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Micropaleontology and Sequence Stratigraphy of Middle Jurassic D4- D5 Members of Dhruma Formation, Central Saudi Arabia]

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Micropaleontology and Sequence Stratigraphy of Middle Jurassic D4- D5 Members of Dhruma Formation, Central Saudi Arabia] -, SAUDI ARABIA BY MUHAMMAD HAMMAD MALIK A Thesis Presented to the DEANSHIP OF GRADUATE STUDIES KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS DHAHRAN- 31261, SAUDI ARABIA DEANSHIP OF GRADUATE STUDIES This thesis, written by MUHAMMAD HAMMAD MALIK under the direction his thesis advisor and approved by his thesis committee, has been presented and accepted by the Dean of Graduate Studies, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY. Prof. Michael A. Kaminski ar11>1� (Advisor) Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Shaibani Dr. Khalid Al-Ramadan Department Chairman (Member) - ' - ,-:· - -· v..)-UI, '__}...;_,� • :,�..... -. "'.J :- ' v ?_ _ _D__ r r a_ -al '!S,m-""-- A--. Z-u_m_m_ o � � �� Dr. Lamidi 0. Babalola Dean of Graduate Studies §1 � (Member) . e r ;:un.'l��S'/., ,2- I<\''- Date © Muhammad Hammad Malik 2016 iii Dedication This work is dedicated to ALLAH Almighty who gave me strength, courage and ability to perform all the tasks and to myself because I am the one who suffered alone. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the name of ALLAH, the most Gracious and most Merciful First of all, I want to thank ALLAH almighty who give me the courage and strength and provide me with the opportunity to study in one of the prestigious universities of the world. I would also like to thanks my parents, my father Zulfiqar Ahmed Malik and my mother whose prayers led me reach to the position I am at right now. I would also extend my thanks to Prof. Michael Kaminski for being my academic advisor from the beginning for his guidance and also for providing me with various research opportunities during my studies at KFUPM. I would also like to acknowledge my committee including Dr. Khalid Al-Ramadan and Dr. Lamidi Olabode Babalola who helped me during tough times of my research. King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM) and Ministry of Higher Education of Saudi Arabia is also thanked for providing me with the scholarship to pursue my graduate studies and supporting my research. I would also acknowledge Geosciences department and its faculty including Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Shaibani for his continuous help and guidance throughout my stay at KFUPM. A heartiest thanks to my friends at KFUPM including Waleed, Asif, Haseeb, Saad, Haroon Bhai, Ayaz, Harooni, Annas, Naveed, Omar, Septri, Hussam, Mahmood, Abduljameo, and my cousin Abrar Tanoli for being there for me when I was away from home and alone. Special thanks to Dr. Khalid Al Ramadan for being my mentor and providing me with the opportunity to compete in a world class competition of Imperial Barrel award and also for encouraging me and boosting me with the capacity to win prestigious awards globally. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... VI LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ IX ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ XVII ARABIC ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. XVIII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Location of Study Area .................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Geological Setting .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Tectonic Evolution of Arabian Plate .............................................................................................. 7 1.4 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................... 13 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 13 2.2 Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.3 Biostratigraphy ............................................................................................................................ 18 2.4 Sequence Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 25 vi 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 25 3.2 Materials ...................................................................................................................................... 26 3.3 Methodology Applied .................................................................................................................. 27 3.3.1 Laboratory Studies ........................................................................................................................... 27 3.3.2 Petrographic Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 28 3.3.3 Instrumental Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.4 Methodology applied (Micropaleontology) ................................................................................. 30 3.4.1 Soap Disaggregation Method .......................................................................................................... 30 3.4.2 Acid Leaching Method .................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS (SEDIMENTOLOGY) ......................................................... 35 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 35 4.2 Lithofacies Identified ................................................................................................................... 37 4.2.1 Coral bearing grain dominated packstone facies (Cgdp) ................................................................. 39 4.2.2 Echinoderm bearing spicule rich packstone facies (Esp) ................................................................. 42 4.2.3 Oolitic grainstone facies (Og) .......................................................................................................... 45 4.2.4 Bioclastic wackestone / packstone facies (Bw-p) ............................................................................ 48 4.2.5 Foraminiferal packstone / grainstone facies (Fp-g) ......................................................................... 51 4.2.6 Echinoderm rich mudstone / wackstone Facies (Em-w) .................................................................. 54 4.2.7 Bioclastic oolitic grainstone facies (Bog) ........................................................................................ 57 4.2.8 Foraminiferal wackestone facies (Fw) ............................................................................................. 60 4.2.9 Spicule rich pelloidal grain dominated packstone facies (Spgdp) ................................................... 63 4.2.10 Mudstone Facies (Ms) ................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS (MICROPALEONTOLOGY) ............................................. 69 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 69 5.2 Extracted Microfossil Genera & Species ..................................................................................... 70 5.3 Microfossil Genera & Species distribution: ................................................................................ 74 5.3.1 Coral bearing grain dominated Packstone Facies (Cgdp) ................................................................ 74 5.3.2 Echinoderm Spiculitic Packstone Facies (Esp) ................................................................................ 78 5.3.3 Oolitic Grainstone facies (Og) ......................................................................................................... 81 5.3.4 Bioclastic Wackestone / Packstone Facies (Bw-p) .......................................................................... 84 vii 5.3.5 Foraminiferal Packstone / Grainstone Facies (Fp-g) ....................................................................... 86 5.3.6 Echinoderm Mudstone / Wackstone Facies (Em-w).......................................................................
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