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Apristurus Manocheriani (Carcharhiniformes: Pentanchidae), a New Species of Catshark from the Southwest Indian Ocean

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Apristurus Manocheriani (Carcharhiniformes: Pentanchidae), a New Species of Catshark from the Southwest Indian Ocean Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation 2021, Volume 38 Apristurus manocheriani (Carcharhiniformes: Pentanchidae), a new species of catshark from the Southwest Indian Ocean JUSTIN A. CORDOVA Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5138-8629 E-mail: [email protected] DAVID A. EBERT Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA Research Associate, Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA. 94118, USA Research Associate, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8192 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new species of catshark, Apristurus manocheriani n. sp., is described from 8 specimens collected from seamounts in the southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO). The new species is placed in the Apristurus spongiceps subgroup and is only the second known species in this subgroup occurring in the western Indian Ocean. Geographically, A. manocheriani is known only from the SWIO, while its two closest congeners are from distant locations: Apristurus albisoma Nakaya & Séret, 1999 occurs in the southwest Pacific Ocean and Apristurus aphyodes Nakaya & Stehmann, 1998 in the northeast Atlantic. Key words: taxonomy, ichthyology, Chondrichthyes, elasmobranch, seamounts, Southwest Indian Ridge. Citation: Cordova, J.A. & Ebert, D.A. (2021) Apristurus manocheriani (Carcharhiniformes: Pentanchidae), a new species of catshark from the Southwest Indian Ocean. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 38, 13–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081131 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AC333F16-ACC8-47DD-8FA6-BB8030C7DBE4 Date of publication of this version of record: 7 July 2021 Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 38, 13–26 (2021) 13 Introduction The genus Apristurus Garman, 1913 (Chondrichthyes: Pentanchidae) comprise one of the most species-rich shark genera with 39 valid species (Weigmann 2016, White et al. 2017). The genus is divided into three subgroups based on morphological and meristic characters (Nakaya & Sato 1999), egg case morphology (Flammang et al. 2007), and molecular data (Sato 2000, Iglesias et al. 2005). The three subgroups are referred to as the longicephalus, brunneus and spongiceps subgroups. The longicephalus subgroup can be distinguished from the other two subgroups by a very long, narrow, and slender snout; its length from snout tip to anterior nostrils is greater than 6.4% total length (TL). The other two subgroups, referred to as the spongiceps and brunneus subgroups, have relatively shorter snouts, with their lengths being less than 6.4% total length (TL). The spongiceps subgroup is separable from the brunneus subgroup by having a more stout vs. slender body, lower labial furrows equal to or longer than the uppers, lower spiral valve counts (7–12 vs. 13–22), and a continuous vs. discontinuous supraorbital sensory canal (Nakaya & Sato 1999). Also, the egg cases of the spongiceps group lack tendrils at their corners, while those of the brunneus subgroup have long coiled tendrils (Flammang et al. 2007). Members of the genus Apristurus are found in all oceans, including Arctic, but not Antarctic, waters, mostly at depths from about 200–2200 m, and on continental and insular slopes, deep-sea ridges, seamounts, and trenches (Ebert & Winton 2010, Kawauchi et al. 2014). Many Apristurus species appear to be endemic, while others appear to have a wider distribution. The majority of species are found in the western Pacific (at least 20 species), followed by the western Atlantic with 8 species (Ebert et al. 2021a). The western Indian Ocean (WIO) is reasonably well represented, with 6 Apristurus species, including: A. longicephalus Nakaya, 1975; A. breviventralis Kawauchi, Weigmann & Nakaya, 2014; A. indicus (Brauer, 1906); A. melanoasper Iglésias, Nakaya & Stehmann, 2004; A. microps (Gilbert, 1922); and A. saldanha (Barnard, 1925). Of these 6 species, the only spongiceps subgroup representative is A. microps, whose distribution extends just into the southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) off the south coast of South Africa (Ebert 2013, Kawauchi et al. 2014, Ebert et al. 2021b). During two surveys conducted in 2012 and 2014 along the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIOR), specimens of an Apristurus species were collected with characteristics associated with the spongiceps subgroup. Upon closer examination, it was found to be distinct from all other known spongiceps subgroup species and we describe it here. This paper is part of a series describing new species and revising chondrichthyan taxa from the SWIO. Materials and Methods Morphometric measurements were taken in full on the holotype and 7 paratypes following the methodology and terminology proposed by Nakaya et al. (2008) for the genus Apristurus. Morphometric values to the nearest millimeter (mm) are presented as ratios of the total length (TL). Meristics, including tooth and vertebral counts, were taken from the type series. To identify differences between the new species and its two closest congeners, morphometric measurements expressed as %TL were assessed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) ordination (Clarke & Gorley 2006). In this analysis, similar morphometric characters are plotted on a graph close together in ordination space, while dissimilar ones fall far apart (Gotelli & Ellison 2013, White et al. 2013). The different assemblages identified using nMDS represent different species. To assess if there was a statistical difference in the multivariate morphometric data collected for each group, a Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) was conducted. No additional transformations were necessary before calculation of the resemblance matrix since morphological data were expressed as percentages. Data were visually inspected for normality using a Normal Quantile-Quantile plot with 95% Confidence intervals and this assessment indicated that the morphometric data were normally distributed. Similarity Percentages (SIMPER) analysis associated with the nMDS was conducted to provide insight into which traits most contributed to differences among groups using the Vegan package in R (Oksanen et al. 2020). All type specimens are deposited into the fish collection at the California Academy of Sciences Ichthyology (CAS-ICH). Comparative material was examined from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO), Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML), Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), 14 Iziko South African Museum (SAM), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (USNM), University of Washington (UW), and the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). Institutional abbreviations follow Sabaj (2019). Figure 1. Apristurus manocheriani, n. sp., holotype, lateral view, adult male, 558 mm TL (CAS-ICH 247255) before preservation (A) and after preservation (B); scale bar = 5 cm. Genus Apristurus Garman, 1913 Apristurus Garman, 1913: 96 Type species. Scyliorhinus indicus Brauer, 1906, by original designation. Apristurus manocheriani, new species Manocherian’s Catshark urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:61EB269F-189D-4367-A3DF-F85CA05F82AA Figures 1–7, Table 1 Holotype. CAS-ICH 247255, mature male, 558 mm TL, SWIOR, Indian Ocean, -35.133°, 53.700°, 89–1240 m, 30 April 2014 (taken as bycatch in deep-sea trawl for Alfonsino (Beryx spp.) and Orange Roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus)). Paratypes. (7 specimens) CAS-ICH 247256, mature male, 536 mm TL, Indian Ocean, SWIOR, -35.167°, 54.283°, 620–920 m, 1 April 2014; CAS-ICH 247257, female, 476 mm TL, Indian Ocean, Walters Shoal, -34.667°, 44.250°, 1000–1300 m, 8 March 2012; CAS-ICH 247258, Female 467 mm TL, Indian Ocean, SWIOR, -35.167°, 53.667°, 900–1100 m, 8 March 2012; CAS-ICH 247259, female, 485 mm TL, Indian Ocean, Walters Shoal, -34.667°, 44.250°, 89–1240 m, 8 March 2012; CAS-ICH 247260, female, 480 mm TL, Indian Ocean, Walters Shoal, -34.417°, 44.333°, 1200–1300 m, 10 March 2012; CAS-ICH 247261, female, 495 mm TL, Indian Ocean, SWIOR, -35.167°, 54.283°, 620–920 m, 1 April 2014; CAS-ICH 247262, mature male, 491 mm TL, Indian Ocean, SWIOR, -39.00°, 46.50°, 800–1200 m, 4 April 2012. 15 Diagnosis. A new species in spongiceps subgroup of Apristurus, as defined by Nakaya & Sato (1999), distinguished from all congeners by a combination of characteristics: an overall uniformly whitish “porcelain” colored body with lighter colored anal and caudal-fin margins and a distinct white spot on tail tip vs. a uniform dark brown to grayish, or blackish, body coloration, variably with blotches, flecks, spots, or squiggles, in all other spongiceps subgroup species (except A. albisoma and A. aphyodes with similar light coloration, but subtle differences); clasper hooks present vs. absent; oral papillae absent or sparsely covering oral cavity roof vs. distinct and densely covering oral cavity roof; dorsal caudal margin with widely spaced, non-overlapping dermal denticles vs. closely spaced, overlapping denticles; lower tooth counts, i.e. 46–57 in upper jaw and 44–50 in lower jaw vs. 56–71 and 49–70 respectively. Description. (proportional measurements expressed as percentage of total length (TL) for holotype followed
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