Palatalization in Polish an Interaction of Articulatory and Perceptual Factors

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Palatalization in Polish an Interaction of Articulatory and Perceptual Factors Palatalization in Polish An Interaction of Articulatory and Perceptual Factors Ma lgorzata Ewa Cavar´ geboren am 22. Juni 1973 in Warschau, Polen Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) Vorgelegt der Humanwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨atder Universit¨at Potsdam 10th November 2003 Universit¨atPotsdam GUTACHTER – SUPERVISOR Prof. Dr. Caroline F´ery Universit¨at Potsdam, Institut fur¨ Linguistik/Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft HD Dr. habil Tracy Alan Hall Universit¨at Leipzig, Institut fur¨ Linguistik ERKLARUNG¨ Hiermit erkl¨are ich, Ma lgorzata Ewa Cavar,´ dass ich die folgende Arbeit voll- komen selbstst¨andig und ohne Hilfe Anderer verfasst habe. Alle verwendeten Hilfsmittel und Quellen sind aufgefuhrt¨ und entsprechend gekennzeichnet. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde an keiner anderen Universit¨at eingereicht. Sie wurde weder von einer anderen Universit¨at angenommen noch abgelehnt. Bloomington, Indiana, den 10.11.2003 (Ma lgorzata Ewa Cavar)´ DEUTSCHE ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Palatalization in Polish: An Interaction of Articulatory and Perceptual Factors Palatalisation im Polnischen: Eine Interaktion artikulatorischer und perzeptueller Faktoren In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden Palatalisierungsph¨anomene im Pol- nischen untersucht. Die Hauptthese ist, dass Palatalisierung ein durch artiku- latorische und auditive Faktoren verursachtes Ph¨anomen ist. Genau genom- men wird eine funktionale Perspektive eingenommen, ausgehend von der An- nahme, dass Sprache durch zwei generelle Tendenzen gepr¨agt wird. Erstens, die Tendenz zur Minimalisierung des Aufwands beim Sprecher, d. h. die Aus- prache und der Sprechaufwand sollten reduziert werden. Zweitens, die Ten- denz zur Minimalisierung des Aufwands beim H¨orer, d. h. die distinktiven Merkmale der lautlichen Elemente in einer Sprache sollten maximiert wer- den. Aus dieser Perspektive errscheint Palatalisierung als optimales Resultat der lautlichen Realisierung sprachlicher Ausdrucke¨ auf phonologischer Ebene. In dieser Dissertation werden verschiedene artikulatorische und perzeptuelle (auditive) Faktoren bei der Palatalisierung am Beispiel des Polnischen iden- tifiziert. Des weiteren wird ein erkl¨arungsad¨aquater Ansatz fur¨ Palatalisie- rungsprozesse im Polnischen ausgearbeitet, der die Zusammenh¨ange zwischen den einzelnen Prozessen (wie sie in der phonologischen Literatur beschrieben wurden) neu beleuchtet. Dabei werden ad¨aquate Methoden fur¨ die Analyse entsprechender Ph¨anomene ausgearbeitet. Kapitel 1 zeigt die Notwendigkeit einer phonologischer Analyse insbe- sondere fur¨ das Ph¨anomen der Palatalisierung auf, unter Einbeziehung der Perzeption. In Kapitel 1 werden die Hauptannahmen dieser Dissertation for- muliert und die funktionelle Perspektive eingefuhrt.¨ In Kapitel 2 wird ein Model der Interaktion artikulatorischer und au- ditiver Faktoren in der Phonologie dargestellt. Die in dieser Dissertation verwendeten Beschr¨ankungen, Prinzipien und Merkmale (mit Akzent auf perzeptuelle Merkmale) werden definiert. In diesem Kapitel wird weiterhin iv das sogenannte “Derived Environment” diskutiert. Die alte Definition von “Derived Environment” konnte nicht ohne weiteres direkt ubernommen¨ wer- den, da sie sich auf den Begriff der “Derivation” bezieht, der im klassischen “Main-Stream” der Optimalit¨atstheorie OT keinen Platz mehr hat. Um die Idee auszudrucken,¨ dass die Anwendung einiger phonologischer Regeln auf morphologische Grenzen beschr¨ankt, oder an die Anwendung anderer Re- geln gebunden ist, wurden in der phonologischen Literatur bereits einige L¨osungen vorgeschlagen. Eine L¨osung schl¨agt spezielle “Faithfulness Cons- traints” (Treue-Beschr¨ankungen) vor, die sich auf den Stamm beziehen – aber nicht auf ein Suffix, und die universell h¨oher in der Beschr¨ankungshierarchie stehen als die allgemeinen “Faithfulness Constraints”. So kann zwischen Kon- sonanten im Stamm und Konsonanten im Suffix unterschieden werden, aber nicht, wie im Polnischen notwendig, zwischen Stamm-internen und Stamm- finalen Konsonanten. Daher ist dieses formale Mittel nicht hilfreich in der Analyse von “Derived-Environment” Phenom¨anen im Polnischen. In der OT-Literatur wurde weiterhin vorgeschlagen, die Umgebung der Morphemgrenze mittels “Local Conjunction” von Beschr¨ankungen zu defi- nieren, die Palatalisierung hervorrufen, und sog. “Allignment Constraints”, die verlangen daß der rechte Rand des Stamms mit dem rechten Rand einer Silbe korrespondiert (Lubowicz, 1998). In Kapitel 2 werden einige Probleme angesprochen, die im Zusammenhang mit diesem Ansatz diskutiert werden. In Kapitel 6 werden die Daten diskutiert, die dieser Ansatz nicht erkl¨aren kann. In Kapitel 2 wird eine Analyse vorgeschlagen, die auschliesslich die Relationen zwischen Oberfl¨achenrepr¨asentationen ausnutzt, ohne sich auf die zugrundeliegenden Repr¨asentationen zu beziehen. Dabei wird zwischen pa- radigmatisch alternierenden und uniformen Umgebungen unterschieden. Es wird angenommen, dass einige Palatalizierungsprozesse im Polnischen nur in paradigmatisch alternierenden Umgebungen auftreten, d. h. da, wo man die Alternationen (von den relevanten Reihenfolge der Laute) zwischen Formen in einem Paradigma auf der Oberfl¨ache feststellen kann. Diese Analyse ist mehr funktional in dem Sinne, dass sie eine Erkl¨arung in externen Faktoren zu finden versucht, d. h. z. B. in generellen Lernstrategien. Die vorgeschlagene Analyse weist nicht die mit vorherigen Ans¨atzen verbundenen Probleme auf, und, wie in Kapitel 6 gezeigt wird, deckt sie auch die Daten ab, die in der Analyse von z. B.Lubowicz unabh¨angig analysiert werden mussten.¨ Kapitel 3 beschreibt die Fakten, die fur¨ die weitere Diskussion notwendig sind. Die Alternationen im Polnischen, die als Palatalisierung gelten, werden aufgelistet. Die Phonetik der Laute, die in Palatalsierungsalternationen vor- kommen, werden diskutiert – aus einer artikulatorischen Perspektive, anhand fruherer¨ Studien von Koneczna und Zawadowski, Wierzchowska, Biedrzycki, und anderen, wie auch aus einer akustischer Perspektive heraus. Die akusti- v sche Beschreibung basiert teilweise auf fruheren¨ Studien, teilweise entspricht sie den Resultaten eigener Messungen. Aufgrund der phonetischen Beschrei- bungen wird fur¨ ein konkret zugrundeliegendes Inventar von Lauten im Pol- nischen aurgumentiert und das Merkmalsinventar derselben spezifiziert. Die phonetischen Messungen begrunden¨ die Spezifikation der Segmente durch perzeptuelle Merkmale, die fur¨ die polnischen Laute nie vorher vorgeschlagen wurden. Zus¨atzlich werden einige Behauptungen zur artikulatorischen Spe- zifikation gemacht, die im Gegensatz zu fruherenen¨ Annahmen von z. B. Ru- bach (1984) stehen. Z. B. wird angenommen, dass der polnische Vokal, der als [1] transkribiert wird, ein vorderer (Coronal[-anterior]) Vokal ist. Es stellts sich jedoch heraus, dass, aufgrund der phonetischen Beschreibung und ent- gegen vorheriger Annahmen, dieser Laut ein hinterer Vokal ist. [l] war von Rubach (1984) als [+anterior] spezifiziert worden. Bei genauerer Betrach- tung ergibt sich jedoch, dass es sich um einen Laut handelt, der hinter dem alveolaren Kante artikuliert wird, d. h. der Laut sollte als [–anterior] spezifi- ziert sein. In der artikulatorischen Beschreibung der polnischen Laute wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit besondere Aufmerksamkeit dem bis jetzt nicht betrachteten Kriterium der Position der Zungenwurzel geschenkt. Die Spe- zifizierung der Position der Zungenwurzel bei Lauten erlaubt einerseits die Unterscheidung von zwei Gruppen von Palatalizierungsprozessen, die bislang immer einheitlich behandelt wurden (die eine Gruppe wird durch perzeptuel- le Faktoren bedingt, die andere durch ATR Merkmale). Andererseits erlaubt sie eine generelle Analyse von mehreren, bislang als beziehungslos bzw. nicht zusammenh¨angend analysierten Prozessen, die sich auf ATR-Agreement be- ziehen (s. Kapitel 6). In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden alle “Outputs” (Generierungen bzw. Ausgaben) von Palatalisierung als Effekte von zwei Hauptprozessen be- trachtet. Im Kapitel 4 wird Palatalisierung als Effekt der Verl¨angerung des perzeptuellen Merkmals [+Pal] diskutiert. Diese Gruppe der Palatalisierungs- prozesse kommt an Morphemgrenzen vor, und – im Kontext von den gleichen Morphemen, unabh¨angig von der Artikulationsstelle des “Targets” (Ziel). In dieser Gruppe der Palatalisierungsprozesse (Coronal Palatalization, First Ve- lar Palatalization und Labial Palatalization) kommen grobe Ver¨anderungen in der Artikulationsstelle fur¨ koronale and velare Laute vor, d. h. Einfugen¨ von [j] nach Labialen. Die These ist, dass der Kern des Prozesses “Sprea- ding” des Merkmals [+Pal] ist. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass die Distinktion in der Dimension “Palatalit¨at” deutlicher gemacht werden kann. Diese Di- stinktion kann sowohl durch Einfugen¨ der Friktion (wie in Coronal and Ve- lar Palatalization), wie durch Einfugen¨ des Segments [j] nach den Labialen verst¨arkt werden. Das Nichtvorkommen von Palatalizierung der Labiale in ei- ner Umgebung von palatalisierenden Vokalen, wird durch eine Beschr¨ankung vi erkl¨art, die sich auf die Perzeptabilit¨at der Merkmale (Cues) fur¨ Palatalizie- rung bezieht. Weiterhin kommt kein Einfugen¨ von [j] und keine sekund¨are Palatalizierung von Labialen vor einer Pause oder vor einem anderen Koso- nant vor, weil in diesen Positionen keine Vokaltransitionen zu h¨oren sind und die Perzeptabilit¨at der Merkmale (Cues) fur¨ Palatalisierung zu niedrig ist. [j] -Einfugung¨ kommt auch nur vor [e] vor, nicht vor [i], weil [j] vor [i]
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