Environment and Natural Resources Committee
Inquiry into the Impact of Public Land Management Practices on Bushfires in Victoria
June 2008
Inquiry into the Impact of Public Land Management Practices on Bushfires in Victoria Report of the Environment and Natural Resources Committee on the Inquiry into the Impact of Public Land Management Practices on Bushfires in Victoria
ORDERED TO BE PRINTED Victorian Government Printer 2008
Parliamentary Paper No. 116 Session 2006-2008
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Parliament of Victoria Environment and Natural Resources Committee Inquiry into the Impact of Public Land Management Practices on Bushfires in Victoria ISBN 978-0-9757811-3-5
This report is printed on 100% recycled paper.
Table of Contents
Committee Members ...... vii The Environment and Natural Resources Committee ...... ix Terms of Reference ...... xi
Chair’s Foreword ...... xiii
Executive Summary ...... xv Table of Recommendations...... xxiii Table of Findings...... xxvii Definitions and Acronyms ...... xxxi
Chapter 1: Introduction ...... 1 Background to the Inquiry ...... 1 Inquiry Process...... 2 Bushfire in Australia...... 3 Evolution of the Australian Biota through Fire...... 3 Aboriginal Use of Fire ...... 6 Historical and Scientific Evidence of pre-European Fire...... 7 Extent and Use of Fire...... 9 European Arrival and Use of Fire ...... 10 Stakeholder Evidence...... 11 Conclusion...... 13 Bushfire in Victoria...... 14 Significant Victorian Bushfires ...... 16 Causes of Fire on Public Land...... 22 Recent Bushfire Inquiries...... 23 Inquiry Report ...... 24
Chapter 2: Prescribed Burning in Victoria ...... 27 Introduction...... 27 Overview of prescribed burning ...... 28 The history of fuel reduction burning...... 29 Prescribed burning on public land ...... 29 Burning on private land...... 31 Legislative and regulatory arrangements for prescribed burning ...... 32 Legislation and the Code of Practice...... 32
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Discussion ...... 37 Delegations and reporting responsibilities ...... 38 Theoretical foundations ...... 50 Planning and conducting the burn...... 69 The reporting process for prescribed burning...... 73 The effectiveness of fuel reduction burning...... 79 The influence of fuel management zones...... 81 Measuring the effectiveness of fuel reduction and ecological burning ...... 83 Environmental factors ...... 84 Water quality and quantity ...... 86 The extent of prescribed burning on public land...... 90 The historical extent of prescribed burning ...... 90 The current extent of prescribed burning...... 91 The required extent of prescribed burning...... 91 Prescribed burning in Western Australia...... 92 Conclusion ...... 93 Targets and constraints ...... 95 Introduction...... 95 Performance against targets...... 96 Constraints...... 99 Weather and climate...... 100 Funding and personnel ...... 101 The risk of escaped burns...... 110 Smoke...... 112 Forestry and regeneration burning...... 114 Alternatives to prescribed burning ...... 116
Chapter 3: Biodiversity and Flood ...... 117 Introduction...... 117 Biodiversity impacts...... 118 Introduction and background ...... 118 Stakeholder evidence ...... 123 Discussion and conclusion...... 125 The Gippsland Flood ...... 127 Introduction and background ...... 127 Environmental impact ...... 130 The impact of recent bushfires...... 132 Background...... 132 Stakeholder evidence ...... 134 Discussion and conclusion...... 136 iv
Chapter 4: Bushfire Suppression Infrastructure...... 139 Introduction...... 139 Roads, access tracks and signage ...... 139 Conclusion...... 146 Fire breaks and containment lines...... 146 Introduction...... 146 Stakeholder evidence ...... 147 Large water points...... 152 Other suppression resources...... 154 Aerial Resources ...... 154 Remote sensing technology ...... 157
Chapter 5: The Impact of Traditional Land Uses ...... 161 Introduction...... 161 Overview of stakeholder evidence...... 161 Introduction...... 161 Stakeholder evidence ...... 162 Discussion and conclusion ...... 168 Timber harvesting...... 169 Grazing ...... 177 Four wheel driving...... 182 Prospecting and mining...... 186 Hunting ...... 188 Camping ...... 189 Apiary ...... 190
Chapter 6: Community and Stakeholder Engagement...... 193 Introduction...... 193 Stakeholder evidence...... 195 Concerns and suggestions for improvement ...... 195 Support for the current approach to community engagement...... 198 The importance of community engagement...... 199 Discussion and findings...... 200 Community Engagement by DSE and its Partner Agencies ...... 201 Introduction...... 201 The Code of Practice...... 202 Fire Management Plans...... 202 Fire Operations Plans...... 203 The Country Fire Authority ...... 209 Resources and programs ...... 210 v Inquiry into the Impact of Public Land Management Practices on Bushfires in Victoria
The interface between public and private land ...... 213 Introduction and background ...... 213 Farming properties in the interface...... 214 A shared zone of management...... 214 Fencing compensation...... 216 Residential properties in the interface...... 220 Discussion and conclusion...... 222 Integrated Fire Management Planning ...... 222 The media ...... 225
Chapter 7: Climate Change and Bushfire ...... 227 Introduction...... 227 What is Climate Change ...... 228 Climate Change Trends and Predictions ...... 230 International ...... 230 Australia...... 231 Victoria...... 233 Response...... 238 The Climate Change Debate ...... 239 Predicted Climate Change Impact on Bushfire Prevention and Suppression ...... 240 Stakeholder Views ...... 244 Government Response...... 246
Appendix 1 ...... 251 Appendix 2 ...... 259 Appendix 3 ...... 267 Appendix 4 ...... 280 Appendix 5 ...... 281
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Committee Members
This Inquiry was conducted during the term of the 56th Parliament. The Members of the Environment and Natural Resources Committee are: Hon John Pandazopoulos MP (Chair); Mr Craig Ingram, MP (Deputy Chair); Ms Joanne Duncan, MP; Mrs Christine Fyffe, MP; Ms Tammy Lobato, MP; Mrs Donna Petrovich, MP; Mr Matthew Viney, MP; and Mr Peter Walsh, MP. Staff For this Inquiry, the Committee was supported by a Secretariat comprising: Executive Officer: Mr Derek Benjamin Ms Caroline Williams (March - July 2007) Research Officer: Mr Nathan Bunt Research Assistant: Mr Michael Pescott (July – October 2007) Administrative Officer: Ms Jane Phelan
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The Environment and Natural Resources Committee
The Victorian Parliamentary Environment and Natural Resources Committee is constituted under the Parliamentary Committees Act 2003, as amended.
The Committee comprises eight Members of Parliament drawn from both houses and all parties.
Its functions under the Act are to inquire into, consider and report to the Parliament on any proposal, matter or thing concerned with –
1. the environment;
2. natural resources;
3. planning the use, development or protection of land.
Committee Address Address: Parliament House, Spring Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Telephone: (03) 8682 2803 Facsimile: (03) 8682 2818 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/enrc
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Terms of Reference
The Legislative Council under section 33 of the Parliamentary Committees Act 2003 refers Terms of Reference requiring:
That the Environment and Natural Resources Committee inquire into and report upon the impact of public land management practices on the frequency, scale and intensity of bushfires in Victoria, and in particular —
1. the extent, timing, resourcing and effectiveness of prescribed burning on both crown and freehold land;
2. the manner in which prescribed burning is conducted, including how applicable codes of practice are employed;
3. the impact of prescribed burning and recent wildfires on Victoria’s biodiversity, wildlife and other natural assets including water quality and quantity;
4. the reporting process applicable to prescribed burning programs;
5. the legislative and regulatory arrangements for prescribed burns and bushfire management;
6. the effectiveness of maintaining permanent, strategically placed fire breaks and containment lines throughout public land areas;
7. the provision and maintenance of large water points on crown land to assist with bushfire aerial taskforce operations;
8. the impact of traditional land uses such as timber harvesting, grazing, four-wheel-driving, hunting, camping, mining and prospecting on the scale and intensity of bushfires and the ability of relevant agencies to respond;
9. the provision and maintenance of serviceable access tracks and signage to assist with recreational and emergency requirements;
10. the impact of climate change on bushfires and public land management practices;
11. whether additional measures are required to provide a mechanism for the skills, knowledge and interests of local communities, and appropriate scientific expertise, to be better represented in the management of bushfire risk on public land;
12. the involvement of local communities in the management of fire; and
13. any other matter that impacts on the scale and intensity of bushfires in Victoria.
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On 18 July 2007, Legislative Council under section 33 of the Parliamentary Committees Act 2003 amended the terms of reference to include:
14. the consequent impact of bushfires on the June/July 2007 Gippsland flood.
The Committee is required to report to Parliament by 30 June 2008.
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Chair’s Foreword I am pleased to present the Environment and Natural Resources Committee’s report on its Inquiry into the Impact of Public Land Management Practices on Bushfires in Victoria.
Bushfire is a natural part of the Australian environment, with many ecological systems dependent upon fire for ecosystem health and biodiversity. However, the 2002/03 and 2006/07 Victorian bushfires were, as described by numerous witnesses, unnatural, and resulted in a level of destruction that will take the bush decades to recover from. The devastation caused by these bushfires is something that no Victorian ever wants to see again.
While I have previously been involved in several Parliamentary Inquiries, the level of interest generated by this Inquiry has been exceptional. The Committee received: 257 submissions; 719 proforma submissions; and evidence from 202 witnesses representing 139 organisations at 17 public hearings. On behalf of the Committee I would like to warmly thank all those people who have shared their time and knowledge with the Committee, particularly those who took the time to impart their personal and family experiences in dealing with the impacts of bushfire. The Committee appreciates these insights and has found them invaluable in preparing this report. In addition, the Committee would also like to extend its gratitude to those who took time out of their lives to assist Members in undertaking site visits throughout Victoria and Western Australia. The ability to see “first hand” the impacts of bushfires, and the land management techniques used to mitigate their impacts, has been invaluable in illustrating and understanding the complexity of this issue.
The Recommendations and Findings presented in this report have been supported by all Members of the Committee. The report contains 20 Recommendations and 17 Findings that the Committee believes will significantly contribute to: mitigating the effects of future bushfire events, such as those experienced in 2002/03 and 2006/07; promoting improved ecological management of our public lands; and ensuring improved community engagement in bushfire management processes. While Government and non-Government Members alike agree that the efforts by every individual involved in fire suppression and fire prevention are to be applauded, the overwhelming view of the Committee is that the management of our public lands can, and must, be improved. In particular, the Committee recognises that the Department of Sustainability and Environment must significantly increase the level of prescribed burning to mitigate the impact of future bushfires.
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I would like to express my thanks to my fellow Committee Members for their contributions to this Inquiry – Mr Craig Ingram MP (Deputy Chair), Ms Joanne Duncan MP, Mrs Christine Fyffe MP, Ms Tammy Lobato MP, Mr Peter Walsh MP, Mrs Donna Petrovich MP and Mr Matthew Viney MP.
Finally, on behalf of the Members of the Committee, I wish to express my appreciation to the Secretariat staff for their acumen, advice, support and diligence throughout this Inquiry – Mr Nathan Bunt, Ms Jane Phelan, Dr Caroline Williams, Mr Michael Pescott and Mr Derek Benjamin.
The Hon John Pandazopoulos MP
Chair
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Executive Summary
Chapter 1 – Introduction The Committee received the Terms of Reference for the Inquiry into the Impact of Public Land Management Practices on Bushfires in Victoria on 14 March 2007. The Committee received 257 written submissions; 719 proforma submissions; held 17 public hearings; and participated in 18 site visits and briefings.
Fire is a fundamental part of Australia’s natural environment, history and culture. Many Australian ecological systems are dependent upon some form of “fire regime” to maintain ecosystem health and biodiversity, while organisations such as the Country Fire Authority have become an integral part of Victorian rural culture.
The use of fire in the landscape by Aborigines prior to European settlement is increasingly acknowledged by scientists and commentators. Today it is generally accepted that Aboriginal burning of the landscape was not only used for cultural and religious purposes, but also to deliberately manipulate the function of ecosystems. However, the extent to which Aboriginal people used fire is contentious and remains a topic of debate among pre-historians, scientists and anthropologists.
Contemporary Australian knowledge of bushfire has evolved significantly since the arrival of the first European settlers. Land managers now use fire as a tool in primary production, in biodiversity conservation, and in the protection of life and assets. In particular, the use of fire by forest managers has evolved from a focus on suppression alone, to the use of fire, particularly prescribed burning, as a land management tool.
However, despite an evolving knowledge of fire, Victoria has still experienced over 34 significant fires since 1851 with approximately two- thirds of these fires occurring since the 1950s. On average, Victoria experiences over 600 bushfires every year on public land with lightning and arson accounting for over half of the fires which occur on public land, though lightning accounts for almost half of the total area burnt on public land.
Chapter 2 – Prescribed Burning in Victoria Prescribed burning is the practice of lighting fires, under specified conditions, to achieve the following land management objectives: fuel reduction to assist in the control of bushfires; the conservation and management of flora and fauna; and the re-regeneration of forest following commercial harvesting operations. There is general consensus within Australian and international literature that prescribed burning does contribute to bushfire suppression, though its effectiveness is difficult to quantify.
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The legislative and regulatory arrangements governing prescribed burning, primarily administered by the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE), are complex, with several stakeholders noting that this complexity hinders prescribed burning activities. While a degree of complexity appears inevitable if the risks and benefits of prescribed burning are to be appropriately balanced, the Committee considers that a flexible approach to conducting prescribed burning is essential.
The majority of stakeholders argued that the current targeted level of prescribed burning, approximately 130,000 hectares per annum, undertaken by DSE and its partner agencies is insufficient to mitigate the impacts of future bushfires and provide the level of fire needed to promote healthy ecological outcomes. The Committee agrees with these stakeholders and recommends a significant increase in the level of prescribed burning to mitigate the risks associated with future bushfires.
A major reason for the debate surrounding the appropriate extent of prescribed burning on public land is the level of concern within the community about its perceived environmental impacts. For example, a number of stakeholders expressed concerns that current levels and methods of prescribed burning on public land are harmful to the environment. Conversely, other stakeholders argued that Victoria’s biodiversity is threatened by the infrequency of current fire regimes.
Inadequate resource allocation, particularly of personnel, was cited by a number of stakeholders as a constraint on the level of prescribed burning. A related argument was that there has been a loss, from DSE in particular, of the knowledge required to maintain an adequate broad-scale prescribed burning program. The Committee concurs with these stakeholders and recommends a substantial increase in funding to engage skilled fire management personnel dedicated to undertaking prescribed burning activities.
The Committee notes that its recommendation for a substantial increase in prescribed/ecological burning may have a significant impact on the community and require a cultural change in some community attitudes. It believes this increased level of prescribed burning will be of such
benefit to the environment and the Victorian community that a unified commitment to promoting this change is essential.
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Chapter 3 – Biodiversity and Flood The bushfires of 2002/03 and 2006/07 affected a combined area of approximately 2.3 million hectares (1.19 million and 1.05 million hectares of public land respectively). While a full analysis of the ecological damage caused by the 2006/07 fires has yet to be completed, a significant amount of work has been undertaken for the 2002/03 fires. This work has significantly contributed to the formation of the Committee’s findings and recommendations.
In its submission to the Inquiry, DSE noted that the impact of fires on parks and forests is “generally not unnatural or catastrophic” and that large bushfires burning during very dry conditions “are both natural and inevitable”. DSE referred to the “fire regime” as the key determinant of the influence of fire on ecosystem health and stated that the biodiversity implications of the recent fires will depend on future fire events, and the potential impacts of climate change.
Uncertainty regarding the long-term biodiversity impacts of the recent bushfires was noted by stakeholders. However, a significant number of stakeholders argued that the short term biodiversity impacts of the recent bushfires were severe and may also pose significant threats to biodiversity in the long term.
The Committee received evidence that prescribed burning has a relatively benign impact on biodiversity in comparison to large and intense bushfires of the kind experienced in 2002/03 and 2006/07. A large number of stakeholders also identified current land management practices, including insufficient prescribed burning, as having caused, or contributed to, the scale and intensity of the recent bushfires.
On balance, the Committee finds it is likely that the bushfires of 2002/03 and 2006/07 were both the result, and the most recent examples, of inappropriate fire regimes. The inherent risk to Victoria’s biodiversity posed by bushfires of the scale and intensity of those experienced in 2002/03 and 2006/07 is one that must be mitigated. The Committee finds that an increase in prescribed burning across the landscape represents the best strategy for managing the risks that future bushfires pose to biodiversity and other natural assets.
The Gippsland flood of June/July 2007 caused extensive damage to homes, businesses, farm land, a range of public and private assets, and imposed further hardship on a community still recovering from the 2006/07 bushfires. The flood also caused significant environmental damage including erosion, sedimentation, and threats to aquatic biodiversity.
The Committee recognises that floods are a natural phenomenon and play an important role in maintaining ecosystem health and that the rainfall event which preceded the flood was likely to have made a significant contribution to the flood. However, the Committee finds that the scale and intensity of the
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Gippsland floods and its environmental impacts were clearly exacerbated by the preceding bushfires and a lack of prescribed burning.
Chapter 4 – Bushfire Suppression Infrastructure The Committee received a significant amount of evidence from stakeholders regarding the provision and maintenance of serviceable access tracks and signage for recreational and emergency requirements. A range of stakeholders stated that the existing access track network on public land was insufficiently maintained and had become overgrown with vegetation in many areas. In addition, the Committee was informed that some tracks were substandard, inappropriately signed and unsuitable for larger fire vehicles.
Stakeholders were broadly divided on the effectiveness of permanent and strategically placed fire breaks and containment lines throughout public land. Concerns regarding the financial cost of firebreak construction, maintenance, and the potential impacts on the environment and water quality, were also prominent in the evidence received by the Committee.
The importance of water points was almost universally acknowledged by stakeholders, who typically noted that water points reduce fire-fighting turn around times for both aircraft and ground-based crew, thereby maximising the time spent at the fire edge. In addition, a number of stakeholders were critical of instances where the Government had decided not to replace water taken from some domestic and farm supplies during recent fire suppression operations.
Witnesses to the Inquiry noted the importance and necessity of aircraft use, particularly for rapid attack. Many witnesses agreed that aircraft were important in fire suppression, witnesses also noted that aerial resources should not be viewed as a bushfire panacea.
Chapter 5 – The Impact of Traditional Land Uses A significant number of stakeholders expressed the view that access to public land had been increasingly restricted over recent decades, resulting in: increased fuel loads in forested areas; the loss of valuable sources of local knowledge; the loss of firefighting experience and equipment; and a decline in the condition of, and access to, vehicle tracks.
Conversely, some stakeholders questioned the view that the restriction of particular traditional uses on public land had adversely impacted land and fire management in Victoria. These stakeholders were notably critical of the view that timber harvesting and grazing also serve as bushfire mitigation strategies.
The Committee considers that there has been a significant decline in traditional land uses on public land in recent decades. While it is difficult to determine whether this decline has had an impact on the severity of bushfires, the Committee finds that the decline has had an obvious impact xviii
on the ability of relevant agencies to respond to bushfires, primarily due to the loss of a permanent workforce in forest areas.
The reduction of timber harvesting on public land in recent decades was commonly identified by stakeholders as having negative implications for bushfire severity and the ability of agencies to respond. Many stakeholders expressed the view that the decline of the workforce previously engaged in timber harvesting and forest management, and the associated vehicle access tracks and heavy machinery that it had maintained, had significantly compromised bushfire prevention and suppression.
The Committee received evidence from a significant number of stakeholders who argued in favour of grazing on public land as an effective fuel reduction tool. A number of these stakeholders were particularly critical of the Government’s decision in 2005 to end grazing in Victoria’s Alpine National Park and argued that this had contributed to an increase in fuel loads and the severity of recent bushfires. The Committee notes the scientific evidence that grazing may not be an effective or preferable bushfire mitigation strategy on its own but believes that in certain circumstances, grazing can be used as a tool to complement other fuel reduction strategies on public land.
The Committee received submissions from a number of Victorian Four Wheel Drive clubs, each of which argued that four wheel driving has a positive impact on bushfire prevention and suppression, primarily by ensuring that access tracks are maintained and remain open for bushfire suppression. However, the view that four wheel drive access is of benefit to bushfire prevention and suppression was not universally shared. Some stakeholders argued that four-wheel driving results in damage to tracks which are required for bushfire suppression, and that four wheel driving has the potential to impact on water quality through increased erosion.
The views of other traditional land users such as hunters, campers, prospectors and miners and apiarists were also received and considered by the Committee. The Committee notes that these land uses had no discernable positive or negative impact on the scale or intensity of bushfires, and that they play an important role in sustaining the network of vehicle access tracks used in fire suppression.
Chapter 6 – Community and Stakeholder Engagement The importance of effective community engagement in the management of public land for the prevention and suppression of bushfires was emphasised by the vast majority of stakeholders. While a number of stakeholders were supportive of the current community engagement approaches by land management agencies, a significant number of stakeholders were also critical of the limited extent to which the agencies incorporated local input into both fire prevention and suppression practices.
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The Committee finds that in relation to land and fire management, there is a need to improve the current standard of community and stakeholder engagement by DSE and its partner agencies. Improvements are required to ensure: greater transparency; continuous information transfer between DSE and stakeholders; and to increase opportunities and mechanisms available for stakeholder input.
The Committee identifies that there is significant potential to increase community input into bushfire policy and planning through existing and emerging resources and programs. The Integrated Fire Management Planning (IFMP) framework is notable in this regard, with a number of stakeholders expressing confidence in the potential of the IFMP framework to increase the input of local knowledge into fire planning. Accordingly, the Committee recommends that the Government, and responsible agencies, expedite the implementation of the IFMP framework.
Several stakeholders asserted that private landholders had received an inadequate level of Government assistance for the repair and replacement of fences along the boundary between public and private land following the recent bushfires. Concerns were also expressed that fencing compensation arrangements following the recent fires lacked certainty and consistency. The Committee is mindful of the need for greater certainty, consistency and clarity in the Government response to fencing and other assistance following damage from bushfires, bushfire suppression and prescribed burning. To this end, the Committee recommends that an ongoing Bushfire Fencing Policy which represents a shared commitment to fencing should be developed.
Chapter 7 – Climate Change and Bushfire While Australia is a relatively small greenhouse gas emitter by international standards, the potential impacts of climate change nevertheless pose a significant risk to Australians. For example, scientific evidence suggests that climate change in Australia may lead to an increase in the frequency and intensity of bushfires.
The Committee is cognisant that though apparently diminishing, there remains a level of scientific debate regarding the extent and causes, anthropogenic or otherwise, of climate change. However, based on the overwhelming majority of scientific evidence, the Committee supports the notion that the climate is changing, and is predicted to worsen in the future.
Scientific projections indicate that south east Australia is likely to experience warmer, drier and longer summers in the future and that this is likely to increase the frequency and intensity of fire weather and bushfires. Possible impacts include: a change to the distribution and composition of ecosystems; and a lowering of the yield and quality of water from fire- affected catchments.
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While not the dominant theme emerging from the evidence provided to the Inquiry, climate change did emerge as a concern for a range of stakeholders. While a large number of stakeholders argued that climate change posed a threat to the management of public land, a small number of stakeholders also strongly disagreed with the notion of climate change, particularly anthropogenic climate change, arguing that the perceived effects associated with climate change are in fact cyclical weather patterns.
Despite this divergence of views on the extent and causes of climate change, a theme which was common to most stakeholder groups was that public land management needed to be improved to mitigate the future impact of bushfire. In this regard, the Committee concurs with those stakeholders and finds that prescribed burning is a key measure by which to mitigate the risks and impacts posed by climate change associated bushfire.
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Table of Recommendations
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Recommendation 2.1:...... 79
That the Department of Sustainability and Environment implement remote sensing imagery as a routine part of its pre-burn and post-burn assessment process for prescribed burning. Maps of every prescribed burn should be produced in a similar format to those used in Western Australia, indicating the boundary of each burn and the varying fire intensities achieved within the burn area. The boundaries of all Fuel Management Zones within each burn should also be indicated.
Each prescribed burn map should be made publicly available on the Department of Sustainability and Environment’s website, together with a map of the same burn area which shows the pre-burn fuel hazard levels and a statement of the total area treated within each Fuel Management Zone by each prescribed burn.
Recommendation 2.2:...... 95
That in order to enhance the protection of community and ecological assets, the Department of Sustainability and Environment increase its annual prescribed burning target from 130,000 hectares to 385,000 hectares. This should be treated as a rolling target, with any shortfalls to be made up in subsequent years.
Recommendation 2.3:...... 95
A comprehensive review of the effectiveness of the increased prescribed burning target in meeting ecological and bushfire suppression needs should be conducted every three years.
Recommendation 2.4:...... 95
The Department of Sustainability and Environment should report its performance against the increased prescribed burning target in its annual report, which should also include the following details: