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Indian Society_FM.indd 1 11/08/17 12:12 PM This page is intentionally left blank INDIAN SOCIETY For Civil Services Main Examination GS Paper I M. Senthil Kumar S. Rijesh Indian Society_FM.indd 2 11/08/17 12:12 PM INDIAN SOCIETY For Civil Services Main Examination GS Paper I M. Senthil Kumar S. Rijesh Indian Society_FM.indd 3 11/08/17 12:12 PM Copyright © 2018 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128, formerly known as Tutor Vista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia. No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent. This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time. ISBN 978-93-325-8802-8 eISBN: 978-93-528-6264-1 Head Office: 15th Floor, Tower-B, World Trade Tower, Plot No. 1, Block-C, Sector 16, Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India. Registered office: 4th Floor, Software Block, Elnet Software City, TS-140, Block 2 & 9, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India. Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060 Website: in.pearson.com, Email: [email protected] This book is dedicated to Swami Vivekananda who was an eminent social reformer, who brought about spiritual awakening amongst Indian masses in the 19th century and strongly believed that man himself is the creator of his own destiny. Indian Society_FM.indd 5 11/08/17 12:12 PM This page is intentionally left blank INDIAN SOCIETY For Civil Services Main Examination GS Paper I M. Senthil Kumar S. Rijesh Indian Society_FM.indd 2 11/08/17 12:12 PM Brief Contents Preface xix Strategy to Prepare for Topics on Indian Society xxiii Acknowledgements xxv About the Authors xxvi Chapter 1: Salient Features of Indian Society 1 Chapter 2: Role of Women and Women’s Organization 21 Chapter 3: Population and Associated Issues 37 Chapter 4: Poverty and Developmental Issues 69 Chapter 5: Urbanization, Their Problems and Their Remedies 85 Chapter 6: Effects of Globalization on Indian Society 119 Chapter 7: Communalism 131 Chapter 8: Regionalism 149 Chapter 9: Secularism 161 Chapter 10: Social Empowerment 179 Indian Society_FM.indd 7 11/08/17 12:12 PM This page is intentionally left blank INDIAN SOCIETY For Civil Services Main Examination GS Paper I M. Senthil Kumar S. Rijesh Indian Society_FM.indd 2 11/08/17 12:12 PM Table of Contents Preface xix Strategy to Prepare for Topics on Indian Society xxiii Acknowledgements xxv About the Authors xxvi Chapter 1: Salient Features of Indian Society 1 Introduction 1 Characteristics of Indian Society and Culture 3 Unity 4 Diversity 4 Diversity: Indian Context 5 Major Sources of Diversity in Indian Context 5 Geographical Factors 5 Language 5 Village and Its Economic System 6 Family, Marriage and Kinship 6 Joint-Family System 6 Caste Diversity 6 Caste Structure and Kinship 7 Caste Structure and Occupation 8 Caste Structure and Power 8 Spatial Expansion of Intra-Caste Relations 10 Racial Factors 10 Tribes 11 Religious Diversity 13 Hinduism 13 Islam 13 Christianity 14 Sikhism 14 Jainism 15 Buddhism 15 Zoroastrianism 15 Judaism 16 Indian Society_FM.indd 9 11/08/17 12:12 PM x Contents Region 17 Pluralism 17 Unity Amidst Diversity 18 Practice Questions 20 Previous Year Questions 20 Chapter 2: Role of Women and Women’s Organization 21 Introduction 21 Position of Women in History 22 Early Vedic Age 22 Later Vedic Period (1000 BC–500 BC) 22 Women in the Medieval Period 23 Condition of Women during the 18th Century 23 Women under British Rule 24 Role of Women in Freedom Struggle 25 Women’s Constitutional and Legal Rights 26 Constitutional Privileges Preamble 26 Fundamental Rights 26 DPSP 26 Fundamental Duties 26 Political Rights 26 Legislative Safeguards 27 For Women 28 For Children 28 Institutions for Women Empowerment 28 Pre-Independence 28 Women NGO’s: Post-independence 29 International NGOs 30 Governmental Organizations 30 Women Organization: Contemporary Context 30 Role 30 Problems 31 Success Journey of Indian Women: Since Independence 32 Social Progress 32 Economic Developments 32 Political Participations 32 Indian Society_FM.indd 10 11/08/17 12:12 PM Contents xi Scientific Achievements 32 Cultural Contributions 33 Problems of Indian Women: 21st Century 33 Women Empowerment Policies and Programmes 34 Policies 34 Programmes 34 Practice Questions 35 Previous Year Questions 36 Chapter 3: Population and Associated Issues 37 Introduction 37 Few Facts about Indian Population 37 Determinants of Population Change 38 Demographic Determinants 39 Social Determinants 39 Economic Determinants 40 Other Causes 42 Mortality 42 Age and Sex Structure 44 Dependency Ratio 44 Age Structure in India: Determinants and Implications 44 Measurement of Sex Structure 45 Sex Ratio in India 45 Sex Ratio in India: An Analysis from Census 2011 46 Child Sex Ratio (2011) 48 Effects of the Rapid Population Growth in India 49 Population Control Measures 50 Population Policy of India 52 National Population Policy 1976 and 1977 54 National Population Policy, 2000 54 A New Approach 60 Appendix 60 Demographic Transition in India 60 Growing “North”–South Disparity 61 Growing Demographic Divide 62 The Spread of Female Foeticide 63 Indian Society_FM.indd 11 11/08/17 12:12 PM xii Contents Successful Models of Population Transition 63 Kerala Model 64 Tamil Nadu Model 65 Himachal Pradesh Model 65 Andhra Pradesh Model 66 Population Stabilization Fund (Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh–JSK) 66 National Commission on Population 67 Practice Questions 68 Previous Year Question 68 Chapter 4: Poverty and Developmental Issues 69 Introduction 69 Concept of Poverty 70 Different Views on Poverty 70 The First Dimension 70 The Second Dimension 71 The Third Dimension 71 Measurements of Poverty 71 History of Calculation of Poverty in India 72 Suresh Tendulkar Committee 72 C. Rangarajan Committee 72 Arvind Panagariya Task Force 72 Causes of Poverty 73 Individual 73 Culture or Sub-culture of Poverty 73 Social Structure 73 The Causes of Poverty in Indian Context 74 The Consequence of Poverty 75 Housing and Homelessness 75 Family Problems 75 Economy 76 Measures to Alleviate Poverty 76 Distributive Strategies 76 Specific Strategies 77 Social Security 77 Effective Measures for Poverty Alleviation 78 Creating Employment 79 Indian Society_FM.indd 12 11/08/17 12:12 PM Contents xiii Distributive Justice 80 Land–Man Ratio 80 Controlling Population Growth 80 Elimination of Black Money 81 Decentralizing Planning and Its Execution 81 Other Measures 81 International Organization for Poverty Reduction 82 United Nationals Development Programme (UNDP) 82 Oxfam 82 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 83 International Labour Organization (ILO) 83 World Bank 83 Conclusion 83 Practice Questions 84 Previous Year Questions 84 Chapter 5: Urbanization, Their Problems and Their Remedies 85 The Concept of Urbanization 85 Evolution of Urbanization in India 86 Reasons for Urban Population Growth 87 Natural Increase in Population 87 Continuous Migration of People Towards Cities 87 Changes in City Boundaries 91 Characteristics of Indian Urbanization 91 Urbanization in India, 2001–2011 92 Characteristics of Urban Community 95 Problems of Urbanization in India 95 Changing Social and Economic Institutions 100 Isolation 100 Maladjustment 100 Beggary 101 Urbanization and Social Mobility 101 Consequences of Social Mobility 101 Remedies and Suggestions to Urban Problems 102 Efficient and Integral City Planning 102 Financially Independent City Administration 103 Indian Society_FM.indd 13 11/08/17 12:12 PM xiv Contents Increased Job Opportunities 103 Better Transportation Facility 103 Efficient and Workable Housing Policy 103 Limited Environment Pollution 103 State Policy on Urban Problems 104 The Rent Control Act, 1948 104 Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act, 1976 105 Programmes of Slum Clearance and Construction of New Houses 105 The Five-Year Plans 106 Governmental Measures to Address the Issue of Urbanization 107 Smart Cities 107 Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 109 National Mission on Sustainable Habitat 110 National Air Quality Index 110 The National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy 111 National Policy on Urban Street Vendors 112 The National Urban Sanitation Policy 113 The National Environment Policy (NEP) 114 Residex 114 Government Interventions/Programmes 115 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana—Housing for All (Urban) 115 Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF) 116 National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) 116 Conclusion 117 Practice Questions 117 Previous Year Question