctuation, noise and chaos also 69 plays a crucial role in their systematic dynamics [11-12]. 70 Kauffman writes: 71 “Thus I find myself wondering if the web structure of a metabolism may reflect not the contingent 72 consequences of this particular history of life, but some underlying ordering principles in biology. 73 …… Selection, in a kind of selective meta-dynamics and as if by “an invisible hand”, may act on 74 individual members of a species to alter the statistical structure of their fitness landscapes and the 75 richness of their couplings to other partners so as to attain ecosystems poised at the phase transition 76 between order and chaos ” [13]. 77 78 Cramer also tried to address the same age-old fundamental questions by analyzing the interplay of 79 order and chaos in living systems viz. What is life? How do ideas arise in our brain? Is there a vital 80 force? [14] Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0711.v1

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81 What is this invisible hand, this ordering principle? What is its nature or structure? Whence it came? 82 And why is it acting against the principle of increase of disorder? What is the purpose of its ordering 83 operations in a physical universe of matter and energy governed by the second law? Why could 84 not the initial highly ordered pre-big bang state of the cosmos be maintained indefinitely, if this 85 ordering principle was present? Is it a conscious ordering agency or a blind law of order like the law 86 of disorder? Is the movement towards greater order as ingrained and as fundamental in the physical 87 universe as the movement towards greater disorder? Are both the local orderings, the gravity-based 88 structure formation in the macro-cosmic scale and the electromagnetism-based living organisms on 89 earth in the microscopic scale, the handiworks of one single cosmic agency? 90 Some of these questions we will try to address in this work by looking at the interplay of order and 91 disorder in physical and biological systems. But the answers are not yet very clear and need an 92 inevitable integration of biology and physics with psychology and philosophy for a complete and 93 satisfactory solution to these conundrums in which direction some definite steps have been initiated 94 recently by us [15-16}. 95 We propose that the evolution of the cosmos and of life and also the evolution of species, are all 96 supported by the operations of the ordering actions of an “ordering agency” as we see a gradual 97 progression of its manifestation in the various stages of evolution, right from the big bang to the 98 planets with macromolecules and from viruses to the human stage [15-16]. This has been sometimes 99 called dissolvence [17-18]. Movement towards greater order is not natural to physical systems, and as 100 far as it is seen in physical systems, it is either short-lived or accidental or is at best periodically 101 altering with movement towards disorder, as if pitted against the former with equal might. It is only 102 by observing its operations in living systems that we can infer about its nature whether it is the act of 103 an agency or it is just a physical law like the second law. 104 105 2. Order-disorder interplay 106 At the human stage intelligence reaches a point where it can observe patterns in space and time and 107 can try to have a complete picture of nature as a meaningful process involving the vast panorama of 108 existence from inanimate things like matter and radiation on to the living creatures like humans 109 themselves. The question is how the current state of nature might have come about as a process in 110 time and from which initial condition it might have started its evolutionary cores. Whether 111 evolution of life was a process of biogenesis preceded by abiogenesis or it was something else which 112 has directed the course of both abiogenesis and biogenesis as a more fundamental cause?

113 Let us take an example: Upon entering a library, we find the books and journals in a partially 114 ordered condition and our query is to figure out the true initial condition from which it has evolved 115 to that. Clearly two possibilities arise with equal validity- 116 1) The initial state was a more ordered condition which in course of time has lost the order 117 partially. 118 2) The initial state was more disordered and at the present moment it has already developed a 119 partial order. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0711.v1

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120 The first possibility (order to disorder) may result from just about any form of interaction other than 121 that with an ordering intelligent agency, while the second one (disorder to order) requires more 122 evolved human-level intelligence that can teleologically work to restore order. 123 Therefore, it should not be surprising if we ponder whether life must have evolved from nonliving 124 initial conditions or it could be the other way around [15,19]. 125 Emergence of the living from the non-living can be seen to be a local ordering in the globally 126 increasing disorder. While in purely nonliving systems, emergence of any local order is considered 127 purely accidental and short-lived, in living systems there is a goal-directed activity for their 128 maintenance and also for increase of the order for as long as possible, which we call survival, be it of 129 an individual or of a species or of the entire biota. 130 If the interplay of order and disorder is seen at all scales of space and time in all systems, when the 131 entire universe is taken as one isolated system which has been evolving from a state of higher order 132 towards a final equilibrium state of maximum disorder, and if order is to be associated with 133 consciousness, should it not be present all along in the course of the evolution of the universe? 134 Recent researches by us have all pointed to the role of consciousness (i.e. urge) in evolution of life 135 and of species [15,16,19-21]. 136 2.1. Interplay of order and disorder in Physical systems 137 In purely mechanical systems, the interplay of order and disorder is seen to be that between 138 potential energy and kinetic energy respectively. Kinetic energy is a measure of disorder and leads 139 to the concept of temperature in many-particle systems, whereas potential energy is dependent on 140 the configurations of the system and thus can be taken as a measure of order. In isolated systems, 141 disorder (Kinetic energy) increases by decrease of order (potential energy) and vice versa, since total 142 energy is conserved. 143 In terms of phase space, the more the potential energy, the more will be the coordinate space 144 contribution to the phase volume because of larger spread in the spatial occupation of constituents. 145 Thus stable states must be durable close-packed formations of patterns of the constituents which are 146 of lower potential energy values. Similarly, if kinetic energy is more, the momentum space 147 contribution to the phase volume is more. And thus, in general, for higher potential and kinetic 148 energies, the entropy S is more as per the Boltzmann formula: 149 S  k ln  (1) 150 Where  is the phase space volume and k is Boltzmann constant. 151 For example, a pair of opposite charges has an attractive negative potential energy which goes 152 inversely as their separation and the attraction leads to decrease of separation, thus to lowering of 153 potential energy. Same is the situation with the attractive gravitational potential energy between two 154 masses. Similarly, when two charges of the same sign repel each other the positive potential energy 155 decreases as they separate out to larger distances again leading to a lowering of potential energy. In 156 both attraction and repulsion, there is increase in the kinetic energy (disorder) of the two-body 157 system inversely proportional to the separation. The decrease of potential energy (order) thus 158 appears as the increase of kinetic energy (disorder). p 2 k E  K .E .  P.E .    const159 ; k   k 0 s1s 2 (2) 2m r Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0711.v1

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160 where s stands for the source of force like charge for electrostatic force and mass for gravitational

161 force and k0 is the corresponding constant. Note that charge can be positive or negative while mass

162 is always positive. Gravitation being attractive, for positive masses, the negative sign in K applies 163 to it, while for like charges it is the positive (repulsive) and unlike charges negative (attractive). 164 In such two-body systems, dynamical stability is achieved only if a bound state forms with total 165 energy shared as kinetic and potential energy in such a way that their values are either fixed in time 166 as in hydrogen atom or vary periodically, as in simple harmonic oscillator. 167 Similarly, in case of many-body systems which are aggregates of particles we see that as the 168 temperature of a solid increases, inter-molecular separation increases and it ultimately melts and 169 becomes liquid, in which phase the additional heat remains as energy of disorder i.e. as kinetic 170 energy. Heat actually eats up some order that was present in the form of potential energy and in 171 addition and by that boosts disorder in the form of increase in kinetic energy. The total energy of 172 such a many particle system is given by N 2 N pi 1 173 E    Uij (3) i 1 2m 2 i, j 1 i  j

174 where, pi is the momentum of the ith particle and Uij is the potential energy of the ith and the jth

175 particle. The order in a solid is more compared to that in a liquid as the potential energy was less. 176 Similarly, when the liquid is further heated to become a gas, it has still more disorder in the form of 177 increased kinetic energy and more potential energy and hence less order. An ideal gas has zero 178 potential energy and all internal energy is only kinetic energy (disorder). Thus any supply of heat to 179 a gas appears only as increase in disorder. 180 In chaotic systems order is seen to emerge out of disorder as a result of the non-linear evolution 181 equations which determine the dynamics of the system. Periodicity occurs when the system is 182 driven away from its more ordered condition of lowest potential energy corresponding to the 183 equilibrium state by the input of disorder or kinetic energy from external sources and the system 184 then evolves order by a restoring force to regain the equilibrium state e. g. in a harmonic oscillator:

1 2 1 2 185 E  K.E.  P.E.  mv  kr  const (4) 2 2 186 In complex systems on the other hand, the equilibrium conditions are replaced by the attractors of 187 chaotic dynamics and periodicity manifests through them [10]. The evolution equations for 188 non-linear systems do serve to provide an explanation for the ‘how’ of such manifestation of local 189 order and organization but the ‘why’ of it still remains elusive. If it is a general feature of all physical 190 systems to move from disorder to further disorder till the equilibrium state of maximum entropy is 191 attained as per the second law of thermodynamics, why is it that we have such chaotic systems with 192 tendency for self-organization, which is nothing but the emergence of order, though locally? 193 2.2. Interplay of order and disorder in Living systems 194 Biological systems are far-from-equilibrium open systems requiring continuous goal directed 195 interactions with the surroundings to maintain homeostasis. The maintenance and growth of an 196 organism through cell growth and cell division proceeds by such interactions as would guarantee a Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0711.v1

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197 global validity of the second law of the thermodynamics for entropy increase while locally assuring 198 its decrease. The increase of disorder associated with the maintenance of local order and is achieved 199 through dissipation and hence Prigogine called living systems “dissipative structures” [10].

200 Individual organisms are driven by their adaptive urges towards evolution into newer forms 201 suitable to the demands of the environment they are placed in. Identical adaptive urges leads to 202 speciation when the species collectively respond to the same demands. This is the mechanism of 203 evolution of species [15-16]. 204 Evolution of species has been classified into five broad categories. 205 1. Adaptive Evolution: (Divergent Evolution): In divergent evolution, a single species undergoes 206 evolution into different species to adapt to different ecological niche. 207 2. Convergent Evolution: (Convergence): In convergent evolution, different species develop 208 analogous traits due to similarity of adaptive pressure in the similar habitats. 209 3. Parallel Evolution: (Parallelism): In parallel evolution, the organisms develop along similar paths 210 though they are separated in space and time but subjected to strong selection pressures. 211 4. Progressive Evolution(Evolution): In progressive evolution, an organism develops from simpler 212 form towards the more complex forms and Biological organization. This is what is meant in general 213 by the term “evolution”. 214 5. Retrogressive Evolution: (Devolution): In retrogressive evolution, the organism reverts 215 backwards to simpler forms from an earlier more evolved complex form in response to selection 216 pressures resulting from various reasons e.g. reversal of ecological conditions. 217 218 In trying to understand the connection of chaos to living systems, Bird proposes an alternative view 219 and argues for the existence of an ordering principle [22]: 220 “Evolutionary biology rests on the assumption that although events are fundamentally random, 221 some are selected because they are better adapted than others to their environment…Randomness 222 means not disorder but infinite order. Complexity arises not from many random events of natural 223 selection (although these are not unimportant) but from the "playing out" of chaotic systems— 224 which are best described mathematically. When we properly understand the complex interplay of 225 chaos and life, we will see that many events that appear random are actually the outcome of order. 226 Evolutionary scientists have even gone so far as to ask: “How does one detect that a system has 227 become organized? For that matter, what does one mean by “organization” in the first place? Where 228 is the “self” in self- organization? [23]”

229 Not only is the individual organism an ordered self-organizing system but also societies of animals 230 are an effect of the same ordering principle which is universally working alongside the principle of 231 disorder. One can easily list systems having various cycles of emergence and dissipation of order at 232 various scales of spatial and temporal existence. 233 From all these considerations we are led to propose that consciousness in some form or the other is 234 responsible for ordering processes. Depending on the intensity of manifestation of consciousness, 235 we see a proportional approach to greater order and organization by removing disorder from a 236 system. Cyclicity of order and disorder may then be understood as being a consequence of natural Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0711.v1

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237 tendency of the material substance to evolve towards maximum disorder working against the 238 ordering activity of consciousness. Thus by such interplay of order and disorder have evolved all the 239 cycles of nature in non-living as well as living systems cutting across all spatial and temporal 240 dimensions. 241 3. Cyclicity and the Possibility of Retrogressive Evolution

242 Evolution of species is depicted as a forward progression through branching of the tree of life, but 243 modern biology admits that in some species there has been a retrogression leading to a return to its 244 less evolved predecessor viz. in case of Herdmania, there has been retrogressive metamorphosis [24]. 245 Lankester argued as follows [25]: 246 “If evolution occurs for better adaptation to changing environments, what can be the explanation for 247 such retrogression without corresponding reversal of the environmental conditions, apart from the 248 various cyclic processes? But the fact is that there has been no such exact reversal of environmental 249 conditions ever in history. In our view, it may be a general feature that retrogression in some form or 250 the other is always present simultaneously with evolution in all stages in howsoever imperceptible 251 measures it may be.” 252 The interplay of order and disorder that is seen in all natural processes as explained in the preceding 253 paragraphs can provide a possible clue to the understanding of retrogressive evolution. The higher 254 branches of evolution representing better adaptation are characterized by more order compared to 255 the lower ones which have comparatively less order. Interplay of order and disorder does bring 256 about cyclic processes with order alternating with disorder in many systems. Thus evolution, 257 considered as a natural process of progression towards higher order and organization must be 258 having similar cycles where evolution alternates with retrogression as seen in Herdmania. 259 After the stage of Homo sapiens is reached, consciousness becomes more clearly manifest as the 260 “discerning mind” which is the instrument of higher order compared to the instinctive mind of less 261 evolved species. Thus the discerning mind is highly capable of seeing and enforcing order in nature 262 while the instinctive mind is not as capable. Interplay of disorder-producing instinct and the 263 order-enhancing intellect can lead to such cycles across and within species. 264 4. Evolution beyond the human stage

265 True evolution beyond the human stage, therefore, lies in developing a mind with higher order 266 directing the process of thought, feeling and will, rather than having any new morphological 267 endowments or alterations. This is evidenced by the phenomenal growth of systematized 268 knowledge, wherein the ordering ability of higher evolved minds is most prominently manifested. It 269 is due to this particular ability to discern order, recognize patterns in nature, hitherto unknown or 270 unrecognized that we have the vast edifices of science and other allied branches of knowledge. The 271 proposal by Darwin of the theory of evolution itself is the result of the exercise of such ability to see a 272 pattern of temporal progression amongst the millions of species. 273 Thus if the higher evolved species do not make use of their higher endowments, such as perception 274 and enforcement of more order, they may well be risking a falling backwards towards a lesser 275 evolved stage, wherein such higher abilities will no longer be manifested since it will be a stage of 276 lesser order compared to the previous one. It must be noted that this process of retrogression goes Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0711.v1

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277 beyond accepted Taxonomic understanding of evolution and may very well occur within the same 278 phenotype since the aspect of order is associated with the manifestation of organizing intelligence. 279 This is precisely the reason why we see evolution of consciousness to different degrees in different 280 species as well as amongst the members of the same species (more clearly manifest in homo sapiens). 281 We have proposed here a possible mechanism for retrogressive evolution by interplay of order and 282 disorder in which higher order and lesser order manifest in the different stages of evolution, the key 283 point in this analysis being the presence of cycles in all systems where such interplay exists. 284 285 The phenomenon of alternation of generations (metagenesis) in ferns, algae and bryophytes 286 vindicates this particular observation that periodicity is a general feature of systems having 287 interplay of order and disorder. Schrödinger even goes on to remark that such metagenesis may be 288 visualized to be occurring in case of man and animals and even amongst all subhuman species in the 289 process of gametogenesis wherein haploid reproductive cells meiotically proliferate very fast in the 290 gonads [9]. After fertilization, there is mitotic division only all the way. This has an interesting 291 parallelism with the big bang inflationary cosmology: In the human male for example, the single 292 primordial germ cell that meiotically divides very fast (to about the number of sperms in one 293 ejaculate) is akin to the inflationary phase of the big bang universe. Prior to that there is a long 294 quiescent phase of the primordial germ cell which mimics the quiescent state of pre big bang 295 cosmological scenarios in many models [5, 6]. After the fertilization, mitotic divisions in the zygote 296 are on an average rather much slower compared to the meiotic divisions, which corresponds to the 297 normal slow accelerated expansion of the universe. The existence as primordial germ cell is thus a 298 low entropy state from which starts the journey of life just in the same way as the journey of the 299 universe starts from the low entropy initial state with the big bang. 300 301 5. Scale invariant chaotic evolution of the universe 302 In species interactions the prey-predator interactions predominate across the entire landscape of 303 living organisms and recently it has been generalized to include all kinds of interactions [19-20]. The 304 primary mathematical model that describes the prey-predator interaction is the Lotka-Volterra 305 model of coupled differential equations for the species populations evolving in time in response to 306 interaction strength, ecological parameters and also the number of other species involved [26-27]. 307 The results show in general an aperiodic alternation of the species populations due to perturbing 308 parameters to the original cyclic periodicities [28-29]. 309 Recently the Lotka-Volterra type model was applied to the chaotic evolution of the whole universe 310 itself with similar bipartite or tripartite or even 4-way interactions between among dark matter, dark 311 energy, matter and radiation has shown the existence of strange attractor for values of the Equation 312 of State (EoS) parameters for dark energy(de), dark matter(dm), matter(m) and radiation(r) in the

313 ranges: 1 Wde  0,Wdm  0,Wm  0,Wr  0 with positive Lyapunov exponent showing the

314 chaotic evolution of the densities [30]. Note that the EoS parameter connects the pressure with the 315 density of the interacting species. The universe in this scenario does not repeat itself but oscillates. 316 Self-similarity in scale invariant way being a part of chaotic dynamics, it can explain the emergence 317 of similar patterns of time evolution in systems across various scales. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0711.v1

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318 Chaotic evolution in purely physical systems and purely biological systems are quite well known. 319 But when applied to the whole cosmos with its components such as dark energy etc. in mutual 320 competition, it can govern similar dynamical evolution from micro- to macro- dimensions. When the 321 period of the cycles is extended to include all abiotic as well as biotic evolution under one scheme of 322 chaotic evolution, it can be visualized that the current state of evolution may have proceeded from a 323 previous era of cosmic involution, where consciousness had regressively withdrawn itself into its 324 deep slumber in inorganic matter-energy [31-32]. That is to say, the whole process of evolution is 325 nothing but a successively more potent manifestation of the unmanifest with consciousness as the 326 constant background, which is present all along in the history of the cosmos. The cosmic blue print 327 for such a manifestation can be assumed to be in the cosmic mind [15]. 328 6. Coarse-graining of information and second law

329 While we have tried to argue in our recent woks for the existence and operations of a cosmic mind 330 for the evolution of life and of species, the same in the context of the genesis and evolution of the 331 cosmos itself has to be established [15-16]. The role of the conscious observer in quantum theory, 332 Relativity and quantum field theory have been dealt with employing a dualistic viewpoint [33-40]. 333 In all these works the ubiquitous cosmic mind or universal consciousness somehow makes its 334 presence apparent both in the mathematical and conceptual sense. As an all-pervading presence that 335 makes possible rise of knowledge in an individual observer, this cosmic consciousness can also be 336 attributed to be the conscious ordering principle in the evolution of the cosmos itself. 337 Rise of definite knowledge itself is an act of bringing order in the psyche that was, prior to 338 measurement, having a larger entropy due to lack of information, and it is consciousness that does 339 it [33-40]. Consciousness alone can bring order in a universe moving towards ever greater disorder 340 and entropy. It being beyond matter-energy and hence beyond space-time, can easily be a 341 transcendental presence working continuously even across the big bangs and bug crunches of a 342 pocket universe and of the whole multiverse. Its time-transcending non-local, simultaneous, 343 causal-teleological action seems anthropic to us, who are bound by the time’s arrow in an expanding 344 universe [37-39]. 345 In a meta-evolutionary sense, it has to be anthropic because all the evolutionary urges of all 346 individuals was stored in the cosmic mind and they are to manifest along with their respective 347 objects for satisfying those urges [15-16]. According to the stored data in the cosmic mind, the 348 structure of the universe gradually manifests in its details with time cycle after cycle of the universe. 349 Storage of data in the psychic domain is achieved with coarse-grained architecture leading to huge 350 decrease in entropy [41]. The data are arranged into different compartments like 351 drive/folder/file/data in artificial intelligence systems such as computers. The psychic operations are 352 such that the entropy at the level of drives (drive entropy) will depend on the number of drives only 353 and not on the (fine-grained) entropy of contents of each drive. Similarly, at successively greater 354 levels of details, the information unfolds as the universe evolves according to them. Similar series of 355 entropy compression in nested compartments occurs in the universal consciousness: cosmic 356 mind/collective mind/local species mind/individual mind/experiences (data). This is the cosmic blue 357 print or software which we can call subtle-ware. This can at once explain the extraordinarily low 358 entropy of our universe at the big bang, since the details were not there in the beginning. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0711.v1

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359 Coarse-grained entropy always increases with time and this, in a way explains the existence second 360 law in our universe [42,43]. 361 As the subtle-ware runs, the details gradually unfold and manifest at different levels up to the rise of 362 individual minds in the field of universal consciousness. This differentiation can be assumed to 363 happen at the Planck era, where space-time and fields (matter-energy) are undifferentiated and each 364 Planckian element is fundamentally indestructible. Each such element then evolved further to have 365 one associated individual unit of consciousness tethered to it, which was earlier undifferentiated 366 from other individual units, since at that pre-Planckian stage all were in a condensed pure BEC state, 367 assuming the fundamental Planckian DOF to have been bosonic. This is therefore a initial state of 368 lowest entropy. 369 The separation of the mind (subtle information field) from the energy (Gross quantum fields in 370 curved space-time) thus appears at the Planck era, which can be visualized as the first-ever 371 spontaneous symmetry breaking in the history of the universe [44]. Thereafter, with exponential 372 inflation the GUT field (quanta) and gravity (space-time) become separated and with time, further 373 spontaneous breaking of symmetry separated the QCD fields from the electroweak and then on, the 374 morphic (electromagnetic) field separated, and through it, finally the various forms of individuals 375 and the objects manifest. The galaxies and stars and planets all form only after the morphic (em) 376 field separates. The morphic (em) field is finally necessary for imparting form to the individuals and 377 their objects of experience. The whole process all along was unfolded and guided by the 378 information contained in the cosmic mind, which is the totality of all subjects and the subtle-ware of 379 their experiences [15]. 122 380 The information about the entire physical universe encoded in its myriad objects (~10 bits) is 381 perceived by an individual, and is thus compressed into a set of corresponding neural correlates of 382 that individual brain involving much less number of DoF (neural network states with 11 383 N 10 neurons) and hence with lesser entropy [4],. Thus the Physical entropy is much reduced 384 when translated into neural entropy of an individual. Brain. This neural entropy reduces further 385 when it is gradually epigenetically encoded into the DNA of the experiencing individual with just 6 386 about ~ 20000 protein-coding genes or at best with ~10 genes, non-coding sector included. It 387 becomes almost one-to-one, if we count the number of base pairs in the diploid human genome 9 388 which comes to ~ 6.46910 base pairs as the basic DoF. The coding of experiences occurs via 389 epigenetic marks [16,45]. This genetic entropy is much larger than the entropy of the same 390 information encoded in the individual psyche with still less number of DoF, psychic experiential 391 states which can be counted to be at best within, may be, only a few tens of qualia, as we move to the 392 next level of coarse-graining in terms of them (qualia) (such as color and sound etc). 393 It thus seems quite possible that entropy can be reduced by putting all information in a particular 394 drive/folder as degenerate (and hence equivalent to glossing over their internal differences) and then 395 computing it for only the drives or the folders at their level. The entropy of the universe was so low 396 at big bang because of such degenerate encoding or coarse-graining at the psychic level in the cosmic 397 mind that had no difference in individuals and objects which all degenerately inhered in it at the big 398 bang. In fact even zero (or nearly zero) psychic and physical entropy for the universe at the big bang 399 is also possible in this picture as an extreme case of the universe being in a pure quantum mechanical 400 state [46]. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0711.v1

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401 It has recently been shown by us that in states of greater concentration there is a decrease of neural 402 recruitment and thus the neural DoF employed are less in number in states of intense concentration 403 leading to elongation of subjective time [47]. It is pertinent to ask whether the reduced entropy of the 404 initial state of the universe is associated with such concentrated state of the cosmic mind, as if 405 meditating, before the beginning of “creation”! 406 7. Conclusion

407 We have reviewed the interplay of order and disorder in the dynamical evolution of physical and 408 biological systems and have extended it to the whole universe. It turns out that there is a decrease of 409 entropy due to use of levels of coding of information in a nested hierarchy: from Physical to Neural 410 to genetic to Psychic. Such encoding of information leads to the reduction of DoF utilized and hence 411 of reduction of entropy as we move to a purely psychic encoding in the cosmic mind. Note that the 412 total information stored remains fixed but at different levels, the information is put in different 413 drives and folders and files and thus reduction of entropy occurs at different levels depending on 414 the degrees of freedom. 415 The experiences of an individual are stored in his neural memory, in his genes, in his individual 416 psyche, in the collective psyche and also in the cosmic mind simultaneously. At successively broader 417 levels of coding the entropy becomes progressively lower and lower and as it unfolds after the big 418 bang it keeps producing the entropies by decoding at successively grosser levels till it gets to the 419 state of material objects. This is the explanation for the increasing entropy and the basis of second 420 law in our pocket universe. 421 The ideas proposed here need to be further strengthened by subsequent interdisciplinary researchs 422 in physics and biology. A thorough going investigation of the role of the mind in the genesis and 423 evolution of the universe is yet to be done with the seriousness it deserves. In the days ahead, it is 424 expected to gain more and more attention of researchers as psychology gets integrated with biology 425 through neurology and physics. 426 Funding: Please add: This research received no external funding. 427 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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