EIGHTY-SEVENTH

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS

FOR

FOREIGN MISSIONS.

PRESENTED AT THE

MEETING HELD AT NEW HAVEN, CONN.,

OCTOBER 12-15, 1897.

PUBLISHED BY THF BOARD,

C ongregational H o u se, BOSTON. Tale Divinity L!br*t| New Haven ConfU PRESS OF SAMUEL USHER, BOSTON, MASS. MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING.

T h e American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions commenced its Eighty- eighth Annual Meeting in the Hyperion Opera House, New Haven, Conn., October 12, 1897, at three o’clock in the afternoon.

CORPORATE MEMBERS PRESENT. Edward A. Studley, Esq., Boston. Arthur Little, D.D., Dorchester. Maine. Rev. George A. Tewksbury, Concord. Rev. William P. Fisher, Brunswick. Francis EU Clark, D.D., Aubumdale. Jonathan L. Jenkins, D.D., Portland. Rev. Payson W. Lyman, Fall River. George H. Eaton, Esq., Calais. Lyman S. Rowland, D.D., Lee. Hon. Egerton R. Burpee, Bangor. Hon. J. M. W . Hall, Cambridge. Rev. John R. Thurston, Whitinsville. New Hampshire. Thomas Weston, Esq., Newton. Samuel C. Bartlett, d .d ., l l .d ., Hanover. Ezra A. Stevens, Esq., Malden. Franklin D. Ayer, D.D., Concord. Rev. William W . Jordan, Clinton. T. Eaton Clapp, D.D., Manchester. Samuel E. Herrick, D.D., Boston. Elisha R. Brown, Dover. Charles H. Daniels, d .d ., Newton. Cyrus Richardson, D.D., Nashua. Smith Baker, D.D., East Boston. Rev. George E. Lovejoy, Pittsfield. William H. Davis, D.D., Newton. Henry M. Moore, Esq., Somerville. Vermont. William F. Day, Esq., Boston. Charles F. Thompson, Esq., Brattleborough. Elijah Horr, D.D., Brookline. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, Burlington. James L. Barton, D.D., Newton Centre. Matthew H. Buckham, D.D., Burlington. DeWitt S. Clark, D.D., Salem. Rev. Henry Fairbanks, PH.D., St. Johnsbury. Charles A. Hopkins, Brookline. George W . Phillips, D.D., Rutland. Rev. John H. Lockwood, Westfield. Charles W. Osgood, Esq., Bellows Falls. Edward F. Morris, Monson. Albert H. Heath, D.D., St. Johnsbury. Hon. Edward W. Chapin, Holyoke. Gilbert M. Sykes, Dorset. William F. Whittemore, Boston. Frank H. Wiggin, Boston. Massachusetts. Rev. Charles M. Southgate, Aubumdale. Joshua W . Wellman, D.D., Malden. Rev. William H. Woodwell, Sandwich. Edwin B. Webb, D.D., Wellesley. Rev. Frank L. Goodspeed, Springfield. A. E. P. Perkins, D.D., Worcester. Thomas Todd, Esq., Concord. Daniel L. Furber, D.D., Newton Centre. George A . Gordon, D.D., Boston. Richard H. Steams, Esq.. Boston. Arcturus Z. Conrad, D.D., Worcester. Samuel Johnson, Esq., Boston. Rev. Charles EU Jefferson, Chelsea. Egbert C. Smyth, D.D., Andover. Edward A. Reed, D.D., Holyoke. A. Lyman Williston, Esq., Northampton. Samuel Usher, Cambridge. Charles C. Burr, Esq., Aubumdale. Charles J. Holmes, Fall River. Elbridge Torrey, Esq., Boston. Samuel.B. Shapleigh, Allston. Thomas J. Borden, Esq., Fall River. Rev. Edward C. Ewing, Danvers. Cyrus Hamlin, D.D., LL.D., Lexington. Hon. William B. Plunkett, Adams. Elnathan E. Strong, D.D., Aubumdale. Rev. William E. Wolcott, Lawrence. Albert H. Plumb, d .d ., Boston Highlands. Rev. John A. McColl, New Bedford, Judson Smith, D.D., Boston. Charles N. Prouiy, Spencer. Franklin Carter, LL.D ., Williamstown. Rev. Samuel V. Cole, Norton. Samuel B. Capen, Esq., Boston. Charles E. Swett, Winchester. Hon. William P. Ellison, Newton. Hon. William H. Haile, Springfield. Rhode Island. John Lincoln Barry, Esq., Dorchester. James G. Vose, D.D., Providence, G. Henry Whitcomb, Esq., Worcester. Rev. James H. Lyon, Central Falls. iv Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

Connecticut. Rev. William H. Hobbs, Warsaw. Guilford Dudley, Poughkeepsie. Charles R. Palmer, D.D., New Haven. C. Delano W ood, Esq., Brooklyn. Burdett Hart, D.D., New Haven. George N. Boardman, D.D., New York. Hon. Nathaniel Shipman, Hartford. Lewis A. Hyde, Esq., Norwich. New Jersey. Azel W . Hazen, D.D., Middletown. Am oiy H. Bradford, D.D., Montclair. Frank Russell, d .d ., Bridgeport. William Hayes Ward, D.D., Newark. James W . Cooper, D.D., New Britain. Fritz W . Baldwin, D.D., East Orange. George P. Fisher, D.D., New Haven. Lewellyn Pratt, D.D., Norwich. Pennsylvania. Chester D. Hartranft, D.D., Hartford. George L. W eed, Esq., Philadelphia. S. LeRoy Blake, D.D., New London. Hon. N. D. Sperry, New Haven. District o f Columbia. Samuel H. Howe, D.D., Norwich. David J. Brewer, LL.D., Washington. Rev. Joseph H. Twichell, Hartford. Waterman R. Burnham, Esq., Norwich. Louisiana. D.D., Justin E. Twitchell, New Haven. Henry L. Hubbell, d .d ., Lake Charles. John H. Perry, Esq., Southport. Hon. Simeon E. Baldwin, New Haven. Ohio. Hon. O. V. Coffin, Middletown. James Brand, D.D., Oberlin. John G. Davenport, D.D., Waterbury. John W . Simpson, D.D., Marietta. William W . McLane, D.D., New Haven. Henry M. Tenney, D.D., Oberlin. Rev. Asher Anderson, Meriden. W atson L. Phillips, d .d ., New Haven. Illinois. Russell T . Hall, D.D., Greenwich. Eliphalet W . Blatchford, Esq., Chicago. Edward W . Marsh, Esq., Bridgeport. Ralph Emerson, Esq., Rockford. Charles M. Lamson, D.D., Hartford. Charles H. Case, Esq., Chicago. Joseph Anderson, D.D., Waterbury. James G. Johnson, D.D., Chicago. James B. Williams, Glastonbury. Franklin W . Fisk, D.D., Chicago. George M. Woodruff, Litchfield. William E. Hale, Esq., Chicago. Lucian D. Warner, Naugatuck. G. S. F. Savage, D.D., Chicago. Rev. John DePeu, Bridgeport. Alexander R. Thain, D.D., Chicago. George B. Stevens, D.D., New Haven. Thomas D. Robertson, Esq., Rockford. Rev. A. N. Hitchcock, PH.D., Chicago. New York. Rev. Frederick S. Hayden, Jacksonville. Richard S. Storrs, D.D., LL.D., Brooklyn. David Fales, Lake Forest. Zebuion S. Ely, Esq., New York City. Willard Scott, D.D., Chicago. D. Willis James, Esq., New York City. L. Henry Cobb, d .d ., New York City. Michigan. Edward N. Packard, D.D., Syracuse. Nehemiah Boynton, d .d ., Detroit. Heniy A . Stimson, D.D., New York City. A. J. F. Behrends, D.D., Brooklyn. Wisconsin. M. E. Strieby, D.D., New York City. Edward D. Eaton, D.D., Beloit. Thomas B. M cLeod, D.D., Brooklyn. Eugene G. Updyke, d .d ., Madison. John F. Anderson, Jr., Esq., Brooklyn. Minnesota. John H. Washburn, Esq., New York City. William E. Park, D .D ., Gloversville. James W . Strong, D.D., Northfield. John D. Cutter, Esq., Brooklyn. George H. Rust, Esq., Minneapolis. Charles C. Creegan, D.D., New York City. George R. Merrill, D.D., Minneapolis. William A. Robinson, D.D., Middletown. Iowa. Samuel H. Virgin, D .D ., New York City. William W . Gist, D.D., Osage. Joseph E. Brown, Esq., Brooklyn. Charles A. Hull, Brooklyn. Missouri. Albert J. Lyman, D.D., Brooklyn., Michael Burnham, D.D., St. Louis. David A. Thompson, Esq., Albany. Robert R. Meredith, D.D., Brooklyn. South Dakota. J. J. McWilliams, Buffalo. Rev. Edward M. Williams, Yankton. William E. Griffis, D.D., Ithaca. Lyman Abbott, DJD., Brooklyn. North China. Rev. Charles H. Dickinson, Canandaigua. Henry Blodget, D.D., Peking. Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

MALE HONORARY MEMBERS REPORTED Rev. F. B. Makepeace, Springfield. AS PRESENT. J. H. Barton, Springfield. Maine. Rev. J. A. Goodrich, Shelburne. Rev. H. A. Blake, Webster. Rev. J. S. Williamson, Augusta. Rev. E. H. Chandler, Wellesley. Rev. H. G. Mank, New Gloucester. Rev. P. T. Farwell, Wellesley Hills. New Hampshire. Samuel Smith, West Springfield. Rev. A. J. McGown, Amherst. Rev. R. A. Robinson, Williamstown. Rev. W. W . Livingston, Jaffrey. Rev. T. S. Robie, West Hawley. Rev. J. G. Robertson, Chester. Daniel Merriman, D.D., Worcester. Vermont. Rev. F. L. Bristol, Uxbridge. Rev. H. F. Barnard, Bradford. Rhode Island. Rev. W . N. Bacon, Bridport. Rev. A. L. Clark, Kingston. E. L. Ripley, Burlington. Connecticut. Rev. W . S. Hazen, Northfield. Rev. Augustus Alvord, Barkhamsted. Rev. William Hazen, Sherburne. Rev. H. C. Woodruff, Black Rock. Massachusetts. Rev. J. P. Hoyt, Cheshire. Rev. G. W . Christie, Amesbury. B. G. Northrop, I.L.D., Clinton. Paul T. B. Ward, Amherst. Rev. T. A. Emerson, Clinton. F. N. Peloubet, D.D., Auburndale. Rev. E. C. Ingalls, Colchester. Rev. A . B. Keith, Braintree. J. N. Adams, Colchester. Rev. J. F. Gaylord, Barre. Rev. H. S. Brown, Danielson. Rev. J. B. Seabury, Dedham. Rev. A. F. Pierce, Danbury. Rev. E. C. Webster, Dorchester. Rev. W . E. B. Moore, East Hartland. Rev. Hiram Houston, Dorchester. H. D. Chapman, East Haddam. Rev. E. G. Porter, Boston. Rev. S. J. Clark, East Haven. Rev. S. L. Loomis, Boston. Rev. W. F. English, East Windsor. Rev. M. H. Hitchcock, Boston. Rev. O. W . Means, Enfield. Rev. A. W . Archibald, Brockton. Rev. W. F. Arms, Essex. Reuen Thomas, D.D., Brookline. Rev. G. W . Banks, Guilford. Rev. J. W . Sneath, Cambridge. E. P. Parker, D.D., Hartford. Rev. E. F. Hunt, Conway. Rev. G. E. Sanbome, Hartford. Lyman Whiting, D.D., East Charlemont. Rev. J. S. Voorhees, Hartford. Rev. G. H. Hubbard, Enfield. Geo. B. Burrall, Lakeville. Rev. R. M. Woods, Hatfield. E. N. Hinckley, Lebanon. Rev. Edward Day, Lenox. E. W . Leete, Leete’s Island. Rev. G. R. W. Scott, Leominster. Rev. Q. M. Bosworth, Lisbon. Rev. S. G. Barnes, Longmeadow. S. B. Little, Meriden. James G. Buttrick, Lowell. Rev. J. W . Moulton, Middle Haddam. Rev. B. F. Leavitt, Melrose Highlands. Rev. F. W. Greene, Middletown. Thomas Sims, D.D., Melrose. L. S. Deming, Newington. Rev. A. M. Boulgourjoo, Melrose. T. H. Thorpe, North Haven. Rev. John Barstow, Medford. J. H. Wilcox, New London. Hon. Eleazer Boynton, Medford. E. S. Green, New Milford. H. N. Ackermann, Medford. Rev. F. H. Viets, North Woodstock. Rev. Webster Woodbury, Milford. T. T. Munger, D.D., New Haven. Rev. G. P. Eastman, Millbury. Rev. William H. Kingsbury, New Haven. T. P. Carlton, Middleboro. Samuel Harris, d .d ., New Haven. Rev. James Tufts, Monson. Rev. N. H. Whittersey, New Haven. Rev. C. E. Havens. Newton Highlands. Rev. J. R. Browne, New Haven. Rev. A. W. Hitchcock, Newburyport. Henry A. Warner, New Haven. Rev. I. O. Patton, Newburyport. Geo. E. Day, D.D., New Haven. E. H. Byington, D.D., Newton. Thomas P. Merwin, New Haven. Rev. J. S. Sewall, North Brookfield. Rev. W . B. Greene, Pomfret. Rev. J. C. White, Plymouth. C. N. Fenn,’ Putnam. Rev. F. J. Fairbanks, Royalston. Rev. F. D. Sargent, Putnam. Rev. C. A . White, Princeton. Rev. R. H. Gidman, Preston. Rev. J. F. Brodie, Salem. Rev. J. W . Ballantine, Ridgefield. Rev. John Cowan, Southampton. Rev. J. S. Ives, Stratford. vi Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

Rev. J. C. Goddard, Salisbury. Rev. Geo. D. Marsh and wife, European Turkey. Rev. W . H. Barrows, Southbury. Rev. J. W. Baird, European Turkey. Rev. F. S. Brewer, South Glastonbury. Miss E. M. Stone, European Turkey. Rev. J. O. Barrows, Stonington. Rev. O. P. Allen, Turkey. Rev. G. A. Pelton, Stony Creek. M rs.T. D. Christie, Turkey. Rev. William Carr, Taftville. Mrs. G. P. Knapp, Turkey. Rev. Austin H. Norris, Torringford. Mrs. F. M. Newell, Turkey. Rev. J. J. Blair, Wallingford. Miss E. B. Huntington, Turkey. Rev. N. J. Squires, West Haven. Rev. Willis C. Dewey, Turkey. Rev C. F. Clarke, Whitneyville. Miss K . B. Fraser, Turkey. Rev. Lyman Bartlett, Turkey. New York. Mrs. Sarah E. Smith, Turkey. Rev. J. C. Wilson, Brooklyn. Rev. Henry S. Bamum and wife, Turkey. Rev. A. L. Green, Buffalo. Mrs. C. Frank Gates, Turkey. Rev. H. D. Sheldon, Buffalo. Mrs. S. M. Schneider, Turkey. A . S. Smalley, D.D., Jamestown. Rev. John S. Chandler and wife, India. Edward W . Gilman, D.D., New York City. Rev. Harvey M. Lawson and wife, India. D. B. Holmes, New York City. Rev. Henry Blodget, D.D., and wife, China. O. S. Dean, D.D., Patterson. Rev. William S. Ament and wife, China. W . W . Beiden, D .D ., Pleasant Plains. Rev. James H. Roberts and wife, China. Rev. W . H. Hopkins, Poughkeepsie. Rev. Lyman P. Peet and wife, China. New Jersey, Rev. C. C. Baldwin, D.D., China. Rev. H. S. Bliss, Upper Montclair. Rev. F. W. Davis, China. Miss Mary S. Morrill, China. Ohio. Rev. D. C. Greene, D.D., and wife, Japan. Rev. C. S. Mills, Cleveland. Mrs. J. H . Pettee, Japan. Lucius F. Mellen, Cleveland. Mrs. J. H. De Forest, Japan. Miss Eliza Talcott, Japan. Illinois. Rev. Hilton Pedley and wife, Japan. Simeon Gilbert, D.D., Chicago. Miss A. H. Bradshaw, Japan. Miss Nina C. Stewart, Japan. Idaho. Miss F. E. Griswold, Japan. Rev. E. A. Paddock, Weiser. Mrs. Alice G. Gulick, Spain. Rev. I. M. Channon, Micronesia. MISSIONARIES PRESENT. Miss Annie E. Abell, Micronesia. Rev. T. W . Woodside, Africa. Rev. John S. Porter and wife, Austria.

President Rev. R. S. Storrs, d . d . , took the chair, read the Scriptures, and offered prayer. The hymn, “ All hail the power of Jesus’ name! ” was sung. The Minutes of the last meeting were read.

Prof. Geo. P. Fisher, d . d ., extended a welcome in behalf of the churches of New Haven, to which the President responded. The President appointed the following: —

Committee on Nominations. — Rev. S. C. Bartlett, d .d . , Charles A. Hopkins, Esq., Charles A. Hull, Esq., Prof. Geo. P. Fisher, d . d ., Rev. M. Burnham, d . d ., Ralph Emerson, Esq., Pres. Jas. W. Strong, d .d . The President also nominated the following Committees: — Business Committee.— Rev. Charles R. Palmer, d . d ., Samuel Johnson, Esq., D. Willis James, Esq., Rev. A. H. Bradford, d . d ., Prof. F. W. Fisk, d . d . Committee o f Arrange?nents. — Rev. Watson L. Phillips, d . d ., Rev. W . W . Mc- Lane, d .d ., Rev. Newman Smyth, d . d . These nominations were confirmed. Secretary Daniels read the Report of the Prudential Committee on the Home De­ partment. Treasurer W iggin presented the report of the financial affairs of the Board, with certificates of the auditors. Secretary Barton read that part of the Annual Survey relating to the missions in Japan, Ceylon, India, Eastern and European Turkey, and Papal Lands. Minutes of the Annual Meeting. vii

Secretary Smith read that part of the Annual Survey relating to the missions in the Pacific Islands, China, Africa, Western and Central Turkey. Adjournment was taken to a quarter before eight o'clock.

TUESDAY EVENING. The President took the chair at 7.45 o’clock. A hymn was sung. Scripture was read by Rev. Llewellyn Pratt, d .d ., and a prayer was offered by Rev. E . B. Webb, D.D. The sermon was preached by Rev. Nehemiah Boynton, d .d ., of Detroit, Mich., on the text (John 21:17), “ He saith unto him the third time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? Peter was grieved because he said unto him the third time, Lovest thou me? And he said unto him, Lord, thou knowest all things ; thou knowest that I love thee. Jesus saith unto him, Feed my sheep.” The hymn “ Rock of Ages” was sung. Rev. S. C. Bartlett, D .D ., reported for the Committee on Nominations the following Committees and they were appointed: — Committee on Home Department. — Rev. Arthur Little, d.d., Rev. Howard S. Bliss, Rev. J. H. Roberts, Joseph E. Brown, Esq., John D. Cutter, Esq. Committee on the Missions in Secretary Smith's Department. — Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, d.d., Rev. E. C. Ewing, Rev. James W. Cooper, d.d., Rodney Dennis, Esq., Dyer B. Holmes, Esq. Committee on Missions in Secretary Barton's Department. — Pres. F. W. Fisk, d.d., Rev. A. B. Bassett, Rev. Robert M. Woods, Prof. Egbert C. Smyth, d.d., Geo. H. Rust, Esq. Committee on the Treasurer's Report. — D. Willis James, Esq., Col. T. J. Borden, 2. S. Ely, Esq., Wm. H. Haile, Esq., H. M. Moore, Esq. Adjournment was taken to Wednesday morning at nine o’clock.

WEDNESDAY MORNING. The President took the chair at nine o’clock. Prayer was offered by Rev. Elijah Horr, d .d . A hymn was sung and the Minutes were read. The President nominated the following new members for the Committee on New Members to report next year: Galen C. Moses, Esq., Rev. W. H. Davis, d .d ., Chas. H. Hulburd, Esq., Rev. Wm. E. Park, d .d ., and they were appointed; Rev. E. N. Packard, d .d ., E. D. Smith, Esq., and Pres. Jas. W. Strong, d .d ., being the old members of the present Committee, who are continued. W. F. Whittemore, Esq., reported for the Cooperating Committee for the New England District. Chas. H. Case, Esq., reported for the Cooperating Committee of the District of the Interior. Rev. H. S. Bliss reported for the Cooperating Committee for the Middle District, and the several reports were accepted. Secretary Smith read a paper from the Prudential Committee on “ The Success of Foreign Missions.” The Nominating Committee reported through Rev. S. C. Bartlett, d .d ., the names of the following gentlemen as a Committee to Nominate Officers. — Hon. David J. Brewer, Rev. A. J. F. Behrends, d.d., Rev. M. Burnham, d.d., Prof. Geo. P. Fisher, d.d., D. Willis James, Esq., Rev. Arthur Little, d.d., Hon. N. Shipman, Rev. J. G. Vose, d.d., G. Henry Whit­ comb, Esq., and they were appointed. Rev. C. R. Palmer, d .d ., reported for the Business Committee the following resolu­ tion, which was adopted: — viii Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

Resolved, That a Committee of five be appointed to report at this meeting concerning the observ­ ance of the.approaching Fiftieth Anniversary, on November 29, of the massacre of Marcus Whitman, M.D., recommending such methods as seem appropriate thereto, in recognition of his relation to this Board, and his service in its behalf and that of the country; also to report concerning the propriety of permanent memorials to Dr. and Mrs. Whitman and their associate missionaries of this Board. The Committee on Nominations reported the following as the Committee on Place and Preacher. — Rev. G. S. F. Savage, D . D ., Rev. N. Boynton, D .D ., Rev. C. M. Southgate, Rev. C. M. Lamson, D . D ., John H. Washburn, Esq., and they were appointed. Addresses were made by Rev. E. D. Eaton, D . D ., Rev. W. S. Ament, of North China, and Rev. C. M. Lamson, d .d . The President nominated the following Committee on the Whitman Memorial: Prof. George L. Weed, Rev. A. H. Bradford, D . D ., Z. Stiles Ely, Esq., Elbridge Torrey, Esq., Rev. D. L. Furber, d . d . , and they were appointed. Hon. J. M. W. Hall presented from the Prudential Committee a paper on the Business Features of their Work, and the paper was referred to a Committee to be appointed. It was voted that the first hour of the afternoon session be devoted to a free discussion of points touched upon in this paper. Adjournment was taken to half-past two o’clock.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON. The President took the chair at half-past two o’clock. Prayer was offered by Rev. C. R. Palmer, d . d ., and a hymn was sung. During the hour assigned for discussion, under a vote limiting addresses to five minutes, remarks were made by Rev. V. D. David, of India, Rev. Newman Smyth, d . d . , C. F. Thompson, Esq., Rev. W. E. Park, d . d . , Rev. W. H. Ward, d .d . , Rev. J. R. Thurston, J. L. Cozad, Rev. I. M. Channon, and others. The President nominated the following Committee on the paper from the Prudential Committee presented by Mr. Hall: Rev. Newman Smyth, d . d ., Rev. William Hayes Ward, D .D ., Rev. C. M. Southgate, Messrs. J. L. Cozad and C. F. Thompson, and they were appointed. Rev. Arthur Little, d . d ., presented the report of the Committee o n the Report of the Home Department. Addresses were made by Rev. Arthur Litde, d . d . , Rev. J. H. Roberts, of North China, Rev. Howard S. Bliss, Rev. A. N. Hitchcock, P H .D ., and the report was accepted. An address was made by Rev. F. E. Clark, d . d . , President of the United Societies of Christian Endeavor. Adjournment was taken to 7.45 p . m .

WEDNESDAY EVENING. Vice-President Blatchford took the chair at 7.45 o’clock and read the Scripture. A hymn was sung. Prayer was offered by Rev. George W . Phillips, d . d . Addresses were made by Mr. John R. Mott, President of the Student Vplunteer

Movement, and Rev. John Henry Barrows, d . d ., of Chicago. Adjournment was taken to nine o’clock Thursday.

THURSDAY MORNING: The President took the chair at nine o’clock. Prayer was offered by Rev. A . H . Plumb, D .D . A hymn was sung and the Minutes of yesterday’s sessions were read. The Committee on Missions in Secretary Smith’s Department reported, through Rev. E. C. Ewing, in regard to the mission in China. Remarks were made by Minutes of the Annual Meeting. ix

Mr. Ewing and Rev. L. P. Peet, of the Foochow Mission, and the report was accepted. Prayer was offered by Rev. J. B. Seabury. Prof. G. L. Weed, of the Committee on the Whitman Memorial, reported the fol­ lowing resolutions and they were adopted: —

1. Resolved, That some recognition of the services of Marcus Whitman, M.D., to this Board and to the country, be made in the pulpits of the Congregational Churches of the United States on Sunday, November 28, that being the day pievious to the fiftieth anniversary of his massacre. 2. Resolved, That we recommend that special memorial services be held in Boston and Washington on November 29, the fiftieth anniversary of the massacre. 3. Resolved, That we recommend the appointment of a representative from this Board to bear its greetings to the Presbyterian friends of missions at the anticipated unveiling of the statue of Dr. Whitman on the Witherspoon building in Philadelphia; also, that a representative of the Board be appointed to bear similar greetings to the gathering to celebrate this anniversary at W alla Walla, Washington, on the same day. 4. Resolved, That we recommend that a Committee of six be appointed, with power to add to its number, to arrange for the memorial services in Washington and Boston, and that to this Committee be referred the question of the erection of a suitable monument to the memory of Dr. Whitman.

Remarks were made by Professor Weed and the President. The latter nominated the following Committees under the resolutions: — Delegate of the Board to the exercises in Walla Walla, Rev. W. H. Scudder, d . d ., of Tacoma. Delegate of the Board to the exercises in Philadelphia, Rev C. H. Richards, d .d ., of Philadelphia. Committee on Public Services in Boston, Rev. S. E. Herrick, d .d ., Rev. A. E. Dunning, D .D ., Rev. Edward G. Porter. Committee on Public Services in Washington, D. C., Rev. S. M. Newman, d . d ., Gen. E. Whittlesey, Gen. O. O. Howard. These nominations were confirmed. The Committee on Missions in Secretary Smith’s Department presented its report on the missions in Africa through Rev. S. L. Blake, d . d . Remarks were made by Rev. T. W. Woodside, of the West African Mission, and the report was accepted. Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, d . d ., presented that part of the report which concerned the Turkish missions. Remarks were made by Dr. Hamlin and Rev. H. S. Barnum, of Constantinople. Prayed was offered by Rev. J. L. Thurston, and the report was accepted. Mr. Dyer B. Holmes presented that part of the report which concerned the missions in the Pacific Islands, and the report was accepted. Remarks were made by Rev. I. M. Channon, of Kusaie, Micronesia. Pres. F. W. Fisk, d .d ., presented the report of the Committee on Missions in Secre­ tary Barton’s Department, and the report was accepted after remarks by Rev. J. S. Chandler, of Madura. Adjournment was taken to four o’clock.

THURSDAY AFTERNOON.

The Board united in the communion service, led by Rev. A. H. Bradford, d .d ., and Rev. Geo. A. Gordon, d .d ., in the Center Church. The President took the chair at four o’clock. Prayer was offered by Rev. J. H. Lockwood. Rev. Michael Burnham, D .D ., offered the report of the Committee on New Members, reporting the death of nine members, and the following resignations: Hon. J. W. X Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

Noyes, Rev. D. T. Fiske, d .d ., Rev. Daniel March, d . d ., Charles A. Jewell, Esq., Hon. Samuel Merrill. These resignations were accepted. The Committee nominated the following for Corporate Membership, and they were •elected: — Rev. James G. Merrill, d . d ., Rev. George E. Hall, Hon. Dexter H. Richards, Rev. GeorgeE. Street, Hon. W. J. Van Patten, Esq., Rev. Reuen Thomas, d .d ., James G. Buttrick, Esq., Samuel C. Darling, Esq., Rev. Harlan P. Beach, Rev. W. V. W. Davis, d .d ., Edward Whitin, Esq., Rev. F. B. Makepeace, Rev. F. S. Hatch, Dr. John C. Berry, Arthur H. Wellman, Esq., Herbert J. Wells, Esq., Rev. Alexander McGregor, d .d ., Rev. Newman Smyth, d .d ., Prof. Arthur Gillett, Rev. James W. Bixler, Rev. Albert F. Pierce, Frank E. Ferris, Esq., Henry D. Smith, Esq., Rev. Robert J. Kent, d . d ., Albro J. Newton, Esq., Rev. Willard B. Thorp, Rev. William H. Pound, W. H. Nichols, Esq., Charles P. Peirce, Esq., Rev. Howard S. Bliss, Rev. Charles S. Mills, Lucius F. Mellen, Esq., Rev. Frank N. White, Rev. E. M. Vittum, E. S. Miller, Esq., Prof. Arthur H. Pearson, Rev. George C. Adams, d . d ., Rev. Thomas McClelland, d .d ., Rev. Augustus G. Upton. Mr. H. M. Moore presented the report of the Committee on the Treasurer’s Report, and it was accepted. A telegram was received from the Congregational Association of Utah, and a response sent. The Committee appointed last year on Conference with the other Congregational soci­ eties, upon a union of the Annual Meetings, was continued, with the addition of two members. The Committee is as follows: Rev. R. R. Meredith, d .d ., Rev. C. R. Palmer, d .d ., Joseph E. Brown, Esq., Rev. Frank Russell, d .d ., C. Delano Wood, Esq. Rev. A. J. F. Behrends, D .D ., reported for the Committee on Officers, nominating the following officers, and they were elected by ballot: —

President. Assistant Recording Secretary.

C h a r l e s M . L a m s o n , d .d . E d w a r d N . P a c k a r d , d .d .

Vice-President. Prudential Committee. D . W i l l i s J a m e s , Esq. For three years. E d w in B. W e b b , d .d . Secretaries o f Correspondence. C h a r l e s C . B u r r , Esq. JUDSON SMITH, D.D. A l b e r t H . P l u m b , d .d . ■Ch a r l e s H . D a n i e l s , d .d . H o n . W i l l i a m P. E l l is o n . J a m e s L . B a r t o n , d .d . To fill vacancy caused by death of Hon. Henry Editorial Secretary. D. Hyde. S a m u e l C . D a r l i n g , Esq. E. E. S t r o n g , d .d . Term expires 1899. Treasurer. Auditors. F r a n k H. W ig g in , Esq. E. H. B A K E R , Esq. Recording Secretary. E . R . B r o w n , E sq. H e n r y A . S t im s o n . d .d . H e n r y E. C o b b , Esq.

Prayer was offered by the retiring President. Excuses for non-attendance at the meeting were presented from the following Cor. porate Members: J. B. Anderson, W. G. Ballantine, J. E. Bradley, F. T. Bayley, G. B. Barnes, E. H. Baker, D. C. Bell, J. E. Bradley, R. R. Bishop, M. A. Bullock, S. G. Buckingham, A. W. Benson, E. C. Barnard, D. F. Bradley, C. A. Beckwith, J. W. Bradbury, C. R. Brown, D. N. Beach, R. Coit, R. Cordley, B. M. Cutcheon, "T. Y. Crowell, N. P. Dodge, W. F. Day, N. Dingley, S. W. Eaton, W. Frear, H. T. Minutes of the Annual Meeting. xi

Fuller, D. T. Fiske, F. Fosdick, W. H. Fenn, F. S. Fitch, A. L. Frisbie, E. P. Flint, L. Gregory, E. F. Grabill, J. B. Gregg, E. P. Goodwin, R. Hazard, J. C. Holbrook, N. A. Hyde, C. H. Hulburd, E. Hawes, S. Holmes, L. H. Hallock, H. Hopkins, R. G. Hutchins, G. H. Ide, A. Kimball, J. D. Kingsbury, E. P. Kimball, J. F. Loba, H. T. Lay, G. R. Leavitt, W. H. Laird, W. A, Mahony, G. Mooar, J. K. McLean, E. H. Merrell, S. Merrill, A. McKenzie, F. A. Noble, J. W. Noyes, S. B. L. Penrose, G. Parsons, E, A. Park, E. H. Pitkin, J. S. Ropes, C. H. Richards, W. H. Rice, W. S. Smart, E. D. Smith, S. F. Smith, J. H. Selden, J. M. Sturtevant, M. Smith, R. Swift, C. F. Thwing, J. W. Tucker, A. C. Thompson, J. E. Tuttle, J. E. Todd, G. E. Tucker, F. D. Taylor, E. Whittlesey, E. F. Williams, J. M. Whitehead, L. C. Warner, E. P. Wilcox, G. L. Walker, F. P. Woodbury, W. H. Warren. On motion of Vice-President Blatchford a Committee was instructed to present the

sympathies and love of the Board to Rev. S. G. Buckingham, d . d ., and Rev. George Leon Walker, d . d ., detained by infirmity. Mr. Blatchford and Secretary Smith were appointed the Committee. Rev. Elijah Horr, d . d . , offered the following resolution, which was adopted: — Resolved, That the Committee of Arrangements for the next Annual Meeting be instructed to pro­ vide for an executive session of the members at some time during the Annual Meeting. The Business Committee offered the following resolutions, which were adopted by a

rising vote, after remarks by Rev. Lyman Abbott, d . d . : — The Board, having learned with profound regret that the President and Vice-President declined to be considered candidates for reelection to their respective offices, desires to place upon record its sentiments, in view of their retiring from its service, and adopts the following minute: — Resolved, That we, the members of the American Board, in Annual Meeting assembled, hereby express to the Rev. Dr. R. S. Storrs our heartfelt gratitude for his distinguished services to the cause o f missions, and to the churches of this country, as our official head; for the signal ability, fidelity, and success with which he has discharged the duties of his office for so many years, and in every way commended himself to the confidence of the Board and its friends. Assuming office at a critical period in the history of the organization, when opinion upon important questions of policy was divided, and the situation was not without its perils, he leaves it with the Board united in its counsels and its spirit, and united, as well, in respect and admiration of him. W e shall long remember his eloquent addresses, in which he has lifted our thoughts to the most impress* ive aspects of our work, and inspired and instructed the large assemblies gathered at our annual meetings. W e thankfully recognize, also, the services rendered by the retiring Vice-President, the Hon. E. W . Blatchford, whose intelligence, whose disinterested and catholic spirit, whose unfailing suavity, and unwearied activity have been illustrated throughout his official term, and cannot be forgotten. W e rejoice that although they relinquish their official relations to the Board, we are not to be deprived of their sympathy, their continued presence, and their counsels, and trust that many years of honor and of usefulness remain to them, and assure them of their abiding place in our hearts. On motion of Col. C. A. Hopkins, a Committee of five was appointed to receive subscriptions for the debt. It was appointed as follows : Col. C. A. Hopkins, Messrs. C. D. Woods, Samuel Johnson, W. E. Hale, and E. R. Burpee. Adjournment was taken to 7.45 o’clock.

THURSDAY EVENING. President Lamson took the chair at 7.45 o’clock. A hymn was sung. Prayer was offered by Rev. R. R. Meredith, d .d . Col. C. A. Hopkins reported subscriptions of $15,000 made at the close of the afternoon session, and appealed for pledges to cancel the remainder of the debt of $45,000. Remarks were made by Mr. H. M. Moore, and a collection taken. Rev. R. S. Storrs, d . d . , delivered an address. Prayer was offered by Rev. S. E. Herrick, d . d . Adjournment was taken to nine o’clock Friday morning. xii Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

FRIDAY MORNING.

The President took the chair at nine o’cloclc and offered prayer. The Minutes of the sessions of yesterday were read. Rev. G. S. F. Savage, d .d ., reported for the Committee on Place and Preacher, recommending Grand Rapids, Mich., as the place, and Rev. R. R. Meredith, d .d ., as preacher, with Rev. George C. Adams, d .d ., as alternate; and the report was accepted and its recommendation adopted. The following Committee of Arrangements was appointed: Rev. Dan F. Bradley, d .d ., Rev. R. M. Higgins, H. J. Hollister, Esq., B. M. Cutcheon, Esq., and C. F. Bradley, Esq., of Grand Rapids; Rev. H. P. DeForest, d .d ., of Detroit; Rev. W. E. Strong, of Jackson; Rev. J. W- Bradshaw, d .d ., of Ann Arbor, and David Fales, Esq., of Chicago. Col. C. A. Hopkins presented the report of the Committee on admitting Women to Corporate Membership, concluding that no change in the charter of incorporation of the Board is necessary if the Board desires to elect women. After remarks by Rev. E. B. Webb, d .d ., and Ralph Emerson, Esq., the report was accepted. On motion of Mr. Ralph Emerson the Committee was continued and instructed to respond to the original communication of the Board of the Interior and to have con­ ference with the Women’s Boards on the subject. Rev. Newman Smyth, d .d ., reported for the Committee on the paper from the Pru­ dential Committee presented by Mr. Hall, offering the following resolutions: —

Resolved, (i) That this paper be referred to a Committee of fifteen, who shall report at the next Annual Meeting of the Board, or who, if they deem it desirable, may earlier submit such information and conclusions as they may reach, for consideration in all our churches, by means of a preliminary report to the President and Prudential Committee of the Board. Resolved, (2) That in the morning of one day at the next Annual Meeting, an hour for free public discussion of any of the matters pertaining to the policy of the Board or relating to the great world problems which our missionaries will present, be made the regular order of the day, and that ample time be allowed for such discussion; also, that under such order of the day and at the time of such discussion the introduction of no resolutions shall be allowed and no votes or division shall be taken.

The report was accepted and the resolutions were adopted. Mr. J. L. Cozad, of the same Committee, presented a paper concerning the appoint­ ment of a “ General Manager,” which was referred to the Committee created by the foregoing resolutions. The Business Committee offered the following resolution, which was adopted: —

Resolved, That all questions in regard to the appointment and the functions of the Cooperating Committees be referred to the Prudential Committee, with power, to whom all matters of agencies and method properly belong.

Addresses were made by Rev. D. C. Greene, d .d ., of Japan; Rev. George D. Marsh, of Bulgaria; Rev. J. W. Baird, of Bulgaria; Rev. Lyman Bartlett, of Smyrna; Rev. W. C. Dewey, d .d ., of Eastern Turkey; Mrs. Alice G. Gulick, of Spain; Rev. J. H. Roberts, of North China; Rev. H. M. Lawson, of India; Rev. J. S. Chandler, of India; and also by E. W. Blatchford, Esq., and D. Willis James, Esq. The President nominated the following Committee under the resolutions presented by Dr. Newman Smyth, and they were appointed: — Rev. R. S. Storrs, d .d ., Rev. N. Smyth, d .d ., Rev. W- Hayes Ward, d .d ., Rev. C. M. Southgate, Mr. Justus L. Cozad, Mr. C. F. Thompson, Hon. E. R. Burpee, Mr. Elbridge Torrey, Rev. W- H. Davis, d .d ., Rev. A. W. Hazen, d .d ., Rev. F. S. Fitch, d .d ., Mr. E. W. Blatchford, Mr. E. D. Smith, Rev. James B. Gregg, d .d ., Rev. Geo. R. Merrill, d .d . Reports of Committees at the Annual Meeting. xiii

Rev. A. W. Hazen, d .d ., in behalf of the Business Committee, offered the following resolutions, which were adopted: — Resolved, That the Board hereby expresses its grateful appreciation of the welcomc received from the churches of New Haven, of their gracious hospitality and thoughtful provision for every need of the great gathering, of the courteous invitation of Yale University to visit its halls, of the effective services of the committees, ushers, and musicians, of the sermon by Rev. Nehemiah Boynton, D.D., a copy of which is requested for publication, of the ample reports of the proceedings in the press of the city, and of concessions granted by the various lines of railway.

Response was made b y Rev. W. L. Phillips, d . d ., of New Haven, to which the President replied. The Minutes of this session were read, and these and the Minutes as read from day to day were approved. Prayer w a s offered by E . B. Webb, d .d . The hymn, “ Blest be the tie,” was sung, and adjournment was taken to the next Annual Meeting in Grand Rapids, Mich., the first Tuesday in October, 1898.

H e n r y A . S t i m s o n , Recording Secretary.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. The Committee on the Treasurer’s Report, H. M. Moore, Esq., Chairman: — Your Committee appointed at the last Annual Meeting respectfully report that they have carefully examined the Treasurer's report, also the Auditor’s certificate, for the year ending August 31, 1897. W e are greatly pleased with the thorough system which prevails in the Treasurer's office, and which proved very satisfactory to the expert accountant employed by the auditors to examine the books and accounts. Instead of the great pleasure enjoyed by our predecessors last year of reporting a surplus of over #500 in the treasury, we find ourselves, at the commencement of this new year, confronted by a debt of over $45,000 ($45,130.50). At first thought this deficit seems a serious matter ; but when we consider the great liberality of our churches, notwithstanding the recent financial condition of our country, in the magnificent contribu­ tions which resulted in freeing this Board from debt last year, we believe that, when the present emer­ gency is made known, with the improved conditions in business, the response will be sufficient to cover all our needs. The splendid contributions made by churches and individuals last August as the result of the infor­ mation communicated to them relative to the financial condition of the Board, by which the prospec­ tive debt was greatly reduced, and which might possibly have been entirely cared for if presented earlier, leads us to express the hope that, in the future, measures will be adopted that will result in keeping the constituency of the Board fully advised of present and probable needs, so as to avoid the necessity of making special and spasmodic efforts which do not prove entirely satisfactory or of per­ manent advantage. W e believe that the pastors and churches of our denomination are in hearty sympathy with the work of the Board, and that the Christian business men believe in, and are ready to sustain, an aggressive work all along the line ; and that no backward step should be taken in a work which is so blessed of God, and so clearly demanded by the Master.

Committee on the Report of the Home Department, Rev. Arthur Little, D .D ., Chairman, reported as follows : — In the Report on the Home Department the Prudential Committee has given a faithful account of its stewardship. Every page is worthy of thoughtful and prayerful consideration. It aims to embody in articulate speech and interpret to our understanding somewhat of the toils and prayers and burdens and labors, in season and out of season, and even the heartaches of the earnest men to whom this Board has committed the administration of its affairs. In what a forge and what a heat these trumpet-tongued utterances have been wrought and taken shape for our inspiration and service we can never know. Death has been doing its accustomed work in the removal from our fellowship of eight Corporate Members, including one member of the Prudential Committee, Hon. Henry D. Hyde. In this we find a fresh incentive to work while the day lasts, for the night of death cometh when no man can work. xiv Reports of Committees at the Annual Meeting.

Our rejoicing that more missionaries have been sent out than in the preceding year— twenty-two in all — is tempered by the fact that “ the support for five of these is provided from outside the usual re­ sources of the Board,” and also by the further fact that “ the appointments were made to fill vacancies where the cases seemed exigent.” Abiding by the austere instructions given a year ago, the Com­ mittee has been compelled to cut to the very quick during another twelve months. The suggestions of the Editorial Secretary, touching our publications, deserve the most thoughtful attention. The testimony from every part of the field is that call for tracts, leaflets, and papers of various kinds has been incessant and increasing, and that there are indications of a growing interest in the Monthly Concert. Too much effort cannot be made to extend the circulation of the Missionary Herald, which, always admirable, by common consent, improves with age. How can intelligent Christians get along without it? The alertness, fidelity, abundant and exhausting labors of the officers of the Board are worthy of the highest commendation. A very large part of the report is devoted to the presentation and discussion of the financial situation; the burden of the message centres at this point. The Committee’s study of this problem as a practical everyday matter that meets them at every turn has naturally made them very sensitive to every possible aspect of it, alike in its bearings upon the churches at home and the missions abroad. This Committee stands as the purveyor of the bread of life between those who are dying with hunger of body and soul on the one hand, and a self-indulgent, unconsecrated church, only feebly responsive to the Saviour’s last command, on the other. When it is remembered that the last year has been the hardest one in the late financial troubles, there will be no surprise that the receipts have been somewhat below the average of preceding years, or that the year has closed with a debt. There is rather occasion for thanksgiving to God that the receipts have been so well sustained, and especially that the responses to the call of the treasury during the month of August were so manifold and generous. The spirit in which the offerings were made means much more for the future of the Board than the gifts themselves. W e must agree that the debt, under the circumstances, could not have been wisely avoided. The “ extra expenses ” were clearly necessary. Any other course would have been poor economy. A year ago the Committee was instructed to restore appropriations as soon as possible. And yet we are saddened as we read in this year’s report that “ appropriations were made upon the same inadequate score as the previous year,'" curtailing the expenditures upon the mission fields to the point of destructive hardship. In this connection we urge a careful reading of that portion of the report which makes clear the fact that, while gifts to special objects and special donations are valuable and help forward the work, they do not aid the Committee in making the annual appropriations. The relief work done in Tur­ key and India, through the agency of the Board, is a luminous spot in its splendid history. It is encouraging to be told that more churches have probably contributed this year than in any year of the history of the Board, and yet we must give those 2,046 churches, even though some of them are small and pastorless, no rest until they recognize it to be their privilege to have some part in this blessed work. But vastly more important than any other part of the report is the question of immediate needs. W e cannot wisely adjourn this meeting without some trustworthy assurances given to the overworked men who administer for us the sacred trust. W e are advised that the lowest sum with which the missions can do their work effectively this year is $645,000, or $130,000 more than last year. We are further told that “ even with this sum of money no new work can be begun and no new missionaries appointed beyond the imperative calls for filling vacancies." Sad, sad words indeed! The Swett and Otis legacies, which have been so productively administered, have been exhausted, they having been largely transferred into real estate in foreign lands, though the memory of those men is forever enshrined in the hearts of God's people in many lands. We are not ready yet to transfer or abandon any of our missions. We cannot consent to part with any of our precious children until one more honest effort has been made for their retention and support. Can this advance of $130,000 upon last year be wisely undertaken? This is the main question. “ Have the churches reached their limit? ” There is but one answer, — No ! Can we shut our ears and harden our hearts to the cry from Turkey, Africa, and China for reinforcements in this critical juncture in the history of those countries? W e must not so far distrust and dishonor the God of missions and add to the burden of breaking hearts. It is the unanimous judgment o f your Committee that with the inspiring reports of triumphs abroad, and returning financial prosperity at home, we cannot do less than accept and resolve to meet the proposal of the Prudential Committee. Reports of Committees at the Annual Meeting. xv

We recommend a trial of the " Old South" plan, as outlined in the report New methods are not so much needed as a new spirit in the old methods. “ A contribution from every church and from every member of every church ’* must still be our watchword, while the pastors must be continually reminded of their grave responsibility in the matter; and, above all, earnest, united, unceasing prayer for the presence and inworking of that Spirit which made the early disciples, after they had received the Pentecostal blessing, eager to bring all their possessions and lay them a glad, willing offering at the Master’s feet.

Report of the Committee on the African Missions, Rev. S. L. Blake, d . d . , Chair­ man: — Your Committee, to whom was referred the African Missions of the Board, beg leave to submit the following. We have found that while nothing unusual has marked the work of the West Central African Mission, yet it has progressed steadily and satisfactorily along the usual lines. Evangelistic work has been done in regions adjacent to the station; preaching has been maintained with increas­ ing congregations; wanderers have been reclaimed; the Sunday-school has increased; the weekly prayer-meeting has been well sustained; and the school work shows a marked improvement. So that if “ the story of the year is not marked by striking experiences or unusual growth," “ it is bright everywhere with the presence and blessing of God.” The East Central African Mission is young, and we find that it is attended with the usual difficul­ ties attendant upon a new movement. But the missionaries are gaining a foothold which surely warrants the undertaking. The one event of the year which marks it is the organization of its first church, January io, 1897, with sixteen members. Among these were Matabeles, lads from the moun­ tains and lowlands, and children of the American missionaries. The first collection of this new church was $11. The church is fully officered and pledged to self-support from the outset. Your Commit­ tee note with satisfaction the presence of Zulu helpers and evangelists among the workers of this mission. The schools are doing a hopeful work. This new mission appeals peculiarly to the con­ stituency of the Board for constant prayer. The one feature of the year in the Zulu Mission which calls for special mention is the remarkable revival which has visited this, our oldest African mission. The death of Mr. Bridgman sadly weak­ ened the spiritual forces, but God came to the rescue. This revival seems to have been characterized to an unusual degree by deep conviction of sin, by open and full confession on the part of church members, as well as recent converts, by restitution where that was possible, and by the forsaking of vices on the part of many. A new stage seems to have been reached in the life of the church. The effects have been radical and transforming to the last degree. The results have been seen in various ways, among others, in an increased sale of Zulu Bibles, hymn books, etc., in large accessions to the church, and in renewed consecration on the part of Christians. In Umtwalume 85 were received on confession of faith; in Ifafa, 15; in Amahlongwa, 20; in Adams, the oldest station, which was deeply stirred, 17; in Inanda, 29; in Itafam asi,3i; these with others make a total addition of over 200, which is over ten per cent of the previous membership of the churches of the mission. Your Committee feel that there is every reason to see the hand of God in this marvelous awakening which has wrought so radical changes among those who were lately walking in the darkness of the shadow of death. When it is remembered that the Zulu language is spoken all along the coast, and far into the heart of Africa, they feel that there is reason to sing, with reference to the Dark Continent,11 The morning light is breaking.” Surely a work which bears so rich and precious fruit must not, will not be crippled by inadequate appropriations. The church in Durban is self-supporting, and is making itself felt in the city. All such revivals and quickenings are attended with peril. But how about the lethargy of spiritual indifference! We prefer the dangers of aggressive life. More might be said, but it is sufficient to add that these missions are nobly doing the work which they were set to do. They therefore deserve the amplest support, and your Committee would write for them, for the guidance of the Board in its provision for the needs of Africa, Amplius. The Committee on Missions to China, Rev. E. C. Ewing, Chairman: — The reports from our four missions to China present a record of enlarged and enlarging work. Your Committee combine into one the full and interesting statements concerning these several missions, with their numerous stations and out-stations, and refer briefly to a few of the more striking features in the progress of events during the past year. It is eminently a record of progress and enlargement. Unprecedented growth along nearly all lines o f effort is the story of the year. New openings have presented themselves, and in some cases have been urged upon the attention of the overburdened workers. Inquirers and converts have greatly increased in numbers. Additions to the churches have been large and frequent, numbering 871, an advance of over fifty-two per cent upon the previous year. A single church in the Foochow Mission xvi Reports of Committees at-the Annual Meeting. received an accession of 141 on confession of faith; equaled during the same year by only one church of our denomination in this country. Benevolent contributions advanced upon the previous year by twenty-six hundred dollars, or seventy per cent. In one instance the increase was more than 483 per cent; while efforts at self-support on the part o f the native churches have been more general than formerly. The medical branch of the work has developed to unprecedented proportions; the number of cases treated having advanced from 78,000 the previous year to 103,000; an increase of over thirty-two per cent. Membership in the Sunday-schools shows a gratifying progress from 3,117 to 3,463; nearly fifteen per cent. The enrollment of pupils in all other schools under the care of the Board remains surprisingly near to that of the previous year. W e note, however, a decided increase in attendance upon the schools of higher grade, with a corresponding diminution in the number of pupils in the common schools. On the whole, progress is manifest all along the line of our work in China. Not only are founda­ tions being laid, as during all the previous history of these missions, but the superstructure is evidently rising and rapidly expanding. All growth costs, however; and there is painful need of reinforcements, of men and means, corre­ sponding to the unparalleled development of the work. Let it be understood that Congregational Christianity is under bonds to continue and enlarge its work in the Chinese empire.

The Committee on Missions in European and Eastern Turkey, India and Ceylon, Japan, and Papal Lands, Rev. F. W. Fisk, d .d ., Chairman: —

E u r o p e a n T u r k e y . — The work at the five stations of the European Turkey Mission has gone prosperously forward, though amidst a sad condition of unrest, and threatened with impending dis­ asters, with few missionaries and native helpers. The crying need is for means to put sufficient men into fields white for the harvest. E a s t e r n T u r k e y . — In the Eastern Turkey Mission the situation throughout the whole field is most peculiar and trying. A people exposed to slaughter, decimated and devastated, yet hungering for the gospel and thronging the schools and the churches to learn the way of salvation! Never were missionaries more heroic, never had they wider opportunities for usefulness. A nation is holding out its hands for the bread of life. Shall we withhold it when we have enough and to spare? With great labor and toil did the sainted Wheeler and his associates build up Euphrates College and similar schools of learning, some of which have been laid waste by the adversary. Let them be speedily rebuilt for thronging multitudes; let such heroic men as President Gates be sustained, and not broken down by overwork, as was the lamented Egbert S. Ellis, and let the sadly decimated ranks of our devoted missionaries, both men and women, be made good by hastening to provide the funds needed to send those ready and waiting to go to their assistance. M a r a t h i M is s io n . — In the Marathi Mission there have been substantial gains along all lines. Never before in the history of the mission have there been such large accessions to the churches. Amid circumstances of great trial and hardship the members of the mission have remained at their posts of service. Special strength seems to have been imparted to them to bear the crushing burdens of the year. Notable events of the year have been the semi-centennial celebration o f Dr. S. B. Fairbanks’ arrival in India and the visit of Dr. Barrows. All the missions in their reports dwell on the importance of the educational work. The village schools are a means of evangelization. These, with the station schools, the higher schools, the industrial schools, are all essential to the development of an able, independent, aggressive, Christian community. M a d u r a M is s io n . — The Prudential Committee was able to grant only about half the amount which the mission asked to carry on the work already in hand; but the mission has labored with heroism to save the work from loss. Native brethren have borne their part of the reduction patiently and cheerfully. In some cases one man has done the work of two. There are five Young Men's Christian Associations; all these are of great assistance in the work of evangelization. There are twenty Societies of Christian Endeavor. They are waking up the people to a new life of activity and usefulness. The brethren of the Madura Mission are earnestly prosecuting all forms of evangelistic work. Villages on all sides are calling for Christian teachers. C e y l o n . — For the first time in five years the Ceylon Mission has issued a printed report. In 1896 the mission completed eighty years o f noble life and history. Until 1855 there was a lavish expenditure of both men and means. Since then the effort has been to develop local resources. Jaffna College, nominally independent, has received comparatively little from the Board. The Girls' Boarding School is practically self-supporting. This year marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the arrival of Mr. and Mrs. T . S. Smith in the mission. “ In 1871,” says Mr. Smith, “ there were eleven churches and 562 members; now there are eighteen Reports of Committees at the Annual Meeting. xvii churches, with very nearly 1,800 members. Then only one church was self-supporting, now all are practically self-supporting, and all have native pastors but two.” The sixty-six day schools, with 3,239 pupils, have become 134 schools, with 9,308 pupils. The people in the Jaffna field show a most intelligent appreciation of the medical work. Largely through the efforts of the late Dr. Green, the attitude o f the people has been greatly changed toward Western remedies and Western practice. Altogether, the little Jaffna field is steadily growing into a cultured Christian community. Ja p a n . — Notwithstanding the change which has taken place in the attitude of many who have heretofore favored the work of missions in Japan, the time for the withdrawal of the missionaries has not yet arrived, and even the opposition which the work has met with may be counted as a blessing, for it shows that the spirit of inquiry has been awakened, and in the end the truth will prevail. The work this year has been largely evangelistic, and everywhere the workers have met with unlooked-for success. Dr. Davis says that “ Japan is more ready to hear the gospel than ever before, and how to supply the demand for both native and foreign preachers is a most pressing problem.” Dr. Atkinson writes that “ a reaction has already set in against the harmful preaching indulged in by a few men a few years ago.1' Dr. De Forest emphasizes the facts of the large open field and of the hearty cooperation of the Japanese pastors and evangelists, and that they are preaching to the people Christianity in its purer and simpler form. Similar testimony comes from Mr. Bartlett and others, and there seems to be no end to the demands made upon the missionaries in every direction. Having separated from the Doshisha, the missionaries are training a few young men for pastoral work, and great need is felt for more extended effort in this direction. The work among the native young women at Kobe College is especially to be commended. The graduates already sent out are nearly all engaged in teaching, or in some other way extending the influence of the gospel of Christ among the women of Japan. Three small legacies from natives have recently been received; one from a former graduate, who had completed her education in America and returned as teacher in this College. Surely with such testimony we must not think of withdrawal from Japan, but rather of more extended work whenever the state of our treasury will justi/y it. P a p a l L a n d s . — The report of the Mexican Mission presents gratifying evidence of progress. It richly deserves increased support. As an illustration of how severely curtailment in the appro­ priations may cripple work, we would call attention to Rev. Mr. Wright’s statement respecting the effect of retrenchment on the Training School at El Paso. He says: " I t has cost us the reduction of the teaching force, the loss of one half of the students, the entire manual training feature of the institution, and the greater part of the work of the printing press.” The disquiet and excitement in Spain, due to Cuban affairs, have continued during the year, and it is a remarkable proof of the wisdom and faith of our missionaries that they have prosecuted their labors without interruption. Apart from the immediate purpose of their mission and reason for its continuance, of no little value, at the present juncture, are the confidence, esteem, and good will which they have won as Americans. Both in this country and in Austria the conditions are such as to call for the further prosecution of the work which has been undertaken.

The Special Committee on the paper from the Prudential Committee presented by Mr. Hall, Rev. Newman Smyth, d .d . , Chairman : — W e rejoice in the presentation of a paper so full of fresh, and even of what might seem radical suggestions concerning methods of missionary work, and we rejoice that this paper comes not from critics of the Board, but from its own Prudential Committee. W e believe that this evidence of the alertness and independence of our official Board will of itself greatly strengthen the confidence and stimulate the interest of the churches at large. This paper presents suggestions of two kinds: first, it urges considerations which are familiar but increasingly urgent concerning the means best adapted to secure the large and assured financial sup­ port which the work of the churches on our missionary fields imperatively requires; secondly, the paper makes suggestions which would involve, if carried out, important readjustments of the policy of the Board. W ith reference to the financial support by the churches of their foreign missionary work your Com­ mittee would urge that pastors and others call attention throughout the churches to the facts which are presented in this paper, and further they would urge the necessity, not merely of occasional appeals for the relief of pressing exigencies, but of increasing the contributing constituency of the xviii Reports of Committees at the Annual Meeting.

Board, and of systematic and thorough work throughout the entire membership of our denomination for the permanent and large support of the signal missionary work with which the providence of God in the world has put us in trust. W e express also the hope that the manner in which the Prudential Committee in this paper invite frank and full discussion of the great missionary problems of the present hour may awaken renewed interest in our foreign missionary work, especially among the younger ministry, to whom belong the responsibilities of the future. The serious questions of missionary policy which this paper throws open for discussion are as follows: — 1. Shall the missions in Papal Lands, or in some Papal Lands, be discontinued? 2. Shall the policy of the Board be shaped more definitely and decisively towards this end, namely, to render certain of our older missions self-supporting and self-governing? 3. Shall a proportionately less amount of the funds of the Board be devoted to educational work? With regard to the third question thus raised, your Committee are emphatically of the opinion that the educational work of this Board has been in the past one of its signal contributions to the redemp­ tion of the world; that it is now fundamental to the solidity of its evangelistic work, and that for the future advancement of the kingdom of God in the world it promises to be of inestimable value. W e would not recommend its abandonment or abridgment, so long as the Congregational denomination shall continue to believe in an educated ministry, and in an intelligent church at home. With regard to the other new and almost radical suggestions which the paper presents, your Com­ mittee believe it now desirable that they should be raised for general discussion; but these suggestions and the question, in particular, how far and in what ways it should be the policy of the Board to graduate some of its missions and missionary institutions from its own care, and secure their self- support and self-control, present a problem of far-reaching consequence, which can be wisely determined only after conference with missionaries on the ground, and a careful study o f the history and literature of missions. As a wise preliminary to the determination in this respect of the future policy of the Board, your Committee would approve the plan of the Prudential Committee, as indi­ cated in the paper, to send a deputation to visit some of the missionary fields. Their proposed action raises, however, the larger question, which we are not ready to answer, as to the extent of the super­ vision which the Board should keep over its missions. It may be wise that such visitations should not be exceptional, but that, as other Boards have done, a regular and systematic visitation of the whole field should be maintained. The opposite and extreme alternative would be to put on the several missions the entire management and control of their own affairs. The question is thus pre­ sented— a question too large for sudden decision— whether the policy of the Board should be one o f more regular and thorough visitation of its missions, or whether it should tend towards their com­ plete independence of its control. In view of the serious importance of the missionary problems in regard to which the Prudential Committee have by this paper invited the churches to share the burden of their responsibility, your Committee would recommend that this paper be referred to a larger Committee, who shall report at the next Annual Meeting of the Board, or who, if they deem it desirable, may earlier submit such information and conclusions as they may reach, for consideration in all our churches, by means of a preliminary report to the President and Prudential Committee of the Board. We would further endorse the suggestion contained in this paper that more time be given at the Annual Meeting for full discussion of the great problems touching the work of the Board. W e would thereby secure in the Annual Meeting a stated opportunity for public conference concerning missions, whereby more of the vitality may be gained which free discussion, according to the best testimony, has given to the Church Congress in England, while at the same time the action of the business corpora­ tion of this Board should continue to be properly guarded against extemporized action. We would therefore recommend that in the morning of one day at the next Annual Meeting an hourfor free public discussion of any of the matters pertaining to the policy of the Board, or relating to the great world problems which our missionary work presents, be made the regular order of the day, and that ample time be allowed for such discussion; but further that under such order of the day, and at the time of such discussion the introduction of no resolutions shall be allowed, and no votes or divisions shall be taken. W e believe that our ministry at large would become more enthusiastically interested in the work of the Board if such fuller opportunity be definitely provided for their share and part in bearing the responsibilities and shaping by their voice and influence the policy of the Board. With these recommendations your Committee would earnestly commend the important paper sub­ mitted in behalf of the Prudential Committee to the serious attention of the Board, and the churches which the Board represents. Reports o f Committees at the Annual Meeting. xix

From the Report of the Committee on Western and Central Turkey missions, Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, LL.D., Chairman: — These reports cover largely the regions of blood and torture where have fallen more than 100,000 Armenian martyrs, when with a few words every one could have saved his life. The pathos of this history was never equaled in all the work of the American Board. Some of its aspects are unique and have no parallel in Christian history. Two Christian sects of the Armenian race, Protestant and Gregorian, were devoted to extermination, although most faithful and useful subjects of the empire. The storm of blood and torture has passed, and these reports show that the purpose has not been accomplished. The missionary work survived. The Protestants and Gregorians have come forth from the dens and forests, and with Christian aid from abroad have rebuilt in part the desolations. The churches which are not destroyed or changed to mosques are filled with worshipers. At Oorfa, Miss Shattuck’s field of glory, the pastor has an audience of 1,500, a Sunday-school of 1,300, Miss Shattuck a class of women of 400, mostly Gregorians, and many other Christian activities in that line. A special effort was made to destroy the schools, but the Protestant and Gregorian Armenians are determined not to be relegated to ignorance. There were never so many schools or scholars as now. More than 2,000 orphans are under Christian instruction, rescued from their misery by gifts from Europe and America. Never were there so many eager listeners to the preaching of the gospel. These two reports show that over all the wide field of the Central and Western missions the gospel was never so freely preached. The colleges at Aintab and Marsovan and the seminaries at Marash, Adana, and other places are full. Out of the depths of their poverty there has been wonderful liberal­ ity in giving to school and Christian work. Never in any year of these missions were so many added to the churches by profession. The call for Bibles and books has a new vigor. The missionary work has received a great impulse forward.

Report of the Committee, appointed at the Annual Meeting of 1896, in refer­ ence to such an amendment of the charter as will enable the Board, if it so choose at any time, to elect women as well as men to Corporate Membership and to the Pruden­ tial Committee. Presented by Charles A. Hopkins, Esq. Your Committee have consulted legal authority and give herewith in abbreviated torm their con­ clusions as follows : — In the interpretation of a statute, the intention of the Legislature should be ascertained. In order to do this, the statute itself must be considered in all its parts, as to its purpose and objects. Also, the general policy of the State, as shown by its general laws and the decisions of its courts, so far as these give any aid in the interpretation of the statute before us. rh e Act of the Incorporation of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions is a statute of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and the decisions of the courts of that State, inter­ preting this Act, or any other act of like character, must be the best light upon the subject. Section V of the charter reads as follows: — “ Be it further enacted that the said Board, at the first annual meeting aforesaid, or at any subse­ quent annual meeting, may elect by ballot any suitable person to be members of said Board, either to supply vacancies, or in addition to their present number.” The question is upon the interpretation of the phrase “ suitable persons.” It might be contended that at the time the Board was incorporated the Legislature intended this phrase, “ suitable persons,” to pertain to men alone. But that no such restrictive interpretation should, either in law or equity, be put upon it is apparent, in view of the general history of Massachusetts legislation since that time. The course of legislation as to the rights of women, with reference to the acquirement of property and the right of contract, the exercise of the elective franchise in educational matters, the privilege of participation in nearly all the pursuits open to men in the arts and professions, have been such that we cannot go back and maintain the propriety of an arbitrary limitation upon the meaning of the word " person,” when occurring in a public statute, as if it were applied to men alone. But the word must be given a meaning consonant with the spirit of the general end and purpose to secure which the charter was given. In all our States, religious, charitable, and educational labors and duties have been held to be preeminently the field for the activities of women, and legislatures and courts in many of our States have specially confirmed the rights and opportunities of women in these fields. The preamble of the Act incorporating the American Board states the purpose and object of the Board, namely, “ for the purpose of propagating the gospel in heathen lands, by supporting mission­ aries and diffusing a knowledge of the Holy Scriptures." If there has been any one field, more than another, where the influence of women has been felt, and where they have been active in their labors, XX Reports of Committees at the Annual Meeting. it has been in this very field. The Massachusetts statutes provide that, in the construction of statutes, “ words and phrases shall be construed according to the common and approved usage of the language.” In the opinion of the justices, one of the questions was whether the word “ persons,” as used in the Act of 1878, authorizing the governor “ to appoint nine persons who shall constitute a State Board of Health, Lunacy, and Charity,” would permit the governor to appoint a woman to hold office under said Act. “ The justices say, the principal question presented to us is whether, under this statute, it was com­ petent for the governor to appoint a woman as a member of such board.” . . . “ The question, therefore, is one merely of the construction of the statute, and of the intention of the Legislature.” . . . “ The word ' persons ’ in its natural and usual signification, includes women as well as men. Throughout our statutes, and particularly in those relating to the punishment of crime, it is constantly used in a sense which necessarily includes both sexes.” “ But we find in the statutes, viewed in the light of the prior legislation upon the same subject, other significant indications of the intentions of the Legislature.” . . . “ In 1868 the Legislature provided for the appointment of three competent women as an Advisory Board to the trustees of the Industrial School for Girls at Lancaster.” . . . “ In 1873 this board was abolished, and it was provided that the trustees of the State Industrial School for Girls shall consist of ten members, of whom three shall be women." “ In 1876 the Legislature provided for the appointment of three competent women as an Advisory Board of overseers to the prisons, etc.” “ In 1877 the Legislature established a board of three competent women as an Advisory Board to the State Almshouse, the State Reform School, the State Primary School, etc.” “ Thus, before the passage of the statute of 1879, the Legislature of the State had established the policy that women should be appointed to aid in the administration o f the charitable and reformatory institutions of the State.” “ Having in view, as may fairly be assumed, this established policy, the Legislature enacted the Act of 1879." “ It (the Act of 1879) uses no language which implies that women could not be appointed as mem­ bers of the board.” “ In view of these considerations, it seems to us that the fair inference is, that the Legislature intended to use the words, ‘ nine persons,’ of the statute in their usual and natural sense, . . . and they include women as persons competent to be appointed as members of the board.” (Title of case 136 Mass. 578.) Ordinarily, the foregoing decisions ought, it seems to us, to settle the meaning of the words, " any suitable persons,” as used in Section V of the charter, and leave no doubt as to whether the words “ any suitable persons ” might include women as well as men. The justices, in the decisions quoted, declared the law to be that the word “ persons in a statute includes women, unless the context clearly shows an intention to limit to men.” Turning now to Section VIII of the charter, a word may be necessary lest it should seem that this section neutralizes what has been said in defining the terms of Section V. Section VIII reads: — “ Be it enacted that not less than one third of said Board shall at all times be composed of respect­ able laymen, and that not less than one third shall be composed of respectable clergymen, the remain­ ing third to be composed of characters of the same description, whether clergymen or laymen.” This section must be interpreted by Section V, preceding. Otherwise the charter presents a two­ fold and inconsistent qualification for membership. The word “ laymen ” is a generic word. It is applied to those who are not clergymen, and the ranks of clergymen, or ministers, in our churches include a number of honored women who are preachers of the gospel. The phrase, therefore, of Section V III,“ characters of the same description," corresponds to the phrase “ suitable persons" in Section V, leaving to the Board itself to determine, at any time, who are such “ suitable persons,’’ whether men or women. We therefore fail to recognize any antagonism between the two sections of the charter. W e therefore conclude that the Board is entirely and perfectly competent, under its present charter, without amendment, to proceed to the election of women as Corporate Members, should it desire to do so. Finally, in view of these considerations going to show that in our judgment no amendment of the charter is necessary, in order to enable the Board to take such action in this matter as shall seem to it advisable, the present Committee does not feel called upon to enter into the discussion of the larger question involved, namely, the attempted union of the two Boards, or even to express any judgment as to the advisability or advantage of electing women to Corporate Membership. The reason for Reports of Committees at the Annual Meeting. xxi this reserve of judgment is perfectly evident It is that the Woman’s Boards do not appear to be themselves united upon this very important matter, and as a Committee we could not presume to recommend action upon what is evidently not yet a settled question in the calm judgment of the Woman's Boards. In view of the fact, however, that the American Board has not yet replied officially to the courteous request presented by the W oman’s Board of the Interior, in the resolutions adopted at Rockford, 1 1 1., 1893, we suggest that if it shall seem best to your Board and the Woman's Board we hold some future conference by delegations or committees from the different Boards, the American Board would undoubtedly be glad to consider any proposition looking to the satisfactory agreement upon this very important matter. xxii The Success of Christian Missions.

THE SUCCESS OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONS.

BY REV. JUDSON SMITH, D.D., FOREIGN SECRETARY.

[A paper from the Prudential Committee, presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Board, at New Haven, Conn., October /y, 7S97.]

Two causes tend at the present time to diminish missionary zeal and to discourage missionary effort. A hostile criticism disparages the necessity of foreign missionary work and the wisdom and success with which it is conducted. Untoward events in the foreign field threaten the prosperity, if not the continued effectiveness, of the work where it has been already begun. At the same time the serious and protracted busi­ ness depression has seemed to throw an embargo upon all Christian enterprises, as well as upon regular business movements. Each of these causes has exerted its injuri­ ous influence, and both combined create a situation that deserves careful considera­ tion. These are by no means the only aspects of the foreign missionary movement of the day. They are not even the most important ones. The deepening interest in the foreign missionary cause among the churches, the wider dissemination of intelligence concerning it, the gathering in such a peculiar degree of the interest of the young people in our land upon this great enterprise, and the manifest blessing of God upon the work itself are, one and all, most cheering signs of the times and may well relieve every mind from despondency or doubt. At the same time the causes for discourage­ ment above referred to are of enough importance in themselves, and have so much influence within the church as well as without, as to make it wise to give them careful examination, and if possible to avert their force. The proposition to which the dis­ cussion which follows will be directed may be stated in these terms: The argument for foreign missions and their claims upon the generous support of Christian people remain unchanged, notwithstanding hostile criticism that seeks to prove them needless, and disturbances upon the foreign field that seem to render them useless, and hard times which may be thought to render their due support impossible. I. The times are rife with a hostile criticism of Christian missions, and with a subtle scepticism in regard to them which is its natural consequence. No one can have failed to mark a somewhat sudden and vigorous revival within these past few years of those attacks upon Christianity itself and upon its aggressive mission in the earth which in one form or another have attended its history from the earliest days. While criticism assumes many a form, and addresses itself to many a different feature of this great enterprise, we shall discover that four main lines include substantially all. Ques­ tions are raised as to the nature and the need of foreign missions; or the character and capacity of the agents in this enterprise are impugned; or the methods employed are declared to be ill-advised and ineffective; or, finally, the work itself is pronounced sub­ stantially a failure. 1. The first criticism assails the nature of foreign missionary work and its necessity. The attempt to turn all the nations of the earth to the knowledge and faith of Jesus Christ is declared to be an absurdity. Christianity has been of service to the nations of Europe and America in past centuries; it may still have an office for good in the countries where it is established. But India and China and Japan have their own reli­ gions, under which they have thriven for centuries and millenniums, under which they may still thrive; and the attempt to impose upon these people of hoary antiquity and striking civilization the faith and religion of the Western world is an impertinence, and betrays narrowness of view and unwarranted egotism. What have we of the Western world, whose civilization is of but recent date and still marked by so many imperfec­ tions.— what have we to do with imposing our faith and type of civilization upon a The Success of Christian Missions. xxiii people like the Hindus or the Chinese, full of years and full of wisdom and full of a prosperity of their own before America was discovered or European history had begun its course? W hy should we of the West expect that the Japanese, a people so alert, ingenious, courteous, our superiors in many a way, will ever accept our faith in place of their own? The point of the objection is apparent. Christianity is not meant for all men. The nations have each their own religion under which they thrive best, and they should be left undisturbed. To this objection the fundamental answer is obvious. It is a distinct and open denial of the truth of our Lord’s statements and of the authority of his command. He has said to his Church, “ Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature ” ; and these objectors declare the command absurd. Our Saviour has said, “ And 1, if I be lifted up, will draw all men unto me ” ; but the critics declare that this is a wild and hopeless scheme. The presumption and impiety of such an objection at once rob it of all force, at least to every loyal disciple of Christ. But it is as contrary to facts as it is to our Saviour’s word. The sin and ruin and despair that were in the world when our Saviour came, which gave way to a celestia peace and righteousness wherever his gospel was preached, still remain and brood over the nations and call for a divine Redeemer. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism have been on trial for centuries and have all been found wanting. The superstition and stagnation that prevail where they alone are found are at once their natural fruit and their swift condemnation. India needs the gospel as much as Egypt ever did; China is as hopeless without it as was the empire of the Caesars; Japan’s future depends on the grace of Christ as absolutely as did England’s when Augustine first visited her shores. But, in the next place, if this objection be valid, Christian history is a riddle. Why did the classic paganism of Rome pale and vanish before the Christian faith ? How did it come to pass that Woden and Thor gave place to Jesus Christ in every European State ? This is the dominant fact of history from the reign of Augustus Caesar to the great Reformation. And wherever the gospel went it wrought the exaltation of indi­ vidual character, the renovation of social and intellectual life, the strength and greatness of the nations. Its path was the path of progress and civilization and man's noblest life. And that which took place in Rome is going on to-day in India and China and Japan; the story of Europe in the Middle Ages is repeating itself in Africa and among the islands of the sea. These are the common places of historical study and of the news of the day. And in the light of these facts the criticism falls to the ground. The objection is as old as Celsus in the third century, and is as futile now as then. For Celsus was answered long ago, not so much by the arguments of Origen and others who wrote against him, as by the march of events. The faith which he defended has vanished from the earth; the faith that he assailed has won its way and triumphed, and is in possession of the leading powers of the world. 2. The second criticism touches the character and capacity of the missionaries. They are an inferior class, narrow-minded, unequal to their task, seriously deficient in foresight, in sympathy, and in power. Now to most of us such criticism is of no weight, because we know them personally. They are our brothers, our sisters; they went out from our homes and from our churches; they sat beside us in the classroom, our peers, and they have gone on from that day of promise to this, with enlarging faculties and widening influence. W e have met them as they have come back from their fields o f labor, have looked into their faces, and heard their words, and no man can persuade us that as a body they are not worthy of the love and admiration which we give them. But there is another proof not so personal, which amply clears them from the defects which are laid to their charge. The deeds which they have wrought are the proof of xxiv The Success of Christian Missions. their substantial wisdom and power. Go back a hundred years to the beginning of our modern missionary epoch. Note the condition of the heathen world, lying in dark­ ness, without the Word of God, with no institutions in their midst tending to uplift and purify, full of superstition and ignorance and the manifold evils that follow in their train. Then move forward through the decades that cover the intervening period, and mark how, little by little, that darkness is penetrated, that world of heathenism dis­ covered, its peoples brought to view, its languages mastered, the Bible translated into those languages, converts gathered, one by one, into churches, the Christian family life developed, schools organized for the instruction of the young, and a Christian literature prepared for their enlightenment. Then come to the striking facts which greet us on the mission field to-day; 13,000 Protestant missionaries in foreign lands, 60,000 native preachers and teachers standing by their side and multiplying their influence, a million and a quarter of communicants in mission churches, nearly five million adherents associated with them, the Bible speaking the wonderful works of God in more than 400 different languages and dialects, whole nations and peoples Christianized within the period of which we speak, and standing to-day in the light and beauty of a Christian civilization. These are facts which no man can deny or overlook, which speak with an eloquence that none can resist, and they declare that the human agencies at work are fitted for the high task to which they have been set, and, under God, are equal to the vast endeavor that lies before them. We challenge their accusers to point out an equal number of men in any other enterprise who have showed greater power or wrought a greater work or shed a nobler lustre upon their land and times. Listen to the testi­ mony of Lord Lawrence, Lord Napier, Sir Bartle Frere, in respect to what mission­ aries have wrought in India. Hear Colonel Denby, United States Minister to China, saying, “ Believe nobody when he sneers at the missionaries. The man is simply not posted on the work.” Read in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge this tribute, “ There is no class of men upon the earth, whether considered as scholars, as philanthropists, or as gentlemen, who have earned for themselves a more distinguished reputation.” See that most striking article by Stanley entitled “ Twenty-five Years’ Progress in Equatorial Africa,” in the last (October) number of the Atlantic Monthly, in which he pays such splendid tribute to Christian missions as the prime civilizing influence in that vast region. Hear this unbiased witness speak: “ The story of the Uganda missionary enterprise is an epic poem. I know of few secular enterprises, military’ or otherwise, deserving of greater praise.” But to be more specific. Events have taken place in the Turkish empire within the last two years, known to the world and read of all men. These events have set the missionary body in that land above all such accusations. Heroes and heroines these men and women have proved themselves to be in the face of danger, in the midst of death. Barnum and Gates weaklings; Fuller and Lee incompetent; Miss Shattuck and Miss Kimball failures! In the fierce light that has beaten upon the lives and deeds of these and their associates these two years past, and has revealed them to an admiring world, strong and capable, “ limbed like the old heroic breeds,” — how in solent the charge, how vain the accusation ! But there is another answer. Foreign missions did not begin with William Carey and Adoniram Judson. They have been in the earth since our Lord ascended into the heavens, and when missionaries are assailed the challenge reaches back and touches men like Anscar, the apostle of the North ; Boniface, the apostle of Germany; Augus­ tine, the apostle of England ; Patrick, the apostle of Ireland. Nay, it reaches the great missionary of the New Testament, whose labors filled the Roman world with churches and confessors, and whose thoughts have shaped all later history. An attack that touches these names of immortal glory falls by its own weight. 3. Again it is urged that missionary methods are very imperfect, and often defeat the The Success of Christian Missions. xxv very end they have in view. We undertake no indiscriminate defence either of mis­ sionaries or of missionary methods. The men and women who administer this enter­ prise are human, liable to mistake, with such frailties as we all possess. But this is nothing peculiar to the missionary cause. Every great enterprise of the world has been taken up and carried forward by men and women full of imperfections; mistakes have marked the development of great States and the enterprises which have com­ manded the world’s admiration. New England was planted by fallible men ; many are the particular mistakes we can point out. But on the whole the Colonial fathers deserve all the honor they enjoy as master builders of the Statethe success that attended their efforts makes all hostile criticism vain. Prof. W. M. Ramsay, of Aberdeen University, who has spent twelve years in archaeological study in the country, speaks of “ the great educational organization which the American missionaries have built up in Turkey with admirable foresight and skill,” and adds: “ Beginning with a prejudice against their work, I was driven by the force of facts and experience to the opinion that the mission has been the strongest, as well as most beneficent, influence in causing the movement toward civilization which has been perceptible among all the peoples of Turkey.” But it is said, why do not our missionaries when they go to a foreign land seek to become acquainted with the people and form friendly relations with them ? W hy do they not study their language and literature, their history and institutions, and put themselves as far as possible en rapport with those whose favor they would win ? No man in any degree familiar with the missionary work of the day could possibly raise such inquiries. This is precisely what our missionaries are doing, and have been doing from the first. There are no students of the faiths and institutions and history and literature of the great peoples of the East that are superior in their spirit or in their success to the missionaries in these lands. Hear the testimony of Sir Augustus Rivers-Thompson, a Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal: “ In my judgment Christian missionaries have done more real and lasting good to the people of India than all other agencies combined. They have been the salt of the country, and the true saviors of the empire.” But it is asked again, “ Why should we impose upon an unwilling people the outworn creeds of the West? ” W hy, indeed? W ho has done it and where has it been done? Surely they who speak thus are not habitual readers of missionary letters or of missionary literature. The course that is actually pursued by the Protes­ tant missionary body to-day is as utterly opposed to this as could well be conceived. The clear presentation of the truth of the gospel, with appeal to mind and heart to win the assent of all who hear, — this is the method of missionary preaching and teaching everywhere. And it is supremely successful. If mistaken methods and ill- judged plans, in the hands of weaklings and incompetents, can achieve the results that mark with a blaze of glory the path of the Christian Church from the days of Paul and John to this day of grace, it is evident that to them belongs the honor that we accord to success. Compared with the achievements of Christian missions, issuing to-day in the unquestioned supremacy of the Christian powers of the earth and of the civiliza­ tion which they nourish, the conquests of an Alexander, a Caesar, or a Napoleon dwindle into actual insignificance. When any man, who knows what missionaries have done and how they have done it, can point to any spot on the habitable globe where by different methods better results have been accomplished, it will be time for him to object to those methods and for us to hear what he has to say. 4. But this brings us to the last objection, which accuses the foreign missionary movement of failure. Men visit India and come back to us and tell us that the mis­ sionary effort there has yielded no perceptible results. The same story comes to us from those who have visited China; they find no Christians to speak of and no per­ ceptible influence o f Christianity upon the national life. An editorial writer in one of xxvi The Success o f Christian Missions. the leading metropolitan dailies, after dwelling on the cost of missions in money and time and men, raises the inquiry, what people, or tribe, or island has ever been known to change its faith because of such efforts? One is in doubt which most to admire, the effrontery or the ignorance of such an inquiry. The writer either is not familiar with history and the news of the day, or he presumes on the ignorance of his readers. Did he ever hear the story of Tahiti, of the New Hebrides, of New Zealand, and of so many other groups in the Pacific Ocean? Does he now know the story of Madagascar in this century? Did he never read the mediaeval history of Europe? In 1819 a little band of missionaries were sent by the Board from Park Street Church to the Sandwich Islands. The people to whom they went were barbarian and pagan, sunk in corruption, on the swift road to utter extinction. To-day the Hawaiian Re­ public sits with acknowledged right among the Christian nations of the earth, with Christian homes and churches and schools and a Christian literature, bearing her approved part in the evangelization of other islands of the Pacific. The result is due, under God, to nothing else than to the labors of that first band of missionaries and of those who followed them. Sixty years ago the Fiji Islands were the abode of a pagan people, barbarian and cannibal. The mariner prayed that he might be saved from landing on their inhospitable shores. To-day they are a Christian people, with churches and schools and a Christian literature, as highly regarded and as faithfully used as in the most favored Christian lands of the earth. Here, too, is a transformation which is to be explained only by the labors of the faithful Wesleyan missionaries who, under God, have wrought the change. A conference of the missionaries of all the Boards at work in China was held in 1877, and careful statistics of the results then attained were gathered. It appears that the number of communicants was at that time about 12,000. In 1890, thirteen years later, a second conference of these workers was convened, and the statistics that were gathered showed more than 37,000 communicants. In other words, the Christian com­ municants had more than trebled within the thirteen years, and this in China. This is not the conversion of the nation, but it is a movement in that direction so striking in its character as to insure the final result. The survey might be extended to ever}' land visited by the Christian missionary dur­ ing the century that is now near its close. Everywhere we see hopeful indications, cheering evidences of finished work in some places, work in the full tide of ripening, success in others, the tender shoot that promises the ripened grain, and the harvest at length in rich measure. It is only those who refuse to see that can declare the mis­ sionary work in this century a failure. When the circumstances are all considered we may say, without fear of challenge, that the work of the Christian missionary in the nineteenth century has been attended with more marked success and evidence of the divine favor than any similar work since the apostolic days. But there is a further and decisive answer. There can be no question that Christian nations are in the ascendant in the world’s affairs to-day, that the learning, the litera­ ture, the commerce, the arts, the great industries, the political power of the times are in their hands, and that it rests with them to shape the future of mankind. This posi­ tion in the world’s affairs was held by Rome at the beginning of the Christian era. The civilized world then was pagan; to-day it is Christian. And this tremendous revolution is supremely the result of Christian missions. Compared with this there is no record in human annals that does not pale into insignificance. Rome’s greatness was majestic and has left a profound impression on the world, but it did not equal this; in truth, it was but the prologue to this swelling theme. II. We next consider those untoward events in the foreign field -which seem to threaten the prosperity if not the continuance of missionary work. The scourge of famine and pestilence sweeps over India and seems to lay an embargo upon missionary The Success of Christian Missions. xxvii effort along with all other forms of activity. War breaks out between China and Japan, and for a time the missions in both empires seem imperiled. Spain sets up her juris­ diction in the Caroline Islands, and the Christian institutions upon Ponape seem to vanish from sight. The Turkish empire lets loose the storm of massacre and robbery and outrage till it sweeps from city to city and province to province, and leaves in its wake a pitiful scene of want and woe and dread, and the missionary work seems par­ alyzed. And in view of these things the question is raised, must we not abandon the fields so visited, must we not give way before these tremendous obstacles ? The answer to such inquiries is to be drawn in part from a closer observation of the veiy scenes which, at first view, suggest disorder, and in part from a wider view of the course of Christian history. If obstacles and opposition reaching even to violence and bloodshed were a sufficient reason for the abandonment of Christian work, how many times in the course of these eighteen centuries would the life of the Church have been suspended and its voice silenced? Beneath the blows that fell upon the infant Church from the Roman Imperial power, what hope that the true faith could ever survive, make progress, and seize upon the very throne from whence these blows were rained? And yet this we know to have been the dominant fact of Christian history up to the days of Constantine and Athanasius. How many times were the Christian settlements among the English and Germans and Scandinavians uprooted and- laid in ruins ? And had such disasters sufficed to quench the life of the Church, how could the Christianization of Europe ever have been effected? And yet we know that steadily, generation by generation and century by century, the light spread, the Church grew, monasteries flourished, bishoprics were founded, and the springs of social and literary and national life throughout all Europe were fed from the bosom of the Church. When the Papacy, with its hierarchical system and its crystallization of Christian dogma, had laid all Europe under the spell of its supremacy and had well-nigh crushed the life out of Latin Christendom, there were many who said that the end had come and that the Christian Church must disappear. And yet we know the story of the sixteenth century; the brave words and braver deeds of Luther and Calvin and Knox and many another of the Protestant host; and in place of the death and destruction that many apprehended there came an uprising of new and nobler life, the stir of which and the fruit of which are yet in all the earth. Thus it is shown continuously that the power that is in the Church is superior to the power that is in the world, that seeming disaster has over it no real power. It survives the fury of fire, of wild beasts, of sword, and all that human power and malice can bring against it, and moves along a path of perpetual victory. If now we turn from this wider view and look upon the mission fields o f to-day with a more careful eye, we shall find that the scenes of the earlier centuries are repeating themselves in many a land to-day. The sword of the Turk is not sharper than that of Rome, the martyrs of Asia Minor are not more numerous than those who were faithful to death in Rome and Carthage, in Antioch and Alexandria. Chinese mobs and massacres are not a more serious obstacle than the outbreaks which Augus­ tine and Boniface and Anscar faced and overcame. As matter of fact the missionary work in its essential features is in a more hopeful condition to-day in Turkey, in China, in India, in Africa, in the Pacific islands than it has been at any time before. The cry that rose to many lips, when the bloody scenes of two years since were enacted, that the evangelical cause was destroyed, that our missions in Turkey were a failure, is shown to have been the cry of fear and not of faith. It was not destruction and final over­ throw ; it was chastisement heavy and sore; it was distress deep and bitter; but it was the prelude, not of death, but of far more glorious life and power. So Decius and Diocletian wreaked their fury upon the early Church, and martyr blood flowed in every city of the vast empire. But their fury was short-lived and vain. The Church xxviii A Special Business Paper. arose from the encounter wounded and bleeding at every pore, but unsubdued and victorious. This is not. the first time that the kings of the earth have boasted them­ selves, and the people have imagined a vain thing. And we should not forget the thrilling words of Scripture: “ He that sitteth m the heavens shall laugh: the Lord shall have them in derision.” Well may we wait till we see the end: “ Then shall He speak unto them in his wrath, and vex them in his sore displeasure.” But we need press the inquiry no further. Enough has been said to show that against this foreign missionary work no objection can be urged that is not equally valid against Christianity itself; that no insuperable obstacle can be raised in its path. The Lord has built his Church upon a rock, “ and the gates of hell shall not prevail against her.” “ The eternal years of God are hers."

The question is, not whether this cause is to triumph, but what part we are to have in its victory. It needs no superior insight, but the single eye of candor to discern that the power which once transfigured the pagan empire of the Caesars and laid the spell of the gospel on the rising nations of Europe, the power which for eighteen centuries has trod one uniform path of progress and increasing sway over the forces of the human mind and of human life, is to-day making resistless inroads upon all the great nations and peoples of the East, and is advancing with every wheeling year to universal supremacy on the earth. Dangers, seeming defeats, temporary disasters do not daunt it or stay its course. Like the tide, which obeys a heavenly impulse and steadily advances on the shore until it whelms beneath its waters every rock and headland that lies within its path, this onward movement of the kingdom of Christ pauses not, rests not, knows no impossibilities, and feels no check. They who resist it must yield or be overthrown. They who move with it march on to the conquest of the earth and to the ceaseless joys of heaven !

A SPECIAL BUSINESS PAPER FROM THE PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE.

[Presented by Hon. J. M. W. Hall at the A nnual Meeting of the American Board, at New Haven, October 77, 1897.]

T h e present condition of affairs of the American Board is in some respects similar to that which has existed several times in past years. In other respects it is without a parallel; and to those who have had occasion to be brought in close contact with the work and workers it seems as if we were approaching more nearly a serious crisis than ever before. Two facts are prominent. One, that in several missions of the Board (notably Turkey, China, and Africa) the work never before promised such large and satisfactory results. The demand for immediate reenforcement and extension of some of these missions is unprecedented. Through the terrible baptism of fire and blood the martyr spirit in Turkey cries for harvest workers as never before. Several of the missionaries there have broken down in health simply because o f overwork, with no prospect o f relief. The other fact is that over against this pressing demand and unusual opportunity are the apathy and uncertain support of too many of the churches of our denomination in this land whom this Board represents, one result of which is a deficit in the treasury this year of over $45,000 ($45,130.50). It was reasonably expected by the Prudential Committee and officers of the Board that with the large debt of two years ago (can­ celed a year later), with missionaries’ salaries reduced generally ten per cent and the work in mission fields cut down thirty to forty per cent, with no funds to send out new A Special Business Paper. xxix missionaries or increase the number o f native helpers, the churches would at least respond to and maintain the reduced basis of expenditure, until more prosperous times or greater interest in the work would bring larger gifts to the Treasury and the work could be renewed where it had been dropped. In this we have been greatly disap­ pointed. Not only have the gifts to the Board been inadequate to maintain the reduced work, but the continued lessening of receipts makes a further reduction of appro­ priations for 1898 imperative if this diminished support is to continue. It is more a question of fa ct than fa ith that we meet, for it must be borne in mind that by carefully prepared statistics, gathered from the different treasurers of fourteen active missionary denominations in this country, the decade from 1880to 1890 “ greatly outstripped its predecessors in absolute contributions to mission objects.” The busi­ ness depression that followed the Baring failure six years since, with the financial panics of 1893 and 1896, seriously affected contributions ; and yet the gifts to missions in 1895 were $12,000,000, or only $2,000,000 less than the high-water mark of giving which was, in 1890, $14,000,000, and of these fourteen active missionary denominations that gave this amount the Congregationalists stand at the head o f the average Missionary Contributions fo r each $100 o f church property, and fo r each church member, fo r the years 1885 to 1894.1 The per-capita contribution for missions, which in i860 was 7.9 cents for each man, woman, and child in the United States, had risen to 15.3 cents in 1880, 22.2 cents in 1890, and was about 20 cents in 1896. These statistics do not indicate lack of missionary giving, but they do show that the gifts are scattered in so many different directions and for such a multitude of objects that the Foreign and Home Societies, especially intrusted to our denominational care, are like the Grecian widows of apostolic times, “ neglected in the distribution,” and it might be wise to follow the apostles’ example and appoint “ seven men full of faith and the Holy Ghost ” who should give special attention to this matter. What we need is more denominational loyalty to those societies founded, fostered, and developed under our care, and which we are in Christian honor bound to sustain. It is from this standpoint we must look at the position of affairs and decide what is best to be done, not only for 1898, but for the future of our foreign missionary work. W e should determine the best methods to secure a definite and assured income sufficient to properly maintain the work. To say that the present financial condition is not exceptional, or that nearly all the great missionary societies of our own and other denominations are in equally bad or worse condition, does not relieve the situation or make clearer the path of the future for us. W e may gain a feeble increase of comfort by the knowledge that others are in the same fog as we are. It is not comfort in the fog, but a way out of it that we need. As wise men to whom is intrusted as sacred a charge as ever was given to men, we must look at the matter as it is, without fear or favor, and with a willingness and determination to adopt measures which will meet the condition of things we face. It may be that radical changes in the management of our foreign mission work should be adopted; that long-cherished plans or carefully nursed work should be abandoned or transferred to other fields or other denominations ; that some missions should be speedily graduated from the financial care of the Board. May there not be a danger at the present time that we shall cling to traditions and be swayed by sentiment and tempo­ rary enthusiasm, and blindly believe that somehow it will come out all right, as it has before? A n y corporation eighty-seven years old has a devotion to old traditions and customs hard to abandon or modify. W e venerate and appreciate them for all that has been accomplished through them, but they should not be worshiped or necessarily be a guideboard in changed conditions and demands of our work. 1 See Outlook, July 3, 1897, page 586. XXX A Special Business Paper.

In Harvard Square, Cambridge, is an old stone on which is inscribed, “ To Boston 8 miles — 1734.” That was by the old road. It is the same distance to-day over that road, but it is only three miles to Boston over Harvard Bridge or West Boston Bridge. One way is venerable and traditional; the other is the modern and far more expeditious way. Both are good roads; you would reach Boston either way. May it not be a reasonable interpretation of the present condition of affairs that it is a Providential leading that there should be a readjustment of the policy and work of the Board? A somewhat careful examination of the general work of the Board and its present financial condition and prospects suggests several points for consideration, as to some of which there cannot be any serious difference of opinion. It will be wise to consider our points of agreement, and thus find, perhaps, a clearer way to deal with the problems that so greatly perplex us. On the following we shall, without much doubt, agree: — r. The command given on the Mount of Ascension by the great Head of the Church is not withdrawn, and the Foreign Mission work of the Christian Church is not yet complete. If this is so, our denomination has its share of this work yet to do. 2. The Foreign Mission work has not been transferred to home fields, as some claim, because of the large numbers of foreigners who have come here to find tempo­ rary or permanent homes. If an increase in gifts to the Home Mission work counter­ balanced the decrease in donations and legacies to Foreign Missions, this argument, as an excuse or reason for reduced contributions to the American Board, might have some force. But as the Home Missionary Societies are also heavily burdened with debt, the inevitable conclusion is that there is not only a lack of interest in and support of Foreign Missions, but an equal lack of thought of Home Missions in the branches particularly under the care of our denomination. Furthermore this large inflow of population from foreign lands comes not from those countries where the great work o f the American Board has been or is carried on. The proportion of immigrants coming to these shores from Africa, Japan, India, Turkey, and the Pacific Islands is so insignificant that all combined are hardly a factor in our great Home Missionary problem in this land. Out of 343,267 immigrants who came to our country for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1896 (the last published report of the Bureau of Immigration), only two per cent (or 6,977) were from those lands (excluding Papal Lands in Europe) where the American Board is doing its work. The Chinese exclusion bill has settled for a generation, probably, any needed consideration of that race in connection with the Home Missionary work beyond what is already being done. But it has greatly increased our responsibility in connection with the foreign work to see that missions are extended in China. The day is coming when this country must reckon with that empire for our unreasonable and unjust treatment of and discrimination against that nation. And what better solution or preventive of serious international disputes can there be than the work of the Christian mission­ ary? As lovers of our country, as men and women actuated by the principles of our divine Master, we are under obligation, not only to maintain existing work, but largely to increase the scope of operations in China. Li Hung Chang’s recent tribute to Christian missionaries was not the compliment of a diplomat so much as the testi­ mony of a keen observer and judge of national progress and its causes. Whether it may not be wise to transfer our missions in Papal Lands in Europe to the United States is a question that should be carefully considered. It has never been dis­ cussed by the Prudential Committee, but has sometimes been incidentally raised. It is possible that this branch of the work of Foreign Missions in Papal countries in Europe (not in Mexico) should become a part of Home Mission work because of the large inflow of immigrants from those countries, and it may be quite as important to evangelize them here as in their native land. The results of work in Papal Lands in A Special Business Paper. xxxi

Europe as compared with similar work among the same nationalities in this country furnish a fairly reliable basis for determining what the policy of the Board for the future should be in this department, and they should be carefully studied. 3. Another fact is that in many places the mission cause is suffering to-day be­ cause the work has been reduced when it should have been increased. Such action is discouraging to native helpers especially, who interpret it as a lack of interest and belief in the work among Christians here. The influence upon these new converts can easily be understood. In these foreign fields the native helpers have given up their former employments and associations and have become a part of our missionary force. To be summarily dismissed because the mission has no funds to continue their meagre salaries is not only disheartening to them but seriously tests their faith. The average salary of native preachers and helpers in China is $60 per year; in Turkey, a little over $100 per year; in India, about $50 per year; in the Pacific Isles, about $40 per year. The native preachers and helpers have been reduced in numbers the last two years by 151. Shall these valuable auxiliaries be forced to abandon Christian mission work and return to their old associations and employments ? It is a serious question. Its answer will determine to a great extent whether these missions shall be maintained or abandoned. The hope o f Foreign Missions is in the native pastors, teachers, and helpers. To cut down this work is to cripple i t ; to cripple it is to ruin it eventually. When a mission is graduated from the Board it should be strong and active, not crippled and paralyzed. 4. One more fact on which we shall no doubt agree is that there is no lack of funds to properly maintain and extend our Foreign Mission work. The elegance and luxuries of our city and many of our suburban churches, and the cost of sustaining them, the comforts and increased expenditures in all that enter into our domestic life and social surroundings, the fact that wealth is accumulated in vastly larger amounts than ever before, are sufficient proofs that there is money enough. One of the best evidences that the churches will meet the call when the case is clearly laid before them is the quick and hearty response to personal letters sent to the friends of the Board recently, so that in less than three weeks the deficit which would have been this year $85,000 was reduced to $45,000. Apply this to all the church members of our denomi­ nation, and the financial problem will not perplex us in the future. On these four points then there is little ground for disagreement: — 1. The continued demand for Foreign Mission work. 2. The Foreign Mission work has not been transferred to home fields. 3. The disastrous consequences of reducing or discouraging native pastors, teach­ ers, and helpers, who must yet take the place of our missionaries. 4. There is money enough to sustain and enlarge the work. One more important fact, we can secure plenty of new missionaries and native help­ ers, but there are no available funds to send them out or support them.

CAUSES OF THE LACK OF INTEREST AND SUPPORT. We come now to consider some of the causes that have produced the present lack of interest among our churches and withholding of funds from our Foreign Mission work. It is very probable that there may be a difference of opinion as to these. We are met at the outset with the startling fact that out of 5,554 Congregational churches in our land 2,046 of them gave nothing to Foreign Missions the last year. Many of these having a name to live are dead, and many more never have come up to the standard of those mission churches St. Paul planted, in which “ the abun­ dance of their joy and their deep poverty abounded unto the riches of their liberality.” Sift the matter all we may and still we find hundreds of churches of our denomina­ tion which should help support the American Board, that are not giving one dollar to Foreign or Home Missions to-day. The churches supported by native converts in XXXll A Special Business Paper. many foreign fields are luminous examples of Christian generosity and self-sacrifice, and worthy of all imitation. One of the prime doctrines that should be stamped indelibly on every new church as it is organized is the duty each year to do something, however small, for Christian mis­ sions. The growth of Congregationalism in our land should be determined rather by the increased number of churches that give to Foreign and Home Missions than by the increase in churches organized. But the fault is not altogether with the churches, for we cannot resist the conclusion, that a proper presentation of the case to these churches by those in charge of them would lead to a decided change. There are among our city churches some which give a mere pittance, out of their abundance, for missions ; and which care so little for the great mission work of our denomination that they refuse even to listen to an appeal from the secretaries or representatives of the Home or Foreign Mission Boards. We cannot believe the fault here is with the churches altogether. What such churches need is leaders who believe that the world is lost without Christ, and that the special work of the Christian Church is to evangelize the world through its representative Mission Boards. Another cause of the lack of interest and funds is the lack of information as to the mission fields. W e give to what we are interested in. W e cannot be interested in what we know little or nothing about. And the lack of missionary intelligence to-day among church members is one of the leading reasons for the decline of interest in Foreign Mission work. The Woman’s Boards have done and are doing through their auxiliaries a work of inesti­ mable value to Foreign Missions in the care they have given to the instruction of the young in the literature of missions. This lack of information among church members as to mission work has come largely because of a failure to sustain the missionary concert. If we want an example of the effect of a zealous observance of the missionary concert, look at the Clarendon Street Baptist Church, Boston, Rev. A. J. Gordon, d . d ., late pastor. By no means a wealthy church, but a church permeated through and through by an intense missionary spirit, a longing to save the world. Dr. Gordon’s successor has not yet been found, but the tidal wave of that man’s spirit still pervades every household in that parish, and that church is one of the largest givers to Foreign Mis­ sions in this country. Would that a similar spirit actuated all our ministry and churches! We place as one of the chief reasons of the present financial condition of our Mis­ sion Boards a lack o f missionary intelligence and a decadence o f the missionary spirit, us indicated by a failure to sustain or even think o f the meeting o f prayer and con­ ference fo r missions. What an impetus to the spiritual life of the church comes from the Week of Prayer! What results might come if all the churches of our denomina­ tion once a month observed one evening for prayer and conference for missions ! Let an earnest appeal go out from this meeting of the American Board for a “ new depar­ ture ” in this respect. It is possible that another cause of lack of interest in some quarters is the fact that the Prudential Committee have not carried out the desires of some rather overzealous friends of the Board that no reduction or retrenchment be made in the work. Every year when it is suggested that some curtailment of the work will be necessary unless larger gifts come to the treasury, a motion is put that the Prudential Committee be directed to make no retrenchment in the work, and amid applause and singing the “ Doxology ” it is carried. Now, brethren, this emotional method of dealing with definite and serious financial problems does not and will not appeal to the judgment of conservative men to whom the work is committed. If the work is to be continued to its full capacity, something more substantial than such resolutions must be provided: .and we believe the churches and individuals contributing to this work will, by a large A Special Business Paper. xxxiii

majority, approve of this position. The work has already been reduced, but only because we were forced to do it. It has now reached the danger line. The crisis o f missions is plainly in view! One more reason which has in the minds of many thoughtful, observant persons, friends of the Board, operated to check enthusiasm and create a somewhat critical spirit, and so affect their interest in the work, is the serious problem that the Prudential Committee have been unable thus far satisfactorily to solve. How far is the Board warranted in continuing the support of well-established and long-continued missions? Several of our missions have been established for over seventy-five years. The question is a fair one. It involves some radical changes in the principles of the mission work as at present conducted by the Board. But it should be fairly considered. Your Com­ mittee recognize the force of the claim made by some of the most valued constituency of the Board, that if after sixty years and more of work in and support of a mission, during which at least two generations have been graduated from the schools, semi­ naries, and colleges of the Board, the mission is not capable then of taking care of itself, under such supervision as St. Paul gave in his mission tours, then there is some­ thing that needs careful revision and correction. It is a fair question, will the time ever come when the missions of the Board will become self-supporting and self- propagating? That certainly was the idea on which they were founded. It is what should be looked forward to as the logical and Scriptural result of well-established and properly conducted mission work. In 1870 the cooperation of the Presbyterians and Congregationalists in the prosecution of Foreign Mission work ceased. In the Annual Survey of the Missions of the Board for that year, 1870, we read : “ The number now in mission training schools and seminaries, looking forward to the work of the ministry, is nearly if not quite equal to that in theological seminaries belonging to the constituency of the Board at home. The object in these institutions is, primarily, to raise up able expounders of Bible truth and faithful pastors. Some time must be allowed to educate men who have all their lives been subject to the bondage of political and priestly power, to the wise conduct of their own ecclesiastical affairs. The results, however, thus far, have shown a practical good sense and an ability that would do honor to older bodies in this country, and amply justify the missionaries in passing over to them, at the earliest practical moment, the entire responsibility o f what may be termed the home work o f the native churches.1 The presence of the missionary will for a time be required, not for the exercise of authority, but of love and wise counsel, for the sake of that practical wisdom that becomes a part of the common sense of those reared amid free Christian institutions. But a native agency, well educated and guided by wise counsels, is our great reliance, next to the Spirit o f God, fo r the success o f the mission work.” Twenty-seven years have passed since that was written, and not a mission has been graduated. The Sandwich Island .Mission retired from the Board’s care in 1863, forty- three years after its establishment, and has come again under the partial care and sup­ port of the Board. While we do not indicate what if any missions can properly, in whole or in part, be graduated from the present care of the Board, or what readjustment or consolidation of mission work in Oriental lands can be adopted, for many perplexing questions arise in connection with this, yet these matters should be decided after careful consideration by the Board, and after a deputation of discreet, well-informed, sagacious men have visited these lands with reference to this. And already the Prudential Committee have taken preliminary steps to send deputations to China and India with reference to this and other problems and expect to report in due time. We mention but one more probable cause of the decline in interest in Foreign Mis-

1 The italics are ours. J U tA lV si ^j/eciut- jr uj>er. sions — as related to the management of the work. It is a question concerning which there is and always has been a difference of opinion among the friends of missions. It is the relation and extent of educational to evangelistic and medical work. It would not be wise, even if there were time, to discuss this matter in this report. One thing is certain, that a large number of the constituency of the Board among its liberal supporters believe that too large a portion of the appropriation is given to the educa­ tional work. But this difference of opinion should not lead to a lack of confidence or support. The supreme motive in all the work is the evangelization of these nations. We are agreed that the educational work is a means, not an end. If no other result has been accomplished than the wonderfully hopeful and successful work in educating young women who have become Christian mothers and leaders in communities where before they were ciphers and slaves, and have given their children a Christian training, such a result has repaid all the outlay thus far. But how far this should be continued is a serious question involving radical changes. If the friends of the Board think less attention should be given to the educational and more to the evangelistic and medical work, there is no better place to discuss the matter and advise the Prudential Com­ mittee than at our Annual Meeting. We recommend that more time be given at the Annual Meeting for frank discussion of the great problems touching the work of the Board. No program should be pre­ sented by the Business Committee that precludes this or restricts the freedom of inquiry. The question is sometimes asked by the friends of the Board whether a greater interest would not be aroused if a somewhat different method prevailed in this respect at the Annual Meeting. In closing, your Committee suggest that the problems that perplex us are largely in the hands of the constituency of the Board. We are their representatives in carrying on this work. We hope that at the next Annual Meeting we shall understand better than now why so large a percentage of our churches give nothing to Foreign Missions. In the mean time shall not all pastors and agents of Home Mission Societies in the various branches be earnestly urged to cooperate with our Board in kindling the mis­ sion spirit in these silent and non-contributing churches, not only for Foreign but Home Missions ? We believe that the time has now come for an advance in Foreign Mission work. The great rise in values of securities and the improved condition in the business world, with favorable prospects for years to come, give reasonable ground to ask and expect that the work in Foreign Mission fields we have been forced to cut down be restored so far as seems wise, and we recommend that the churches and other friends of the Board be asked to increase their gifts for 1898 beyond any previous year. It can be done. But it will require systematic, prompt, and unceasing effort on the part of the ministers and churches, and hearty cooperation by all friends of the Board. We should not further retreat. We have cut down the work all it can bear. Abandonment or advance, — which ? Between the two the churches must decide. And they will decide, we be­ lieve, for God and for the world. Our denomination is enlisted in a work it must not and will not lay down until “ the kingdoms of this world shall become the kingdoms of our Lord and of his Christ.” ANNUAL REPORT.

1896- 97.

REPORT

OF TH E PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE.

HOME DEPARTMENT.

T h e Annual Meeting of the Board held at Salem, Mass., in 1871, adjourned to meet in Chicago, October 1, 1872. The great fire which desolated that city made it impossible to receive the meeting as planned. The Christians in New Haven came promptly to the rescue, and twenty-five years ago the Board held its annual gathering in this good city. Of the officers and Prudential Committee of the Board at that time but two are now living, and they not in official rela­ tions to the Board : the Rev. A. C. Thompson, d . d . , whose long years of service are remembered with great affection, and the Hon. Joseph S. Ropes, now a resi­ dent of Connecticut. The workers change, but the work remains in all the power of the divine approval. Those whom you have appointed to administer the Board’s affairs present now their annual report for the Home Department.

NECROLOGY. We recall with tender regard the names of those who have completed their earthly course by the will of God. They are eight in number: Alonzo H. Quint, of Massachusetts, elected in 1867; Alden B. Robins, of Iowa, elected in 1867; Malcolm McG. Dana, of New York, elected in 1875 ; Jonathan N. Harris, of Connecticut, elected in 1877; James P. Wallace, of New York, elected in 1884; Henry D. Hyde, of Massachusetts, elected in 1890; George H. Wells, of Minnesota, elected in 1894; Charles Beardsley, of Iowa, elected in 1895. There has been one removal by death from our official circle. Henry D. Hyde, a member of the Prudential Committee and an honored Henry D. Hyde. counsejor -n hard problems before the Committee, died April 17. The Committee would place before the public the minute, concerning Mr. Hyde, adopted for its records: “ An associate always courteous and considerate, a counselor far-sighted, prudent, and judicial; intensely occupied and busy with the immense interests which came daily into his hands, but never too busy to hear patiently of anything which he could do to advance the Kingdom of Heaven on earth; strong and steady in his convictions of truth and duty; prompt and wise in action; we shall sorely miss his helpful presence; we deeply mourn his sudden death.” NEW MISSIONARIES. More new missionaries have been sent to the field this year than last. The number has been quite inadequate to the repeated and urgent calls for reinforce­ ments from several of the missions. The support for five of these missionaries is provided for outside the usual resources of the Board. This Appeal to wealth. suggests a possible privilege to young men of wealth and to parents of wealth who are seeking a noble life for their educated sons and 4 Home Department. [Report, daughters. The questions often arise, Why should not young men support them­ selves in this great work, or fathers support their sons and daughters, or men of wealth take the support of a missionary, as an extra offering to a great work ? Four men, one a physician, five wives of missionaries, one unmarried man, and twelve single women, two of whom are physicians, twenty-two in all, represent the additions to our missionary force since the Annual Meeting. Their names are as follows : — Zulu : Rev. Frederick B. Bridgman, Mrs. Clara Davis Bridgman, Miss Hattie Clark. M arathi: Miss Mary B. Harding. Madura: Rev. William W. Wallace, Mrs. Genevieve T. Wallace.

Ceylon : Mary H. Irwin, m .d ., Isabella H. Curr, m . d . North China: Rev. Horace T. Pitkin, Mrs. Letitia T. Pitkin. Japan : Miss Pauline Swartz, Miss Gertrude M. Willcox, Miss Cora McCand- lish. Eastern Turkey: Rev. Charles R. Ashdown, Miss Jane Dickie.

Western Turkey: Thomas S. Carrington, m .d ., Mrs. Phebe W. Carrington, Miss Minnie B. Mills. M exico: Mrs. Helen Cattell Olds, Miss Mary F. Long, Miss Isabel Miller. Micronesia: Miss Jennie Olin. This is a goodly company of young people. They have left pastorates, declined flattering calls, given up lucrative medical practice, resigned from responsible positions in high and common schools and the kindergarten, in order to answer the call of the Master to fill important vacancies on the foreign field. We commend them to the prayers and sympathies of the people of God.

RETURNING MISSIONARIES.

Missionaries have been on furlough in the United States this past year in num­ bers more than is usual. Of these the larger portion have been from Japan and Turkey. A large number it will be seen have returned to Japan and several to Turkey. Many ladies are still at home until such time as it shall be counted wise to go back to their work in the Turkish missions. The names of returning missionaries, fifty-five in number, are as follows: — Zulu : Rev. David H. Harris, Mrs. Euphemia S. Harris, Mrs. Florence Borward. West Central Africa: Rev. Wesley M. Stover, Mrs. Marion M. Webster. Marathi: Rev. Lorin S. Gates, Mrs. Frances S. Gates, Rev. James Smith, Mrs. Maud Smith.

Madura: Rev. George T. Washburn, d .d ., Mrs. Eliza E. Washburn, Rev. James C. Perkins, Mrs. Charlotte J. Perkins, Rev. Franklin E. Jeffrey, Mrs. Capitola M. Jeffrey.

Foochow: Hardman N. Kinnear, m .d ., Mrs. Ellen J. Kinnear. North China : Mrs. Emma J. Smith, Miss Mary E. Stanley, Miss Luella Miner. Shansi: Rev. Charles W. Price, Eva J. Price, Rev. J. B. Thompson.

Japan: Rev. Wallace Taylor, m .d . , Rev. George M. Rowland, Mrs. Helen M. Rowland, Rev. George E. Albrecht, Mrs. Leonora E. Albrecht, Rev. Cyrus A. Clark, Mrs. Harriet M. Clark, Rev. Horatio B. Newell, Mrs. Jane E. Newell, 1897.J Home Department. 5 Rev. Arthur W. Stanford, Mrs. Jane H. Stanford, Rev. Sidney L. Gulick, Mrs. Clara M. Gulick, Miss Abbie M. Colby, Miss Mary B. Daniels, Miss Emily M. Brown, Miss Adelaide Doughaday, Miss Annie L. Howe, Miss Gertrude Cozad, Miss M. E. Wainwright.

Western Turkey: Rev. Wilson A. Farnsworth, d .d ., Mrs. Caroline E. Farns­ worth, Rev. William S. Dodd, m .d ., Mrs. Mary L. Dodd, Rev. M. P. Parmelee, m . d ., Mrs. Julia F. Parmelee, Miss Anna B. Jones. Eastern Turkey: Mrs. Cornelius P. Chambers, Miss Charlotte E. Ely, Miss M. A. C. Ely. Mexico : Rev. Otis C. Olds. Micronesia: Miss Jessie R. Hoppin.

AGENCIES. We gave a careful review of the means which are used for the quickening of the missionary spirit in the report of last year. These means we class under the one term, Agencies. We add the reports of these several agencies and call your attention to their diversified character.

The Rev. E. E. Strong, d .d ., the Editorial Secretary, makes the following sug­ gestions in regard to

OUR PUBLICATIONS. “ The Board cannot expect to maintain its missions with vigor should it fail to give adequate information concerning the character and progress of the work it is prosecuting. One great reason why the gifts from the churches are not larger is that the needs of the heathen world are not known, and Need of Information. . the beneficence and Chnstlike character of the foreign mis­ sionary work as well as its achievements and possibilities are not understood. If men could only see what is being done abroad in Christ’s name, their hearts and their purses alike would be opened. How shall they be made to see ? A living * representative from the mission field, telling of what he has seen Printed Page. and done, will always awaken zeal and enthusiasm, but such visits from necessity must be rare, and they cannot be relied upon to sustain interest. Our main reliance must be on the printed page, which shall, as far as practicable, bring the workers on the field in contact with the constituency at home. “ But the pages must not only be provided: they must be read. How shall Christians be made to read them, in these days when publications of every sort are multiplied to such an enormous extent? While every effort should be used to make missionary literature attractive, it must be borne in mind that this class of literature will be sought and prized only by those who love the kingdom of God, and who with true devotion seek its extension. To all such souls in our churches it is believed that the Missionary Herald is a welcome visitor. Never have stronger testimonials been received than during the past year as to the worth and wide influence of our magazine. While it does not reach as many members of our Congregational churches as it should, there are thousands who do read it and are led by it into intelligent acquaintance with the great foreign missionary enterprise. 6 Home Department. [Report,

“ Beginning with January last the Board has united with the other five National Congregational Benevolent Societies in the publication of a new paper, Congre­ gational Work, the Board having as its portion three of the sixteen pages of each issue. The paper has been welcomed most kindly and its success as to circulation has been beyond expectation. A paid-up subscription list of over 104,000 names for the first year is extraordinary, yet the low price at which it is furnished, ten cents per annum, will allow of its entrance into every family of our Congregational constituency. From the necessity of the case, the space allotted to foreign missions in the paper is altogether inadequate for the pres­ entation of the vast and varied interests of this work. Our missionaries and their friends, as well as all who would be thoroughly informed concerning the progress of the work abroad, properly call for some ampler presentation. While, therefore, it is hoped and believed that Congregational Work will reach and help tens of thousands who have no other missionary literature, and lead them to desire more, the conviction is clear that many thousands of the more intelligent friends oí missions require and should have the ampler information and stimulus that can be supplied only in the pages of our monthly magazine. It is poor economy to scrimp the seed from which we look for a harvest. “ The call for the sketches of our missions, larger and smaller, and for leaflets and tracts pertaining to the foreign work has been constant throughout the year. Some of these sketches have been rewritten, others revised, and a number of new leaflets have been issued. The work of this department of publication is incessant.”

THE MIDDLE DISTRICT.

The Rev. Charles C. Creegan, d .d ., District Secretary, makes the following Dr. Creegan, report from the Middle District (including Connecticut, District Secretary. Ohio, and the Middle and South Atlantic States, with office at 121 Bible House, New York) : — “ In presenting his fourth Annual Report for the Middle District (the tenth of service under the Board) your Secretary desires to express his sincere and hearty thanks to the officers of the Board, the Prudential Committee, the Cooperating Committee, and other friends who, by their Christian sympathy and kindly assist­ ance during months of anxiety and sorrow, have made it possible for him to con­ tinue his work without interruption. It is with profound gratitude to God that we are able to make a report which compares favorably with that of other years, notwithstanding difficulties and discouragements which without divine aid would have been insuperable. “ We are fortunate in having three annual meetings of the Board within the bounds of the Middle District in successive years. “ Not from choice, but because of providential circumstances, your Secretary has given most of his time to work in the office, not only performing duties which ordinarily come to these rooms, but by increased corre- Office W ork. . . . spondence, by frequent conferences with the friends of missions and in other ways, it is believed that the work of the year has not been less fruitful than the preceding years. (1) The Armenian relief work, as in the pre­ ceding year, has taken no small share of our time. 1897.] Home Department. 7 “ (2) The Indian Famine Relief Fund, which has been raised by the Christian Herald\ amounting to nearly $200,000, has called for frequent conferences, and thousands of dollars for this object have been forwarded through this office. Perhaps nearly half a million dollars for the two objects named above have been raised, most of it within this district, during the last two years, and no small part came from our constituency. The wonder is with such large sums gathered for objects so worthy, and which some possibly have allowed to take the place of the regular offering for foreign missions, that our receipts are as large as they are. “ (3) There have been the usual calls for leaflets and other literature, and there are indications of a growing interest in the monthly concert. “ A large number of personal letters have been sent out to friends of the cause, stating the financial situation and the progress of the work, — almost without precedent in many lands, — and the responses made to these appeals have not been without encouragement. “ (4) It has been our pleasant duty to welcome the usual number of devoted and successful missionaries returning home after many years of toil and sacrifice. During the last two months twenty-eight missionaries (counting children, thirty- seven persons), nine of them going out for the first time, have sailed from this port. It has called for no small amount of work to arrange the many details for their sailing, but it has been a labor of love. “ The Cooperating Committee, as in previous years, have been most active and efficient in efforts to awaken a deeper missionary spirit among the churches, and we are under many obligations to them for this labor of love. Not Field Work. , T . , , , , a few pastors, I trust a growing number, have not only kept the cause of the world’s evangelization before their own people, but have aided your Secretary in bringing the subject to the attention of the churches, at conference and association meetings, and in other ways. To all of these helpers we extend hearty thanks. “ The secretaries in Boston have each of them visited this field again and again, and have been most welcome, as they have spoken to the students in our colleges and seminaries, at State and local associations, as well as in the churches. Miss Kyle, representing the Woman’s Board, has made extended campaigns among the churches of Connecticut and New York, delivering inspiring addresses. “ During the early part of the year your Secretary spoke at a number of the local associations, but during the last few months he has been obliged to confine him­ self to a district within easy reach of New York, where he visited many of the churches. With the assistance of President Washburn, of India, and Rev. F. S. Fitch, d .d ., of Buffalo, he represented the cause at the New York State Associa­ tion in May. “ An unusual number of missionaries have been within the bounds of this dis­ trict, and have rendered invaluable aid by their faithful and most welcome service. The churches in New Jersey have heard Dr. Farnsworth and Dr. Dodd, of Turkey Miss Bradshaw and Miss Talcott, of Japan; and Dr. Eaton, of Mexico. The churches of Connecticut have been instructed by Rev. Geo. E. Albrecht, of Japan, who spoke also to, the students of Yale and Hartford seminaries; Rev. J. H. Roberts, of China, who has spoken constantly during the year, most of the 8 Home Department. [Report,

time in Connecticut; Miss Talcott, of Japan; Rev. L. S. Gates and Rev. H. M. Lawson, of India. The churches in New York State have been visited by Presi­ dent Washburn, of India; Drs. Parmelee, Farnsworth, and Dodd, of Turkey; Rev. J. C. Perkins, of India; the Misses Woodhull, of China, and others. Ohio churches have had opportunity of hearing Rev. Geo. E. Albrecht, Miss Cozad, Rev. H. B. Newell, Rev. C. A. Clark, of Japan; Drs. Parmelee and Farnsworth, of Turkey; and Rev. J. C. Perkins, of India. Dr. Dewey and the Misses Ely, of Turkey, and Mrs. Gordon, of Spain, have also spoken in various parts of the district. Student volunteers, notably from Yale College, have done effective work in a number of the churches.”

M ID D L E D IS T R IC T . — S T A T E M E N T FOR 1896-97.

(Last year’s statement in parentheses.)

STATES. Non- No. of Totals. Sunday- Legacies. W. W. B. M . Churches. Donations. schools schools and Contributing. Contributing. Y. P. S. C. E.

I. 319 with S4..937 resident 273 46 CONNECTICUT. $33,194-94 $4,933-35 $21,489.38 $17,363-45 $76,981.. members. (271) (47) (45,262.87) (2,896.27) (23,109.94) (20,097.69) (91,366.;

II. 298 with * 44..440 resident 203 95. N E W Y O R K . 27.449-84 3,458.45 8,789.41 8,956.05 48,653.; members. (203) (85) (71,591.87) (2,360.95) (13,145.85) (43,327-75) (130,426.. III. 248 with 33.871 resident I7 O OHIO. 7,220.44 1,760.35 6,032.18 A 742.27 15,755-: members. (171) (86) (7.057-94) 1403-34) (7,215.16) (1,362.18) (16,038.1 IV. n o with 11.357 resident 44 66 PENNSYLVANIA. 2,484.52 297.25 333-3° 468.92 3,583-' members. (5°) (61) (3,666.18) (107.78) (554-95) (520.00) (4,848.1 V. 37 with 5.653 resident 27 10 NEW JERSEY. 3,156.68 72 4-44 2,271.06 410.00 6,562. members. ( 2 3 ) (13) ( 4 , 9 2 3 - 7 1 ) (289.82) (2,490.12) (6,160.50) (13,864. TI. 15 with M A R Y L A N D , 1.951 DIST.COLUMBIA, resident II 4 VIRGINIA, and 1,374-07 259.85 773-93 1,573-58 3,981., members. (14) ( 1 ) WEST VIRGINIA. (1,361.54) • (51.00) (895.25) (------) (2,307. VII. 209 with

resident 1 7 2 SOUTH 514.16 106.80 114.50 3 7 x 735-' members. (32) (172) ATLANTIC. (433.90) ( i 5i-35) (51-00) (------) (636.

1,236 765 471 $ 7 5 ,3 9 4 - 6 5 $11,540.49 $39,803.76 $29,514.27 $156,253. (1,229) ( 7 6 4 ) (465) (134,298.01) (6,260.51) (47,462.27) (71,468.12) 1 (259,488.

N o t e . — The average per resident member, excluding legacies, was: Connecticut, $1.08; New York, $0.87; Ohio, $0.44; Pennsylvania, $0.27; New Jersey, $1.08; Maryland, District Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, $1.23; South Atlantic, $0.09. 1 (O f which $56,985.71 was for the debt.)

FINANCIAL STATEMENT. “ Above we give the receipts from the Middle District, from all sources, for the year ending September 1, 1897. There has been a shrinkage in legacies of #41,953.85. If we subtract this sum, and also the $56,941.29 which was given in this district for the debt last year, we find that the falling off from living con- 1897-] Honte Department. 9 tributors has been very slight. There has been a shrinkage in contributions to the Woman’s Board of $7,658.51, but an increase of $5,279.98 from Sunday- schools and Christian Endeavor Societies. Last year this district made the best financial record in its history. The present year, notwithstanding the financial depression, the large sums raised for relief work in Turkey and India, and the large falling off in legacies, shows receipts above the average for the last decade. “ The New York office of the American Board, which has been in the Bible House since 1853, will be removed in November to the United Charities Build- Change of Fourth Avenue and Twenty-second Street. Suitable quarters have Quarters, been secured in connection with other Congregational Benevolent So­ cieties on the eighth floor of this fireproof building. In our new rooms, as in former years, we shall always be glad to greet the friends of the Board. “ Here in the dear old Bible House, perhaps, most of the more than two thou­ sand missionaries who have served under the Board since 1812 have been wel­ comed as they have gone forth to their fields in distant lands, or returned for needed rest after the toils and triumphs of many years. Here, too, have come the friends of the Board, a multitude in number, some of them rich in this world’s goods, and others like the widow, who brought all her living, to present alike their offerings on the altar of the Lord. Again and again young men and young women have come, not to give money, but to give themselves. It is with thoughts like these that we leave this spot which has become a sacred place on account of the hallowed associations of the past. Shall we not hope and expect that the work of the Board in coming years, under God, will be as richly blessed as in the past, and that there may go forth from the new headquarters in this city influences which may make the years to come not unlike those which are now a blessed memory? ”

DISTRICT OF THE INTERIOR.

The Rev. A. N. Hitchcock, p h . d ., District Secretary, presents the following report from the Interior District for the year 1896-97, the district including fourteen States and Territories west of Ohio : — “ The work in this district has been directed along accustomed lines with such variations as have seemed practicable. “ Considerable time has been given to arranging appointments for returned mis­ sionaries. Among those who have addressed the churches in this district we mention Rev. Geo. E. Albrecht, of Japan, who visited the Visiting Missionaries. . . , State Associations of Minnesota and Wisconsin and a large number of churches in South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois ;

Rev. M. P. Parmelee, m .d ., of Turkey, who made not far from forty addresses, with Milford, Neb., as his temporary headquarters; Rev. James Smith, of India, who has addressed various churches and associations in Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; Rev. Geo. D. Marsh, of Bulgaria, who has filled numerous appointments, with headquarters at Grinnell, Iowa; Dr. Blodget, of China; Rev. D. A. Richardson, lately of Turkey; Revs. C. A. Clark and H. B. Newell, of Japan; Revs. W. S. Ament and J. B. Thompson, of China; and Rev.

J. D. Eaton, d .d ., of Mexico. Mention should also be made of the services of Mrs. Susan A. Wheeler and Miss Emily C. Wheeler, of Harpoot. For the latter 10 Home Department. [Report, not far from sixty appointments were arranged. Several missionaries have also spoken under the direction of the Woman’s Board of the Interior. To all these the churches have listened with profit and delight. “ During the year we have had the pleasure of a visit from each of the Corre­ sponding Secretaries. Dr. Smith gave four lectures of great interest at the Chicago Theological Seminary, and filled other engagements. Dr. Barton ad­ dressed the State Conventions of Kansas, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois, meet­ ing other appointments by the way. Dr. Daniels spoke to the students of the Seminary and also at Beloit College, filling other appointments in leading churches. All these addresses were timely and valuable. “ The District Secretary, aside from directing the field appointments and the varied work of the office, has had numerous engagements of his own at State and local conventions and among the churches. These have included various points in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, Missouri, and Michigan. It is some satisfaction to note that perhaps at no time have so many invitations come from leading churches as during the past year. “ In this connection we may mention the simultaneous meetings in January. Rallies were held in various cities and towns. District rallies were held in Simultaneous several parts of Chicago, culminating in an interdenominational M eetings. mass meeting in the Auditorium, at which probably seven thousand persons were present, hundreds being unable to gain admittance. It was cer­ tainly the largest foreign missionary demonstration ever seen in the West. We were greatly aided upon the committee by Rev. Dr. J. F. Loba, and Rev. Dr. Willard Scott made one of the strong addresses of the evening. “ The office work at this centre requires unbroken attention. Calls for literature never cease. Some of these are ingenious and suggestive. In a single month more than fifteen thousand documents of all kinds were sent out Office Work. among t jie d ^ ch es, aside from those sent by the Cooperating Com­ mittee. During the year about four thousand personal letters have been dictated or written by the District Secretary. Some of these were written to individual friends of the Board during a special effort. The wisdom of making some fuller acknowledgment of a gift or collection than an official receipt is often apparent, and hundreds of such letters have been written. These incidental opportunities for encouraging an interest in our work are many and important. We have sometimes observed that a few words of explanation or suggestion have turned scores or hundreds of dollars into our treasury which otherwise would not have become available for our regular work. During the year we have sent out three thousand copies of ‘ A Plain Statement,’ for which there was some demand in the way of general distribution. To each pastor we have also sent a detailed statement of the contributions of his church during the past two years. One of the efforts of the year has been that of assigning missionaries to the Christian v p s c e Endeavor Societies of the Interior States, promising each contribut­ ing society a brief sketch of its adopted missionary, his portrait, and an occasional letter. The responses have been, on the whole, encouraging. In one State where we asked the societies for $i,ooo for this purpose they rapidly came forward with cash and pledges amounting to over $1,200. We hope to develop this plan still further. 1897.] Home Department.

“ Conference and correspondence concerning some twenty cases of wills and esta tes; probably seventy-five interviews and letters respecting persons con­ templating foreign missionary service ; the securing of many railroad permits for missionaries and others; the preparation of outline statements of the work of the Board for various newspapers or manuals, and of occasional newspaper para­ graphs or articles, are among the further details which have taken time and thought. “ The Cooperating Committee for the Interior District will make their own report, but your District Secretary wishes to record his appreciation of their Co-operating valuable services. They have sent out a number of earnest appeals committee, among the churches, and through their efforts upwards of seventy local associations have elected foreign missionary committees. To most of these committees the District Secretary has sent a special letter with a view to secur­ ing an offering from every church before the close of the year. A number of favorable responses have been returned.”

No. x. — GENERAL STATEMENT. 1896. 1897. Churches contributing Churches contributing from all sources, 1,496. from ull sources, i,3g6. Donations Churches and Individuals through A. B. C. F. M. . . 1 $37,465.16 $34,523.31 Sunday-schools through A. B. C. F. M ...... 2,515.43 1,304.62 Y. P. S. C. E. through A. B. C. F. M...... 3,658.39 3,681.60 W . B. M . I ...... 52,530.47 44,587.10 Sunday-schools through W. B. M. 1...... 1,387.54 1,181.12 Y. P. S. C. E. through W. B. M. 1...... 4,946.55 5,053.66

$102,503.54 $90,331.41 Donations for D e b t ...... 18,465.38 .. L e g a c i e s ...... 31,432.12 13.3go.19

T o t a l...... $152,401.04 $103,721.60 1 Includes a special of $5,000.

NOTES ON THE TABLES.

“ 1. It will be seen from the general statement and tables on this and the next pages that there has been a falling off in church collections and gifts from individuals directly to the Board of $2,941.85. But it may be observed that in this column last year there is included a special gift of $5,000, which more than offsets this decline. Unhappily the receipts from the auxiliaries of the Woman’s Board of Missions of the Interior show a falling off of $ 7,443*37. “ 2. The number of churches contributing in any way is less this year by an even hundred, and the number taking public collections is less by sixty-seven. It is a somewhat singular fact that in sixty-one churches a gift from a single individual seems to have taken the place of a public offering. “ 3. A single large legacy in 1896 carried the legacies for that year far above the normal average. These with the contributions for the debt during the same period swelled the aggregate receipts much above what could reasonably be expected this year. “ 4. Contributions from the Christian Endeavor Societies reach the hitherto unparalleled total of $8,735.26 ; and this notwithstanding the fact that last year they were over forty per cent in advance of the year preceding. “ Yet it is with some-disappointment, after the labors of a busy year, that we contemplate these figures. There are indications, however, that the period of to No. 2. — ANALYSIS OF DONATIONS, 1896.

A. B. C. F. M. W. B. M. I.

V .a •a rt £ .2 P V '0 O U Û 0 O W C/3 0 W 1 A *2 u 0 STATES. •5 -§ 5 1 u Ü ui C " rt Ü A >“< t/j .g a 0

t/i Department Home a k 0 3 rt 1 a

contributing from Pi

all all sources. a « 1 talcing Public lections Col­ for Amcan eri­ Board. ■8 8 a Pi 3 □ O two

Number of Churches a Number of Churches 6 V) !*' A S > H 3

Indiana •■••*•••• S® 33 15 $376.98 $6.68 $37.oo $112.00 $580.04 $25-06 M ichi^sn •••••••• 179 87 $50.75 $1,188.51 $614.40 343 3,151-93 392.97 364-51 1,510.76 82.95 469.84 Illinois ••••■•••* 281 7>227-54 13,200.50 1,200.00 34= 193 1 17,465.83 gso.66 1,175.68 9,153.04 21,663.61 287.87 1,342.06 W isco n sin ...... 240 163 52,038.75 7,484.96 ” 3 4,645.66 187.62 458.66 2,578.92 3,944.60 610.67 Iowa •••••••••• 217 140 132.95 12,559.08 20,702.64 3*5 4,319.25 194.23 495-8o 2,223.33 6 ,333-99 280.23 496.62 Minnesota ■ ••••••■ 2 1 1 172 14,352.45 597-94 80 3,°59-7i 314-33 270.18 567.96 4,536.62 361.27 1,010.23 Missouri ...... 82 10,120.30 337-18 70 46 945.60 7°-75 109.47 1,047.16 3,481.03 85.64 K>ansas «•••••••• 183 102 48 303.87 6,043.52 . 577-94 165.52 250.39 114.00 1,511.69 259.98 N e b r a s k a ...... 191 110 66 31.97 2,911.49 495.00 J ,ia t-55 73-40 249.41 165.50 1,162.67 38.29 128.00 2,938.82 North D akota ...... 160.95 74 33 15 26.01 45-57 20.00 147-37 43-30 443.20 South D akota ...... 86 806.77 153 59 67.69 137.89 496.25 601.99 24.06 66.22 2,200.87 Colorado •••■•••» 60 654.09 4° 24 50.07 26.23 476.46 783.92 28.25 165.01 2,184.03 W y o m in g ...... 16 56.03 5 4 2.60 55.40 114.03 U t a h ...... 10 5 5 122.87 15.50 35-oo 173.37

/ ( $52,030.47 f $120,468.92 Total ••••••,• 2,382 1,496 895 1 $37,465.16 $18,465.38 $ 2,5I5.43 $ 3 ,6 5 8 .3 9 j $500 from un- $ 1 , 3 8 7 - 5 4 $4,946.55 J $500 unknown $31,432.12 ( known source. ( source.

1 Includes a special o f $5,000, [Report, No. 3. — A N A L Y S IS O F D O N A TIO N S, 1897.

A. B.C. F. M. W. B. M. I.

STATES. s Uepartment. tiome Individuals. 'S Churches. to taking taking Public Coj- lections lections for Ameri­can Board. contributing contributing all from sources. Total. Sunday-schools. Y. P. S. C. E. Missionary Societies. Y. P. S. C. E. Sunday-schools. Churches and

Number of Churches s Number of Churches Number of

$470.02 $29.38 $68.59 $1,376.64 58 30 8 $791.65 $2.00 $15.00 5,087.76 562.76 10,455.46 347 155 80 4,369.20 65.29 310.89 59-56 18,770.72 187.37 1,180.60 35,586.20 3,410:48 355 262 179 13.359-45 629.23 1,458.83 250 108 4,298.17 104.65 243.60 3,427-03 111.00 677.08 8,862.43 154 679.91 311 220 133 3.754-53 111.49 1,052.48 6,574.61 299.87 588.76 923.46 8,736.79 209 »34 81 3,008.54 160.21 195.66 4,130.96 317-96 81 29 1,013.67 28.37 38.72 2,609.15 86.66 309.38 4,085.95 65 2,186.75 181 96 52 874.58 90.65 86.41 878.86 1.80 254-45 2,653.21 185 114 61 1 9l -33 50.79 II 7-5I 971.84 55-!7 166.57 ^ 414.26 North Dakota ••••••••*• 82 33 18 168.2g 9-47 26.05 139.63 152 90 54 1,045.28 43-9 1 94-94 563.72 10.45 *,844-58 62 36 21 451.02 8.56 27.10 898.80 21.00 143.91 1,550-39 I 28.50 ...... 9.41 64.00 W y o m in g ...... 15 3 74.IO Utah • ««••••••••••• 10 4 3 69.10 5.00

$1,181.12 $5,053.66 $90.331.41 $13,390.19 T o t a l ...... 2,298 I.39Ö 828 $34,523-3t $1,304.62 $3,681.60 $44,587.10

0 4 14 Home Department. [Report,

depression through which we have been passing has reached its culmination in the year now closed. If these good omens are trustworthy, we shall soon see better days. May we learn the deeper lessons and go forward with quickened hope and courage.”

PACIFIC AGENCY. The Rev. Walter Frear, of San Francisco, makes the following report from the Pacific Agency : — “ The two main lines of duty that engage the attention of this office are quite distinct from each other. One pertains to the business department, and of this I will speak first. “ Through the year hundreds of pages of orders come from the missions of China, Japan, and Micronesia, covering a great variety of personal, household, school, hospital, home building, ship supplies, and other needs. Purchases and shipments are made, bills are inspected and paid, goods in transit are looked after, and multitudes of requests that cannot be classified are fulfilled, all involv­ ing a wide range of correspondence with missionaries abroad and persons at home. “ This also is one of the principal ports of the arrival and departure of mis­ sionaries. Including children, these have numbered this year sixty-five persons. A pleasant duty it is to welcome them, aid them through the customs, arrange for their comfort while here, secure their tickets for land and sea, and bid them Godspeed on their way. “ The amount of disbursements from this office has not differed greatly from that of the preceding year. The labors of the office, however, have been con­ siderably increased by the coming of the Morning Star to this port for repairs. These are usually done in Honolulu, but so extensive were the requirements this year that it was deemed best to send the vessel to San Francisco. Her long service in the tropics had made a thorough overhauling necessary. It is a satisfaction to report that the repairs were made at a most reasonable cost, and that the vessel steamed from the harbor on the second of July with engine and boilers nearly as good as new, the hull sound and without leak, and every part in condition that gives promise of years of efficient service, as well as increased comfort to those who voyage on her. “ The other and quite different line of duty is that of interesting the churches in the work of the Board. The time for this duty is much limited by the exac­ tions of the former. As opportunity has offered and time permitted, the asso­ ciations and churches have been visited, pastors have been written to, and appeals sent forth. Literature and envelopes have been supplied to some extent. “ The Cooperating Committee organized early in the year with Rev. W. W. Scudder as chairman, and your agent as secretary. A circular letter was issued by them in December, and sent to the pastors in all this Pacific Coast District, asking for the promise of an offering, with the date, as nearly as possible, when it would be made. The replies were not quite as numerous as the churches that have contributed, but apparent good resulted. “ The General Associations of California, Washington, and Oregon devoted a 1897.J Home Department. 15 generous portion of time to the consideration of foreign missions. The general agent and a large number of missionaries have given addresses in associations and churches. “ The number of churches contributing in this district is about the same as last year, and the amount contributed also differs but little. “ The Woman’s Board of the Pacific has held large and stirring quarterly meet­ ings, and it has raised the amount, or very nearly so, that it assumed at the beginning of the year. Its report, as audited by your agent, shows a net result of £4,561.80. “ The International Y. P. S. C. E. Convention, held in San Francisco in July, was to a gratifying extent pervaded by a missionary spirit, and missionary addresses were numerous. A booth of American Board literature attracted attention. “ The office of this agency was moved on January 1 to the new Y. M. C. A. Building, where the superintendents and agents of our benevolent societies, the Woman’s Board of the Pacific and Home Missionary Union, the Pacific, and Monday Club, have a Congregational headquarters, an arrangement convenient and inexpensive to all. “ We hope for better and more general returns from the churches and friends with the improved financial conditions that are already apparent.”

PUBLISHING AND PURCHASING DEPARTMENT.

Mr. Charles E. Swett, the Publishing and Purchasing Agent, submits the following report: — “ The publishing and business department of the Board has been conducted upon the basis of previous years, with increasing demands upon its resources. Theological seminaries, colleges, and other literary institutions, together with Student Volunteer organizations, Christian Endeavor Societies, and mission cir­ cles in all our churches, have made larger requests for our literature than in previous years. The students of some seminaries have organized classes for careful consideration of the work of the Board as delineated in our Annual Report, the Missionary Herald, the sketches of our several missions, and other printed matter. The Board most cheerfully responds to all requests of this character. “ When the new year opened and the Missionary Herald appeared with its new and attractive cover, many hearty commendations came to the publisher, not for its outward appearance alone, but in high estimate of its literary work, proving that the magazine holds no inferior place in the esteem of our churches. “ Some twelve years ago ‘ Mission Stories of Many Lands ’ was published by the Board, a book of 391 pages, neatly bound in cloth, with illustrations upon “ in Lands nearly every page. It met with a large sale, and a second edition was A far.” issued. A companion volume of similar character, entitled ‘ In Lands Afar,’ is in press and will claim a welcome from Sunday-schools, missionary societies, and families that found the first volume attractive. These two books will be acceptable and safe for Sunday reading in every house. They will be i 6 Home Department. [Report, found valuable, not alone for the facts they convey in regard to the conditions of missionary life and labor, but as related to geographical and ethnological study they will give correct and important information, in a style at once attractive to pupil and teacher. The publisher is cognizant of the fact that certain instructors of normal classes in geography have placed * Mission Stories’ upon the lists of books recommended to those who are to be teachers in our public schools, because the book was both unique and reliable. During the year new sketches of some of our missions have been issued, bringing facts and statistics down to date. “ The pastors of Eastern churches, as in quite a number of instances of those of the far West, have made use of the lantern slides furnished by the Board, illustrating its several missions. From the descriptions of the pictures furnished with each set, an enthusiasm for missions may be awakened where indifference and ignorance have discouraged all other efforts. Recently a valuable set of colored slides was procured of a missionary from China, who was about to return to his field. Another set of similar character and value is in preparation by one of our missionaries in Japan, who is an expert in selecting slides as well as in operating a lantern. During the coming year the churches may have more attractive and extended facilities for illustrated mission meetings. “ The shipping department has had an increase in its business over the previous year. Missionaries returning to their fields have taken their usual supplies, which, added to the regular orders for goods, have occasioned larger and more shipping. £r e q U e n t shipments. The accommodations of the shipping department have been strained at many times beyond their limits with an accumulation of goods in preparation for shipment. A visit to the packing room is instructive to those unacquainted with the details. The business agent extends a cordial invitation to friends of missionaries to call upon him at the shipping room that they may see how carefully the goods are prepared for their long journey.” These agencies are established for the aid they may give to the churches and pastors in deepening an interest in missionary work. The several offices are centres for distribution of literature and other helps, and the agents are anxious to be inquired of concerning the best methods of developing the work in the churches. Both secretaries and missionaries are anxious to assist in the churches and associations and promote in every way possible the interests involved in the work of the Board. It will be seen that about n o conferences and associations have been visited during the year, thirty-five in the New England District, forty- five in the Middle District, and some twenty-five in the District of the Interior, and six on the Pacific Coast. While all this is good, very good, the chief depend­ ence always is upon the pastors and churches themselves when they are con­ trolled by the belief that the prime end of the Church’s ministry is the evangeli­ zation of the world.

CO-OPERATING SOCIETIES. Nothing can be more satisfactory than the continued happy relations with the American Bible Society and the American Tract Society, both of New York. These hard financial years have weighed heavily upon these societies, but the fraternal cooperation of the past years has been heartily maintained. 1897.] Home Department. 1 7

The Rev. Edward W. Gilman, d .d ., Corresponding Secretary of the Bible Society, under date of September 9, writes : “ The Bible Society expended last American Bible year through its agencies in Mexico, China, Japan, and the Levant Society. considerably more than $100,000, but it is impossible to say what part of that amount was allotted to fields where the missions of the American Board are planted. To other missions of your Board where the society has no agents of its own, funds and books have been sent during the past year of the aggregate value of $5,354. This includes 3,754 volumes sent to the Pacific Islands, and 2,850 volumes sent to the Zulu Mission, of the value of $4,093.25, and the funds to the missions in Austria, Spain, and Madura amounting to $1,260.75. The returns to us resulting from sales were $1,644.61.” The Rev. W. W. Rand, d .d ., of the Tract Society, under date of September 16, writes as follows : “ It has been a matter of the most painful regret to the Com- American Tract mittee and officers of the Tract Society that the donations and Society. legacies for benevolent purposes received by us during the past year have been so small as to compel us to withhold almost entirely our custom­ ary cash grants in aid of the book and tract work of all our foreign missionary societies, including the American Board. We deeply sympathize with our brethren on foreign fields, who so welcomed these grants in former years, and have so relied upon their continuance as an essential aid in their work; and we trust this sore necessity will not be long continued. “ To individual missionaries of the Board grants of publications have been made to the amount of $198.17, and for the mission on the Marshall Islands we have printed in the native language an edition of a volume of ‘ Bible Stories.’ ” We desire to give public acknowledgment of gratitude to these societies for the spirit of fellowship which has been manifested in such practical ways during the many years of our common history.

FINANCIAL SITUATION. We separated from our last annual meeting with almost divided counsels as to whether the Board should instruct the Committee to increase the appropriations for the ensuing year. The Prudential Committee was “ authorized to provide as far as is possible and as speedily as is possible for the restoration of the general work of the Board in its several missions.” For this opportunity the Committee is always eagerly watching. The judgment of the Board, expressed in these words, “ that the Prudential Committee should make immediate, definite, and energetic appeals to the churches, setting forth the losses already incurred and the distresses already suffered, with the heavier disasters to be apprehended in the future,” received the careful attention of the Committee, and such appeal was made, and appeals have been repeated through the year in various ways. The religious papers have given freely of their space to the story of need, but the Committee could not feel warranted in making larger appropriations in the face of what promised to be, and has proven to be, the hardest year in the late finan- Reduced Appropria- cial troubles. The appropriations were made upon the same tions Continued. inadequate scale as the previous year, “ curtailing the expend­ itures upon the mission fields to the point of destructive hardship.” The Com­ mittee argued that with the debt removed, and the necessities arising from 18 Home Department. [Report,

Armenian sufferings in a measure alleviated, the constituency of the Board would have only the usual expenses to care for. It was confidently expected that there would be ample provision for the work under these conditions of economy.

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. During the last two years conditions have arisen in two of our mission fields which have appealed to the philanthropic spirit of our churches, and many thou­ sands of dollars have been sent for Armenian Relief, Orphan Relief, and famine sufferers in India. The responses have been noble and inspiring. But all churches have not distinguished between this work and the work for which the Board exists. It is known in many cases that collections made for Relief W ork. , ^ • the Board have been given to relief work under the impression that it would help the work in the best way. The treasury of the Board has freely given of its experience and equipment to forward these large sums of money to the needy ones of earth. It should not be counted amiss to note a tendency to give to special objects, as they are called. So many desire to know just how their money is spent that the offering for a special object has come to be popular with Special Objects. ,t7& . them. We speak of this in order to say again that the regular appropriations represent those objects in great detail which the missions as a whole determine to be the most important. Other objects, while in themselves good, are not the most necessary to the efficient conduct of the work. This statement is not made because we in the offices are desirous of securing larger receipts, but because we are bound to carry out as far as we are able the will of the missions. Thé money is expended in a way becoming the Christian spirit of the work. The same faith which should inspire the gift should also enable the giver to see it accomplishing the will of God, although the name of the boy, or the school, or the preacher is not known. There should not be haste in passing judgments upon the churches. The ideal is not yet reached. We must see things just as they are and report with discrimination. Not far from 3,soo churches contributed to the The Churches. „ _IT , ,, , Board last year. We have not been able to verify the statement with exact figures, but we believe that more churches contributed to the work last year than in any year of, the history of the Board. That the contributions were not larger may be accounted for as each may like ; we are not wise. There were 2,046 Congregational churches which made no offering to foreign missions last year. We believe that in every one of these churches there are Christian people who would count it a privilege to make an offeÿng to this noble cause if opportunity were given, even though the amount might be small. The church, however weak, would be stronger for the effort. No church is so weak that it can afford to pass the year without making the world’s evangelization a part of its ministry. We are bound to remember also that at least 1,800 of the Con­ gregational churches of the country are very small in numbers, -with perhaps not an average of twenty members. The meaning of this is made more significant when we recall the fact that there are as many churches without pastors, nearly, as are non-contributing. The question of leadership is involved in the problem how to secure a gift from every church. O f the non-contributing churches 329 1897.] Home Department. 19 made gifts only through the Woman’s Boards, 81 only through the Sunday- school, and 142 only through the Endeavor Society. It is gratifying to report that 1,544 Endeavor Societies contributed to this work as against 1,228 last year. So long as this society has for its motto, “ For Christ Christian and the Church, and the World’s Evangelization,” so long will the Endeavor. cause need to be pressed until every Congregational Endeavor Society is a part of the life of the old American Board. If all these societies could be sharers in this work, the burden now being carried would be materially relieved. But 836 of our Sunday-schools gave directly to our work last year. Have the youth of our Sunday-schools forgotten that they are the owners of the “ Micro-

Sunday-schoois nes*an Navy ” ? Why should we not have 150,000 ten-cent shares taken by the children in our Sunday-schools this coming year, and so they become the supporters of their own fleet? The children in the churches whose hearts are susceptible to this work of faith will be eager for the work if the occasion is given them.

REVIEW OF THE RECEIPTS FOR THE YEAR. Classifying our receipts and with few comparisons we report as follows : — The regular donations from the churches and individuals were $416,591.15, a oss from the previous year of $10^39.77. Of this amount $167,940.48 was Regular contributed through the Woman’s Boards, a sum less by $23,152.44 Donations, than for the previous year. (From the Woman’s Board of Missions, $111,523.46; from the Woman’s Board of the Interior, $50,688.17; from the Woman’s Board of the Pacific, $5,724.85.) These donations show a gain in gifts for the distinctive work of the Board, as apart from the Woman’s Boards, of $11,862.67. The splendid rally of August saved the Board from the most serious disaster and illustrated the place which the Board holds in the hearts of the people. The receipts from legacies looked discouraging for the first months of the

Legacies year> but at t^ie ^ast developed happily, and the total was $118,- 986.17, an increase over the former year of $1,997.47. The treasury received from the permanent funds of the Board an income of $10,243.69, a very slight increase from last year. It might have been anticipated that during the recent financial depression there would have been Investments. . somewhat serious losses from the permanent investments of the Board. But such has not been the case. The years 1890 and 1891 were reasonably prosperous years in financial circles. The average income from the permanent investments for those two years was but $308.18 larger than for the last two years, which have been so hard upon all incomes. The permanent funds have been some $15,000 larger than then. We have taken from the Otis legacy $37,612.46, and from the Swett legacy $3,498.63. These legacies are now exhausted. While the exhaustion of these Otis and Swett legacies simply raises another problem for the churches to meet, it Legacies. js yet true in the largest sense that they have been with us as a benediction; they have carried the good cheer of the gospel to hundreds of desolate places where otherwise the message of mercy to the lost would not have yet found its way. Four missions have been established and two others 20 Home Department. [Report, enlarged; not far from seventy-five missionaries have been sent forth to the heathen nations on the errand of life, schools have been founded for the promul­ gation of the truth, and weak places have been strengthened by these magnificent benefactions. The Otis legacy came to us in 1879, and has lasted longer than was anticipated. The investments were originally of a high order, and were placed in the treasury of the Board at an appraised value of $1,124,939.58. During all these years this trust has been handled by the business men of the Committee in a most careful, satisfactory, and conservative manner. The income from its in­ vestment has been large, amounting to $297,785.09, and the principal has realized between $160,000 and $170,000 more than the appraisal permitted us to expect. We speak last of the special donations, which are gifts expended according to the direct designation of the donor. These sums of money while helping the work do not in any particular help us meet the appropriations Special Donations. ma(je tQ ^ missions. The money thus received amounted to *54,517 .06, an increase over the former year of $10,527.91. This largely in­ creased sum for special objects is due entirely to the appeal in The Congrega- tionalist for the orphans of Turkey, to which a most generous response was given, netting about $25,000, and forwarded through the treasury of the Board as a u special.” Of this sum, also, $10,040.29 came through the Woman’s Boards. From all sources the receipts for the year to August 31, 1897, have been $643,283.70, a sum which is less than the average total receipts for the past five years by about $94,000.

EXPENDITURES. The total expenditures for the year have been $688,414.20, which is less than the average total expenses for the past five years by over $70,000. With the total receipts for the year $643,283.70, and with the total expenditures for the year $688,414.20, the obligations resting against the Board, August 31, were $45,i 3°.5°. While we all lament a debt and feel intensely its significance, may it not be true that it could not have been avoided by the Committee without in­ curring distresses comparatively greater than the burden of this debt? The Board lives under the law which controls all missionary operations, the law of growth and success, and consequent exigency. Though the appropriations of the previous year were maintained this year, as the months passed on, necessary but unforeseen and unusual expenses came Extra Expenses before the Committee and could not be put aside. We can sug­ gest a few points indicative of the character of these added expenses. The salaries of our missionaries had been reduced ten per cent, except in Asiatic Turkey. The famine and pestilence in India compelled a restoration of the salaries in those missions. The heavy cost of transportation of supplies in East Central Africa forced another restoration of the salaries. The Morning Star, after the wear and exposure from years of service, came from its last trip in an unseaworthy condition, and immediate repairs were required at the expense of nearly seven thousand dollars, leaving the vessel almost like new. The larger number of new missionaries were sent forth with the utmost deliberation on the part of the Committee. The appointments were made only to fill vacancies where the case seemed exigent. This added to expenses. The 1897.] Home Department. 21 larger number of returning missionaries, to which allusion has already been made, still further increased the cost of the year. And yet these things were imperative.

CONTRASTS. It is not always wise to make comparisons, especially if in so doing there is special pleading in order to maintain a case. It seems fair, however, to illustrate some of the problems which have wrung the hearts of the Committee and carried distress to the missions, problems which have in not a few instances been solved in the most drastic way. The average regular receipts from churches and indi­ viduals in the years 1890-93 were $482,000, and for the last four years $412,000, a loss of $69,000. The average legacies for the former period were $200,000, and for the latter $142,000, a loss of over $58,000. The average receipts from the large legacies for the former period were $82,500, and for the latter period $30,000; and now that these legacies are entirely gone the problem is still harder. It has been necessary to cope with shrinking receipts these past years to the extent of about $177,000.

IMMEDIATE NEEDS. In estimating the necessities of the work for the coming year we must remem­ ber that our work is constant, and that we are already six weeks into the new year. We must view the needs not simply from the standpoint of the churches by which our work is supported. The times can never be so perplexing here at home that we can rightly afford to act without hearing the voice of the mis­ sions. Their requests must be before us. In sending the estimates for their Voice of the work, estimates made with scrupulous care, in great detail, and with riissions. consideration of the retrenchments of the past year, they name as the lowest sum with which they can do their work effectively this coming year, $645,000. This sum is larger than the corresponding appropriations of last year by $65,000. Giving then fair consideration to the expenses of this year, some of which were unusual and not to be repeated, and the debt which rests upon the Board, and recalling again the fact that the Otis and Swett legacies are exhausted, we must have for the ensuing year, beyond a question, for the most economical and careful conduct of the work, $130,000 more than was at the disposal of the Committee last year. With this sum of money no new work can be begun, and no new missionaries can be appointed beyond imperative calls for filling vacan­ cies. Can this end be accomplished or have the churches reached their limit? We believe it can be done. We are not yet touched in the sources of our strength. We have been on a troubled sea, but the fountains of our wealth are not dried. Then, if there must be retrenchment for the time, it must not be in the means by which the gospel is given to men. Could we reach the pastors and leaders in all our churches and persuade them to a thorough and systematic plan for the collection for foreign missions, the needs would be supplied, and that with ease. It would be interesting to suggest the “ Old South ” plan, Old South Plan. t^at chUrch in Boston with marked success for fifty years. It is practicable in every congregation. There is made a full canvass of the congregation, a personal appeal by letter, an anticipatory prayer-meeting, a 22 Home Department. [Report,

vigorous discourse on the day of the collection, and then a careful watch for absentees. The whole movement is under the care of a wisely chosen commit­ tee, who keep the names of nine tenths of the contributors, and can thus antici­ pate from year to year the probable amount of the church’s gifts. Other churches have tried this method with good success. It is believed that such a method will enlarge the gifts and deepen the interest. It is a plan worth the trial in our churches. The immediate need goes further than money. “ Money and men ” has long been the cry of foreign missions. Money in order to send men, is the cry to-day. In Turkey, Africa, and China the appeal for reinforcements is Reinforcements. . , the cry of a need that cannot be put aside. It comes up to us from the ranks which have been broken in hard service, and from the lips of tried men and women who are the “ Heroes of the Orient,” and whose burdens have been made heavier because of the victories of the faith. It may be that with­ holding these reinforcements will give relief to the treasury, but at a fearful expense. It will cost that which wealth cannot buy — the spirit of consecration to missionary work among the youth, the fruits of the missionary toil, and the loss among those who are waiting the messengers of grace.

SPECIAL SUGGESTIONS. There have been whispers in the air that it were better to transfer or abandon a mission than to lqt the whole body of missions suffer; that it would be better to call in the outposts than to imperil the main line. These sayings seem plaus­ ible. We should, however, keep in mind certain facts. 1. Every mission is dear to the Board and its constituency. Around each of these missions have gathered a host of friends. They are the centres of circles of men and women interested in their prosperity and growth. The churches have learned to love them. From them multitudes have gained their missionary spirit. How widely this is true cannot be tabulated. Suppose we retire from Japan. It will cost us as many thousands of dollars to bring the missionaries home and support them till they can make adjustment of their changed conditions, as it does now to maintain. And then the lamentations ! from the missionaries and the thousands of their followers and the tens of thousands who feel and pray and labor for Japan and her sons and daughters, but one tenth of one per cent of whom have yet learned of the world’s Redeemer! Suppose we retire from Micronesia. The missionary spirit, born in the hearts of hundreds of thousands of the children in our churches in each of the last two generations, would receive a hurt which we cannot afford. Abandon any one of our missions ! There would be a little more money in our purses and a little less call for our sons and daughters, but it would stifle many a prayer that has lived in the soul for years ; it would turn back the tide of love, sunder the dearest Christian ties, and blot out many fairest hopes. We cannot afford such losses. It would dwarf the churches and shrivel their life. We cannot afford it. It would weaken the hold we have upon the general cause and influence adversely its appeals. 2. Every church of our order is a natural constituent of the Board. As was said last year: “ We cannot afford to be forgotten by one single church. We ought to be remembered by every one of its members.” It is for our churches, 1897.] Home Department. 23 which are fully committed to missionary work by a noble inheritance, to say whether this work shall stand still until our over-exhausted treasury is replen­ ished, or whether the very crisis shall be an inspiration, and the appeals of our missions abroad, coming to us as they do at a time when heaven is smiling upon our fields and industries, shall awaken a deep sympathy with the cause of missions and call forth such generous responses as shall enable our Committee to send the young men and women to the Lord’s battle and bid the missionary at the front to engage the preachers, establish the churches, reequip the schools, start the presses into operation, and prepare with new hope to canvass large regions with the message of life. It cannot be doubted that the ability of the churches is sufficient to do the work thus placed at their doors, and the doing of which will be as full of blessing to themselves as to the objects of their benevolence. The Prudential Committee cannot doubt that if this cause is brought home to the understanding, conscience, and heart of the churches, they will pray with great importunity that the prosperity which God is giving to our missions shall not be impeded, but rather that all the divine leadings shall be implicitly followed. When our churches shall be fully impressed with the obligations of this great work, and their souls inspired with all the grand and commanding motives which persuade to its performance, they will be eloquent in word and action. 2 4 West Central African Mission. [Report,

THE MISSIONS.

WEST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION.

BAILUNDU.— Wesley M. Stover, William E . Fay, Missionaries; Mrs. Annie M. Fay, Mrs. Marion M. Webster.

K a m u n d o n g o . — William H. Sanders, Frederick C. Wellman, M.D., Missionaries; Mrs. Sarah B. Sanders, Mrs. Lydia J. Wellman, Miss Louise B. Fay. CH ISAM BA. — Walter T . Currie, Missionary; Mrs. Amy J. Currie, Miss Margaret W . Melville, Miss Helen J. Melville. SAKANJIMBA. — Frank W . Read, Missionary; Mrs. Annie W . Read, Miss Rose A. Bovver, M.D., Physician. In this country. — Thomas W. Woodside, Missionary ; Mrs. Emma D. Woodside, Mrs. Bertha D. Stover. Four stations; 5 outstations; 7 missionaries, 1 a physician; 12 female assistant missionaries, 1 a physician; 9 native preachers; 3 churches : 77 members; 9 added on confession this year; 11 preach­ ing places; 540 average congregations; 350 Sunday-school pupils; 11 common schools: 335 pupils, of whom 127 are girls; native contributions, $15.00; number of pages printed, 168,500. Mr. and Mrs. Woodside, after nine years’ continuous labor, are taking a well- earned furlough in this country. Mr. Stover, thoroughly restored in health and strength, has returned to the mission, leaving Mrs. Stover another year for more complete recuperation. Mrs. Webster also has rejoined the mission. The mis­ sion force thus remains the same as last year, and the record of the year shows progress and more firm establishment, with a widening field and deeper in­ fluence. Bailundu, 1881. — The substitution of Portuguese colonial government for the rule of the native king, effected last year, is not yet accepted without efforts at revolt; but thus far no effective resistance has been offered, and the interests of peace and quiet are promoted by the new order. Mr. Fay, who has been in charge of the station during Mr. Stover’s absence, and has now been perma­ nently located here, reports a year of quiet and of happy progress in some re­ spects. A few of those who drew back from the church some years ago have returned, new voices are heard in prayer, and the schools have made a decided gain. Mr. Fay has begun the systematic exploration of the regions adjacent to the station, and finds abundant opportunities for evangelistic work along the usual caravan routes and in the villages. Preaching on the Sabbath, in which Cato, the native pastor, bears an active part, has been regularly maintained at the station and at Chilume, with increased congregations. Cato has also con­ ducted a Bible reading with the lads of the station on Sunday afternoons, with an average attendance of fifteen. The weekly prayer-meeting on Thursday evening has been well sustained; Mrs. Fay has also conducted a woman’s prayer-meeting Sunday afternoons. The Sunday-school shows increased attend­ ance and interest, averaging about 120 pupils. The schools, which were rather thinly attended at the beginning of the year, have steadily improved in numbers and spirit. The boys’ school, in two parts, with an average attendance of forty-Jive pupils, and the girls’ school, with an average attendance of thirty pupils, including no married women, have been under Dr. Bower’s care, as last year. In the school for the older boys, in addi­ 1897-] West Central African Mission. ^5 tion to reading, arithmetic, and writing, exercises in composition have been required, and seven of the number are studying English. Dr. Bower, the physician of the station, reports a greater number of calls than in any previous year, amounting to over 3,000. The calls from the Portuguese are constant, scarcely a week passing without several patients at the capital. Dr. Bower greatly needs a dispensary with a few rooms for patients ; she says : “ We might have many more patients had we a suitable home for them to stay in, and some one to assist in caring for them.” Kamundongo, 1886. — The coming of Dr. and Mrs. Wellman has been the marked event of the year in this station, and it has just been decided that this shall be their permanent location. The comfort of having associates, the ade­ quate satisfaction of calls for medical aid, and the happy enlargement of work, are some of the obvious blessings coming with this reinforcement. These new­ comers have given diligent attention to the study of the language, and have ad­ justed themselves with hearty good will to the new conditions around them. The usual religious services of the station have been regularly maintained with little of special interest to remark. Throughout the year a Sunday evan­ gelistic service has been held in the nearer villages, and a few evangelistic tours have been made to more distant points. The Sunday-school at the station has continued through the year, using the lessons prepared by Mr. Stover, beginning with the story of creation and ending with the entrance of Israel into Canaan. Two prayer-meetings have been held on Sunday, one in the afternoon for young women, led by Mrs. Sanders or Miss Fay, and one in the evening for the native Christians. While there is yet much to be desired in the way of life and growth in the little church, some of the members show a real deepening of the spiritual life. Three young men and two young women have been received to the church, who give good evidence of a genuine purpose to follow and obey their Lord. The boys’ school has enrolled forty-nine pupils, and for convenience has been taught in two divisions most of the year. The girls’ school has enrolled thirty- two pupils, and for a time a primary school was taught by Miss Fay. The self- help school has entered on some new lines which promise valuable results, train­ ing the young men in the use of tools and lumber and oxen, in addition to the regular instruction of the schools. Dr. Wellman reports a constantly increasing call for medical service, among the natives as well as among the Portuguese, and calls attention to the necessity of more suitable accommodations if this arm of the service is to be effective. He says : “ My patients have slept in my study, the dispensary, the storehouse, servants’ house, and the goat house, much to their inconvenience and our chagrin.” A few hundred dollars would provide the quarters needed and put a new face on the work. More than four thousand patients have received treat­ ment this year. A conviction is forming in the minds of the mission that this station could be removed to some other locality with advantage, and the question will receive thorough consideration. The mission press at Kamundongo has more than doubled the amount of work reported last year, issuing 2 Corinthians, Hebrews, and Revelation in one volume, 2 6 West Central African Mission. [Report, a revised edition of Mark and one of Matthew, and a re-translation of John; making in all 168,500 pages. There are now on hand ready for sale the follow­ ing volumes: Romans and 1 Corinthians, 290 copies; The Epistles, 364 copies; Acts, 280 copies; Luke, 134 copies; Psalms 1-51, 275 copies; Primer, 193 copies. Chisamba, 1888.— This station reports an uneventful year, with steadfast labor in wonted lines, enough success to inspire hope, enough of disappoint­ ment to moderate enthusiasm. Friendly relations with the natives and the colonists continue as heretofore, and the influence of the station reaches farther and farther every year. The little church has made steady progress, no case of discipline has oc­ curred, four have been added, making the present number thirty, and seven more are candidates for baptism. The church has met all its own expenses and sent fifteen dollars to the Armenian sufferers. The withdrawal of Ngulu, the beloved native pastor, in order to win his own family in Bailundu to Christ, has been a great loss to the church and to Mr. Currie, with whom he has lived as a son these eleven years. Morning worship has been conducted daily at the station by the native Christians, and evening prayers by Mr. Currie. The Sun­ day morning preaching service has been well maintained; and the Sunday-school has been greatly enlarged since the Clara Wilkes Currie Memorial schoolhouse was opened. A native Christian superintends the school, and most of the teachers are natives also, Mr. Currie conducting a teachers’ class for the prepa­ ration of the Sunday-school lesson. The young men of the station, two and two, have visited every group of villages within a radius of two days’ march from the station twice during the ,year, some of them many times, to tell the story of creation and redemption; and have made regular and full reports to Mr. Currie of what they have done and how they have been received. The congregations thus gathered vary from five to two hundred and fifty. Christian young men have gone to the coast with twelve caravans, to look after the sick and to gather the men for song and prayer and the reading of the gospel every evening. The schools have been, under the care of the Misses Melville, and are three in number, two for boys with fifty-four enrolled, and one for girls with twenty- four pupils. Irregularity of attendance is the greatest hindrance; but in spite of this, good progress has been made. The six oldest boys, who are engaged in preaching, have been placed under Mr. Currie’s direct instruction as a training class, and the change has been attended with great benefit. A kindergarten also has just been opened, with twenty-one in attendance. The calls for'medical service at this station are many, and the one ordained missionary in charge greatly needs an associate to relieve him of this work. A pledge of $500 has already been made by friends in Canada to provide a small hospital, and the churches there are seeking for a physician to take charge of it. By special arrangement Mr. Currie has kept a supply of the goods specially needed at this centre, where native products can be readily exchanged for money or goods; and thus the young men of the neighborhood are kept from going elsewhere for trade and held more easily within missionary influence. A self- help, or industrial, school has been maintained without cost to the mission, in I®97>] East Central African Mission. 2 7 which instruction has been given in carpentry and blacksmithing, and the further openings in this direction are most promising. The chief of Ciyuka has called for the services of these lads in building a schoolhouse, to be wholly paid for by himself and people, where a school is to be taught by some of Mr. Currie’s young men. Sakanjimba, 1893. — The health of the station has been good, while the chief of the region and many other natives have been carried off by the influ­ enza. Mr. Read has erected a substantial permanent house of adobe, 30 x 60, and containing eight rooms. A storehouse and several homes for the boys have also been built. In Mr. Woodside’s absence this station is to be under Mr. Read’s care, and Dr. Bower has been transferred thither from Bailundu. The regular religious services at the station on Sunday consist of a Sunday- school followed by a general public service in the forenoon, a catechumens’ class in the afternoon, and another public service in the evening. During the week there are morning and evening prayers with the lads, and a midweek prayer- meeting. A large camp near the station, occupied by caravans from various parts of Bailundu and other countries, numbering 200 and more, has given an excellent opportunity to scatter the good seed of the kingdom far and wide. Mr. Read has conducted regular evangelistic tours to a circle of outlying villages, accompanied sometimes by Mrs. Read and always by some native helpers, sometimes spending several days in one place; and the attention given has often been most encouraging. Schools have been opened at three groups of villages and continued for several weeks, with an average ailendance of thirty pupils. Mr. Woodside taught the boys’ school, with an attendance of thirty pupils, devoting special attention to the lads on the station, and securing better applica­ tion and more progress than heretofore. Mrs. Woodside has opened a school for girls, with twenty or more in attendance, and Mrs. Read has begun kinder­ garten work. Although no physician has hitherto resided at this station, the missionaries are constantly called upon to minister to physical suffering, and an effectual door for religious instruction is thus opened in many places. Dr. Bower will find an immediate and large demand for her professional services. The story of the year is not marked by striking experiences or unusual growth ; but it is bright everywhere with the presence and the blessing of God. The field widens, the truth deepens its hold, the precious fruit of faith and holiness multiplies year by year.

EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION.

MT. S i l i n d a .— Francis W . Bates, Missionary; William L. Thompson, M.D., Physician; Mrs. Laura H. Bates, Mrs. Mary E. Thompson, Miss H. J. Gilson. CHIKORE. — George A . Wilder, Missionary; Mrs. Alice C. Wilder. In this country. — Miss Nancy Jones. Two stations; 2 missionaries; 1 physician; 5 female assistant missionaries; 3 Zulu assistants; 1 native teacher; 3 other native helpers; 1 church: 16 members; 13 preaching places; 88 Sunday- school pupils; 1 boarding school: 2 pupils; 2 common schools: 122 pupils; total contributions, $46-50. 28 East Central African Mission. [Report,

The mission has been reinforced by the return of Mr. and Mrs. Bates, and by the arrival in the field of Miss Gilson. Mr. and Mrs. Bunker have been trans­ ferred to the Zulu Mission, and Miss Jones has come home for needed rest. Mr. Wilder’s health has been seriously impaired by excessive labors in building, and his work very much hindered thereby. Otherwise the health of the mission has been good, and the work has been prosecuted with steadiness and good results. The illness of Mr. Wilder, the diminution of the food supply, by reason of the locust plague and the severe drought, the delay in transport of goods and sup­ plies from the coast, due to the devastations of the rinderpest, and the rumors of war, have all laid special burdens upon the mission, and have interfered with the development of its field. On the other hand, the arrival of reinforcements, the erection of mission buildings, the formation of a native church, the faithful efforts of the Zulu helpers, and the manifest blessing of God upon all missionary efforts have made this a marked year in the mission’s history. Mt. Silinda, 1893.— Increasing friendliness on the part of the natives and growing confidence and respect on the part of the colonial neighbors are noted with great satisfaction. The natives conform more readily than heretofore to the requirements of life on the station, evidently appreciating the advantages to be derived from living near the missionaries, and applications are more frequently received from new families for permission to reside on the stations. As evidence of the better feeling on the part of the colonists, the case may be cited of a man of great influence, a near neighbor to the mission, who heretofore has forcibly prevented the evangelists from laboring among the people on his farm, but has now given full freedom for such labor and desires to have an evangelist on each of his farms. Evangelistic efforts, including public services and a Sunday-school, Christian Endeavor and biweekly meetings of the inquiry class, have been continued. The ladies of the station have given very valuable aid in the work of kraal visitation. The Zulu helpers have rendered efficient service and have much extended the missionary sphere of influence. The Sunday afternoon service at Mt. Silinda has been in charge of these helpers, and they have conducted the preaching services in eight outlying regions. Tours have also been made to the lowlands, a hundred miles away, and two months spent in earnest and wise work among the people there. During the year the gospel has been preached in twenty-four villages, sixty-nine services have been held, with a total attendance of 1,302 persons. These helpers need more thorough instruction, and for two months during the year classes have been held for their benefit in Bible study and in practical theology. An inquirers’ class, numbering fourteen, has been under the instruction of Mrs. Thompson. Constant use was made of the Bible in studying such topics as the claims of God, repentance, faith, Christian growth, Christian duty, and the work of the Holy Spirit. Toward the close of the year study was directed to the life of Christ. The majority of the class are thought to be real Christians, and the class is intended especially as a preparation for those who will unite with the church. The leading event in the history of the mission for the year was the organiza­ tion of the first church on this field, composed of sixteen members. The mis­ sion gave careful attention to the preparation of a confession of faith and a con­ ï 897-] East Central African Mission. 29 stitution for the church, and on January 10, 1897, the candidates, who had been most patiently examined and instructed in Christian truth and duty, were admitted to baptism and organized into a Christian church. Among this number were a representative of the Matabeles, lads from the mountains, young men from the lowlands, a son of a Zulu helper, and children of the American mis­ sionaries. The first contribution of this church, with a little aid from the mis­ sionaries, was eleven dollars. The church has chosen a clerk, a treasurer, and two deacons, and is fully pledged to self-support from the outset. Soon after Miss Gilson’s arrival a new schoolhouse was erected for her use. It is constructed of burned brick, is sixteen by twenty-eight feet, and eight feet high. The materials, except nails and hinges, were secured on the ground, and the total cost was $106. Of the fifty pupils nineteen came from kraals, one was a son of one of the Zulu evangelists, and the remaining thirty-five were living on the station. Chikore, 1895. — Mr. Wilder has been able to spend only a portion of the year at Chikore, partly on account of his health and partly because his services were needed in superintending the building operations at Mt. Silinda. The work at Chikore is very encouraging, and the Zulu helper stationed there has rendered faithful service. Evangelistic work has been carried on during the last part of the year with regularity and success under the direction in part of the resident missionary and in part of one of the Zulu helpers. On Sunday the regular services have been held, with a prayer-meeting in the morning, a noon preaching service at one of the five preaching places in the district, and in the afternoon public worship at the station. A weekly prayer-meeting was held on Thursday evenings. An inquirers’ class has been formed which is held every Monday. The wife of the Zulu helper has visited the neighboring kraals, gather­ ing the women and children for religious instruction. The chief in this region and his people are generally well disposed toward the mission, and the Zulu helper commands their respect and has gained their confidence in a high degree. Miss Jones came to Chikore in February and started a day school, enrolling forty pupils, and it seems evident that a much larger number can be gathered for regular attendance as soon as a permanent teacher can be found. One young man on the station has professed to have accepted Christ as his Saviour. Dur­ ing Mr. Wilder’s anticipated absence the coming year this station will be in the care of the Zulu helper, under the general supervision of the other missionaries. The urgent needs of the mission are two: regular and trustworthy means of transport for goods and supplies from their base at the seaport of JBeira; and the addition of an ordained missionary to take the place of Mr. Bunker, transferred to the Zulu Mission, and of a medical missionary to relieve Dr. Thompson, and suitably to guard the health of both stations. This new mission, in a neglected part of the Dark Continent, should receive special fostering care in these days of beginnings and hardships, and peculiarly appeals to the constituency of the Board for constant prayer, intelligent sympathy, and steadfast support. When its location and the circumstances attendant on its establishment and its as yet slender force are considered, and compared with like facts connected with the early development of any other one of the missions of the Board in Africa, its progress is remarkable and its success assured. 3 0 Zulu Mission. [Report,

ZULU MISSION.

AD AM S (Amanzimtote) . — Charles W. Kilbon, Missionary; Burt N. Bridgman, M .D., Physician; George B. Cowles, Jr., Teacher; Mrs. Orianna R. Ireland, Mrs. Mary B. Kilbon, Mrs. Esther H. Bridgman, Mrs. Amy B. Cowles, Miss Martha H. Pixley, Miss Laura C. Smith.

I f a f a . — Charles N. Ransom, Missionary; Mrs. Susan H. Ransom.

U m t w a l u m e . — GROUTVILLE ( Umvoti). — William C. Wilcox, Missionary ; Mrs. Ida C. Wilcox. Ma pu m u lo .— In charge of Mr. Wilcox. L lN D L E Y (In an da). — Stephen C. Pixley, Missionary; Mrs. Louisa M. Pixley, Mrs. M. K. Edwards, Miss Martha E. Price, Miss Fidelia Phelps. UMSUNDUZI. — James C. Dorward, Missionary ; Mrs. Florence H. Dorward. U m zum be. ------; Mrs. Laura B. Bridgman, Miss Alice F. Stillson.

E s i d u m b i n i . — Miss Gertrude R. Hance, Miss Laura M. Mellen. JOHANNESBURG. — Herbert D. Goodenough, Missionary ; Mrs. Caroline L. Goodenough. On the way. — Frederick B. Bridgman, Missionary ; Mrs. Clara D. Bridgman, Miss Hattie Clark. Ten stations; 20 out-stations; 8 missionaries; 1 physician; 1 teacher; 21 female assistant mission­ aries ; 6 native pastors; 15 other native preachers; 64 native teachers ; 216 other native helpers; 22 churches: 2,105 members, 281 received this year; 199 preaching places: average congregations, 8,896; 1,876 Sunday-school pupils; 1 theological school: 12 students; 1 boys’ high school: 53 students; 2 girls’ boarding schools: 210 pupils; 41 common schools: 1,950 pupils, 1,044 of them girls; whole number under instruction, 2,426; 1 hospital: 46 patients; 1 dispensary: 2,200 treat­ ments; native contributions, $4,281.70. The death of Rev. H. M. Bridgman, thirty-seven years in the field and sin­ cerely loved by his associates and native brethren, the withdrawal of Miss Bigelow, the return of Mrs. Dorward from the United States, the death by drowning of Mr. Harris shortly after his return from a furlough in Scotland, and the sailing of Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B. Bridgman and Miss Hattie Clark to join the mission, constitute the changes in the force during the year. Mr. Bridgman is the third member of his family to join the mission and help to carry on the work to which his parents joyfully gave their lives more than a generation ago. The marked event of the year is a thoroughgoing and fruitful revival, which has visited the entire mission and is the refrain of the reports from all the stations and from all the schools. This gracious refreshing seemed to come in direct answer to prayer, and its influence was felt at many different points at the same time. It has been characterized, above all previous experiences of the same kind, by deep and lasting convictions of sin, by open and full confession of sin on the part of church members as well as of the new converts, and by restitution where that was possible. Evangelists from outside the mission have labored in great harmony and with good effect by the side of the missionaries and native Christians. Meetings for prayer and confession have often been protracted for hours, sometimes have lasted all night long; and while in some instances excited feeling has gone beyond sober limits, the missionaries all testify with one voice to the thoroughness and seeming permanence of the changes wrought. Apparently a new stage has been reached in the religious life of the native churches; the transforming and moulding power of the gospel has gained a new demonstration. THE STATIONS. Umzumbe, 1861.— Mr. Bridgman continued in charge of the station until August of last year, when, on account of failing health, he removed to Adams, 1897-] Zulu Mission. 31 and within a few days passed away. Before leaving he had the gTeat satisfaction of seeing the church provided with a native pastor and of assisting in his installa­ tion. Since her husband’s death Mrs. Bridgman has remained in the home of her son, Dr. Bridgman, at Adams, and the affairs of the station have been under the general supervision of the ladies in charge of Umzumbe Home. An increased sale of Zulu Bibles, Testaments, and hymn books is remarked, a cheering token of the genuineness of the remarkable movement that visited the station and school. Umtwalume, 1857. — This station and the two following, under the care of Mr. Harris, during his absence on furlough have been under the supervision of the missionaries at Adams, and are reported by Mr. Bunker. The revival at this point affected the young people especially, and was marked by an immediate reform from evil habits and customs. The church membership is 260; eighty- five have been received on confession of faith during the year, and forty-eight children have been baptized. The church has raised twenty-eight pounds ster­ ling during the year. Fourteen out-stations or preaching places are served by eighteen local preachers. I f afa, 1848. — The church at this station, though without a native pastor, has shared in the blessing of the year, and many of the heathen people are giving up their customs and accepting the gospel. The blind preacher Johannes and some young Christians from the church at Umtwalume have been very useful here. There are fifty-eight members in the church ; fifteen have been received during the year, and eleven children have been baptized. The church contributions have amounted to twelve pounds sterling. Amahlongwa, 1848. — There has been a great revival work in the church and in the region round about. Three out-stations are served by five local preachers, and Simon, the native pastor, has rendered most valuable service. There are at present 156 members in the church ; twenty have been received during the year, and several have been excluded; twelve children have been baptized. The chapel is too small for the regular congregations, which number from 130 to 150 ; there is an attendance of forty on the weekly prayer-meeting. The collections of the year amount to a little more than twelve pofinds sterling. Adams, 1837. — This is the oldest station, having been established the second year after the mission was opened, and having had a continuous life of sixty years. This station has been deeply stirred by revival influences, with striking results in the boys’ boarding school and in all the out-stations, including Durban and Imfurae. The station rejoices in the visits of Mr. and Mrs. L. D. Wishard, of the Y. M. C. A., of Dr. Clark, of the Endeavor Society, and of representa­ tives from neighboring missions, and asks earnestly for a visit from their Secre­ tary at the Rooms in Boston. Seventeen have united with the church this year, and there has been a gain in readiness for evangelistic work and in regularity of attendance on Sunday-school and prayer-meeting. The collections in the Sunday-school have also been larger and more regular, with many new givers ; an infant class of from forty to sixty children has been well maintained. Various meetings for the training of native helpers and the edification of believers and the promotion of reforms have been maintained with good results. 32 Zulu Mission. [Report,

The church at Durban pays all its own expenses, is gathering a building fund for a new church edifice, and in many ways is making itself felt for good in the city. It has shared fully in the awakening of the year. Good progress is also reported at most of the other out-stations and preaching places. t Dangers, subtle, strong, and various, attend this great spiritual awakening, and call for ceaseless effort and prayer. There are also great encouragements which refresh the missionaries’ hearts and kindle anew their zeal. No such missionary opportunity as the present has been known in the history of the Zulu Mission. It is the time for prompt, courageous advance. Inanda, 1847.— One of the most interesting features of the annual mission meeting was the special ^observance of Mr. Pixley’s sixty-eighth birthday, June 23, 1897, marking forty-two years of service in the field. A minute expressing the love and congratulations of associates was adopted, and a hymn composed for the occasion was sung. No small part of Mr. Pixley’s duties during the year has been the oversight of the erection of the Lucy Lindley Hall, for the uses of Inanda Seminary, made possible by the generous gift of the Misses Stokes, of New York. This station also has been visited and richly blessed by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit in converting and sanctifying power. The church at Inanda was organized in 1848, one of the first in the mission. Of the nine members at that time three have died within the year. One of them, Dalita Dub6, was the mother of James Dube, for seven years native pastor of the church at Inanda; and of her and of John Mavuma, once Chaka’s cup­ bearer, Mr. Pixley says: “ We have yet to learn that either of them during the past fifty years ever wandered far from their Lord; their record is absolutely clean.” The third of those original members was Joel Hawes, father of Benja­ min Hawes, one of the valued native pastors who has died this year. The church has grown from nine to three hundred and fifty members, twenty-nine of whom have been received this year. Two out-stations have enough members living on them to warrant the organization of separate churches with their own pastors. Mr. Pixley mentions three features of the recent revival which seem to him to mark it as genuine and from God : an increased interest in praying for the out­ pouring of the Holy Spirit; wonderful confession of sins and forsaking of evil habits; the waking up of the church to a new sense of responsibility to work for the salvation of others. Despite some extravagances, and underneath them all, are to be noted the moving and work of the Holy Spirit, proving the work to be from God. Umsunduzi, 1847. — Mr. Dorward was greatly cheered by the return of Mrs. Dorward in improved health, and reports a prosperous year in the station. Though the numbers received to the church have not been large, there has been a wide and deep awakening of spiritual life on the station and in the regions about. The church has shown growth, in larger contributions, more faithful and w illin g Christian service, and improved attendance on regular religious services. The church at Noodsberg has maintained its activity and interest notwithstand­ ing the death of its faithful pastor, and proves its sincerity by a contribution of nearly forty-eight pounds toward the new chinch building, and of over ten pounds 1897.] Zulu Mission. 33 to the Home Missionary fund. The membership is now eighty-five, of whom iifty-eight are women. The church at Itafamasi also mourns the death of its pastor, Benjamin Hawes, who for thirty-three years has had charge of this field. The revival has visited this church and its influence was deeply felt. Of the thirty-one received on confession during the year twenty-eight were women. The church has practi­ cally raised the sixty-six pounds needed for the erection of a new church building. Groutville, 1844. — The report of Mr. Wilcox, in charge of this station and of Mapumulo, is one of devout rejoicing over the great spiritual blessing that has come to this people. He says : “ The year has been the most fruitful one I have ever known in the mission field. There has been such a revival, beginning at Mapumulo, as has gone beyond anything I have ever seen among the Zulus or even among white people.” The work at Groutville began after that at Mapu­ mulo, and was closely connected with it. A band of young Christians from Mapumulo, along with the lay preacher whose labors had been greatly blessed there, came to Groutville and remained several days ; and immediately a power­ ful revival influence was felt, and men and women began to confess their sins and consecrate themselves anew. A division concerning the native pastor was happily healed. The good work extended from this point to Zululand, with like deep impression and happy fruits. At Mapumulo it had seemed impossible a year since to secure action in favor of calling and supporting a native pastor, such were the mutual jealousies and personal antagonisms in the church. After the revival had been in progress awhile the matter of choosing a pastor was taken up again; and while all were in prayer for guidance, each man, as his mind was made up, came up to Mr. Wilcox and gave him the name of his choice. Within fifteen minutes after the voting began a unanimous choice was made of the one best fitted for the post. A controversy in the Groutville church was quickly and happily settled in the same way. Contributions have largely increased; nearly a hundred have been added to the two churches; attendance on the regular religious meetings has been greatly increased; and, in spite of some darker aspects, the situation is most cheering and the outlook full of promise. Esidumbini, 1863. — This station was visited by revival influences, with a great reformation among church members and the conversion of a goodly num­ ber on the station and in the out-stations. Interest in the study of the Bible has been increased; the inquirers’ class, led by Miss Hance, has grown to more than a hundred, and evil customs and habits have been broken up. Only six have yet been received to the church, and five children have been baptized. The native pastor, whose ordination was reported last year, has rendered faithful service and has proved a useful leader in evangelistic efforts. The people pro­ vide his entire salary. In February a band of Christian workers was formed, to hold meetings in the native villages, and this effort has been followed by favor­ able results. Johannesburg, 1893. — This is the last station to be opened in the mission, and the work presents peculiar aspects due to the fact that the people here are, as a rule, away from their homes, residing here temporarily, and are earning wages quite beyond what is customary in Natal. Christian work at this point, 34 Zulu Mission. [Report, where men and boys from many tribes, near and distant, congregate, finds both unusual obstacles and unusual facilities. The influence of a church here must reach further than that of any other church in the mission. Difficulties of a peculiar kind have pressed upon this work, but have yielded to wise treatment. Much progress is reported, notwithstanding a certain jealousy of the mission and of the missionary on the part of some of the native brethren, which has occa­ sioned some anxiety in the course of the year. At Johannesburg there is a chapel, preacher’s home, and a classroom, all costing about ^400 sterling, and worth twice that amount, built and paid for without cost to the Board, and all are in constant use. The native agency con­ sists of a preacher and a teacher, both graduates of the schools at ^.dams. A day school, with forty pupils, is supported by the wife of the American Consul, and an evening school for pupils is also sustained. A chapel capable of holding 150, costing ;£i6o, has been erected upon a stand at Elandsfontein. eight miles away, the cost of the stand and the chapel being raised on the ground. Mrs. Goodenough assists in the work at many points, and during the past year has been engaged in the translation of Christian books for the people.

THE MISSION SCHOOLS. The day schools, under the supervision of missionaries, but taught by native Christian teachers, form no inconsiderable part of the evangelizing agencies of the mission. The Bible is the leading text-book in them all, preaching services are often held at these centres, and lasting impressions are made in favor of the Christian life. They number forty-one, have 1,950 pupils, of whom 1,104 are girls, and they furnish a goodly number of candidates for the higher schools and for membership in the churches. Amanzimtote Seminary. — This is the high school for boys, under the princi- palship of Mr. Cowles, and prepares men for the theological classes and for posts as teachers in mission schools. Fifty-three pupils have been in attendance the past year, and unusually good progress has been made. The religious life of the Seminary has been greatly deepened and enriched, and nearly every student gives evidence of the purpose to live a Christian life. Inanda Seminary. — This has been the twenty-eighth year in the life of this institution, and it has been especially marked in two ways. In the first place a noble addition to the buildings occupied by the Seminary has been made in the erection of the Lucy Lindley Hall, the money for which was given by the Misses Stokes, of New York, in honor of their beloved friend, Mrs. Lindley, one of the pioneers in this mission. This building furnishes room for a larger number of students and a more comfortable home for their teachers. In the second place, the great revival visited the Seminary and wrought a wonderful and lasting trans­ formation in its religious life. Nothing could have brought such a blessing as this awakening, and the fruits of it may be looked for in scores of homes and villages through many years to come. There is an unusual and interesting combination of mental, industrial, and spiritual training in this school; each class spends half of both morning and afternoon in lessons, and the other half in the laundry, sewing room, garden, or *8970 Zulu Mission. 35 in general housework. Daily lessons are given in the Bible to every student, and all attend two services on the Sabbath and daily prayers. The attendance has been 175, more than twice as many as were reported nine years since. There has not been a single case of serious illness during the year, — an unusual record. The number of kraal girls flocking to the Seminary to be taught, clothed, fed, and fitted for something nobler than the hated polygamous marriages to which their fathers destined them, has been unusually great; and it has been most grateful to observe how generously the more favored girls in the Seminary have given of their small means to aid their more needy and unfortunate sisters in their determined escape from heathenism. The Umzumbe Home. — The attendants at this school, seventy in number, have tested the capacity of the building to the utmost. Good health has been enjoyed throughout the year, and good progress made in studies. The govern­ ment inspector in his report says : “ The Umzumbe Home School is fairly entitled to retain the high position it took last year. The girls are respectful, well behaved, and intelligent, and for a great deal of their work deserving of credit, especially the industrial work, which was unusually good.” The revival here also was thoroughgoing, and its results seem permanent. For many weeks hearts were searched, hidden sins brought to light and put away, consecration deepened, and there were many genuine conversions. The girls were eager to go out to the villages and tell the story of the gospel, and persuade their own people to turn to Christ. A practical proof of their sincerity is the contribution of seven pounds and a half to the home church, besides a thank- offering for this great blessing in their own hearts. The death of Mr. Bridgman is a severe loss to this school, which he did so much to found and foster to its present numbers and success. The Ireland Home. — This school for the kraal girls flocking to Adams, opened under Mrs. Ireland’s care a few years since, has had a year of good success. Sixty-five girls have been in attendance, and Mrs. Ireland notices an unusual thoughtfulness and devotion to study this year. A better schoolroom is greatly needed, and some one to relieve Mrs. Ireland, who needs a furlough at once. Mrs. Ireland says : “ I would love to stay in this work. But I feel sure there are others who can do far better work than I have done; I do not believe they will love it any better.” The Theological Seminary. — In Mr. Kilbon’s absence the Seminary has been under the care and instruction of Mr. Ransom, assisted by Mr. Bunker, and Mrs. Bunker has rendered valuable service in teaching the wives of the students how to keep a home and be a help to their husbands. Twelve students have been instructed in the historical facts and doctrinal teachings of the Old and New Testaments and in the practical duties of the Christian life. For professional training the men have had special fields where they have preached and taught classes in Sunday-schools. A more earnest spirit than in previous years has marked the work, and the students have shared in the religious quickening of the year. Two of the students are eager for mission work in the East African Mission. 36 European Turkey Mission. [Report,

THE MEDICAL WORK. The withdrawal of Dr. Nembula, the native assistant, has been a serious loss to the medical arm of the service, confining Dr. Bridgman to Adams and prevent­ ing any present enlargement of the work. The dispensary has been open through the year, and the number of recorded treatments is 2,200, a little less than those of last year. The hospital, with its three rooms and kitchen, has been an inestimable help, and for the present answers every purpose. During the year forty-six cases have been treated in the hospital, averaging over eleven days each. The need of a second qualified man is evident, if the work is to be pushed and carried out over the whole mission. Two men in such a work can accomplish three or four times as much as one. The services of a native helper, who, in addition to serving as janitor, assistant chemist, and physician, acts also as spiritual adviser of the patients, have been of great value. Many leave with a changed attitude toward Christianity, and some have shown great personal inter­ est and concern. The general letter from the mission in its review of the year mentions some perplexing problems which demand the serious attention of the mission. Among them is a growing and pronounced spirit of independence among the natives, which leads them to question the leadership and influence of the missionaries and to aspire to the control of the Christian interests of the field. This is no new thing on mission ground, and it betokens an advanced sense of personal dignity and responsibility which is to be desired. The mission is prepared to recognize the advanced position of the native churches and leaders, and to modify its policy to meet the changed conditions, looking onward to the time when self-supporting and self-directing and self-propagating churches shall be equal to all the Christian needs of the field.

EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION.

C onstantinople . — Elias Riggs, D.D., LL.D., Robert Thomson, Ordained; Mrs. Agnes C. Thomson.

M o n a s t i r . — Lewis Bond, Ordained; Mrs. Fannie G. Bond, Miss Harriet L. Cole, Miss Mary L. Matthews.

P hilippopolis . — Vacant.

S a m o k o v . — James F. Clarke, d .d ., Henry C. Haskell, D.D., Frederick L. Kingsbury, M.D., William P. Clarke, Ordained; Mrs. Margaret B. Haskell, Mrs. L. L. Kingsbury, Miss Esther B. Maltbie, Miss Mary M. Haskell.

S a l o n i c a . — J. Henry House, D.D., Edwin B. Haskell, Ordained; Mrs. Abbie S. House, Mrs. Martha H. Haskell. On the way out.— George D. Marsh, Ordained; Mrs. Ursula C. Marsh. In this country. — John W . Baird, Mrs. Ellen R. Baird, Miss Ellen M. Stone. Five stations; 45 out-stations; 11 ordained missionaries, 1 a physician; 14 female assistant mission­ aries; 13 pastors; 14 preachers; 53 teachers and helpers; 14 churches: 1,058 members, 66 received on confession of faith during the year; a collegiate institute, with 41 pupils; 2 girls' high schools, with 87 pupils; 17 common schools, with 380 pupils; whole number under instruction, 573; pages printed, 1,529,904; contributions from the people, $6,031. Mr. and Mrs. Marsh, after a year in this country, are returning to the mission. Mr. Baird during the winter remained at Bitlis assisting Mr. Cole, but returned to liis mission in the spring. He and Mrs. Baird came to the United States for 1897.] European Turkey Mission. 37 a well-earned furlough after twelve years of continuous service. Dr. and Mrs. Clarke have remained at Philippopolis during the greater part of the year to carry on the work in the absence of Mr. and Mrs. Marsh. Of the five stations of this mission, three are in Turkey and two in Bulgaria. The three stations in Turkey have been subject to all the uncertainty, hardship, and danger of riots, massacre, and war. Constantinople, which is the headquar­ ters for the publication work of the mission, has been in a chronic state of uncer­ tainty and disturbance during the year, and after war was declared between Turkey and Greece in the spring, Salonica was an important military post upon the Turkish side, and Monastir occupied an uncertain position between the Bulga­ rians, the Albanians, the Greeks, and the Turks, in case the troubles should extend to the north. During all the trouble the missionaries remained at their stations and none of them were disturbed. The Turkish soldiers and officials have been very orderly in all their movements, few acts of depredation being charged to them by the missionaries. Constantinople. — This is the headquarters for the publication work of the mission. Here Dr. Riggs, in his sixty-fifth year of service as missionary of the Board, has vigorously pushed work on a Commentary in Bulgarian. During the year there have been printed of the weekly Zjrnitza 239,904 pages, Volume II of the New Testament Commentary, 512,000 pages, and a pocket edition of hymn book, 448,000 pages — a total of 1,199,904 pages. Owing to the lack of means to continue the printing of the Zornitza at Constantinople, the paper was stopped with the last issue of the year, with the hope that it will be resumed in the beginning of 1898 in some town in Bulgaria. This suspension will necessarily be a loss to the subscription lists and prestige of the paper, but no other course seemed open. It is hoped that publication in Bulgaria can be carried on at less expense and without the annoyances of Turkish censors, but the subscribers in Macedonia will be sacrificed, as the paper will not be permitted to circulate among the Bulgarians in Turkey. This periodical has reached reg­ ularly from 4,000 to 5,000 readers weekly, and has been a great civilizing and evangelizing force among the Bulgarians. Samokov. — This is the educational centre of the mission, with its Collegiate and Theological Institute and its Girls’ Boarding School. The church has suf­ fered because of the lack of a permanent pastor. Why does not some educated Bulgarian, trained in this country and consecrated to the service of the Master, return and help this important church in its crying need ? It is a rare opportu­ nity to reach the young men who are there under training, both in our own schools and in government schools. This is one of the most important congre­ gations in the mission, and the man for that church, with the money to support him, should be forthcoming at once. In the city the average congregations were 202. The attendance at Sunday- school was nearly 200. The diminution in the average congregations is mainly due to the fluctuation in attendance from the National Theological Seminary. Its principal was offended at some plain truths printed by the Bulgarian Evangel­ ical Society in a tract which was circulated in the city last fall. Eleven from our two schools were received to church membership on confession. In Kenstendil, a city of over 10,000 people, about forty miles west of Samo- [Report, 38 European Turkey Mission. kov, there has been an average congregation of about twenty-five. The people have paid freely for the support of the gospel among them. In Sophia the work for years has been encouraging. It is in some respects more so this year than last. The average Sunday morning congregations have increased from 238 to 268, the evening congregations from 181 to 236, the prayer-meetings from 139 to 182. About twenty members of the church and community pay two francs each a month for the support of an earnest city mis­ sionary and colporter. In two months he sold forty-one Bibles, fifty parts of Bibles, and more than 1,000 tracts. Profitable religious meetings for young men are held every Sunday at 3 p.m . in the new building o f the Bulgarian Evangelical Society, near the centre of the city. This church is making heroic effort to become entirely self-supporting. In the Collegiate and Theological Institute at Samokov the number of stu­ dents enrolled has been fifty, of whom four have left. There was no fifth or sixth class last year, and hence this year the six and seventh classes are wanting. The four students in last year’s seventh, or Theological Class, are all at work as preachers of the gospel, and seem to be useful laborers. The influence of the school is not confined to Bulgaria and Macedonia, as one of the above four is at work in Albania among his own people. This school has close relations to the evangelization of Bulgaria. It is of the utmost importance that it be better sus­ tained financially. It can never do the work necessary in the preparation of a native ministry until it is endowed to some extent, so as to allow it to lay out a more liberal course of study and furnish a better training for its students. The Girls’ Boarding School has had eighty-four pupils, of whom forty-three are boarders; thirty-five are in the primary department. Fifty-three of the pupils are from Protestant families, twenty-one are from Pravo-Slav families, and ten are Jews. An unusual feature of interest has been the decided step taken by three strong Pravo-Slav girls to come out and follow Christ at any cost. Five have made application to join the church. The school, under the efficient care of Miss Maltbie, has done excellent work during the year. The industrial or self-help work, under the care of Dr. Kingsbury, has been maintained, in spite of the crying need for better financial support. Philippopolis. — This is a large station with many flourishing out-stations dependent upon it. Dr. and Mrs. Clarke have taken charge here during the absence of Mr. and Mrs. Marsh in the United States. In the city church, which is sadly in need of a new building, a larger amount than in previous years has been given by the people for the support of their pastor and school. We have aided them very little for these objects, while in previous years they have received considerable assistance from the missionaries. The attendance on the Sabbath morning services has averaged 172 ; on the Sabbath-school, 111. Nine persons have united with the church on confession. The weekly prayer-meetingSj women’s prayer-meetings, and Benevolent and Temperance Societies have been fairly sustained. A special interest attended the coming of Armenian refugees to Philippopolis. Among them are quite a number of Protestants. Pastor Sichanoff made arrangements for some union services, and separate Sabbath and week-day prayer-meetings have been sustained by themselves, with lay preaching in Armenian or Turkish. 1897.] European Turkey Mission. 39 There are many encouraging features connected with the out-stations, where attendance has been unusually good. Many places were greatly refreshed by the observance of the Week of Prayer. The Bible-women and teachers’ work is highly spoken of. The two traveling colporters have repeatedly visited all places in their field, selling 1,170 copies of the Scriptures and 1,282 copies of mission books. Dr. Clarke gave about a month and a half of his time to relief work for the refugee Armenians who fled in great numbers from Constantinople to Bul­ garia. In this connection the following extract from Dr. Clarke’s report in regard to Miss Katherine B. Fraser will not be out of place : “ While on her way to America from her work under the American Board in Van, she was called to Marseilles by Lady Somerset and Miss Frances Willard, to assist them in aiding Armenian refugees who were stranded there, and later was sent to Bulgaria by Prof. J. Rendel Harris, of Oxford, England, who had obtained permission of our Board to work in Bulgaria. Passing through Philippopolis to Varna, she reached that place on Wednesday, November 4, when relief work was hardly begun, and there was great need of a guiding head and hand, enrolled the refugees and, by the desire of and with the hearty cooperation of the Armenian Committee and the English Consul, Mr. Brophy, took the charge of the whole work. Two of those who have seen her work, both of the Society of Friends, write, ‘ She is doing a man’s work with more than the capability of a man.’ A wonderful work. She has all under her care. They have 6,000 on their relief list, two good schools, two rooms of women doing fancy work (seventy-five in one room ); she superintends the ‘ Westminster Fund,’ works for the Harris Fund and the Friends, has two doctors, and sees a little to Mr. Adams’ three factories, where 100 men are working. Far more might be said, but thus much seems due to Miss Fraser, because I have seen and known of the work she is so efficiently doing in Bulgaria.” Miss Fraser completed h.er relief work in the summer just passed. Monastir. — During the greater part of the year under review Mr. Baird was in Bitlis, Eastern Turkey, aiding Mr. Cole, who was left there alone. Owing to the absence of Mr. Baird and the unsettled condition of the country, Mr. Bond and the ladies have been able to do but little touring. Hitherto the church at Monastir has paid nothing for preaching, but this year they pay £ T. 12 to their acting pastor, Mr. Bond, which is not to be regarded by him as salary, but to be used by him at his own discretion in mission work. The church is active through its societies, one of which is a Woman’s Christian Endeavor Society. Amid all the political agitations of the year the city was never more peaceful. Thousands of soldiers passed through the city for the front, but were exceedingly orderly, almost without exception. The Girls’ Boarding School has been under the efficient care of Miss Cole and Miss Matthews. During the year twenty-four pupils have been in attendance in the main school and ten in the primary department. Of the four day pupils in the main school only one is a boy. Of the ten in the primary school, five are boys. Of the twenty-four pupils, nine are in the classes, and the remaining fifteen scattered through the four preparatory grades. There has been an increase in the matter of self-support. Nine of the twenty boarders are church members. The Christian Endeavor Society of the school, under the superintendence of 4 0 Western Turkey Mission. [Report,

Miss Matthews, has ten active and eight associate members. All the officers are pupils, and all who are church members take their turns in leading the meetings, which are well sustained. Salonica. — This is the youngest station of the mission, having been occupied only two years. The year has been one of progress and spiritual growth. Even during the heat of a Salonica summer the meetings were kept up without inter­ mission and with considerable interest. The average congregation has' been twenty as against eleven reported last year. The first communicants on con­ fession of their faith were received on October 25, and were three in number. Four more were received on April 18. During the stay of the British fleet here in the autumn of 1896, daily meetings were held, in which a deep spiritual interest was developed. Some ten or more sailors, we hope, were brought to Christ, as well as several Bulgarians. The attendance and interest in our devotional meetings have increased, and the influence of this awakening has been felt, as will be seen in other places. The contributions of our native friends here have risen from 100 piastres last year to 509 this year. A catechetical class has been kept up at intervals during the year. The city has been much disturbed by its proximity to the Graeco-Turkish war. Notwithstanding this and other hindrances, the evangelistic work in the surround­ ing country has been pushed. Mr. Haskell spent sixty-seven days in touring, arid Dr. House ninety-five. Native evangelists devoted some 300 days to the same work. Four colporters have been engaged in circulating the Scriptures and other religious literature for the whole or parts of the year. Special efforts have been made to impress upon these men that they are not simply booksellers but evangelists, and the selection of the men has been made with special reference

to character fitted for such work. More than 1 2 0 towns and villages have been visited by these men, and their reports of work done and of new inquirers in places not yet visited by missionaries are often “ of exceeding interest.” This field includes a district with about 2,000,000 inhabitants. Work has already been begun at twenty-one centres, while new followers or inquirers are reported in at least seven other places. This entire mission field is left almost entirely to our Board to evangelize. The possibilities are great, but the means much limited.

WESTERN TURKEY MISSION.

LITERARY DEPARTMENT FOR THE THREE MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY.

CONSTANTINOPLE. — Henry O. Dwight, LL.D., George F. Herrick, D.D., Missionaries ; Mrs. Helen M. Herrick. GENERAL MISSIONARY WORK.

Brousa.— Theodore A. Baldwin, Missionary ; Mrs. Matilda J. Baldwin.

C e s a r e a . — James L. Fowle, Henry K. Wingate, Missionaries; Mrs. Jane C . Wingate, Miss Sarah A. Closson, Miss Fannie E. Burrage, Miss Cora A. Nason, Mrs. Laura T. Seelye.

C onstantinople . — Joseph K . Greene, D.D., Missionary; William W . Peet, Treasurer and Busi­ ness Agent; Mrs. Mathilde M. Greene, Mrs. Martha H. Peet, Mrs. F. M. Newell, Miss Anna B. Jones, Mrs. Etta D. Marden,*Miss Martha J. Gleason, Miss Johanna Zimmer, Miss Annie M. Barker, Miss Phoebe L. Cull. Residing at Bardezag. — Robert Chambers, D.D., Missionary ; Mrs. Elizabeth L. Chambers. I^97-] Western Turkey Mission. 4 1

Residing at Adabazar.— Miss Laura Famham, Miss Marlon Sheldon, Miss Susan C. Hyde. Teachers in the American College fo r Girls. — Miss Mary M. Patrick, Miss Flora A.Fensham, Miss Isabella F. Dodd, Miss Ida W . Prime, Miss Harriet G. Powers. M arsovan. — Charles C. Tracy, D.D., Edward Riggs, George E. White, Missionaries ; Mrs. Myra P. Tracy, Mrs. Sarah H. Riggs, Mrs. Esther D. White, Miss Frances C. Gage, Miss Susan D. Riggs, Miss Charlotte R. Willard. SlVAS. — Albert W . Hubbard, Henry T . Perry, Missionaries ; Mrs. Emily R. Hubbard, Mrs. Mary E . Perry, Miss Mary E. Brewer.

SMYRNA.— James P. McNaughton, Alexander MacLachlan, Missionaries; Mrs. Rebecca G. McNaughton, Mrs. Rosa B. MacLachlan, Miss Emily S. McCallum, Miss Florence E. Griswold, Miss Ilse C. Pohl, Miss Isabel Saunders, Miss Ida Mellinger.

TREBIZOND. — Moses P. Parmelee, M.D., Missionary ; Mrs. Julia F. Parmelee.

On the way. — Wilson A. Farnsworth, D.D., William S. Dodd, M.D., Missionaries; Thomas S. Car­ rington, M.D., Physician; Mrs. Caroline E. Farnsworth, Mrs. Mary L. Dodd, Mrs. Phebe W . Carring­ ton, Miss Minnie B. Mills. In this country.— Lyman Bartlett, Henry S. Barnum, Lyndon S. Crawford, Missionaries; Mrs. Helen B. Barnum, Mrs. Olive T . Crawford, Mrs. Sarah E. Smith, Mrs. Catherine J. Parsons, Mrs. Caroline P. Fowle, Miss Susan H. Olmstead, Miss Nellie S. Bartlett. Three honored members of this mission have died within the year : Dr. Petti- bone, after forty-two years’ service ; Mrs. Bliss, fifty-four years in the field ; and Miss Fritcher, who entered the service thirty-four years since. Mrs. Parsons has Retired from service; Mr. and Mrs. Barnum and Mrs. Fowle are in this country for change and rest; Miss Chambers has been transferred to the Central Turkey Mission; Dr. and Mrs. Farnsworth, Dr. and Mrs. Dodd, Dr. and Mrs. Parmelee, and Miss Jones have rejoined the mission, and Dr. and Mrs. Carrington have gone out for the first time. Since the last report was written two serious disturbances have visited this field; a violent and bloody outbreak in Constantinople in August of last year, lasting three days, and ending abruptly at the peremptory demand of the embas­ sies, and a short-lived massacre at Tocat later in the year. Aside from these there has been a generally prevalent quiet, with the gradual resumption of usual business and intercourse. The wounds left by last year’s massacres and robbery have been slowly healing, though in several places the suffering has been quite as great as in the previous year. Relief work has been continued a large part of the year; care for the orphans left by the massacres has absorbed no little of the time and strength of the missionary force; and the volume of business accumu­ lated at Constantinople and coming upon the treasurer of the mission has more than doubled the usual duties of this office. The generous gifts that have come from well-nigh every European state for the relief of the sufferers by massacre, and for the care of the orphans, distributed in part by special representatives, but usually by the missionaries, are gratefully acknowledged and have revealed the essential unity of the civilized world in a most pleasing and impressive way. The marked feature of the work in this field, uniform amid all the variety of outward conditions, is the greater accessibility of the whole Armenian nation, the increased fruitfulness of Christian labor, a stronger and more widely diffused desire for evangelical teaching and for the privileges of mission schools. It is the day of supreme opportunity, for which we have prayed and labored so long. God grant that we be not compelled, for the simple lack of financial support, to leave unreaped the precious harvest of so many labors and years. 4 2 Western Turkey Mission. [Report,

In spite of energetic efforts to secure a different result, we are obliged to repeat the statement of last year’s report on the same subject: “ The demand for in­ demnity for losses incurred at Harpoot and Marash, amounting in all to $100,000, was promptly presented to the Porte and urgently pressed, unhappily as yet without result.” The changed conditions at Constantinople, and the arrival of Dr. Angell, the new United States Minister to the Porte, may reasonably be expected to secure early and satisfactory action in regard to this claim and all other material questions at issue between our government and Turkey. It is a pleas­ ure to repeat former acknowledgments to the diplomatic and consular representa­ tives of our own and of other governments, especially of England, for their efforts in behalf of our missionary interests.

THE STATIONS.

Brousa, 1848. — In the midst of uncertainties and fears peace has been preserved, and this station spared the distresses that have fallen elsewhere. Touring, however, has been difficult, and in the eastern half of the field impos­ sible. The church in Brousa has suffered serious loss in the removal of many families to other places for greater safety. The marked event of the year has been the opening of an orphanage in the building formerly occupied by the Girls’ Boarding School in West Brousa. About fifty girls are housed and fed and taught, the larger part of them coming from Arabkir in Eastern Turkey. This orphanage is under the supervision of the native pastor and his wife, assisted by a German lady, and his daughter is the teacher. The girls’ school in East Brousa, under Mrs. Baldwin’s care, has numbered forty-seven, and reports a successful year. Four of the out-stations are without a preacher, yet maintain public worship and their schools by their own efforts. In the other seven out-stations the services of native preachers are enjoyed with good degree of regularity, schools are maintained, and in some cases the young men show a most commendable zeal and activity in support of Christian institutions. Cesarea, 1854. — The absence of Dr. Farnsworth and Dr. Dodd has made it impossible for the station to do more than keep things in running order; there could be no thought of meeting the demands of the work, of entering open doors, or even of strengthening the things that remain. The cutting off of some of the out-stations, necessitated by the scanty appropriations, has been one of the great trials of the year. This station reports now only eighteen out-stations, in place of forty-one a few years since. One of the native preachers, comment­ ing on this reduction, said : “ You are worse than the Turks. They killed their neighbors; you are slaughtering your own children.” If the result of withdraw­ ing foreign aid were always what it sometimes proved to be, the development of a power of self-support and of joy in such effort, it might be justly deemed a blessing rather than an evil. The restrictions upon touring, so rigidly enforced last year, have at last been withdrawn, and every out-station but one has been visited by Mr. Fowle, to the great delight of the people who thronged every chapel where he preached. Gregorians vied with Protestants in their welcome of the message, and in some instances Gregorian churches were opened for the services. The most cheering report comes from Sharkushla, where a Chris­ 1897.] Western Turkey Mission. 43 tian family have lived and labored and prayed for years, till there is a self-sup­ porting congregation and one of the best schools in all the field. Even the building used has been erected by their own hands or paid for by their gifts. An unusually aggressive spiritual work marks Akserai, and new life appears at Angora. In Cesarea there are immense congregations and an excellent spirit. Gregorians and Protestants mingle happily in worship and conference. The Girls’ Boarding School at Talas has had a very successful year. Miss Closson has surprised all by her strength and efficiency, and Miss Nason has won the commendations of all for her progress in the language and adaptation to the work. Sixty-one students have been in attendance, a decided increase over last year. The Boys’ High School, under Mr. Wingate’s care, has had forty students ; thirty students have been in attendance on the high school in Yozgat, and there have been 1,439 PUP^S *n the common schools of the station. An orphanage was opened in April, 1896, and the numbers have gradually increased until there are twenty-eight girls and forty boys. Dr. Lepsius has generously aided in sup­ porting this work ; funds have also come from America, and the students in the girls’ school have brought their gifts also. The boys are learning trades, and all, both boys and girls, receive regular instruction; and this is proving one of the most hopeful, as it is one of the most interesting, features of the work. Constantinople, 1831.— The death of Dr. Pettibone and Mrs. Bliss removes two members of this station long and honorably identified with its missionary history and greatly beloved by all their associates. The return to this country of Mrs. Parsons, after forty-seven years of service, leaves a great vacancy. The present force consists of five men, four of them aided by the companionship of their wives, and sixteen unmarried women, six of whom form the faculty of the American College for Girls at Scutari. To this force belongs the care of all the religious work in Constantinople and its two out-stations, and of that in the district of Nicomedia and Bardezag and Adabazar, the preparation of the Chris­ tian literature of varied form, which is in use throughout Asiatic Turkey, the man­ agement of the treasury and business affairs of four missions, and a principal part in the distribution of funds from all countries for the relief of suffering and the care of orphans, involving this year the handling of $851,298. It is no wonder that reinforcement is called for, or that those in the field are seriously overworked. The part borne by women is unusually great, and the station is wont to rely in great measure on this arm of the service for progressive enter­ prises and for preparing the way of the gospel. The massacres of August, 1896, in which at least 5,000 Armenians were slaughtered in Constantinople, were the result ostensibly of an attack on the Ottoman Bank of the city by a band of revolutionists, but in reality of the same fanaticism and race-hatred which deluged the whole empire with blood the pre­ vious year. When the sovereign spoke the word, on the third day, bloodshed ceased instantly throughout the whole city. The criminals have received little or no punishment; but the Armenians were systematically imprisoned, employ­ ment denied them, and threats held over them, until more than 30,000 of their number within a few days fled from the city. Notwithstanding this stunning blow, missionary work’ has gone forward in the usual ways, much to the astonishment of those who oppose it, and the record of the year is full of encouragement. 44 Western Turkey Mission. [Report,

In sixteen places in this field native evangelical congregations regularly gather for worship on the Sabbath, ten of them having a pastor or a stated supply. The first effect of the massacre was greatly to diminish these congregations, by the death of some and the enforced exile of others. But soon the vacant places were filled, mainly by Gregorians and Greeks, until the former number has been substantially restored. At Hasskeuy, where those who escaped the fury of the massacre were scattered in every direction, the present congregation is more than twice as great as before. Evening prayer-meetings have been given up because of the danger and suspicion involved in holding them ; but the meetings in the daytime are well attended, as many as a hundred coming together in Hasskeuy. Miss Zimmer’s day classes in Scutari, opened to teach women and girls and young boys some manual employment, end with a brief Scripture lesson, enjoyed by the pupils and often attended by their mothers, none of whom are Protestants. The Sunday-schools have experienced a like enlargement after seeming destruction. Two hundred and fifty Gregorians attend a Bible class at Bardezag; Miss Zimmer’s school, utterly destroyed by the massacre, has re­ gained its former numbers ; at Hasskeuy, in place of the hundred who used to attend, two hundred are present now; at Gedik Pasha, when the Sunday-school was reopened after the massacre, eight of their teachers had fled, but now the numbers exceed all former records, as many as five hundred being present on some occasions. The speechless sorrows of the people, the emptiness of the old faith, the natural human hunger for comfort and hope, have made them peculiarly acces­ sible to Christian sympathy and instruction; and wherever the missionaries, men and women, and their native associates, have gone with their messages of love and heavenly consolation, they have found open doors and waiting souls and a quick response. The gospel seems peculiarly adapted to meet the needs of such a time among such a people, and there is an unwonted welcome for the Bible, an unprecedented opportunity to bring Christ and his salvation to a multitude of souls. The lack of funds from the home churches just at this juncture, with which to take advantage of this favoring tide and press the preaching of the gospel to the hearts that are so wonderfully prepared, is such a trial to faith that we must pray that it be speedily removed. The closing of the mission schools in Adrianople and Rodosto, and the pros­ pect that those in Nicomedia and Bardezag must close the coming year, due to the same deficiency in mission funds, are a serious loss to the evangelistic work, as these schools are most important centres of Christian teaching and influence. The Girls’ School at Adabazar is in its usual flourishing condition, and marks a large increase of Gregorians among its students. The Boys’ High School at Baghchijik has had one hundred and fifteen students, and reports a successful year. The schools at Gedik Pasha, in spite of the massacre and the flight of several teachers, have had more pupils than ever before; and of the two hun­ dred and thirty all but twenty-seven are from Gregorian and Greek families. The school at Hasskeuy lost all its outfit and many of its patrons in the time of the massacre. A brave attempt to reestablish has met with good success, and 108 children are studying there. Two orphanages have been established, one by German friends, under Miss Zimmer’s care, with fifty-four girls, and one by Swiss 18970 Western Turkey Mission. 45 funds, under Dr. Chambers’ care at Baghchijik, with fifty-six boys; and a great improvement is already apparent in all these children. The German orphanage is now transferred to the old Bebek Seminary building, and enjoys the protec­ tion of an imperial firman. The College for Girls at Scutari suffered at the opening of the year from the same causes which disturbed all missionary work, but has since regained more than was lost, as the people see that the faculty were going on with their work as usual. Miss Patrick, who has been absent during the year, is expected to be in her place the coming year. The importance of this college among the Christianizing influences set in operation by the Board in this region is more apparent from year to year. The publication work is greatly cramped for want of funds, while at the same time there is an unprecedented demand for Christian literature of every kind. Sales are increasing1; calls for Bible helps, for attractive expositions of Christian truth, are frequent and emphatic. Bad and cheap books in all languages are at hand, and can be supplanted only by such works as issue from the mission press. Able men are ready for this work; the, buildings and machinery are at hand ; it only needs a modest sum to avail ourselves of this great opportunity, and by the printed page preach the gospel far and wide. Special features of the work deserve a brief mention. First of all is the vast enlargement of duties devolved upon the Treasurer of the mission in transmit­ ting relief funds, which up to this time amount to $1,116,896.59, in consultations with the Relief Committee, with the Armenian Patriarch, and with individuals, and in a vast correspondence. After this comes the relief work in the city, taken up by the missionaries as soon as the massacre was over, extending to the protection of the Armenians from the ruthless persecution which sought to rob them of the means of supporting themselves, and including the effort to persuade the people that it was worth while to try to live and work. Industries have been established and fostered, supplies purchased and distributed, a market found for the manufactured product; in a word, a smitten and crushed and despairing people has been comforted, lifted up, and set once more upon its feet and inspired with hope. The gratitude of the Armenian people, the thanks of the Armenian clergy, the friendly relations of the Armenian Patriarch, especially to Mr. Peet, are noteworthy facts. This gratitude has been expressed again and again to men and women of the missionary force. But alarm has lately arisen among the Armenian clergy lest their people, in gratitude to the missionaries, be estranged from their national faith and loyalty, and great care needs to be taken to quiet this alarm and, if possible, draw the clergy towards the true faith and the culture which naturally accompanies it. The Armenian nation is drawn toward an evangelical faith and a true religious awakening as it has never been before, and the missionaries’ opportunity is as great as tongue can express or thought conceive. There are also serious obstacles to be overcome, such as the reduction of native preachers, who are thirty-eight per cent below a fair supply of the places left after retrenchments, the impov­ erishment of the people, and a feeling of despair for the future affecting a strong party among the Armenians, the destruction of the financial ability of the 4 6 Western Turkey Mission. [Report,

Protestant churches, and, coming at the same time, the steady withdrawal of support from the churches at home. It cannot be the will of God that this people should perish or this work come to naught. May deliverance speedily arise and needed help be soon at hand ! Marsovan, 1852. — The vacancy left by the death of Miss King has been filled by the appointment of Miss C. R. Willard, who has already taken a strong hold in the Girls’ School and in parts of missionary life. Dr. and Mrs. Carring­ ton are on the way, to furnish the needed medical aid in the station; meanwhile, through the instrumentality of Prof. J. Rendel Harris, of England, Miss Josephine Taylor, an English nurse supported by the Friends, has opened a hospital and dispensary, and, ministering to soul as well as body, has brought relief to the sick and the poor from the city and all the country around. Mr. Henry H. Riggs, son of Mr. Riggs, has joined the teaching force in the College, supported for this work by the students of Iowa, Williams, and Oberlin colleges Mr. Charles K. Tracy, son of Dr. Tracy, is on his way for a similar service, supported by the students of Oberlin College and personal friends elsewhere. Six massacres within the limits of this station took the lives of about 400 persons, left 250 widows and 800 orphans. The work of relief has been about as great this year as last, and about 5,000 have been aided. The faithful dis­ tribution of this relief by their community committees has won deserved credit to the Protestants. The favorite form of relief has been that of affording employment, principally the weaving of native ginghams. The capital invested in this way has already done service four times over, as the product of the looms, already over 100,000 yards, has mainly been sold on the ordinary market. Those who have been helped in this way are not pauperized, and the weaving industry, completely wrecked by the massacres, has been revived, and is now flourishing. The first orphanage was opened in October last, and fifty girls are now gathered in one of the missionary homes, with a Bible-woman for matron and two other women for teachers. In two houses adjoining the mission premises sixty boys are gathered, with the College steward and wife in general charge, and a graduate of the College for teacher. In both departments the children are doing so well that it would greatly delight the donors of the funds raised by the Congregalionalist and the Armenian Relief Committee to see them. Anatolia College has had the best year in its history. The students have num­ bered 149, forty of them Greeks. Mrs. Riggs has had thirty-five in the home for younger pupils, and plans are formed to increase this number to fifty for next year. The diligence and success of the students in the College have been most gratifying, and the'religious life has been active and strong. It is now ten years since the College was opened; in that time seventy-four young men have been graduated. Twelve have studied theology, and all but two of them are now at work as preachers in Turkey. Nine others are. so located as teachers that they preach frequently or regularly. Twenty-six are engaged in teaching, not count­ ing those who taught awhile and entered other callings, or those who taught without having graduated from college. Of the five who graduated this year two are already teaching; six have studied medicine, of whom three have taken high standing at Beirut, Baltimore, and Minneapolis, respectively. 1897.] Western Turkey Mission. 47 In the Girls’ School the year has been one of peculiarly peaceful, steady growth. The enrollment, 131, has been the largest in its history. Of the sixty- eight boarding pupils all but two were from places outside Marsovan ; and the Greek pupils have doubled in number since last year, owing in large part to the return of Miss Riggs from Athens, well qualified to direct this department. The girls have been diligent in study, correct in deportment, and satisfactory in schol­ arship. Six graduated from the school, all of true Christian character ; nearly all in the upper classes give evidence of genuine conversion. The King’s Daughters in the school exert an excellent influence; thirty-two of them teach in Sunday- schools in the city, and the society has supported seventeen children in the city school and sent three Turkish pounds to the hungry in India. The three Amer­ ican teachers traveled over 900 miles in visiting ten of the out-stations, and their coming was everywhere welcomed with joy. Some of the girls from this school, who gave courage and trust in God to the people in Tocat during the massacre, explained what they did by saying, “ Well, we always thought of what we did in school last year.” Loving testimony is borne to the lasting impress Miss Fritcher in her thirty years’ service left upon this school, and the wish expressed that “ it may ever stand for the pure womanhood and simple, Christlike, consecrated character that filled up the ambition of its first teacher for each of her pupils.” Six or seven candidates for a new theological class have appeared, half of them college graduates. The single graduate of the Seminary this year gives promise of a useful ministry. The self-supporting church in Marsovan, though without a settled pastor, has been well maintained. The Sunday-schools are perhaps the brightest feature in the Christian activities of the city, and in fourteen different wards these schools gather 1,200 children. Touring has been difficult, but thirteen of the twenty out- stations have been visited. The condition of these centres of evangelical influ­ ence varies from year to year, and they differ much among themselves. There are not enough native preachers to meet the needs of the field, and at some points public worship has been suspended. There are many instances of patience under tribulation and of good courage under difficulties. A particularly good report comes from Dere Keuy, where an active home missionary spirit pre­ vails, and the people feel themselves pledged to the evangelization of the thirty or more Greek villages immediately about them. The diminished appropriations from the Board have called out larger gifts of their own from some communities, have led to the abandonment of some points which had been fruitless for years; but in many instances they have suspended a hopeful work, in churches and in schools, and have brought a depressing influ­ ence upon native communities as well as on the missionaries themselves. The work of the Board in this field is not more than half what it was five years ago, not to speak of the many places where new work ought to be opened. A happy instance is given of what can be done with restricted means if the heart be ready. A merchant of Marsovan proposed two years since to mark his fiftieth year of life by a benevolent gift of j£$°. The massacre came, his life was in peril, and his property was destroyed. But some of the debts owed to him were paid, and he has now redeemed his pledge, placing ^30 of his gift with the station treasurer to be divided equally between a thank-offering to the American Hoard and one 48 Western Turkey Mission. |_ Report,

to the American Bible Society, aid to poor but worthy students in Anatolia College, aid to girls in the Boarding School, for the orphanage, and for the mis­ sionary hospital. Sivas, 1855. — The storm of massacre and robbery in the autumn of 1895 swept nearly the entire field occupied by this station, and greatly changed the conditions of work. Reorganization, however, was entered upon at once; the Girls’ Boarding School was soon going on with its usual duties; after a month the Boys’ High School was resumed and the chapel reopened. The schools for boys and for girls in Gurun were reopened a little later, but in rented buildings, as only three houses belonging to Armenians remained unplundered. The par­ sonage and chapel at Divrik were burned; Manjaluk lost its chapel and the house where the school was held; in Ashudi and Derende the Protestant com­ munities were almost swept from existence ; in Enderes the loss of life and property was great, though the chapel was unhurt. Tocat alone escaped, only however to receive its baptism of fire and blood during the last year. Under the direction of United States Consul Jewett distribution of relief began promptly, and help was given regularly for many months to 20,000 persons, and temporary relief to as many more. The martyrdom of Pastor Kuludjian left the Sivas pulpit empty; but lay workers have come forward in a remarkable way to carry on the spiritual work. The increased attendance upon Sunday services and schools makes the present accommodations inadequate. The Sunday-schools at Sivas and Gurun are painfully crowded for lack of room Regular services are maintained under laymen in several places which are without a preacher. At some points the Gregorians have invited the Protestants to share their churches, and have opened their pulpits to Protestant preachers. Grateful mention is made of visits from Dr. Hubbell and Messrs. Mason, Wisner, and Woods, of the Red Cross Society, and from Professor and Mrs. Harris, of Cambridge, England. Smyrna, 1820. — From this oldest station in the mission the story of the year is a record of quiet and steady progress. Without marked revival interest, there has yet been much earnest and loyal work on the part of all the laborers, and there are cheering proofs that these labors have not been in vain. The regular church work in Smyrna has assumed greater importance from the presence of many families of refugees, and an unusually fraternal spirit prevails among the members of the church, and also between Protestants^ and Gregorians. Mr. Tashjian, the pastor, proves well adapted to the field, and his influence is helpful at every point. There are five out-stations, and all make a good report. The pastor at Manisa reports the regular services as well sustained and the people growing in grace. The schools here are flourishing and include 150 pupils. At Ak Hissar there has been persecution, due to the decision of two young Greeks announcing themselves on the side of the Evangelicals; but aside from this the work presents an especially encouraging aspect. The faithful native pastor at Bourdour is exerting an excellent influence, even beyond the limits of his own congregation. At Afion Kara Hissar there is a more encouraging state of things than ever before. The petty persecutions of former days have ceased, and the patient spirit of those who suffered is receiving a rich reward. Larger congre­ gations, sometimes numbering 200, deepened interest in the truth, and a greater *897-3 Western Turkey Mission. 49 desire for the Christian education of their children, are evidences of real growth. At Oedemish a like state of things prevails. The Sunday services arc better attended, several Turks coming regularly; the day school has also increased in numbers. Taken as a whole there has not been so encouraging a report from Smyrna for many, many years. The schools in Smyrna bring an equally favorable report, from the kinder­ gartens to the high schools for boys and for girls. The absence of Miss Bartlett has thrown the care of the kindergartens upon Miss Saunders, aided during the last part of the year by Miss Burrage, from Cesarea. An increased attendance in both the Armenian and the Greek sections is recorded. The Girls’ Boarding School lias reached the unexampled number of 180 stu­ dents, ninety-five of whom were in the collegiate department. A noticeable feature of this increase was the presence of thirty-five Jewish girls. A scourge of typhoid fever visited the school in the winter, the attack proving fatal in one case. The spiritual tone of the school has been healthy, with some conversions; the Kings’ Daughters have had a prosperous year, and have contributed to various charities about fifty Turkish pounds. The full limit of the accommodations for the Boys’ High School has been reached, 150 boys being in attendance; and it has been a prosperous year. This school is now on a practically self supporting basis. Mr. Lawrence, brother of Miss Lawrence of the Girls’ School, has assisted Mr. MacLachlan this year, and has proved an efficient helper. The station has felt the necessary absence of Mr. and Miss Bartlett, and deeply regrets the withdrawal of Miss Lawrence from the work of the Board, after seventeen years of faithful and efficient service. Miss Mills, who has been appointed to take her place, is now on the way. Trebizond, 1835.— In the absence of Dr. and Mrs. Parmelee, Mr. and Mrs. Crawford, of Brousa, have had charge of this station, and have prepared its report. Mr. Crawford notes marked differences in race characteristics between the Turks and Armenians and Greeks in this station and the same peoples in Brousa. The loss of Armenians by massacre and emigration has been very great, but lias thrown a greater responsibility on the missionaries, for the Gregorians have been deserted by their own clergy; those who are left are the weakest; and practically all the 23,000 Armenians look to the Evangelicals for aid and religious teaching. Relief work has brought the missionaries into contact with nearly all this multitude, and has given to them great favor in the eyes of the suffering people. The opportunity for missionary work on this station has been greatly enlarged, and the force might well be doubled in view of it. The Boys’ School in Trebizond has this year been a union of the Protestant and Gregorian schools, and has been conducted with great success, without any grant from the Board. The Girls’ School has been held in the mission house, and has had the services of two native teachers, trained the one at Adabazar, the other at Marsovan. The native pastor of the Trebizond church has labored to the best of his ability; there have been good congregations, and four have been received to the church on confession. The work at Ordoo is most encouraging, on account of the numbers in the church, and especially on account of the spirit in which the 50 Central Tîirkey Mission. [Report, work is done. The congregation has numbered 175, and fourteen have been added to the church. Mr. Crawford speaks hopefully of the work in the Greek villages, though he has been unable to find time or leisure to visit any considerable number of them. The Greek church at Ordoo holds right on, irrespective of retrenchments; its congregation numbers 350, and it enjoys an almost constant state of revival, with new members added at every communion. Their school building is finished, and they are making good progress on their new church building. To human vision the situation is full of uncertainties, the issue of present events is clouded and dark; but to the eye of faith the future of Christ’s King­ dom and of this work as connected therewith is as clear as the sun and as sure as the purposes of God.

CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION.

A lN T A B .— Charles S. Sanders, Missionary ; Mrs. M. A . Trowbridge, residing at Constantinople; Miss Elizabeth M. Trowbridge, MissLucile Foreman. Residing at Oorfa.— Miss Corinna Shattuck, Miss Effie M. Chambers.

M a r a s h . — Lucius O. Lee, Frederick W. Macallum, Missionaries; Mrs. Clara H. Lee, Mrs. Henrietta M. Macallum, Miss Ellen M. Blakely, Miss Meda Hess. Residing at Hadjin. — John C. Martin, Missionary; Mrs. Mary L. Martin, Mrs. Josephine L. Coffing, Miss Eula G. Bates, Miss Agnes E. Swenson. Residing at Adana. — Willis W. Mead, Missionary ; Mrs. Harriet N. Mead, Mrs. Emily R. Mont­ gomery, Miss Lizzie S. Webb, Miss Mary G. Webb. Residing at Tarsus. — Thomas D. Christie, D.D., Missionary ; Mrs. Carmelite B. Christie. In Great Britain. — Americus Fuller, D.D., Missionary; Mrs. Amelia D. Fuller, Miss Ellen M. Pierce. Two stations; 4 other places of missionary residence; 44 out-stations ; 7 missionaries; 20 female assistant missionaries; 15 native pastors; 28 other native preachers; 127 native teachers; 32 other native helpers ; 50 places for stated preaching ; average congregations, 14,363 ; 10,824 Sunday-school pupils; 45 churches : 4,929 members; 194 received on confession this year; 1 theological seminary: 6 students; 1 college : 148 students; 4 boys' high schools: 150 pupils ; 5 girls’ boarding schools : 263 pupils; 100 common schools: 6,003 pupils; native contributions, $10,471.12. Dr. and Mrs. Fuller are taking a year’s furlough for necessary rest and recuper­ ation. Miss Chambers has been transferred from the Eastern Turkey Mission to join Miss Shattuck at Oorfa, Mrs. Montgomery’s health has required a temporary visit to Beirut, and Mr. and Mrs. Martin visited Egypt in the winter for needed change. Dr. and Mrs. Christie’s names appear on the roll of the mission, though they have no responsibility for the action of the mission, and though they are supported and their labors directed by the trustees of St. Paul’s Institute at Tarsus. Immediate reinforcement is needed in the college at Aintab and in the Girls’ College at Marash. The results of the deep disturbances reported last year came over into the year just closed and have given a peculiar character to the experiences of the year, and a new direction to missionary labor. Famine relief, which made its pathetic appeal throughout the winter, no longer absorbs the principal attention or effort; but the gratitude called out by its patient and impartial distribution through a year and a half of distress and fear remains as an enduring factor in the life of thousands in many a city and town. The want and sorrow of the ten 1897-] Central Turkey Mission. Si thousands of orphans in the wake of the fearful storm of fire and bloodshed and robbery have made a resistless appeal to the heart of Christendom, and gifts in generous measure from America and well-nigh every state of Europe have been bestowed to rescue them from imminent death and to train them for a happy and honorable life. And the missionaries, who voiced their misery and were first to attempt to relieve it, have been the natural, almost the necessary, almoners of this new relief. At almost every station orphanages have been opened, houses rented, matrons put in charge, teachers employed, and this simple method of rebuilding the nation and enlarging the church has been put into successful operation. At a few points helpers have followed the gifts from other lands, and are sharing in this most humane and Christian effort. It is doubtful if ever before in the history of missionary work in the Ottoman empire so wide and effectual a door of opportunity as this has been opened. Taken with the greater readiness of the Gregorians to hear and to welcome evangelical preaching which is found in all parts of the mission, it affords a wonderful answer to prayer, a powerful stimulus to renewed exertion, and an inspiring hope for the future of missionary work. Under these new conditions we may repeat, with even greater emphasis, the words of last year’s report: “ It is no time to abandon this field or withdraw from this work.”

THE STATIONS.

Aintab, 1847.— This is the jubilee year of the station and mission. A few months after two other missionaries had made temporary visits to Aintab, Rev.

Azariah Smith, m . d ., arrived December 6, 1847, ar*d took up his permanent abode, and thus became the pioneer of missionary work at Aintab and in all the region occupied by the Central Turkey Mission. A comparison of the state of things then, when only twenty-two could be persuaded to hear the gospel, and there was no evangelical church member and not a single building owned by Protestants, with the commanding position now held by evangelical religion, with three churches in Aintab numbering 1,295 members, with its college and hospital, its thousands of women and girls able to read, affords striking proof of God’s blessing on this work and inspires a mighty hope for its future growth. Quiet has prevailed throughout the year, and special thanks arc due for the just and efficient administration of the governor-general residing at Aleppo. No one of the missionaries has had any difficulty about going wherever he pleased on missionary duty; even the native Christians have fared better than was to be expected. From a secular standpoint the outlook is not encouraging. Business has not revived, confidence has not been reestablished, and those who have been succored by the foreign aid so generously given by individuals and societies, especially the widows who have been thrown wholly upon their own resources, have largely lost all recuperative power. From a spiritual standpoint the pros­ pect is far more cheering. In places not visited by massacre and plunder the religious life seems less active than it was two years since; but the change in the places that lay in the track of that destructive march amounts almost to a new conversion. The patience shown under long-continued suffering and insult is as fine as the spirit of martyrdom. Even more striking is the eagerness with which these suffering people listen to the gospel. Nothing like it has ever been known 52 Central Turkey Mission. [Report, before, and it is supremely the time to press our work and multiply preachers and teachers and Bible-women everywhere. In Aintab the whole Armenian community has insisted upon evangelical preaching throughout the year, and the priests have been unable to restrain them. The Gregorians have even joined with the Evangelicals in sending helpers to villages and towns at a distance from Aintab, a thing not to have been dreamed of two years ago. The three churches of Aintab have had a prosperous year, and together have given 500 liras to help their distressed people elsewhere. Mrs. Shepard has a Sunday-school in one of the Armenian churches with 800 pupils, and Professor Krikorian, of the College, has had a large Bible class in the same church. At Behesni there was no preacher most of the year, though Gregorians joined the Evangelicals in urging that one be sent. When at last a man was found, though by no means well qualified, great crowds came to hear him, and a change of place for the service was required. Jealousy on the part of the Catholic priest has led to his expulsion. The pastor at Adiaman has shown great faithfulness, and by impartial distribution of relief funds has won the confidence of all. The Armenian widows say: “ We cannot trust our own principal men, but the Protestant pastor is the widow’s friend.” There is a great opening here for Bible-women. The schools have been fairly successful. There has been perhaps more suffering here than in any other part of the field; all the men of means in the Protestant community were cut down. The church in Severek has had a prosperous year, though the suffering from massacre here was great. “ In the room where Mardiros Bogyakalian was killed the pencil inscription written by him on the wall is kept carefully preserved, and the stains of his blood still remain on the walls.” The Evangelicals have brought their liturgy nearer to that of the Gregorians, without compromising their posi­ tion, and their services are thronged. The schools were opened late this year, but are now very full. Oorfa has a young pastor, a graduate of the College at Aintab, who is render­ ing excellent service. The average attendance at morning service on Sunday is 1,500; the Gregorian women come in a body, and many men come late to hear the sermon. The Sunday-school numbers 1,300, mostly children; and at a Bible service for women which immediately follows, led by Miss Shattuck, the average number is 400. the larger number being non-Protestant. The young men are organized in a “ Lookout Committee,” to the number of eighty-eight, and show a wonderful transformation of character and life. A prosperous Sun­ day-school has been organized and is held in the Gregorian churchyard; and classes for workingmen are held with a regular attendance of upwards of 400, taught by forty-five young men. The class of twenty-one Bible-women, six of them Gregorians, led by Miss Shattuck, is one of the most interesting features of the Sabbath. All these women have known deep sorrow, thirteen of them were widowed by the massacre; and the testimony they give to God’s grace and mercy, the serenity of their spirits and the steadfastness of their faith show how “ all things work together for good to them that love God.” They often have 200 and more in their several district meetings, and are a great source of strength to the community. The representative of the Gregorian people last fall gave a water privilege from the Gregorian aqueduct to the Protestant community, 1897.J Central Turkey Mission. 53 through Miss Shattuck, as an expression of love and gratitude for oneness of interest during the great distress, and the Protestant people gave eighty liras to meet the expenses of bringing the water to their own churchyard. In many different ways the spirit of Christian giving finds expression and gives assurance of the practical hold the truth has taken. The industrial department has afforded relief to great numbers, employing sixty-five girls in stocking making, thirty in felt embroidery, 300 in spinning and weaving, 200 in silk embroidery. The orphanages occupy four homes, with 256 boys and girls, about equally divided between the missionaries and the German helpers who administer Dr. Lepsius’s fund. But for the coming of Miss Chambers, and the loyal cociper- ation of native assistants, the help from Germany and the generous support from the Christian Herald, it would have been impossible to carry on this most interesting work. Relief is still given to 2,200 widows and orphans, no family receiving aid in which there is a son fifteen years of age. The Gregorian and Protestant schools are united under the care of a joint committee, the members of which work together in perfect harmony. The pupils number 1,801, under twenty-three teachers, and there is no room to ad­ mit more. A small tuition is expected from the pupils, and the year’s receipts from this source were 6,000 piastres, or about $264. From the Girls’ High School five were graduated. The Bible-women have taught 665 pupils in daily lessons, and the graduates to the number of 160 have met for a weekly lesson. It is interesting to compare the statistics of Oorfa in 1894, the year before the mas­ sacre, with those of last year : — 1894. 1896. Average congregations, 840 i ,650 Sunday-school pupils, 650 1,650 Armenian helpers, Number under instruction. 381 1,666 Total contributions, #792.53 $47°-75 The gain in all points save in gifts is most striking; and the self-denial involved in raising the smaller sum now is vastly greater than was required for the larger sum in the days of prosperity. In Biridjik, Ehnesh, and Jibbin, where with one or two exceptions all had be­ come Moslems in the time of terror, under the tactful influence of a member of the English consular service all have returned to their old faith, Gregorians and Protestants worship together, and a better state of things already exists. Good progress is reported at Killis, the lack of a suitable place of worship being one of the greatest hindrances. A good pastor, with unusually large congregations, made up in large part of refugees, and a full school, mark the situation at Aleppo. At Antioch alone in all this field the former jealousy of the Grego­ rians remains unabated. At Kessab, long rent by dissensions, where a com­ munion season had not been observed for four years, it was decided to celebrate the Lord’s Supper and to receive new members. Eighty-one were welcomed to church membership, and 141 children were baptized the same day, a new and wonderful day to this hitherto distracted people. The closing words of the report are significant: “ Never before were there such openings as now. On the other hand, never was the support from the home churches so meagre.” 54 Central Turkey Mission. [Report,

The hospital work at Aintab, under the care of Miss Trowbridge and Dr. Hamilton, has continued to be of large proportions. The Moslems have been more than one third of the whole number, and they have shared in the religious instruction which is given. The number of clinic patients has been 3,854, besides a large number, unrecorded, who have been treated out of regular hours. A little school for hospital children has been maintained during the year, and Miss Trowbridge has conducted a Sunday-school which has been generally attended by the women patients. A Sunday preaching service, of'excellent influence, has been conducted by one of the tutors from the College. An or­ phanage, with seventy-five inmates, receives the special oversight of the ladies of this station. Dr. Hamilton adds to her duties in the hospital a helpful share in the missionary work, and holds an honored place in the circle of workers here, as do also Dr. and Mrs. Shepard. Marash, 1855. — The three churches of Marash enjoy the services of pas­ tors who are recent graduates of the College and Seminary, and have been attended by growing congregations. About 150 new members have been re­ ceived during the year, some of them being Gregorians. Thirty women from these churches have conducted regular cottage prayer-meetings among the Gregorians in different parts of the city. The common schools of the city are full to overflowing, and 600 Gregorian children have attended. Relief work has continued, with 5,000 aided as compared with 10,000 last year. Four orphan­ ages have been opened under Mrs. Lee’s care, and 200 children gathered in them, while 150 orphans have been sent to seaboard cities. At Albustan, where the people turned to Islam in a body, in the time of fear, there has been a com­ plete return to Christian faith with public confession of the sin, the church building is thronged, and the new members were recently received. Zeitoon was the centre of resistance and combat for some months during the period of the massacres, when some 6,000 people were slain. It was for a time a centre for refugees, and afterward became the centre of relief distribution for all the surrounding region. Church and school work was resumed after hos­ tilities ceased, and a refreshing revival visited the place, and now plans are under consideration for repairing the church and enlarging the work. In most of the other out-stations where churches were burned or the population scattered, wor­ ship has been resumed, with large congregations, Gregorians joining with the Protestants. In closing the report from the station, Mr. Macallum asks : “ What -can be done for the rebuilding of the churches destroyed during the late troubles? What can be done to take advantage of the urgent calls from Protestants, and especially from Gregorians, for more teachers and preachers? The opportunity is grand ; the prayers of many years are ready to be answered ; but we do not seem able, for lack of funds, to enter these open doors.” Adana, as reported by Mr. Mead, presents some shadows, with brighter features predominant. Among the reasons for anxiety may be named the state of Mrs. Montgomery’s health, necessitating a visit to Beirut, the growing poverty of the people, a diminution of the working force of native preachers and teachers by their exodus to America, not because there is no work, but because they desire a place of greater safety and emolument, and* finally, the decrease in appropriations for the work. i.8 9 7 . J Central Turkey Mission. 55 The efficient preacher in the church at Adana has been invited to become their pastor, and is to be ordained in the autumn. The debt that has long rested on the church has at last been removed. The services are so crowded that a division has been made, and it is proposed to form a second congregation, with a view to the organization of a second church. The church in Tarsus holds its own, in spite of the lack of a suitable church building. A branch of this church has been formed during the year at Mersine. The Tarsus church, with the aid of St. Paul’s Institute, also carries on the work at Kozolook; and the transfer thither of the pastor at Missis signalizes the temporary abandonment of the latter place. The church building at Osmanie has been used as barracks for the soldiers, to the injury of the edifice and the distress of the people. A claim for damages and rent has been presented through the English Embassy at Con­ stantinople. In some of the other out-stations the insecurity is so great as almost to paralyze all church and school work. The death of Dr. Metheny, at Mersine, is felt as a personal bereavement by the entire missionary circle, who have always found in him a friend and faithful colaborer. Hadjin has enjoyed a year of peace and prosperity, at least as compared with the previous year. Three thousand Turkish liras have been distributed for relief in Hadjin and thirteen neighboring villages; by far the larger part was given on condition of an equivalent being rendered in work. An additional sum has been given to provide some permanent industry in Hadjin, and already fifteen looms for weaving native gingham are running. There has been a great exodus of men fitted to do the work of preachers and teachers; but the blessing of God has rested abundantly on those who have remained at their posts. The regular congregations in this field have averaged 1,200; sixty have united with the church in Hadjin, and several are waiting to be received in the villages. The Gregorians are almost as eager as the Protestants for religious teaching; even the priests urge the missionaries to send them teachers; there is a growing desire to possess and study the Scriptures, and prayer-meetings are largely attended. The Young Men’s Association, under one of the pastors in Hadjin, has been most active and successful in service during the year. They visit the sick, invite outsiders to public worship, aid in Sunday- schools, and make provision for prayer-meetings. Meetings are held Sunday noon in the new school building, attended by Gregorians as well as Protestants, and the influence of the Association is good everywhere. A Home Missionary Society has also been formed to provide teachers and preachers for villages that have no evangelical service, and a good beginning has thus been made toward the evangelization of the whole district. Woman’s work in Sunday-school, in prayer-meetings, and in administration of relief has received constant attention, and yielded good results.

EDUCATION. The Theological Seminary at Marash still labors under the inconvenience of having no home. Indemnity for the destruction of the former building and its contents has not yet been received. The number of regular students is six ; in addition to these, the male teachers have taken certain studies in the Seminary. The recitations have been held in an occupied missionary home. Mr. Lee has 56 Central Turkey Mission. [Report

charge of the instruction in Systematic Theology and Positive Institutions; Mr. Macallum, of that in Church History and New Testament Greek; and Mr. Terzian, of that in Hebrew and Homiletics. Instruction is also given in elocu­ tion and music. Central Turkey College has had an attendance of 142 students, seventy Protest.mts, sixty-eight Gregorians, three Moslems, one Catholic. Of the ten who received diplomas seven were Protestants and three Gregorians; three look forward to the ministry, and all are ready for teaching. The students have made a good record, and the faculty has shown an admirable devotion to their work. The Academy for Boys at Marash has had a successful year, with sixty students and five graduates. The four teachers are all graduates either from the College or the Seminary. The High School for Boys’at Hadjin numbered eighty-eight pupils, with a staff of four teachers. The governor was present when the class of five graduated, and expressed his appreciation of the work done in the school. The Girls’ College at Marash has enjoyed a year of undisturbed and prosperous work. Forty-five students have been in attendance, twenty-six of them in the regular college course. Eighteen of the number have united with the church during the year, and thirty of them are teachers in Sunday-school. A class of three received diplomas; the public exercises were held three weeks before the close of the year. A third American teacher is greatly needed, and the condition of the country now favors such enlargement of force. The Aintab Girls’ Seminary has been under the care of Miss Foreman, supported by native assistants, and has enjoyed much prosperity. The number of students was eighty-five, including the daughter of one of the most enlightened priests and several other Gregorians. A class of eight was graduated in the presence of 350 guests. Of the twenty-two girls who graduated last year sixteen have been teaching; and this year’s class will follow their example. A strong religious awakening was experienced soon after Christmas, the result of which was the hopeful conversion of several girls and the deepening of the Christian life in many. The girls in the Hadjin Home were kept through the vacation last summer, as it was deemed unsafe for them to go to their own homes. With the new year came the largest attendance yet recorded, 157, fifty-four of them boarding pupils, and representing fourteen different towns. The teachers are graduates of the Home, some of them also having studied further at Marash and Harpoot. The religious interest has been deep and earnest, and not a few have made a begin- • ning in the Christian life. A class of four graduated, the principal Turkish officials and great numbers of the people attending the closing exercises. Mrs. Coiling closed forty years of service last April, and hundreds and thousands of those whom she has influenced are ready to’ rise up and call her blessed. All departments of the Adana girls’ school have gone on as usual, though with a slight decrease in the number of Greek pupils and in the kindergarten. The cause of this diminution in the case of the Greek pupils is an increase in the charge for tuition, and in the case of the kindergarten the existence of a very good kindergarten in the city, under the control of the Protestant community. The examinations at the close of the year showed more thorough work in several 1897-] Eastern Turkey Mission. 5 7 of the branches than ever before, and great satisfaction was expressed by the visitors who were present. The coming of Miss Montgomery to be with her mother, and to give instruction in French — though without missionary appoint­ ment— has been of very great advantage to the school as well as a great com­ fort to her mother. Mrs. Mead has kindly aided in giving instruction to the more advanced pupils in music. The total attendance in all departments has been 131. The receipts for board and tuition have been $1,260, a larger amount than has been received in any one year before. The story of the year is less thrilling than that of a year ago; the high tension of those heroic days is somewhat relaxed; but it deals with the same great problems; it reveals an unparalleled opportunity conjoined with an immeasuiable need. The providence of God points but one way, and that right onward until Christ is Lord in all the land.

EASTERN TURKEY MISSION.

B i t l i s . — Royal M. Cole, George P. Knapp (temporarily in Europe), Charles R. Ashdown, Ordained; Miss Grace H. Knapp (temporarily at Erzroom).

E r z r o o m . — William N. Chambers, Ordained. HARPOOT. — Herman N. Barnum, L).L>., C. Frank Gates, D.D., John K. Browne, Ordained; Mrs. Mary E. Barnum, Miss Caroline E. Bush, Miss Hattie Seymour, Miss Mary L. Daniels, Miss Emma M. Barnum.

M a r d i n . — Alpheus N. Andrus, Ralph B. Larkin, Ordained; Daniel M . B. Thom, Physician; Mrs. Olive N. Andrus, Mrs. Mary E. Larkin, Mrs. Helen L. Thom, Miss Clarissa H. Pratt, Miss Johanna L. Graf. V a n . — George C. Raynolds, M.D., Herbert M. Allen, Ordained; Mrs. Martha W . Raynolds, Mrs. Ellen R. Allen. On the way. — Miss Charlotte E. Ely, Miss Mary A. C. Ely, Mrs. Cornelia P. Chambers, Miss Jane Dickie. Jn this country. — Orson P. Allen, Willis C. Dewey, D.D., Ordained; Mrs. Susan A. Wheeler, Mrs. Caroline E. Allen, Mrs. Seraphina S. Dewey, Mrs. Leila Browne, Mrs. Lizzie Cole, Mrs. Mary E. Gates, Mrs. Alzina M. Knapp, Mrs. Anna J. Knapp, Miss Emily C. Wheeler, Miss Elizabeth B. -Huntington, Miss Katherine B. 'Fraser. It is impossible to secure entirely trustworthy statements regarding the number of pupils in the outside schools, congregations, etc. The entire field is in too disorganized a state to furnish accurate statistics, but the following in many important items are the best estimates that can be made : — Five stations; 119 out-stations; 13 ordained missionaries, 1 a physician; 1 unordained physician; 28 female assistant missionaries; 31 pastors; 38 preachers; 188 teachers; 38 other native helpers; 42 churches: 3,107 communicants, 150 received on confession this year; i n places for stated preaching; average congregations, 11,639; 12 colleges, boarding and high schools for boys: 364 pupils; 7 colleges, boarding and high schools for girls: 220 pupils; 130 common schools: 6,232 pupils; total number under instruction, 7,822; contributions by the people, $17,547. * This mission has been subject to most trying conditions during the year, and the burden of the work has been unusually severe upon the diminished forces on the field. It has seemed at times as if different members of the mission would not be able to long continue under the severe strain put upon them by the geneial work, together with the care of the large number of orphans and the supervision of the distribution of general relief funds. One has succumbed to the terrible strain. Rev- Egbert S. Ellis, who joined the mission at Harpoot in the fall of 1894, passed away on the twenty-second of February, 1897, after only three days of severe illness in the village of Ichme, six hours from Harpoot. 58 Eastern Turkey Mission. [Report,

Mr. Ellis was the first missionary to visit that section of the Harpoot field since the massacres, and the village in which he died had suffered the most severely. Although his period of service was brief, he had made a most excellent and uplifting impression upon the people of that station. Rev. C. H. Wheeler, d .d ., joined the mission in 1857, and has ever since been connected in the station at Harpoot. He was brought to this country in May of 1896, and on the eleventh of October he quietly breathed his last at Auburn- dale, Mass. Dr. Wheeler has left the stamp of his great strength and vigorous policy upon the station and the mission. Euphrates College stands as a monu­ ment to his wise foresight and indomitable energy. Apart from this no changes have taken place at Harpoot in the number of its missionaries. Mr. Cole has bravely held on alone at Bitlis, with the assistance of Rev. J. W. Baird, of the European Turkey Mission, who remained until the spring. Rev. Charles R. Ashdown has been sent to Bitlis as a reinforce­ ment to the mission. He has recently arrived and has begun the study of Armenian. The Misses Ely are on their way back to their old work. Mr. Cole has been ordered away by the mission physician, but he refused to leave until some one came to carry on the work in his absence. Mr. Knapp has not been able to reenter Turkey and take up his work. While waiting for the way to open he has been in Berlin, Germany. Miss Knapp has continued at Erzroom, in charge of the Girls’ School. Dr. and Mrs. Dewey have come to this country from Mardin’for their well-earned and much-needed furlough. For a considerable part of the year Mrs. Raynolds and Mrs. Allen, of Van, were in Persia, but are now at their station. Miss Fraser and Miss Huntington have been engaged, the former in relief work for Armenians in Marseilles and in Bulgaria, and the latter assisting in the Institute for Girls at San Sebastian, Spain. They both hope to be able to take up work again at Van after a few months. Mr. Allen returned to the work after much delay in Persia. He has since been back in Persia to purchase cattle for the relief of the farmers in the Van districts. The year under review has been full of disquiet and agitation for this mission. It embraces in its territory nearly all of Koordistan in Turkey. The Koords have not all been satisfied with the booty obtained, and threats upon the part of the Moslems have been many. Many of the Armenians have left the country and others are leaving as rapidly as government permission and means can be obtained to do so. This exodus has included many of the trained Christian workers who are much needed in the work of reorganization. The government in its endeavor to collect increased taxes has been oppressive in the extreme. These things, together with the uncertainty which hangs over the future of that land, has tended to drive out all who could get out of the country. During the entire year the missionaries at each station have been compelled to give much time and strength to general relief work. It was impossible to do otherwise. It has been no easy matter to organize efficient relief committees in the different parts of the fields and thereafter secure reliable lists of the needy sufferers who should receive charity. In some cases it has been possible to dis­ tribute relief in the form of wages paid to the able-bodied for services rendered upon roads, etc., as in the Harpoot field under the care of Dr. Gates. Indus­ tries have been continued at all the centres of distribution. -It has required 1897.] Eastern Turkey Mission. 59 much vigilance upon the part of all to feed the starving and at the same time prevent the tax collectors from getting possession of the charity. The work that has strongly appealed to the mission has been the care of the large number of orphans that have been left helpless and alone. Quickly the plan of orphanages has taken shape as the funds for their support have come in from outside sources. First of all the mission buildings were filled, and then houses were rented and homes secured. The number thus provided for has been limited only by the resources in hand and the capacity of the homes. Not far from two thousand children have thus been provided for. This is only a fraction of the fatherless ones in this mission alone. Only the most destitute are accepted at all. Since the serious disturbances of two years ago, most of the Gregorian schools have been closed in many parts of the field. The mission schools in the Armenian parts of the mission have been crowded with pupils, many having to be turned away for lack of room to receive them. Congregations on the Sabbath have also been unprecedentedly large, especially at Van, where the political dis­ turbance had been unusually threatening. It is evident that the Armenians have learned that the missionaries are the truest friends of their people, even though they have opposed revolution in every form. Places in which there has never been any mission work have been urgently calling for a teacher and preacher, many promising to pay a fair share of the support of the same. The large num­ ber of pastors, preachers, and teachers who were slain at the time of the massa­ cres, together with the exodus of others to Europe and the United States, has rendered it difficult to meet all of these demands. Many of the churches, which seemed entirely disorganized by the loss of leaders and the desolation in the vil­ lage, have marvelously aroused themselves and begun anew. Christianity in this field has revealed a marked vitality which shows that it has drawn its life from the true vine. Erzroom. — Mr. Chambers at Erzroom has borne the exceedingly heavy burden of all departments of the station except the Girls’ School, which has been admirably conducted by Miss Knapp from Bitlis. Much time and strength have necessarily been spent upon relief work, one feature of which was the daily dis­ tribution of bread to widows and orphans and other destitute needy at Erzroom, Baibourt, and Erzingan. This work of relief has been conducted in close con­ sultation with the United States and Erzroom consuls, Messrs. Bergholtz and Graves. Of the 3,000 orphans in the field, only a part have been cared for. It has been possible to do but little touring among the churches. Mr. Chambers made one tour and reports that the helpers have shown courage, endurance, and zeal. In closing his report Mr. Chambers says : “ In the out-stations there are not wanting signs of life ; in some, indeed, quite marked improvement. But the results obtained, while they are on the whole encouraging, induce a painful feel­ ing of what might have been, and at the same time assurance of large results if, in the near future, proper advantage be taken of the opportunities afforded. The severity and mercy of God have wonderfully prepared the minds of the people to listen to the gospel. The people, or at least many of them, have real­ ized that the spirit of the gospel brought them relief in their distress. They have become imbued with a desire to know more of it and to understand the secret.” <6o Eastern Turkey Mission. [Report,

The Girls’ School has continued almost as if the country was at rest. Five teachers have assisted Miss Knapp, and the number of pupils has been 27 in the High School, 40 in the Intermediate, and 45 each in the Primary and Kinder­ garten. The orphans also have had instruction in connection with the regular pupils of the school. The Sunday-school of pupils and their mothers has averaged from 90 to 100. Miss Knapp has also directed the woman’s work. Bitlis. — At Bitlis the great burden of everything has rested upon Mr. Cole, as he was the resident missionary and the only one with the language. Mr. Baird rendered great assistance in many ways and heroically remained after he was due .at his station. Under the severe strain Mr. Cole’s strength gave way in the winter, and Dr. Thom was called up from Mardin. He ordered Mr. Cole to leave the mission to prevent a complete breakdown, as soon as he was able to ride. Upon his recovery he has declined to do so, as there was no one to carry on the work in his absence, and he could not bring himself to leave the suffering people and the work alone. Mr. Baird returned to his mission in the spring. Mr. Ashdown, newly appointed, has just arrived at Bitlis, and it is hoped that Misses Charlotte and Mary Ely will be able to reach the station before winter. Bitlis is now the centre of much uncertainty, owing to the fact that it is in the centre of Koordistan, filled with and surrounded by the Koords. Distress and -fear upon the part of the people have been great, and the demands upon the missionaries’ time and strength and sympathies numerous. The work of the field has been „sadly curtailed for the want of money and men. Nearly 300 pupils have been gathered in the mission school buildings, but more than 100 of these are orphans. Over 100 more have been in the Christian schools of the city. The station has had over 600 under instruction. Van. — Dr. Raynolds has been alone at Van for a large part of the year. There were grave disturbances in the city, in November, 1896, which caused an •entire prostration of business. There have never been in this city such an attend­ ance upon Christian worship. During the last few months Sunday audiences have numbered from 600 to 700. Separate services are held for the orphans because of lack of room in the boys’ school building, which is used for chapel purposes. Nine of the members of the Protestant community were killed, and many have died and thirty-seven moved away. The little feeble communities outside of the city seem to have been entirely broken up. But in spite of this the number of adherents in the station has increased from 549 to 772. The 'return of Mrs. Raynolds and Mr. and Mrs. Allen, and the probable early return of Misses Huntington and Fraser, give added emphasis to Dr. Raynolds’ statement that the indications for the future of the work in Van are hopeful. Preparations are abundant for outside work among the villages when the country becomes -quiet. Mr. Allen has cooperated with the English consul in procuring oxen in Persia for distribution among the destitute farmers in the Van district. Harp&ot. — The mission forces have been reduced by the death of Dr. Wheeler and Mr. Ellis, the oldest and the youngest member of the mission, and the withdrawal of those whose home-coming has been previously reported. Mr. Browne returned to the station last fall after an absence of two years, leaving Mrs. Browne in the United States. He found a greatly reduced force of pastors, preachers, and teachers to cooperate with him in the evangelistic work. Exclu­ 1897.] Eastern Turkey Mission. 61 sive of the teachers in the College there are only eighty-six Armenian workers. The Annual Report of the station adds: “ Unless we receive immediate rein­ forcements from America, of both Armenian and American helpers, there seems, humanly speaking, no alternative but the breaking down of the present pitifully inadequate force and the permanent decadence of the work.” Mr. Browne, immediately upon his arrvial at Harpoot, began with Mr. Ellis and Miss Bush the work of reconstructing the disorganized and fear-paralyzed churches and congregations. Mr. Ellis was early called to a higher service, leav­ ing his associates to carry on the work alone. Wherever they have gone, the Spirit has accompanied them and marked revivals have followed. Places of worship have been overwhelmed by the crowds which longed to know of the gospel of peace and comfort. Candidates for church membership were many, and the calls for such service from all sides were far beyond the power of Mr. Browne to accept. Never in the history of that station has there been such a turning to God and such a call for spiritual teachers. The field is saturated with the blood of the martyrs, and from that soil comes the cry for the gospel of life. Euphrates College, with only two of its buildings standing, has had a wonder­ ful increase of pupils. Outside buildings were hired and the College and its work continued. There have been 1,490 boys and 881 girls in the schools of the out-stations, with the 460 in the city schools, and over yoo included in the different departments of Euphrates College ; and with over 700 under the instruc­ tion of the Bible-women, the station reports a total of 4,431 under instruction, a number almost equal to the numbers of former years. ■ What is more surprising is the fact that after the terrible events through which these people have passed during the past two years, leaving them crushed almost every way, they have assumed at least one half of the support of their churches and schools, asking American Christians in their abundance to aid them not more than they are ready to aid themselves. Miss Daniels and Miss Barnum have heroically and most successfully kept up the work of the female department of the College amid most trying circumstances. Miss Seymour has devo’ed herself to work among the women and general relief, while Mrs. Barnum has gathered a large family of orphans. Dr. Gates, in addition to the care of the College, has superintended large relief enterprises. Four Germans, young men supported by friends in Germany, have been of great help in relief and orphan work. Marain. — Dr. and Mrs. Thom, after their stay in the United States, began at once to take up the lines of their work. The doctor has been almost over­ whelmed with the demands for his professional services, and his hospital has been crowded with surgical cases. Mr. and Mrs. Larkin, after a year’s delay at Beirut, were able to enter the country at the same time. Mardin has been out­ side of the circle of greatest massacre, as the work of the station is not for Armenians. It has, however, suffered greatly, hardly less in its field than the other stations. While many of the villages were almost ruined a year ago, the schools have since been more largely attended than they were before, and the con­ gregations, especially at Sert, considerably increased. The number of adher­ ents has increased from 2,449 to 2,590. The average Sabbath congregations is 121 larger, and the number under instruction 221 more, l'he hardships of these 6 2 M arathi Mission. [Report,

people have been so great that they have not been able to give as much as usual for the support of their gospel institutions. The Boys’ School has had about the same number of pupils as last year, and has been under the care of Dr. Dewey. Miss Pratt has, with little interruption, devoted herself to woman’s work. In her report she says : “ A general view of the work for wromen shows a con­ siderable increase in interest, in spiritual things, and education. This increased interest is mostly in the plundered portion of the field, while the other portions remain in about the same condition as reported last year. In Sert, Karabash, Kaabi, and Kalaat, four plundered places, we have new and flourishing work. In the three other plundered places we might have schools and Bible work if we had money and teachers. But we have overrun our appropriations and are employing all the girls and women available for the work.” Miss Pratt has been able to visit several of the outside places, although not the most distant. The Girls’ Boarding School and Kindergarten are continued as last year, but with an increase of numbers; the former under the charge of Mrs. Andrus, and the latter in care of Miss Graf. Our two great needs for these two schools are still unprovided ; namely, a lady teacher for the Boarding School and a building for the Kindergarten. This report can close most appropriately with the words of one of the station reports from the mission : “ Brethren, remember them that are in bonds as bound with them.” “ The churches of Asia,” and their servants, your brethren, “ salute you.”

MARATHI MISSION.

B o m b a y. — Edward S. Hume, Justin E. Abbott, Ordained ; Mrs. Charlotte E. Hume, Miss Anstice Abbot, Miss Anna L. Millard, Miss Mary E. Moulton. AhmednagaR.— Samuel B. Fairbank, D.D., Robert A . Hume, D.D., James Smith, Henry G. Bis- sell, Ordained; Mrs. Kate F. Hume, Mrs. Maud Smith, Mrs. Alice T. Bissell, Miss Annie Stock- bridge, Miss Julia E. Bissell, M.D., Miss Emily R. Bissell, Mrs. M. E. Bissell. R a h u r i. — William O. Ballantine, M.D., Ordained; Mrs. Josephine L. Ballantine. SlRUR.— Richard Winsor, Ordained ; Mrs. Mary C. Winsor. SATARA.— Henry J. Bruce, Ordained; Miss Hattie L. Bruce. SHOLAPUR. — Charles Harding, Edward Fairbank, Ordained; Mrs. Elizabeth D. Harding, Mrs. Mary A. Fairbank, Miss Esther B. Fowler. W ADALE. — Rev. Henry Fairbank, Ordained ; Mrs. Ruby E. Fairbank. W AI.— Mrs. Minnie C. Sibley, Miss Jeanette P. Gordon. On the way. — Lorin S. Gates, Ordained ; Mrs. Frances A. Gates, Miss Mary B. Harding. In this country.— Harvey M. Lawson, Ordained; Mrs. Dedie S. Lawson, Mrs. Hepzibeth P. Bruce, Miss Belle Nugent. Eight stations; n o out-stations; 14 ordained missionaries, 1 a physician ; 25 female assistant mis­ sionaries, 1 a physician ; 20 native pastors ; 23 native preachers; 47 Bible-readers; 66 Bible-women ; 170 Christian school teachers; 32 non-Christian school teachers ; 4 medical catechists; 42 churches: 2,749 communicants, 203 received during the year; 1 theological seminary: 12 students; 16 station high schools and 119 common schools, with total number under instruction 4,205. Square miles occupied by the mission, 16,973; towns, 46; villages, 3,576; population, 3,818,483. Since the last report Mr. and Mrs. H. G. Bissell returned to their field and have vigorously taken up their work. Mr. and Mrs. James Smith are also back again after a brief stay in this country. Mr. and Mrs. L. S. Gates, who have been detained here much longer than they desired by the poor health of Mr. 1897-] Marathi Mission. 63 Gates, have been able to return once more to their chosen field. Mr. and Mrs. Lawson were compelled to start suddenly for America last spring, owing to the impaired health of Mrs. Lawson. During the year under review the members of the mission have been unusually active, and have remained at their posts of service amid circumstances of great trial and hardship. Special strength seems to have been imparted to them, thus enabling them to bear the special and crushing burdens of the year.

CALAMITIES OF THE YEAR. 1. The reduction in the amount appropriated by the Prudential Committee for the regular work of the field must be mentioned under this head. The Prudential Committee was able to appropriate for the support of the churches, evangelists, preachers, schools, etc., of the mission only about fifty-one per cent of the amount which the mission at its annual meeting carefully decided it must have in order to sustain the work of the field. No provision was made in the estimates for opening any new work, although there were many opportunities for doing this. These estimates were made before there was any fear even of either famine or plague. Before the year began in which the reductions must be applied, the famine came. Prices doubled and trebled in nearly every part of the mission. The financial distress in which the mission was thus placed was appalling. Under famine prices, the mission agents could not support them­ selves and their families upon their full salaries, which indeed were meagre enough, but now even those sums must be reduced in order to meet the reduc­ tions at home. 2. The famine has extended over a considerable part of this mission. This was caused by a failure of the latter rains in September, 1896, preceded by pre­ vious excessive rains which interfered with the planting. Prices of articles of food rose at once to abnormal rates. As a large number of the poor of India — nearly one third of all her people — live constantly upon the verge of starvation when prices are normal, it is easy to imagine the result of such times as these. Grain riots occurred in many places; starvation stared millions in the face and almost at once became an awful reality. The time, strength, and sympathies of the missionaries have been taxed in relieving distress and yet more taxed when they were unable to relieve it. The Christian Herald, of New York, has collected and sent liberal contributions for famine relief to be distributed by the mission­ aries. They have gladly given time and strength to this work. The government in India has done much to relieve distress. 3. The plague, or bubonic fever, first came to public notice in Bombay in September, but it had probably been in existence for a month previous to this. It began in a section of the city called Mandoi, but gradually spread over the entire city. The municipal authorities made every effort to stay its progress, but without success. A panic seized upon the 800,000 inhabitants. Trains and steamers from the city became crowded with people fleeing to the country. Merchants closed their shops, workmen deserted their employers, schools were close« 1, periodicals were suspended, business became almost paralyzed. The mortality of the city rose from 500 a week to 2,000. The disease entered the servants’ quarters of Bowker Hall, which compelled the closing of the school. 64 Marathi Mission. [Report,

Christian work was soon brought almost to a standstill, except as the missionaries were able to do personal work among the distracted, stricken people. The Christians in the city have been marvelously preserved, and among them only a few cases have occurred. No death from plague has taken place in our Bom­ bay church. The Christian employees in the city have quietly remained at their post. Some have said to the missionaries, “ Does your God give you a charmed life that you dare to walk our plague-stricken streets?” The calm trust, the earnest faith, and the immunity from the plague, and the self-forgetful zeal of the Christians have brought Christianity prominently and favorably to the atten­ tion of many who never heard of Christ before. The end is not yet. Owing to the wide range covered by those who fled from the plague-stricken city, cases have appeared in many other places in the mission. The physicians as yet have been unable to understand this disease or find a remedy for it. Before taking up the details of this report, it will not be out of place to men­ tion two events which are of no little interest to the mission : these are, first, the jubilee anniversary of Dr. S. B. Fairbank’s arrival in India as a missionary of the Board; and the second, the visit of Rev. Dr. J. H. Barrows to both of our Indian missions. It is not often that a mission is permitted to celebrate the golden wedding of a missionary or a mission. Dr. Fairbank arrived in India September 20, 1846, and has given for half a century his talents, time, and strength largely to the evangelistic work of that land. Dr. Barrows’ visit has been a source of strength and an inspiration to all our missionaries in India. To use the words of the mission report, “ In a masterly and attractive way he pre­ sented the Lord Jesus Christ as the desire of all nations and the Divine Saviour of the world.”

PROGRESS OF THE YEAR. In spite of what we have called calamities there have been substantial gains along some lines. We must bear in mind that the ingatherings of one year may be the result of seed sown long ago. We must not draw hasty conclusions, yet it is evident that famine and the plague have led many to think seriously upon religious matters. (1) An examination of the year’s statistical tables show: a good degree of prosperity and increase during the year. Two new churches have been organ­ ized, and the number received on profession of their faith, in all the churches, is 203, which is the largest number ever received in one year. The net gain in membership of the churches is 119, making the number of communicants at the end of the year 2,749. Of these 1,552 are males and 1,197 are females. More than three fifths, or 1,568, are able to read; 192 children have been baptized, and 25 from the roll of baptized children are among those received to the church. The net . gain in this column is 121, making a total at the end of the year of 1881 ; 19 adults have been baptized, who, on account of distance or for some other reason, did not unite-fully with any church, making the number of such baptized adults 162. The whole number of baptized persons in the Christian community is 4,792, a gain of 240 upon the previous year. It will not seem strange, in this year of famine and pestilence, that the contributions of the churches should have fallen short of those of last year by nearly 550 rupees. * 8 9 7 - 3 Marathi Mission.

The changes in the working forces are as follows : There is one less pastor, one more preacher, four more Bible-readers, six more Bible-women, five more female teachers, and three less medical catechists, making an increase of 12 native Christian agents, or a total of 362. There are 32 non-Christian teachers, which is one more than last year. The number of out-stations is tig, which is a de­ crease of six. There are three less schools, but a marked gain in attendance. The whole number of pupils is 4,205, a gain of 195. The Sunday-schools are less by eight, but there is a net gain in the number of pupils of 107. This gain is wholly from Christian pupils, there being a slight decrease in the number of non-Christian attendants. The total number is 5,077.

THE CHURCHES. The following figures show the condition of the churches of the mission so far as numbers can do this : — SYNOPSIS. Churches, 42 Female members, *>197 Pastors, 2 0 Readers, 1,568 Communicants, 2,749 Baptized children, 1,881 Male members, J.552 Whole number baptized persons, 4,792

GAINS DURING T H E Y E A R . Received on profession, 203 Children baptized, 192 Net gain, 119 Contributions, 5,221 rupees The general condition of these churches seems to be commendable. As soon as the famine became alarming, the First Church of Ahmednagar, of which Dr. R. A. Hume is the present acting pastor, appointed a special committee to secure and distribute assistance to those who are in special distress. Many were thus aided. A new church was organized at Bahirawadi. The story of its formation is of sufficient interest to give space to the following extract from a report pre­ pared by Mrs. Bissell. She writes : “ Bahirawadi is an outlying hamlet of the village of Jeur, about three miles from it and fourteen miles from the city of Ahmednagar. There has been more or less of interest among the Mahars of the place for several years, but about three years ago this seemed to culminate, and they one and all seemed to decide that they must and would embrace Christianity. They put away idol worship, and begged that a teacher might be sent them, — if possible one with a wife, — that their women might be taught. They promised the chawadi for the school, and a room for the teacher’s dwelling, and gave them when the teacher came. Later a Bible-reader, a plain, simple man, but with a mind to do God’s work, was sent them with his wife, and some fruit began to appear. Numbers began to ask for baptism, and during the first year thirteen adults were thought ready to receive that rite. Since then the movement has gone steadily on. The interest never seems to flag. There have been frequent baptisms, accompanied by real heart experiences. The villagers were angry when they began to become Christians, burned five of their houses, and forbade them to buy or sell in the village, so they have had to go two miles to make even the smallest purchases. But they have borne it very meekly, never seeming to wish to retaliate. When the number of the baptized reached thirty-nine adults and twenty children, they 66 Marathi Mission. [Report, began to ask that they might be formed into a church, and on the tenth of De­ cember the association of native pastors and delegates from a number, of churches met at Bahirawadi, and the church was organized. The services were conducted beneath the kindly shade of a banyan tree, there being no house suf­ ficiently large for such an assembly. Both natives and Europeans took part in the exercises, which were impressive. After the formation of the church came the communion service, of which men and women of various climes and castes partook.” Mr. H. Fairbank, of Wadale, writes : “ The Wadale church continues to receive additions from the scholars of the two station schools. The pastor has a candi­ dates’ class, and some twenty-three this year were received to the church on pro­ fession of their faith. Four adults were also received on profession. A new church of twenty-nine members had been formed at Awhane. Most of the members came by letter from the Dedgaw church. This is not a large community, but almost all of the Mahars are Christians, and the council that met felt that they would become more self-respecting and independent by being organized into a separate church. The church has been placed under the charge of a pastor.” Some of the churches report the scattering of their members to aid in famine relief work. Mr. Harding says : “ Our Sunday services at Sholapur give us great satisfaction. To one who remembers the beginnings, with only a handful of hearers, it is an inspiring sight to see nearly every seat filled, and the whole con­ gregation with an air of reverent attention as Christian worshipers.” The mission has maintained 122 Sunday-schools with 274 teachers and 5,077 pupils. Of these 1,815 are Christians. It is interesting to note that the Chris­ tian teachers in the day schools are also teachers in the Sunday-schools. Mr. Winsor, of Sirur, says that every one of his village teachers conducts a Sunday- school every Sabbath.

The visit of Rev. F. E. Clark, d .d ., to this mission helped give new life, not only to Christians of all ages, but to the Y. P. S. C. E. in particular. There are sixteen of these societies in and near the city of Ahmednagar alone. The following extract from a report on the Young Men’s Christian Associa­ tion work, written by Mr. Lawson, will give an idea of the work attempted by this organization in Ahmednagar : — “ Last June, in connection with the Young Men’s Christian Association, we started a course of Sunday evening lectures on religious subjects. They have been keptup throughout the year with a considerable degree of success. The attendance has varied a good deal, but the average has been fairly good. Besides the resident missionaries, Mr. N. V. Tilak, the recent Brahman convert, who has been studying in the Theological Seminary, gave a number of interesting lectures, in Marathi, on subjects connected with Hinduism and Christianity. During the October meetings we had excellent lectures by Mr. Bruce, Mr. "Abbott, and Mr. Wilder; and during the recent cold season we have been favored by several visitors from America who have given lectures to the Hindus. Among them were Rev. Mr. Woods, of Hatfield, Mass., who spoke on ‘ What makes a man and what makes a nation;’ Dr. F. E. Clark; Mr. Eddy, of the Student‘Volunteer Move­ ment; Rev. Mr. Lewis, of Boston; and, especially, Dr. Barrows, of Chicago, whose magnificent lectures made quite an impression.” 1897.] Marathi Mission. 6 7

TOURING. Perhaps the methods and success of this work can be best reported by quoting from the letters of some of those who did the work. This is without doubt one of the most important departments of mission work. Mr. Lawson, of the Parner field, writes : “ I found the people very ready to listen in every village. The famine and the plague in Bombay give us splendid starting points and illustrations to use in our preaching. Mr. Bruce’s tract on the famine was very opportune. The dreadful plague in Bombay illustrates the worse disease of sin.” Dr. Ballantine, of Rahuri, says: “ Several tours have been made to different parts of this district. The bicycle has been both a cheap means of rapid transit and an attraction to a crowd of people as soon as it appeared in their village. An audience being at once collected, it has gone further, and often furnished a text for a gospel talk which would be received without opposition.” Mrs. Winsor, of the Sirur field, says : “ These terrible times of reduction and famine have prevented our taking a long tour these months ; we were out only a few days. It made my heart sad, as I went about the villages, to see what im­ mense need we had of workers, more helpers, more schools, more Bible-women. ‘ The fields are white to the harvest. The laborers are few.’ Look at this ; the patil of Dightna comes to the tent and says, ‘ I have turned my whole peth (cir­ cuit) into Christian churches ; come and preach ! ’ And truly the whole village turned out to hear the word that day. Another patil came to thank us for what had been done for them in their village. A heathen patil calls a roll of his heathen villagers to have them constant at service, to hear the gospel preached. These are but signs of the near approach of the Saviour’s reign.” Mrs. Bruce, of Satara, writes: “ There is a great readiness to hear us and our message in the adjoining villages. My daughter and I have just come back from a three days’ tour with our hearts aglow over the good times we have had. Our going out and coming in all seemed ordered of the Lord, and he gave us good returns in added strength as a reward for work undertaken at his command. We visited four villages and had thirty opportunities of presenting the truth. Two preachers were with us, and we sometimes divided our forces so as to give the women special opportunities. At Umraj, when one of us was speaking to a spellbound crowd, somebody exclaimed, ‘ Is this a mortal man, or is it the Most High God ? ’ The preacher sitting near stilled him by saying, ‘ She is telling you God’s message. Hear it.’ ”

BIBLE-WOMEN. At some of the stations the Bible-women are employed in giving regular in­ struction to particular women, and at other places they are engaged in house-to- house visiting. Sometimes they go singly, and sometimes two or three go together. Hence it is very difficult to make out statistical tables which fairly represent their work. The following statement may be regarded as only approximately correct. The mission employs sixty-six Bible-women in fourteen different places. During the year they gave over 12,000 talks or addresses upon some phase of Christianity to over 100,000 people. It is interesting to note that fully one quarter of those who thus heard the word, perhaps for the first time, were men. 68 Marathi Mission. [Report,

Mrs. Bissell, of the Bible-women’s Training School at Ahmednagar, writes: “ This class was formed in 1893. The need of giving our Bible-women a better preparation for the work of teaching other women had long been felt, but as they were nearly all married women with children and family cares, it was difficult to plan for any regular course of instruction for them. However, as our Home Society was desirous to introduce this work in our mission, and was ready to meet any necessary expense, for classroom, dormitories, pundit, etc., that might be required, a beginning was made. At the end of these three years of its existence it can be said to have proved as much of a success as the circum­ stances would lead one to expect. There have been but few unmarried women in the class, and in the present state of native society it cannot be expected that many such will wish to enter it after the long course in school. Young women look forward to teaching or marriage, and a training class of this kind does not attract them. Just now, at the close of 1896, there are three widows and one young unmarried woman who belong to the class and occupy the dormi­ tories. The remaining four are married women who come to the class for an hour a day and live in their homes. These all have more or less practice in the work of teaching outside women or speaking to them. Whoever superintends the work makes a point of accompanying them frequently, as well as the other Bible-women, in their rounds. Four women who had been members of the class for three years have received a certificate showing the attainments they had made, and thus their increased fitness for the work of teaching others.” Miss Stockbridge reports that the zenana work among the high caste women in Ahmednagar has been very interesting and encouraging. They have always been received cordially and treated kindly by the women. She believes that already many have accepted the truths of the gospel. “ The Christian Women Workers’ Union for Western India held its annual meeting in Bombay in September. This Union has for its object the uniting of workers for Christ in deeper sympathy and prayer for each other and in promot­ ing efficiency by cooperation. All missions cooperate heartily in this move­ ment.”

EDUCATIONAL WORK.

Number of higher schools, 8 Number of Christian pupils, I »°57 Station schools, 8 Number of non-Christian pupils, 3»I48 Common and village schools, 119 Total number of pupils, 4,205 Total number of schools, 135 Fees paid by pupils 5>°7° rupees Number of teachers, 234

The mission has kept up as far as possible its educational work. This is essential if it expects to rear up an independent, able Christian community. The common and village schools have had nearly 3,000 pupils under instruction dur­ ing the year. The next grade is the station school. Each principal station of the mission has one of thesejschools. These receive aid from the government and are under official inspection,' although the missionaries have full and com­ plete charge. The number of pupils in these station schools has been 359. The leading boarding schools are at Bombay and Ahmednagar. In reporting for the former, Mrs. E. S. Hume writes: “ The High School for Christian chil­ I897-J Marathi Mission. 69 dren has completed twenty years of useful existence. It opened 011 the first of February, 1877, with a few scholars. The place in which it was then housed was the back room of an old preaching hall. There were no mission funds for the enterprise, and for many years it struggled through a precarious existence. But such an institution was needed ; the Christians begged for it; from the out­ set it commended itself to them, and they have always regarded it as their school. It entered upon its second and more enlarged existence in October, 1882, when the present schoolhouse was first occupied. Since then it has steadily grown until now. During the past year there have been 161 children in attendance, much too large a number for the present building. Fortunately there is a pros­ pect that the needed enlargement will, before very long, become an accomplished fact. Four pupils were sent up to the matriculation examination in November, three of whom passed. Another young man, who was in our previous class, and who had been working during the year, was also successful. Of those who passed, one was a girl who has passed through all the grades of the school. With gratitude and humility we now enter upon the third decade of our history.” For the Girls’ Boarding School at Ahmednagar Miss Bissell writes : “ The year closes with about two hundred names on the rolls, of which seventy-three are enrolled in the Anglo-Vernacular Standards. Six of our brightest little ten-year- olds are ambitiously preparing to compete next September at the government scholarship examination, and although there are only two scholarship savailable, each of the six expects to be one of the favored two. Government scholar­ ships have been held by different pupils in our schools for four years, and this fact has raised the school in the estimation of not only the government inspector, but of other government officials, as well as of the Hindu community here in Ahmednagar.” Seven were admitted to the church from the school during the year. At the end of December there were 196 names on the rolls of the Hindu Girls’ Schools at Ahmednagar. Nearly all the teachers are Christian. The Sun­ day-schools connected with each of the two schools are well attended. Space will not permit us to speak of the schools at Rahuri, Sirur, Paral, Wai, and Sholapur, or of the high-caste Girls’ School at Bombay, which suffered much from the plague. These all give reports of excellent work done. The Mission High School at Ahmednagar has had 295 on its rolls. During the nine months’ absence of Mr. Smith the school with its various departments was in charge of Mr. S. Modak, the head teacher and a son of a late pastor. The staff of teachers are entirely Christian, with the exception of the teachers of Sanskrit and Persian — a feature novel in the story of mission schools in India. With such influences and the blessing of God, may we not expect greater things in the future? The year 1896 has been one of spiritual awakening among the Christian pupils of the High School. Regular instruction in the Bible was im­ parted as usual, and a Sunday-school was maintained in connection with the school. The Ahmednagar Young Men’s Christian Association held its weekly prayer-meetings in the High School on Tuesday evenings, and these were at­ tended chiefly by the Christian teachers and students of the High School. A number of Christian pupils pledged themselves to devote the first half hour of the day to a meditative and thorough study of the Bible for personal growth. 70 Marathi Mission. [Report,

Visits from ‘ Tamil David,’ the well-known Indian evangelist, and from Messrs. Wilder, Mott, Eddy, and others of the Student Volunteer Movement, were very helpful. As a result of all these, many confessed their sins and turned a new leaf in their Christian life. The building of the Industrial School at Sirur was burned some time ago. Mr. Winsor writes : “ The completion of the new building has been delayed two months, owing, the contractors tell me, to the strike in Europe, whence special iron girders were to be brought. The main building is up, and the rooms for the machinery, the main workshop, and the drawing are such as to afford the highest utility. I trust it will be remembered that this school is thus rebuilt and reequipped mostly by friends here and by the government. We have been made very happy by the arrival in the last few days of machinery and tools from America and England of the most approved and valuable kind, and we are grateful that this valuable school is more and more esteemed.” The Theological Seminary is the crown and flower of all the educational work. Dr. R. A. Hume is the principal and dean of this school. Dr. Hume reports : “ The Seminary was in session from June 15 to October 23. Twelve students studied in one class. Since the institution was organized on January 1. 1877, there has never been a class whose educational advantages prior to entering have been so good. Therefore it was feasible during this term to give more advanced instruction and more instruction than ever before. One of the pupils, Mr. N. V. Tilak, has a large and accurate knowledge of Hinduism, and he was therefore asked to teach the subject of Hinduism to the rest of the class. The schedule of studies was as follows : —

7-8.15 a.m. Biblical Theology, taught in English, by Rev. R. A. Hume. 1 2 -1 P.M. Notes on preaching and practical exercises in preaching, taught in Marathi three days in the week, by Rev. R. A. Hume. 12-1 P.M. The Bhagavad Gita, taught in Marathi two days in the week, by Mr. N. V. Tilak. 4-5 p.m. Church History, taught in English, by Rev. H. M. Lawson. Saturday mornings, 7-8.15. Homiletic Exercises of different kinds, training of the voice, etc., conducted by Rev. R. A. Hume.

In Biblical Theology the ground covered was a study of the types of Christian thought found in the Synoptic Gospels, in the fourth Gospel, in the Pauline Epistles, especially that to the Romans, in the Epistle to the Hebrews, and in the book of Revelation. On the subject of preaching, notes were given on the composition of sermons; some sermons were read and carefully analyzed in the class. Notes were given on motives and how to stimulate different motives; and a volume of sermons by some eminent preacher was given each student to study. Each student preached two or three sermons for criticism before the instructor in this department and before the class. Many presented a written sermon for criticism. On the subject of Hinduism, the class was taught the chief characteristics of the principal philosophical systems; namely, the Sankhya, the Yoga, and the Vedanta, the general purport of the Bhagavad Gita, and in particular its first three chapters. On Church History, notes were given cover­ ing the ground from the time of Christ to the present, taking up the most im­ portant portions. Special attention was given to the triumph of Christianity in the Roman empire, the Reformation, and the history of Christianity in India. *897*] Marathi Mission. 71

Monthly examinations, sometimes written, sometimes oral, were made. Each student is expected to do three kinds of Christian service at least once a week: (i) preaching to non-Christians; (2) some kind of preaching to Christians; (3) something for the young, such as conducting a Sunday-school or teaching a Bible class. On the whole the work of the term was quite satisfactory.

MEDICAL WORK.

The regular medical work has been carried on without marked change under the direction of Dr. Ballantine and Dr. Julia Bissell. No statistics are given of the patients treated. This work is always made to serve the great end for which the mission labors — conversion to Christ. They have a goodly corps of as­ sistants. There are dispensaries at Ahmednagar, Rahuri, Bassein. The work in the latter place has been under the care of Dr. Karmarkar, who has recently given it u p; she and Mr. Karmarkar having gone into another mission for the present.

PUBLICATION.

The three periodicals — The Dnyanodaya, the Balbodh Mewa, the Bal- shikshak— have been continued during the year. These exert a great influ­ ence, not only among Christians, but have a wide reaching among non-Christians. The American Tract Society has hitherto generously aided in this work, but has this year been compelled to withhold aid because of its own financial deficiencies. It is of the utmost importance that these mighty aids to the evangelization of India be not crippled or destroyed. Under the management of Mr. Bruce the Columbian Press has maintained its usual activity during the past year, and reports a goodly list of cards and leaflets that have been printed and sent out among the people. These comprise six leaflets of 45,000 copies each, one of 60,000, one of 50,000, and one of 30,000, with cards and calendars, making a total of 421,200 copies and 831,200 pages. Two of the leaflets should have special mention. No. 104, on the famine (written by Mr. Bruce), was designed to utilize the present distress in turning the thoughts of the suffering people to the Giver of all good. It considers the famine as the voice of God calling the people to repentance. It has been widely distributed in the famine districts, and the large edition of 50,000 copies is nearly exhausted. No. 3, “ Who is Jesus Christ?” is one of the earliest tracts on the list. It has a history and a story connected with it. Mr. Bruce says : “ Seventeen years ago I advertised for some new tracts, offering prizes for the best. A committee was appointed to make the selection. Unknown to the committee I myself prepared this tract and sent it with other manuscripts. The committee rejected it. I, however, concluded to print it, and it has proved to be the most popular leaflet in my whole series. Edition after edition has been called for, and during the last year so many were asked for, that I printed 30,000 copies, making a total of nine editions and 112,000 copies.” The Religious Tract Society of London has made grants of paper to the Press, and the American Tract Society of New York made it an appropriation of $100. 72 Madura Mission. [Report,

MADURA MISSION.

MADURA. — Frank Van Allen, M.D., David S. Herrick, William W. Wallace, Ordained; Mrs. Harriet D. Van Allen, Mrs. Dency R. Herrick, Mrs. Genevieve T. Wallace, Miss Eva M. Swift, Miss Mary T. Noyes, Miss Bessie B. Noyes, Miss Mary M. Root, Miss Gertrude Barker, Miss Harriet E. Parker, M.D. DlNPIGUL.— Edward Chester, M.D., Ordained; Mrs. Susan R. Chester. PALANI. — Willis P. Elwood, Ordained; Mrs. Agnes A . Elwood. MANAMADURA. — Edward P. Holton, Ordained; Mrs. Gertrude M. Holton. Pasumalai. — George T. Washburn, D.D., John P. Jones, D.D., William M. Zumbro, Ordained; Mrs. Eliza E. Washburn, Mrs. Sarah A. Jones. Arrupkottai. — Hervey C. Hazen, Ordained; Mrs. Hattie A. Hazen. Periakulam . — James E. Tracy, D.D., Ordained; Mrs. Fannie S. Tracy. Battalagundu. — Charles S. Vaughan, Ordained; Mrs. Martha E. Vaughan. TlRUMANGALAM. — James C. Perkins, Ordained; Mrs. Charlotte J. Perkins.

T ir u p u v a n a m . — Vacant. «

M e l u r . — Vacant. On the way out.— Franklin E. Jeffery, Ordained; Mrs. Capitola M. Jeffery. In this country. — John S. Chandler, Ordained; Mrs. Henrietta S. Chandler, Mrs. Martha J. Noyes. Eleven stations; 307 out-stations; 15 ordained missionaries, of whom 2 are physicians; 21 assistant female missionaries, of whom 1 is a physician; 287 teachers; 23 pastors; 16 evangelists; 123 cate- chists; 19 medical agents; 67 Bible-women; 1 theological seminary: 24 students; 15 collegiate, boarding, and high schools: 1,395 pupils; 14 Hindu girls’ schools: 869 pupils; 134 common schools : 3,666 pupils; whole number under instruction, 5,910; fees from all schools, about #3,430; native con­ tribution for Christian work, about $3,067; adherents, 15,495; average Sabbath attendance, 8,818; churches 38, membership 4,595, added by profession during the year 173. The famine and plague which have been felt so keenly in the Marathi Mission have not entered this field. In 1895 the mission made a careful estimate of the funds needed by it to carry on the work already in hand, not making any pro­ vision for enlarging its operations. The Prudential Committee was able to grant only about half of the amount asked. This has laid heavy burdens upon the mission, which has strained every nerve to save the work from loss. Upon this subject the report of the mission for 1896 says: “ We are thankful that our native brethren have borne their part of the reduction so patiently and cheerfully» and in some instances have made special efforts to supply the deficiency. If you fail to find the grand results which you hoped for in these pages, please remem­ ber our difficulties; that it is not an easy task to wage a successful warfare with half one’s supplies and reinforcements cut off; that it is hard to render the full tale of bricks when so much time is spent in gathering straw.” This report contains a valuable new map of the mission and its out-stations.

THE LABORERS. The members of the mission are now nearly all upon the field. Dr. and Mrs. Washburn, Mr. and Mrs. James C. Perkins have rejoined the mission after a fur­ lough in this country, and Mr. and Mrs. John S. Chandler are now to return. Mr. W. W. Wallace, who served four years as teacher in Jaffna College, and who has since taken a four years’ course at Yale Theological Seminary, has, with Mrs. Wallace, been appointed and gone to the mission to fill the vacancy caused by 1897.] Madura Mission. 73

the withdrawal of Mr. Wright last year. Mr. and Mrs. F. E. Jeffery resigned last year owing to the health of Mrs. Jeffery. Her health having been fully restored according to the testimony of several physicians, they have been reappointed and have returned to their work, which they loved so well. Miss Mary R. Per­ kins, who, though not a missionary, has rendered most valuable service to the mission, did not return to the field this summer with her brother. The co-workers consist of pastors, catechists, teachers, Bible-women, evan­ gelists, and medical agents. Their total number is 535, which is thirty-four less than last year. There are in the mission twenty-three pastors, an increase of two over last year. Rev. M. S. Thirithuvathasan was ordained at Melur in January, and Rev. G. P. Vethanayagam at Sevalpatti, in the Mandapasalai Station, in February. These men not only have charge of individual congregations as pastors at home, but they also have the oversight of several congregations and schools in an as­ signed district. For example, the Mandapasalai Station has four pastorates, and one of those pastors has twenty-seven congregations and eight schools. The pastor visits those places often and counsels, guides, stimulates, and helps the workers and people under him, as does the missionary. There are also 123 catechists and 287 teachers at work in the mission. This is sixteen fewer cate­ chists and eighteen fewer teachers than last year. The loss is owing in part to the reductions in money allowed for this purpose, for seven catechists and eigh­ teen teachers have been dismissed for lack of funds, and several good men, who were available and should have been engaged, were refused. Unable to advance, the mission has endeavored to hold its own by requiring men to do double duty. That is, where a man has been caring for two congregations, he has been given one or two more, and where one has done only catechist’s or teacher’s work alone, he now does both. It is not reasonable to expect the highest efficiency from a man who teaches school all the week and preaches to three or four dif­ ferent congregations on the Sabbath. It is pretty sure to be poor preaching, or poor teaching, or both, to say nothing of the entire neglect of pastoral work. Evangelistic Work. — The following extract from the report shows the methods used by the mission to keep in touch with the native workers, and to encourage and strengthen them in their work : “ The workers often lead a very lonely life in the villages. Sometimes they are so far above their congregations in education and social standing that their people look upon them as of another nation, and out of touch with them. A man may be kind, faithful, and true, and yet a barrier is there which makes it hard for preacher and people. Besides this, if he is a spiritual man, there is no sympathy between him and the surrounding Hindus. To prevent his being discouraged, the missionaries visit him and his people as often as they can, and try to stay up his hands. Besides this, each mis­ sionary has a meeting every month with all his agents where they recite lessons, give reports of work, study God’s word, and pray together. More general meet­ ings are held in March at three central points in the mission, and in September all the agents of the mission come together in Madura. There are thirty-eight churches with a total membership of 4,595, which is a gain of fourteen over last year. There were added by profession 1 73, which gives an average of more than seven to each native pastor; added by profession and letter and restored to church privileges, 476, which is more than twenty to each pastor. Some of 74 Madura Mission. [Report, our churches are composed of all the communicants in the various villages of the entire station. Every effort is made by the missionaries to bring all these churches up to the highest ideal. We must remember that the land is pagan, and sin has been the natural course of the lives of church members until they learned of Christ. It is, therefore, much more difficult to maintain the church in its purity here than it is in the United States. No one is baptized and received into the church until by a rigid examination and close observation of his life we axe satisfied that he is a true child of God. The missionaries receive into the con­ gregation all who will put themselves under Christian instruction. The total number of adherents, or members of the congregations, at present is 15,495. This is a falling off of 188 from last year, owing largely to the reductions in mission funds, for catechists could not be given to look after them all, and some became discouraged and went back to their old gods ; others went to other and neighboring missions.” Various members of the mission speak of the need of more funds and more men in order to provide catechists for entire villages, which are ready to put themselves under Christian instruction. To supply the men the mission schools must be strongly sustained, for from these schools must come the native forces to man the field. Of the Christian community only 5,067 can read, or about one third. The greatest ignorance prevails among the women. To remedy this defect the catechist is expected to give faithful and systematic instruction in the rudiments of Christianity, and to aid him the mission has prepared with great care a schedule of lessons for the village congregations. It has one lesson a week in a five years’ course. It contains a golden text for every Sabbath, the prominent events in the life of Christ, the interesting portions of the Old Testa­ ment history, and once a month a doctrinal or topical lesson. This gives uni­ formity throughout the mission. Whenever a pastor or missionary visits a congregation he examines them in the lessons of the past month. This new scheme of studies is commending itself to the mission as a great help and stimulus. Some hold annual prize Bible examinations upon the year’s lessons. The mission is beginning to realize the need of giving more attention to the women of the congregations. In many places few women attend the services. There is always much persecution for those who accept Christianity. Dr. Jones writes: “ In Tirumangalam Station we have had this year renewed evidence, if any were needed, of the falsity of Vivekananda’s statement that Hinduism and its adherents are the most tolerant upon earth. Indifferent they are to a certain extent, but few people are better versed at times than they in the art of annoying, worrying, and injuring those Christians who live among them and urge Christ upon them. I know of no system which lends itself more easily to many forms of persecution than does Hinduism." The mission has 245 Sabbath-schools, which is a gain of twenty-six over last year. The membership is 6,665, which is a gain of 817. These schools in the villages are of the simplest nature. As few of the people can read, in many instances none at all, the catechist must necessarily be the teacher, and all of his congregation, old and young, male and female, form the only class. In the large cities and at the station centres, where there is generally a boarding school, classes can be formed as at home, and the International Lessons are used. There í897.] Madura Missioti. 75 are five Young Men’s Christian Associations in a flourishing state in the mission ; namely, one each at Pasumalai, Madura, Dindigul, Battalagundu, and Arupukottai. All are of great assistance in the work of evangelization. The Association at Madura has taken on fresh life from the residence of Mr. Azariah, the General Secretary, in Madura. They have a reading-room and library with a number of volumes in it, contributed by missionaries. They have had three public lectures, observed the Week of Prayer, supported two Sunday-schools, and many of the members have signed a declaration promising to devote the first half hour of every day to the study of the Bible and to prayer. There are twenty Young People’s Societies of Christian Endeavor in the mis­ sion, and they are eminently useful. Had we space we should be glad to give the entire reports of these societies. These young people assist the pastors and catechists in street preaching; they maintain prayer-meetings, they give splendid testimonies for Christ before the world ; young men and women and little chil­ dren learn to pray and to give and to do. Until recently the people have expected pay for all Christian work, but these societies are giving them a new idea of what it is to be a Christian. They are waking up the people to a new life of activity and usefulness. They are showing them the blessedness of voluntary service for Christ. This Endeavor movement is changing the aims and spirit and tone of the churches. The annual gathering with the mission agents in September was varied somewhat this year by having a “ Young People’s Day,” which was wholly given up to meetings for and with the Y. M. C. A.’s and Y. P. S. C. E.’s and King’s Daughters. Jt brought together many young men and women from different parts of the mission and proved to be a day of great interest and profit to all. Besides the sermons, addresses, discussions, reports, and enthusiastic singing, there was a procession, nearly a thousand strong, which passed with music and banners through the principal streets of Madura, and in which the different schools and societies from all parts of the mission took part. All felt that “ Young People’s Day ” was a success.

EVANGELISTIC WORK FOR NON-CHRISTIANS. There are sixteen evangelists doing work exclusively among non-Christians. The ordinary catechists have for a first duty the care of one or more congrega­ tions. Then if they do not have a school they are expected to spend the remainder of their time in work among Hindus and Mohammedans. Some of the conscientious and faithful men spend fifteen or twenty days or parts of days in this work every month. But some have too much to do in the care of two or three large congregations. Hence the mission has employed evangelists who devote their whole time to efforts in winning non-Christians. They go into the neglected districts far away, and sometimes have gained new congregations. Bible-women. — This department is bright and full of promise. It has devel­ oped rapidly and is destined to work a change upon the face of society. So long as Satan holds the wives and mothers, he is content to let us do our utmost upon the other elements of society ; he will still hold the nation. But by the faithful, earnest work of the sixty-seven Bible-women now in the employ of the mission a movement is being inaugurated that will prove a great blessing. The report says on this subject: “ As a rule they are a comfort and an inspiration to the missionary. 76 Madura Mission. [Report,

They are hard-working, faithful, prayerful, and devoted. Many of them spend seven hours per day during five days of the week in house-to-house visitation, and then volunteer to work on Sunday in addition. One cannot read about their enthusiasm in their work without being thrilled through and through.” Mrs. Tracy writes : “ Village life is utterly stagnant. The women gossip and quarrel and go their round of domestic duties, caring for little else. It is one of the sad features of the life of natives in India that there is no such thing as what we in the West call' home life.’ Disorder, low ideas, and ignorance prevail. We want to break in upon and break up this monotonous existence, substituting the new stimulating life of faith in Christ Jesus, both to Christians and non-Christians. This is the work which we aim to do by the Bible-woman.” It is interesting to note the development of this work. For example, at the beginning of the year the work among the Mohammedans was put into the hands of Mrs. Herrick. She has two agents at work among these people. One is a Hindustani-speaking woman, while the other is so anxious to learn the language that she spent her vacation time in May in the school with the teacher, and as the result is now able to read and teach the first book in Hindustani, and is beginning to converse with the people in their own language. The work among the Mohammedans is interesting, but is also exciting. One often feels as if living in an earthquake country, where something startling is likely to occur. Several times during the year the women have been hindered in their work by some order of the Mohammedan priest, but they have gone quietly on, and in a short time the trouble has ceased. Eighty-one women have been reading during the year. Sixty-eight are still on the roll, and three reading the Bible. Mrs. Elwood states that the women under her care have visited 267 more houses than last year. Miss Swift writes : “ Within four years the number of pupils has more than trebled. The missionary lady at Madura in 1867 counted it a great opportunity when invited to one house to instruct the women. Now we cannot meet the demands for teachers, and are forced to refuse many pupils. We have also dropped quite a number of the older pupils, although they would be glad to con­ tinue with us, in order to properly care for the newer ones who are coming to us. Four thousand three hundred and ten separate houses have been visited during the year, 914 of which belong to those of our regular pupils. A total of 1,724 have studied under our direction. Three Bible-women are rendering assistance to the pastors of the city churches, receiving their support from the churches, and have proved themselves valuable aids. One of them has frequently visited a suburb of Madura with the pastor’s wife, and nine persons have united with the church as the result of their work. One is conducting a Sunday-school for the mill employees, and others are holding neighborhood prayer-meetings in Hindu homes on Sunday. There are twenty-two such places where we may hold meetings.” Itineracy. — There have been forty-one itineracies held during the year, 2,557 different villages have been visited, and 167,902 persons have heard the gospel message. The true design of the itineracy is to do evangelistic work in remote sections, which are not reached in ordinary work. This design is adhered to in a large measure, but it is also a means of strengthening and encouraging cate- chists and Christians in distant places, who suffer from a sense of isolation on 1 8 9 7 .] Madura Mission. 77 account of their fewness compared with the mighty hosts of Hindus about them. Mr. Holton says: “ In some of the remoter villages where there are church members it is only upon such occasions that they can enjoy the privilege of coming to the Lord’s table or of having their children baptized. Another benefit is the good that the helpers themselves receive from being thrown together in most earnest evangelistic work for others, with all local cares and responsibili­ ties thrown off. And it allows the missionary, if lie is so fortunate as to be able to get away from other duties and come with them, the privilege of living in the most intimate and informal relations with his agents and brothers. He sees them at their best and it gives them a new hope of India’s redemption. He gets away from all considerations of repairs, salaries, loans, debts : and together they are able to study the mind of the Master and his way of meeting conditions and individuals similar to existing ones.” Mr. Holton takes an hour for Bible study with his men at midday. He uses the sciopticon in the night preaching, and says that, when he comes to the scenes of Christ’s arrest, trial, crucifixion, death, and burial, there is always a perceptible hush that falls upon any moving and whispering members of the crowd, and an attention amounting almost to reverence. Dr. Chester has this work thoroughly systematized. Only six men engage in each itineracy, and they are selected from the vicinity of the area to be gone over. They work five days in the week and then go to their villages for Sunday services and return on Monday again to the tent. Two weeks in each month, except in the rainy season, are thus spent. Mr. Hazen writes that, “ In the Mandapasalai Station four itineracies were held during the year, one in each pastorate, the missionary, pastor, and catechists of that pastorate only going at a time. The work was most delightful. We saw the good side of our workers and people. We were able to draw unusually near to the Master and hence got nearer to the people. The respectful and sometimes earnest attention of the Hindus to our preaching was noteworthy. There was a solemnity in our audience, sometimes a hush, that greatly impressed us. Indeed, some sections seemed so ripe for the gospel that if we had several men of prayer, full of faith and the Holy Ghost, to put into the field, we feel confident that a great harvest would be the result. In one village where there had been no Christians up to that time, sixty-seven persons decided to join us. We took their names, organ­ ized them into a congregation, and have given them a catechist. The people of two or three other villages are almost persuaded and could be won if we only had the right kind of a man to follow them up. ‘ The harvest is great, but the laborers are few,’ and the means very inadequate.” Street Preaching. — This is carried on at nearly, if not all, the station centres. The missionary, pastor, catechists, and teachers go together to designated places. Often the boarding school boys assist in the singing at such a time. Madura being a large place and many agents to assist, the street preaching there has been reduced to a system. They go to five different places every Tuesday night; subjects are assigned beforehand, leaders are appointed, and they choose their assistants. Mr. Vaughan writes that by means of these efforts thousands hear the gospel every year. As a rule the people listen quietly, although some­ times there is trouble and stones are thrown. 78 Madura Mission. [Report,

Christian Literature. — The American Tract and Bible Societies make an occasional grant of money, by which we can sell Bibles and tracts at a very low price. Also the Tract Society of Madras furnishes us all the handbills gratis that we can use, while the Christian Literature Society of Madras sells at a small price most excellent schoolbooks, which are pure and contain moral and reli­ gious truths scattered here and there through them. The mission sold during the year 15,168 schoolbooks, scattered broadcast 150,000 handbills, and sold and gave 378 Bibles, 256 New Testaments, and 3,166 portions of the Bible.

EDUCATIONAL WORK. Village Schools. — There are 134 of these in the mission, in which there are 841 Christian pupils, and 2.825 non-Christians, making a total of 3,666. The importance of these schools is very great, because they are at the founda­ tion of the entire educational system. They are the feeders of the boarding schools, college, and seminary. They are important also because they give strength and permanence to the village congregations. Without them most of the people would grow up in ignorance, would consequently be weak and unstable ; in one word, would be children all their days. In a large number of villages where there are Christian congregations, there is no school whatever except ours. We cannot afford to allow the Christian children to grow up in ignorance. They must be educated if the next generation is to be strong and able to cope with the mighty forces of Hinduism. Congregations are coming to us in some parts of the field faster than we can take care of them. They are asking for teachers and preachers more than can be supplied. Of the 7,399 children in the mission only 1,697 can read. The mission is giving up Hindu schools as fast as possible and centring all its strength upon the rising generation of Christians. The schools are first for the children of Christians, but if Hindu children care to come they are welcomed. There are fourteen Hindu Girls’ Schools with a total of 869 pupils. Boarding Schools. — Whatever may be said for or against other schools, all are agreed that the boarding schools form one of the most essential and hopeful parts of the work. All speak of them as a comfort and a joy. In the village life there is neither order, system, rule, neatness, nor purity of body, mind, or heart. In the boarding schools all these are insisted upon. The change which comes over the boys and girls after a few months’ residence in the school is very noticeable. Unwashed face and hands, unkempt hair, scant clothing, and that guiltless of washing for weeks together, are things of the past. The old, dull, listless manner, the stubborn, sulky way, the filthy conversation, the stealing, lying, and deception are all exchanged for better things. When these pupils go to their villages in vacation time the people are filled with admiration at their improvement and become proud of them. Best of all, these boys and girls give their hearts to the Saviour, and then go to their villages to preach to their neigh­ bors, who look on in wonder at such earnestness in those of such tender years. The most reliable, efficient, and faithful agents, male and female, are those who have had the careful, judicious training of the boarding schools. Coming as they do into close contact daily with the missionary at this formative period of their lives, leaves an impress for good that time and trouble cannot efface. *»97-] Madura Mission. 79 In these boarding schools no caste distinction is allowed. All eat together and sit upon the same bench in the recitation room. The course of study begins with the A B C in most of the schools and continues about five years. When finished those who give evidence of piety and talents are sent to Pasumalai if they are boys, or to Madura if they are girls. There is a Senior, and Junior Christian Endeavor Society in the school which are doing a good work. Eleven of the girls united with the church this year on profession of faith. The Lucy Perry Noble Bible Schoolfor Christian Workers. — Miss Swift reports : “ This school has just completed its fourth year. As a mission which has not spiritually minded and instructed agents cannot hope to fulfil the purpose of its establishment, we aim by this school to send forth suitably equipped laborers. We have received women for training, especially with a view to increasing the number of Bible-women; but it is our conviction that the benefit of such training and instruction should not be confined to Bible-women alone, but that the spirit­ ual efficiency of our teachers would be increased materially by two years of close Bible study and direct work for souls such as the institution affords. We have had a class of twenty students this year, most of whom come from without the district. The regular practical work of the students consists in house-to-house visiting and teaching Hindu women. They have had 238 pupils during the year and have visited 1,377 separate houses. We purchased a tent early in the year for the use of the students in village work, and made use of it on two different occasions. Fourteen students, accompanied by three Bible-women, spent ten days in April itinerating among the villages of the Madura Station. They made five encampments, and preached in sixty-one villages, scattered over a district of 180 square miles. The women walked 135 miles and conducted 168 meetings. In March, five students finished the course of study and received certificates from the school. Four of these women are at work in our own mission, two in the vil­ lages, and two in Madura city. The much-needed building for our work is in course of construction, and we hope to occupy it within six months. As the funds are insufficient to complete the building according to the plan, we are erecting only a part of it at present, and hope that in the future we may be enabled to complete it. Our hearty thanks are due to the members of the Union Park Church, Chicago, for their contribution toward this object this year.” The Madura High School. — It has a staff of twelve teachers and 244 pupils. Mr. Herrick, who is in charge of it, reports as follows : “ At the begin­ ning of the year the High School was made a separate department of mission work, and was put in my charge. The object of this school is plain, and the methods of attaining that object comparatively simple. Its fundamental object is to exert a Christian influence upon the community, through the boys and young men who attend it. As nearly four fifths of the pupils are non-Christian, it is easy to see that the influence may be considerable, both indirectly on the families to which the students belong, and directly on the students themselves, who will in time take their places in the community as heads of families. The methods of attaining that object are, first, to make the school a decided success as a school, and, secondly, to impart Christian instruction in the daily Bible class and in the Sunday-school, and by personal intercourse with the students. The 8 o Madura Mission. [Report,

Christian work done in the school has been regular and systematic. Bible classes are held daily and afford a good opportunity for some very plain speaking on religious subjects, which for the most part is well received. The seed is being sown and the harvest is sure to come in time. The Christian influence of earnest and devoted teachers, supplemented by regular Christian teaching, is sure to tell in the end, in the formation of manly Christian character. The school is especially fortunate in having a head master who is thoroughly inter­ ested in his work and who is a decided Christian, and whose influence on the boys is most excellent.” Pasumalai College and Training Institute. — The average attendance for the year in the entire institution has been 329, a gain of 16 over the previous year. The Normal School remains the same, the College gains 9, the High School loses 22, the Lower Secondary department gains 8, while the Primary gains 2t. The loss in the High School is especially to be regretted, for it is men of this grade more than any other that are urgently needed to carry on the substantial work of the mission in the district. The average number of mission students in the school during the year is 189, the number of non-mission Christian stu­ dents is 73, the number of Hindu students is 65, and the total number of students attending Pasumalai for the first time is 123. In the examinations for the year the students who were sent up made a most excellent showing, bringing much credit to the institution and their instructors. As the College brings together those who in the future are to be the leaders in the Christian work of the mission, it is a matter of no small importance that the school should maintain as high a standard of Christian life as possible. While this is far from being all that could be desired, there has, however, been manifested a religious earnestness and growth which are hopeful for the future. Early in the year a number of students and teachers attended the conference of the Student Volunteer Movement at Madras, and were not only helped them­ selves, but returned to help others. Twelve students from the College have united with the church during the year. Aside from the Sunday-school and twenty minutes assigned for Bible reading in the morning, one half hour each day, for five days in the week, is devoted to Bible study in every department and in all classes in the school. The Young Men’s Christian Association connected with the institution main­ tains a prayer-meeting on Wednesday and Sunday evenings. The attendance at the Wednesday evening meeting has averaged about two thirds the number of the Christian students besides several of the teachers, while the Sunday evening meeting has been attended by practically all of the Christian students and several of the teachers. The Association supports an evangelist, who lives in a village a short distance out. A day school, with an attendance of thirty-five, has grown up, which is taught by the evangelist’s wife, when he is out at work among the villages. They have also a flourishing night school. The members of the Association are much interested in this work and sometimes assist in the Sunday services. The receipts of the Association for the year are over 100 rupees. They have a limited supply of papers and books for Sunday reading. The Institute is much distressed because of lack of funds, and is sorely in I897-J Madura Mission. 8 i need of a liberal endowment. In the absence of Dr. Washburn in this country the Institute has been under the superintendence of Mr. Zumbro. The Theological Seminary at Pasumalai. — This training school for native helpers is under the care of Dr. Jones. A class of six graduated during the year and a new class of nine was received, making the number in attendance twenty-four. In his report Dr. Jones adds : “ In past years I advocated the policy of receiving among the students a good percentage of those who had been engaged already in mission service as teachers and catechists. My desire in this respect has been more than realized, with the result that nearly all of the present body of- students have come here from mission service, and not from mission schools direct. The tendency is towards the entire elimination of stu­ dents fresh from other departments. This is unfortunate, since it adds much to our expenses; for nearly all those who come here from mission service are mar­ ried and have families to support It also tends to reduce the scholarship below what it otherwise might be. The average age of those received this year is twenty-six, and the average length of previous service is five years.” During the year also three itineracies have been conducted, continuing in the aggregate twenty-five days. By means of these and of our weekly village preach­ ing no fewer than 50,000 people have heard the gospel. One of the itineracies was conducted for twelve days in June; just before the opening of the Seminary year. Upon this occasion there was a party of over twenty preachers at work. They addressed over 25,000 souls and covered thoroughly in their journeyings an area of 150 square miles. This was mostly in the region of thief caste villages, among a people who are notoriously ignorant, superstitious, bigoted, and lawless.

MEDICAL WORK.

Madura Hospital. — Dr. Van Allen reports as follows: “ The work in our mission hospital at Madura has gone on steadily as usual. The number of patients treated has been about the same as the previous year. The total num­ ber treated last year was 47,000. The total number treated the preceding year was 47,600. Surgical cases have slightly increased. Thank-offerings from patients have been maintained and oty municipal grant has been increased. Notwith­ standing the heavy reduction in the grant by our Board, the work has not been decreased in efficiency, the reductions being met in two ways; namely, by a grant kindly given by the Widows’ Aid Society, on account of medical examinations of candidates in past years, and by allowing the stock of medicines to run low. Reli­ gious instruction is carried on daily in both dispensaries. Handbills and tracts are daily given out, to which I have heard but one person object. In September Dr. Harriet E. Parker, after passing her first examination in Tamil, took up the work in the Women’s Hospital. A lady doctor has been the great need here, and the work will be much more satisfactorily carried on by this addition to its force.” Dr. Van Allen is building one of the finest hospital structures in Southern India. It is of profound interest to know, demonstrating also the influence of the medical work upon those who are the most familiar with it, that the entire amount needed for the erection of this new hospital — about 40,000 rupees — was 82 Madura Mission. [Report, given by friends in India, the largest donors by far being natives. The property will belong to the Board, and the hospital will be under the complete care and control of the missionaries. The money is given with the full knowledge that in it Christianity will be taught to all the patients. There is great need of annual gifts, begun at once, to support the work carried on here. Dindigul Dispensary. — Dr. Chester reports as follows : “ There were treated at the Dindigul Dispensary, in the year under review, 10,693 new cases, or those coming for the first time, and a total of 21,121 old and new cases, which repre­ sents the number of prescriptions written. Of the new cases 6,450 were males and 5,989 females. Of these 5,987 were medical, 3,445 surgical, 232 both medical and surgical, and 1,029 °f vaccination, performed by the medical vaccinator. There were 234 in-patients and 69 labor cases. Among the patients were 138 Europeans, 93 Eurasians, 3,032 native Christians, 925 Mohammedans, and 6,504 Hindus. The patients came from 793 villages. These figures, though rather dry reading, bring to light a number of interesting facts. One is that native women have less and less fear of attending a European dispensary, and are almost as well represented as men. Another is that all classes and castes and adherents of various forms of religion, found in our district, are very equally represented. Still another is that the natives coming to the dispensary have seemed to show increasing confidence in European medical treatment.”

MISCELLANEOUS.

The Pasumalai Press, which has hitherto been a private enterprise, sustained and carried on entirely by Dr. Washburn, was made over by him to the mission early in the year. Dr. Jones, who now has it in charge, employs eleven men in it. Besides printing the True News twice a month and the Joyful News monthly, it has turned out many thousand pages of tracts, booklets, and reports during the year. The Widows' Aid Society. — This society, which was formed in 1864, is some­ what of the nature of an insurance society. Its object is to provide for the support of the widows and orphans of deceased agents and Christians of the Madura Mission. It is entirely distinct from the mission, and the mission is in no way responsible for it. But the mission cooperates with it and encourages it in every possible way. It is managed on thorough business principles, and has gained in strength and popularity from the beginning. It is a very safe institu­ tion, having 44,000 rupees permanently invested, the interest on which is sufficient to pay all pensions due to widows and orphans. Those who are acquainted with the society are glad to avail themselves of its excellent provisions. The Madura Evangelical Society. — This society was organized in 1853. It is a Home Missionary Society, whose object is to promote evangelistic effort in the Madura district, and sustain, so far as possible, the pastors and evangelists of the mission. All of the agents, and a large proportion of the Christian people of the mission, subscribe annually to its support. About 1,500 rupees are annually collected by the society. It is doingja good work and looks hopefully in the direction of self-support. 1897.J Ceylon Mission. 83

A native evangelist, Mr. V. D. David, has been doing excellent work in many parts of this mission. The missionaries testify to the power of his preaching, and hundreds of the natives have been aroused, quickened, and led into the way by this “ Moody of India,” as some have called him.

CEYLON MISSION.

B a t t i c o t t a .—V acant.

C h a v a g a c h e r r y . — V acant.

M a n e p y . — Thomas B. Scott, M.D., Ordained; Mrs. Mary E. Scott, M.D., M iss Isabella H. Curr, M.D. «

O o d o o v il l e . — Samuel W . Howland, I).])., Ordained; Mrs. Mary E. K . Howhmd, Miss Susan R. Howland, Miss Kate Meyers.

Pa n o i t e r i p o .— In charge of Mr. Smith. TlLLIPALLY. — Thomas S. Smith, Ordained; Mrs. Emily F. Smith. U DUPITTY.— Richard C. Hastings, Ordained; Mrs. Minnie B. Hastings. Seven stations; 24 out-stations; 18 churches: 1,791 members; 115 added during the year; 4 mis­ sionaries, 1 a physician; 7 female assistant missionaries, 2 physicians; 18 native pastors; 24 native preachers; 334 teachers; 83 other helpers; 45 places for stated preaching: average congregations 1,982; 3 colleges, boarding and high schools for boys: 586 pupils; 2 colleges, boarding and high schools for girls : 152 pupils; 136 common schools: 8,953 pupils; total under instruction,9,832; con­ tributions from native sources, 56,244. Churches, 18: members, 1,191; pastors, 18; catechists, 20; other helpers, 5; Bible-women, 28; colporters Bible Society, 3; boarding schools, 3 (not including college) : teachers, 17 ; pupils, 216; day schools, English 7, vernacular 130; teachers, men 220, women 74; total, 294 ; pupils, boys 7,138, girls 2,170; total, 9,308 ; Sunday-school scholars, 3,240.

The American Ceylon Mission is working a comparatively small field, and the endeavor is made to make it as self-supporting as possible. For the first time in five years the mission issues a printed report. As in 1896 the mission com­ pleted eighty years of noble life and history, it is fitting that a glance be made back to the beginning of its work. In this retrospect and report large extracts are taken from the printed report of the mission. The history of the mission is divided into two nearly equal parts by the visit of the Deputation from the home Board in 1855, which marked a crisis and developed a new policy. Before that there was a lavish expenditure of both men and means. After that greater effort was made to develop local resources. The former period was that of the Batticotta Seminary, on which more than 200,000 rupees were expended; the latter has the Jaffna College, which is nom­ inally independent, and has received comparatively little from the Board. In the former the girls’ boarding school was entirely supported from America, and since then it has become practically self-supporting. Then there were 172 mil­ lion pages printed, employing much of the time of seventy men, and the printed page was largely distributed without charge. Since then the mission has owned no press, and what printing it has done has been nearly self-supporting. Bibles and tracts are largely supplied from Madras. Schoolbooks are sold to cover cost. The child’s paper, Sunday-school lessons, and calendars also cover cost, excepting the printing paper. The fortnightly paper, the Morning Star, which is in its fifty-seventh year, has had no pecuniary aid for many years. In the first period missionaries were the pastors of the churches. The first 8 4 Ceylon Mission. [Report, two native pastors were ordained at the beginning of this latter period, and two more soon after, while the first church to become independent and self-support­ ing was Batticotta, in 1867, the oldest of them all. And now all come on to that list, except the two youngest, and all but two have ordained pastors. The eight churches and 400 members have become eighteen churches, with nearly 1,800 members. Then there were no Bible-women. Now there are over fifty working in the American Mission field. Then the village schools were entirely supported by the Board, with about 5,000 children; now, with 9,300 pupils, the Board gives but a small amount. There is no doubt that the work is now in every respect on a healthier basis, but, on the other hand, it seems certain that there would have been greater progress if the reduction of funds had been less abrupt. This year marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the arrival in the mission of Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Smith. Mr. Smith has made some interesting statements re­ garding the growth of the work in that period which we venture to here incor­ porate. In 1871 there were 11 churches, of which only one was self-supporting, and 562 members, while now there are 18 with very nearly 1,800 members, an increase of nearly 350 per cent in membership; and all of the 18 churches are practically self-supporting, that is, the mission grant to two of the churches being more than balanced by contributions from the churches to certain mission agents in charge of out-stations where separate churches have not yet been formed. At the same time, 66 day schools with 3,239 pupils, of whom 714 were girls, have become 134 schools with 9,308 pupils, of whom 2,170 are girls. The number of youth then receiving a higher education was 91 ; it is now 337. Then only seven natives had been ordained, of whom six were then in the pastorate; of these, four still survive, all being pastors of the same churches now as then. Since then fifteen pastors have been ordained, of whom two only have died, and in the twenty-five years not one of the native pastors has proved unworthy. Nine new stone chapels have been built, and all but two of the old ones have been reconstructed, two being considerably enlarged. The contribu­ tions from native sources have risen from 2,493 rupees to 8,971 rupees, and the contributions to the support of the ministry from 1,000 rupees to 6,953 rupees. Dr. and Mrs. and Miss Howland, who were on their way back to the mission when this report was prepared a year ago, arrived without delay or accident, and began at once their work. Dr. Isabella H. Curr and Dr. Mary H. Irwin arrived at the close of the year and began the study of Tamil, preparatory to taking up the medical work in the new Woman’s Hospital at Inuvil, which is located about one mile southeast of Oodooville. Dr. Irwin has since withdrawn from the mission. Although not connected with the work’of the Board, it may not be considered out of place here to state that Mr. I. L. Best, who has been teaching in Jaffna College, under contract for three years, finished his engagement and returned home this year. His place is taken by Rev. Theodore A. Elmer, a graduate of Princeton Seminary. Miss L. H. Grieve, m.d., after rendering an excellent service to the work of the mission, without remuneration by the Board, took her departure from Ceylon. 1897.] Ceylon Mission. »5

THE CHURCHES. The total membership has increased by eighty-one; the additions on profes­ sion of faith being 115, which is more than in any previous year, except one. Every church but one had additions, and that one had additions from its field received at the Oodooville church. More than half of these additions were from the boarding schools, but this is a smaller proportion than usual. Thirty were called away by death, which is a larger number than the average. The total membership in all the churches is 1,791 ; males, 869; females, 922; a more even division than in American churches. There are 1,032 baptized chil­ dren reported in these families, who may be expected to enter into full member­ ship within a few years, and there are also mentioned about 400 who are nominal Christians, attending services and in many respects walking as Christians. The contributions were 8,971 rupees from the churches, an increase of over 600 rupees on the previous year. The churches responded well to the special and unusual call to help the Armenians, and many gave of their poverty, feeling deeply for fellow-Christians in a distant land who suffer for Christ’s sake the loss of all that they hold dear. The local Bible Society received over 200 rupees. For the past two years this society has been obliged to pay twice as much as before for the Tamil Bibles and Scripture portions bought from Madras; and in order that the selling prices might not be increased, and the number sold reduced, the society has felt constrained to appeal to the churches for increased assist­ ance, which appeal has not been in vain. Some large amounts, which were collected for special objects but not yet expended, do not appear in this state­ ment. Two new chapels have been completed during the year, one at Araly and one at Nunavil. Two or three congregations are nearly ready to organize as churches. Only two of our churches are now without pastors, and two pastors are without charge, one being old and infirm, and the other connected with Jaffna College. The semi-annual meetings of the pastors of the three missions and their wives, with the missionaries, were held at Nellore in the Church Mission field in May, and at Manepy in November. At the latter sixty were present, including four­ teen wives of pastors, and much interest was manifested. Of the five churches connected with Batticotta station one has received aid from the Board during the year, and will become independent hereafter. The church membership at Oodooville is larger than that of any two other churches, but more than three fourths of them are women. Most of these joined the church while in the boarding school, and they do not always like to take a transfer before they are married, and sometimes not even then. The whole number admitted from the first will probably reach 1,000 in the coming year. Of those received to the church in 1896 there were twenty-four from the school. Of the twelve who were received to the two churches at Udupitty, six were pupils of the boarding school, and two had been pupils before. Twenty-eight Bible-women have been working the past year, besides twenty- five paid by the British and Foreign Bible Society, and several by private funds. 86 Ceylon Mission. [Report,

EDUCATIONAL WORK. The Day Schools. — The whole number of day schools is 134 with 300 teach­ ers, of whom one fourth are women, and there are 9,256 pupils, of whom 2,184 are girls. This proportion has not increased for forty years, in spite of the great number who have been educated or had some experience of schooling. In most of the homes there are no servants, and the girls are kept at home to look after the younger children, and to help their mothers. The teachers go from house to house gathering the children who otherwise would not come. The total number of children in the schools varies considerably from year to year, owing to various causes, the chief of which is the abundance or scarcity of food. Nearly all the schools are, however, much more efficient than ten or twelve years ago, the registers are neatly and accurately kept, and the attendance is very much more regular. The teachers are nearly all trained, or have had long experience. The non-Christians are less than one in six, and most of these are merely gatherers and have no responsibility in teaching. A few are in charge of schools which were not started by the mission but simply taken under mis­ sionary management. In no case does any such teacher receive mission money. As a rule those teachers who take the most interest in the religious lessons are the most successful in their schools in other respects. This mission, although one of the least expensive of those under the American Board, has more school children than any other of the twenty missions. They form an interesting and hopeful field. Oodooville Seminary. — This institution has gone on with its good work much as usual. Miss Myers as associate principal had the sole responsibility during Miss Howland’s absence. At the close of the year there were 100 girls in attendance, of whom forty-eight were church members, eighteen having joined the church during the year. One third of the pupils are from non-Christian homes. There are six girls in the graduating class. English has been taught an hour a day to most of the pupils. As the desire for English is growing stronger, arrangements are being made for giving it more attention in the coming year. The Training School continues its efficient work, though with only five or six members. Special training as teachers is useful to them, even if they exercise their talents only in their homes, but we are glad to say that most of the trained teachers are teaching in various places. The Training and Industrial Schools. — The membership of these institu­ tions is somewhat complex. There is in the premises a practising school of seventy-one children in the lower standards and forty-five in the middle, in which those training for teachers practise their profession. Of those in the middle standards all but seven are boarders, and with the eighteen training as teachers, they constitute the Training School, as recognized by the mission, while only these eighteen are included in the Training School as recognized by the government. The Industrial School is independent and self-supporting, and its pupils are those of the boarders who are able to spend three hours a day in working in the specific trades, and a few others, or ninety in all. In connection with the visit of Mr. Hieb there were sixteen boys who came out decidedly as Christians. The income from building for materials and labor was 1,127 rupees, from 1897.] Ceylon Mission. 87 furniture 600 rupees, from the masonry department 500 rupees, the printing office 600 rupees, the bindery 300 rupees, and the tin shop 200 rupees. The new building is only partially completed. During the year 2,220 rupees have been collected towards the new building and outfits, more than half coming from England and America. Locally 3,000 rupees have been subscribed, of which nearly half has been received. Several more machines are needed for a complete equipment, and funds are desired for their purchase. Jaffna College. — The absence of the principal and his wife for a year and a half threw extra duties on the staff, but the work of the College did not espe­ cially suffer. The numbers fell off somewhat, partly at least owing to the pres­ sure from the Hindu College. Those who are strenuous for the Sivite religion naturally go to a congenial place. At the close of the year the total number of students was 125, several having been dropped by not passing test examinations. The proportion of Christians was higher than before, being one half of the whole. During the Young Men’s Christian Association Week of Prayer, while Mr. Hieb was here, several took a stand for Christ and a Student Volunteer Band was started.

MEDICAL WORK. This work is under the care of Dr. and Mrs. Scott, both of whom are physi­ cians. It has two main branches; the dispensaries, for the treatment of out­ patients, and the hospital for care of in-patients. In the furuier there has been little change from last year except in the opening of a branch dispensary, with some hospital accommodation, at Karadive, one of the islands. This is to be known as the “ Samuel F. Green Medical Hospital.” The most noticeable feature in the hospital work is the growing readiness on the part of the people to come and stay in the hospital for treatment. This is especially gratifying in that the women have so much more readily come than we had expected. Many of the latter have submitted to operations hitherto only rarely performed in Jaffna. The number of cases in the lying-in department, though small, is encouraging, as showing a much desired beginning in a method of treatment very necessary to many women, who have hitherto suffered untold sorrows from incapable assistants. As showing the change of view of the women within four years, it is pleasant to find that, whereas it was very difficult for Mrs. Scott to get a good assistant at first, now very desirable candidates offer themselves for the work. Judging by this, the prospect for forming a training class for nurses in the near future is good. This it is hoped will be done at the Woman’s Medical Department, to be opened in 1897 at Enuvil. Different methods must be followed in the different fields to which medical missionaries are sent. The method here might be utterly unsuited to a new field. 1 o understand the situation in Jaffna it may be well to keep in mind that the plan followed by the late Dr. Green has largely altered the attitude of the people towards Western remedies. The young men trained by him, by their prac­ tice in the villages, have gained the confidence of the people, and have led to a pretty general respect for the drugs employed by them. Then, too, the policy of the government in establishing dispensaries at convenient centres has tended to 88 Foochow Mission. [Report, the same end. Again, the number of very poor people is comparatively small. Fair wages can usually be earned by all who wish to do day labor. We have accordingly decided to charge for medicine and medical attendance, although no poor are turned away. Thus we have been able to meet about three fourths of the cost of medicines and supplies and salaries of assistants from purely native sources. A catechist and Bib'le-woman work regularly among the patients. Each morn­ ing they meet the patients who come to the outdoor dispensary, and read the word and sing the Christian lyrics with them. Often interested conversation arises with the people as they wait to be seen. But it is mostly with the in­ patients that encouraging work is done. Here twice a day they are visited in the privacy of their individual rooms, and prayer is offered and Scripture read. Here the patients, unabashed by the presence of others, speak freely and ask questions freely about the way of truth. Sometimes an interested one will read for hours at a time a portion of Scripture or a Gospel tract, undisturbed by any opposing voice. Sometimes it is slipped beneath the mat, to be read when the attendant is out of the room. The total number of new patients received during the year was 1,249. Of these 630 were females and 619 males. The total number of treatments given was 4,247. Of these patients 135 were retained in the hospital. As the hospital is small, only those whose cases urgently required special attention, or operative treatment, remained. The number treated by surgical operation in hospital was forty-three, but including all who came for operation but did ,not remain in hospital was 160. The number of adult female patients in the hospital was 79 ; adult male patients, 49 ; children under twelve years, 12.

FOOCHOW MISSION.

FOOCHOW. — Charles Hartwell, Dwight Goddard, Missionaries; Mrs. Frances E. Goddard, M.D., Physician ; Mrs. Harriet L. Hartwell, Miss Emily S. Hartwell. FOOCHOW Suburbs. — Willard L . Beard, Missionary; Mrs. Ellen L . Beard, Miss Ella J. Newton, Miss Caroline E. Chittenden. PAGODA Anchorage. — George H. Hubbard, Missionary ; Henry T. Whitney, M.D., Physician ; Mrs. Nellie F. Hubbard, Mrs. Lurie Ann Whitney. SHAO-WU, E a s t G a t e . — George M. Gardner, Missionary; Edward L. Bliss, M.D., Physician ; Mrs. Mary J. Gardner.

S h a o -w u , C r y s t a l H i l l . — Vacant. On the way.— Hardman N. Kinnear, M.D., Missionary; Mrs. Ellen J. Kinnear, Miss Elsie M. Gar- retson, Miss Kate C. Woodhull, M.D., and Miss Hannah C. Woodhull. In this country. — Caleb C. Baldwin, D.D., Joseph E. Walker, Lyman P. Peet, Missionaries; Mrs. Caroline K . Peet. 1 Five stations; 56 out-stations; 8 missionaries; 3 physicians; 14 female assistant missionaries, 2 of them physicians; 7 native pastors; 33 other native preachers; 101 native teachers; 27 other native helpers; 36 churches: 1,440 members, 417 of them women; 548 received on confession this year; 62 preaching places : average congregations, 3,122; 2,033 Sunday-school pupils; 2 theological schools: 17 students; x boys' high school: 141 students; 4 girls’ boarding schools: 149 students; 76 common schools: 1,309 pupils, 207 of them girls; 2 hospitals; 5 dispensaries: 25,184 patients treated; 426,922 pages printed; native contributions, $5,531.97, a gain of ¿$2,436.35 over last year. Mr. and Mrs. Peet have come to this country for rest; Miss H. C. and Miss K. C. Woodhull, m.d., Dr. and Mrs. Kinnear, and Miss Garretson are on their way i897J Foochow Mission. 89 to rejoin the mission. Otherwise the force remains the same as last year. The jubilee of the mission was celebrated in January, 1897, with appropriate serv­ ices, and was a very marked occasion. As the small beginnings of fifty years ago were recalled, and the slow growth of many succeeding decades was noted, it seemed as if the blessipg of God had already hallowed the year beyond man’s power to increase it. The visit of Mr. John R. Mott, president of the Students’ Volunteer Move­ ment, in the interests of International Students’ Federation, and the remarkable meetings held in Foochow, attended by more than 1,200 Christian Chinese, and bringing a great spiritual uplift to foreigners and natives alike, constitute another memorable event of the year. Within the last two years there has been an expansion of field and growth in churches, schools, and hospital work unparalleled in the history of our missions in China ; and while there is a cheering advance in the native agenc y and in all the movement toward self-support, the labor of supervision and leadership necessarily devolving on the missionaries far exceeds their numbers and strength. There are but five ordained missionaries in a field that includes two million souls for whom this mission is considered responsible, thirty-six churches, twenty-six other places for stated preaching, thirty other places with schools where religious in­ struction is given, making ninety-two places of direct contact with the people. At a score or more of other places occasional preaching services are held, and from at least a hundred more places church members or inquirers come ; so that there is nee

THE STATIONS. Foochow City, 1862. — This station in the city, with its five out-stations and twenty other centres of work, has been under the care of Mr. Hartwell, assisted by one native pastor and four other native preachers. The Scientific Insti­ tute for boys, in charge of Mr. Peet, with 141 students, belongs also to this station. During the year, 141 were received into church membership, almost three times as many as last year, and the attendance upon public worship has much increased. Plans are already under consideration for con­ stituting three or four separate churches out of the single church, to which all the communicants of this station now belong. The work at Inghok city, with its eleven out-stations, and giving access to 200,000 souls, has been under the care of Mr. Goddard, assisted by one pastor and six other native preachers. It is the hope of the mission soon to establish a permanent station at this point. During the year ninety-six persons have been received to Christian baptism, and the native contributions have increased from $48.65 to $283.81. Severe persecution fell upon the Christians of one locality, testing their faith and sifting out the unstable. Mr. Woodin had charge of this work for thirty years, and Mr. Goddard finds his memory cherished 90 Foochow Mission. [Report, among the hills and in the valleys wherever he goes. “ The memory of the just is blessed.” Foochow Suburbs, 1847. — This is the oldest station in the mission, includes four churches, one having been organized this year, and is under the oversight of Mr. Beard, assisted by two native pastors and two other preachers. The Girls’ High School, under Miss Newton’s care, with 116 students, belongs also to this station. During the year 124 were received to church membership, doubling the number of communicants. This year marks a new stage of development in nearly every line of missionary effort. Every church and chapel has been crowded at every service. The pastors were allowed no rest from talking with people about the gospel. From villages all over the plain came requests for preachers and Christian teachers, always accompanied with a promise to bear a part of the expenses. The missionaries have not needed to go out to find listeners, but have had more coming to them for instruction than they could receive. At no communion season have less than fifty applied for baptism ; not half of this number were ever received at one time. Self-support is making good progress here. One of the churches pays the salary of its own pastor and janitor; another pays half the preacher’s salary, and promises to pay it in full next year; in another place the people have built a new chapel entirely at their own cost. The more they attempt the more they seem able to do. Nothing could give clearer evidence of the earnestness of these people, and nothing is more promising for their Christian influence and growth. Pagoda Anchorage, 1891.— This station, with its twenty-six out-stations, giving access to at least half a million souls, is under the oversight of Mr. Hub­ bard and Dr. Whitney, assisted by three native pastors and twelve other native preachers. During the year 169 have been received to church membership, one less than half of the present number of communicants. While the interest in Christian teaching has been less marked here than at some other points, chapels and churches have been well attended, and the truth has been widely dissemi­ nated. In the overturning which the gospel makes in a heart or home or hamlet, the returning waves of opposition and malice must be met, and the efforts of missionaries and native preachers and teachers have been taxed to the utmost, not without abundant reward. Shao-wu, East Gate, 1876. — This station, with five out-stations, three of them opened this year, has been under the care of Mr. Gardner, assisted by four native preachers. But four months of the year could be spent in the field, yet in spite of this fact the work has been going forward with great bounds, and new inquirers are reported in every out-station, varying in number from fifty to 500 in a place, and amounting, all told, to more than 1,500. The great effort of the year has been to ground these inquirers in the truth, and to provide a larger number of native preachers to train them in the Christian life. Several new chapels have been built, or are in process of building, and the native contribu­ tions for this purpose are generous and promptly given. The gospel has taken hold of all classes; fourteen literary and military first class graduates have united with the church, and there is a much larger number of the literary class among the inquirers. The outlook for the coming year is most promising, and 1897-] Foochow Mission. 91 the mission plans for an advance all along the line, the strengthening of present out-stations, and the opening of new ones. Shao-wu, Crystal Hill, 1893.— This station, with five out-stations, including with East Gate a population of more than 600,000 souls, was under the care of Mr. Walker during three months of the year, assisted by five nativ e preachers. Mr. Walker visited thirty villages, held fifty-eight services, with an average audience of thirty. Thirty-seven persons were received to church membership, and the annual meeting held with the native helpers. After Mr. Walker left, this station passed into the care of Mr. Gardner.

MISSION SCHOOLS. The schools under the care of the missionaries are these : two theological schools, one at Foochow Suburbs, under Mr. Beard, one at Shao-wu, under Mr. Gardner; one boys’ high school, under Mr. Peet; a girls’ high school, under Miss Newton, and a station class for women, under Mrs. Beard, both at Foochow Suburbs; a woman’s boarding school and a kindergarten and girls’ school, both under Mrs. Gardner and both in Foochow ; and seventy six day schools, mainly under the supervision of Miss Chittenden, Mrs. Hubbard, and Mrs. Whitney. The Theological School at Foochow Suburbs has for the first time occupied a building of its own. Nine students have been in attendance during the year, seven of whom give promise of great usefulness as preachers. These students have helped in evangelistic work, making a tour of all the field except Shao-wu. An additional class of eight is under instruction during the current year. The Theological School at Shao-wu was opened with two students in 1892, and the number has increased, until there were eight last year. The coming year there will be eleven in attendance. Three of the students were literary men holding the first degree, and the others are making excellent use of their opportunities. The greater number of inquirers in this station, and of places to be visited, makes it imperative that preachers be ready for their work as soon as possible. The Boys’ High School in Foochow, whose standard has been steadily rising until it holds almost the rank of a college, reports a year of unusual prosperity. Its numbers, 141, are as great as the present accommodations will permit; indeed, so many could be received only by putting from three to ten persons in each sleeping room. Verandas, halls, dining-room, and gymnasium have been turned into recitation rooms. The appeal for additional funds to provide health­ ful rooms and adequate facilities, urgently pressed by the mission, ought to bring speedy and generous relief. This school gives a rare opportunity for bringing the gospel impressively home to the most alert and promising youths in all this mission field. Progress in self-support among the students has been as marked as increase in numbers. The entire cost of the school last year was $3,572, of which amount $2,763, or more than three fourths, was from native sources. The income from native sources in 1890 was only $80. It only needs a modest increase in the number of paying students, such as the proposed new buildings will provide for, to place this work at once and permanently on a self-supporting basis. It is occasion for devout gratitude that the graduates of this school are holding positions of trust and usefulness as preachers, teachers, and medical students. 92 Foochow Mission. L Report,

The demand for thoroughly trained Christian men, such as this school sends out, is increasing rapidly every year. In Mr. Peet’s absence on furlough Miss Hartwell is in charge of the institute. The Girls’ Boarding School at Foochow Suburbs, the school of highest grade for women in the mission, reports ninety-six students in attendance during the year. This school, beginning as a charity school, with few pupils, without regu­ lar course of study, has gradually developed and enlarged until it has become one of the most interesting and important departments of the mission work. Twenty persons have completed the course of study and received diplomas, all of them professing Christians, and all engaged in teaching or other useful work. The school draws a better class of students, ready to defray a part of their expenses, and intending to complete the course of study. Bible study takes the foremost place in the curriculum; and the life of the school is directed to the development and training of a Christian character and readiness for Chris­ tian service. The Christian Endeavor Society in this,school was one of the earliest organized on the foreign field and is one of the most flourishing. Eight of the students united with the church during the year. Nearly twice as much has been received this year in fees from the pupils as a year ago. This school, too, has outgrown its buildings, and the enlargement promised by the Woman’s Board will bring a welcome and well-deserved relief. The Ponasang station class for women has just closed its fourth year. Twenty names were enrolled, and seventeen remained through the year. The aim of the school is to fit women for more intelligent worship, to elevate their religious ideas and purposes, and to fit the more competent among them to labor as Bible- women. The Woman’s School in Foochow has numbered twenty-four, fourteen of whom came this year for the first time. Four of these women have entered the church during the year, and all have followed their studies with earnestness and success. The Bible is the principal text-book; but geography and physiology are taught orally every day. One of these women, who was employed as a Bible-reader during the summer, did very efficient work, making weekly report thereof to Mrs. Goddard. The aim of this school is to teach the women to read the Bible for themselves, and to train some of them for service as Bible-women. In the kindergarten and girls’ school at this station there has been an attendance of about twenty, and the success of this form of work in China is well assured. The day schools, twenty-seven more in number than last year, have gathered 1,309 pupils, 207 of them girls, and from no small part of the evangelizing field of the mission. Miss Chittenden, who has the greater number in charge, reports decided improvement in both number and efficiency. A young graduate of the institute, approved as a Christian teacher, is now acting as superintendent of a portion of the day schools, visiting the schools, keeping the records, and in many ways relieving the missionary in charge.

MEDICAL WORK. The medical work of the mission includes the hospital for women and chil­ dren and two dispensaries in Foochow city, this year under the care of Dr. 1 8 9 7 .] South China Mission. 93 Frances E. Goddard; a hospital and dispensary in Foochow Suburbs, this year under the care of Dr. Whitney; a dispensary at Pagoda Anchorage, also in Dr. Whitney’s care; and a dispensary at Shao-wu, in care of Dr. Bliss. It is a work of great dimensions, ably conducted, and everywhere most helpful to the main aim of the mission. The total number of patients last year was 25,184. a num­ ber never reached before. Daily religious instruction is given in each hospital and dispensary, and every one who receives medicine or treatment receives also instruction iu the gospel and the way of life. This is a memorable year in the life of the mission; few missions in any land have yielded richer fruit; a precious harvest has been gathered from the seed sown in great patience and faithfulness through long years of waiting and prayer ; and the harvest ripens daily, as we toil, stretching farther than eye can reach.

SOUTH CHINA MISSION.

C a n t o n . — Charles R. Hager, M.D., Charles A. Nelson, Missionaries ; Mrs. Marie V. Hager, Mrs. Jennie M. Nelson, Miss Nellie M. Cheney. One station; 9 out-stations; 2 missionaries, 1 a physican; 3 assistant missionaries; 14 native preachers; 13 native teachers; 9 other native helpers; 12 places for stated preaching; 3 churches: 188 members, 59 received on confession this year; 60 Sunday-school pupils; 2 high schools for boys: 26 students; 1 girls'boarding school: 12 students; n common schools; 250 pupils; 1 dispensary; 1,017 patients; native contributions, $26.71. On Christmas Day Dr. Hager was married to Miss Marie Von Rausch, of the Basle Mission in Canton, repairing his own home and reinforcing the mission. The missionaries have enjoyed firm health and have been permitted to see a good success attending all their labors. This has been by far the most fruitful year in the history of this mis­ sion ; in readiness to hear the gospel preached, in addition to church membership, in the number of new chapels built, and new out-stations opened, the growth has been unexampled and most cheering. The faithful labors of past years have made a good foundation; the seed that has been sown is patience, and faith is springing up and bearing fruit to the praise of God and the blessing of men. Toward the close of the year Dr. Hager removed his residence to Hong Kong, the original seat of the mission, to give closer attention to the work at that point, and is likely to remain there for the present. Dr. Hager’s duties comprise the superintendence of ten day schools, five in Hong Kong and five in the interior, the supervision of eight chapels in the country where the gospel has been regularly preached and native Christians instructed. This requires frequent and prolonged visits to the ten out-stations, with varied and taxing labors in preaching, baptizing converts and their children, counseling and guiding the native preachers and teachers, adjusting difficulties with native officials, and giving a right direction to Christian life and sentiment. During the past year he has journeyed through these out-stations ten times alone, and has spent from two to four weeks in each journey, doing the work of the bishop, the evangelist, the superintendent, and the physician. During the year the first Congregational Association was held at San Ming city, where for a week meetings were held daily for the discussion of such practi­ cal questions as: “ How to preach to the heathen;” “ The best method of •94 South China Mission. [Report,

•opening a station; ” “ How to reach the Chinese women; ” “ How to educate the children.” Dr. Hager reports the opening of three new out-stations this year, and other attractive openings which could be entered at once, with a slight increase of funds. The medical work under Dr. Hager’s care has greatly in­ creased, and though made always subordinate to his other labors is proving a valuable auxiliary in his evangelistic tours. Nothing prevents the great enlarge­ ment of the field occupied by this mission, with a corresponding increase of results in chapel and school and dispensary, but a small increase of funds avail­ able for the erection of chapels and the support of native evangelists ready for the work. Special acknowledgment is due to those Chinese Sunday-schools in America, which never forget to send money with their love and prayers to the aid of this work, and who by their generous gifts this year have supplemented what was behind in the gifts of the churches, and have stayed up the hands of our missionaries and enlarged their work. Mrs. Hager’s natural gifts and previ­ ous missionary experience enable her to share and supplement her husband’s labors in a very effective way. Mr. and Mrs. Nelson and Miss Cheney occupy the station in Canton, and have .in charge the central schools of the mission which are located here, and two •chapels in the city, and work for women. Mr. and Mrs. Nelson have also visited the country districts during the year. Regular preaching in the city chapel has "been maintained by the native pastor throughout the year, without vacation, and Mr. Nelson has taken charge of the Sunday-school and preached more than once a week. The other chapel, owned and entirely supported by the Chinese Chris­ tians, many of whom are in this country, has been open regularly for preaching. ■Cheering additions have been made to both these churches during the year. Mr. Nelson’s principal efforts are devoted to the training school for boys which has been organized for two years, and last year gathered, sixteen pupils, as many as the building would receive. Good conduct, zeal, and success in studies have characterized the scholars, and there is promise of the best results if the regular ■course of study can be completed. The funds for the support of this most im­ portant school have come largely from private sources. Miss Cheney’s boarding school for girls, opened last year, has made a good beginning. Three came at the opening in May, and before the year closed there were ten boarding and five day pupils. One of these girls is supported by her •own family; and one of the older girls joined the church at the close of the year. Mrs. Nelson devotes her efforts to house-to-house visitations and to two day schools for girls, and reports cheering results in both directions. She finds the homes increasingly accessible, and feels that she often brings the first message of the gospel that has ever reached these souls. All this varied work has been carried on upon an appropriation of less than $r,ooo, a wonderful example of economy and of efficiency. The missionaries -plead for more adequate support and increased force, in order to keep pace with the growth of the field and opportunity. But they urge that, if both things cannot be done, the native agency shall be kept in full numbers and efficiency, .as the more needful of the two. In closing we give the very words of the mis­ sion report: — “ We do not object so much to the reduction of our salaries, but we do ask 1897.] North China Mission. 95

that our native evangelistic work be enlarged. And this can easily be done if our friends will take this matter to heart. Many worthy objects present them­ selves to us as desirable, such as homes for the missionaries, schoolhouses, and a hospital; but none of these must take precedence of the direct evangelistic work. “ And now we turn to the future with new hope and fresh courage; and may the dear Lord increase our gifts and add his blessing to all the work that has been inaugurated. We need more money, more earnest consecrated natives to preach the gospel. The harvest is riper than ever before; may our friends help us to thrust in the sickle and reap ! ”

NORTH CHINA MISSION.

T ie n t s in . — Charles A. Stanley, Edward E. Aiken, Missionaries ; Albert L. Shapleigh, Physician ; John L. Mateer, Treasurer, Business Agent, and Printer; Mrs. Ursula J. Stanley, Mrs. Maud L. Aiken, Mrs. Katherine C. Shapleigh, Mrs. Mary L. Mateer, Miss Susan F. Hinman.

P e k i n g . — Charles E. Ewing, Missionary ; Mrs. Bessie G. Ewing, Miss Jane E. Chapin, Miss A d a Haven, Miss Nellie N . Russell, Miss Virginia C. Murdock, M.D., Physician.

K a l g a n . — Mark Williams, William P. Sprague, Missionaries; F. A. Waples, M.D., Physician; Mrs. Viette I. Sprague, Mrs. Cora C. Waples, Miss Henrietta B. Williams. Tung-C H O .— Devello Z. Sheffield, D.D., Chauncey Goodrich, D.D., Elwood G. Tewksbury, Henry Kingman, George D. Wilder, Missionaries; J. H. Ingram, M.D., Physician; Mrs. Eleanor W . Sheffield, Mrs. Sarah B. Goodrich, Mrs. Grace H. Tewksbury, Mrs. Annie L. Kingman, Mrs. Gertrude S. Wilder, Mrs. Myrtle B. Ingram, Miss Jane G. Evans, Miss Mary E. Andrews, Miss Abbie G. Chapin. Pa o -TING-FU. — G. Henry Ewing, Horace T . Pitkin, Missionaries ; Willis C. Noble, M.D., Physician ; Mrs. Sarah H. Ewing, Mrs. Letitia E. Pitkin, Mrs. W illa J. Noble, Miss Annie A. Gould. PANG-CHUANG.— Arthur H. Smith, D.D., Henry D . Porter, M.D., D.D., Missionaries; Albert P. Peck, M.D., Physician ; Mrs. Elizabeth C. Porter, Miss Mary H. Porter. LlN CHING. — Franklin M. Chapin, Henry P. Perkins, Missionaries; Edward R. Wagner, M.D., Physician; Mrs. Flora M. Chapin, Mrs. Estelle A. Perkins, M.D., Mrs. Myrtie H. Wagner. On the way. — Mrs. Emma D. Smith, Miss Luella Miner. In this country. — Henry Blodget, D.D., James H. Roberts, William S. Ament, Missionaries ; Mrs. Sarah F. R. Blodget, Mrs. Grace L. Roberts, Mrs. Mary A. Ament, Mrs. Celia F. Peck, Miss Gertrude Wyckoff, Miss Grace Wyckoff. Seven stations; 47 out-stations; 19 missionaries, 1 of them a physician; 6 other physicians; 1 treasurer, business agent, and missionary printer; 39 female assistant missionaries, 2 of them physi­ cians ; 3 native pastors; 37 other native preachers; 34 native teachers; 44 other native helpers; 11 churches : 2,057 members, of whom 766 are women; 264 received on confession this year; 65 places for stated preaching: average congregations, 2,092; 1,370 Sunday-school pupils; 1 theological semi­ nary : 17 students; 1 college: 76 students; 5 boys’ high schools: 140 students; 5 boarding schools for girls: 142 students; 32 common schools: 430 pupils, of whom 163 are girls; 894 others under instruction; native contributions, $742.41; 7 hospitals and dispensaries; total number of treatments, 71,382; total number of pages printed, 13,064,000. The death of Mrs. Williams, after thirty full years of service, removes one of the most devoted laborers in the field and seriously weakens the force at Kalgan. Miss Stanley’s marriage does not remove her from China or from sympathy with the work, though it severs her connection with the mission. Mr. and Mrs. Ament, Miss Gertrude Wyckoff, and Miss Grace Wyckoff are on furlough in this country; Mj . and Mrs. Pitkin have joined the mission this year, and Mrs. Smith and Miss Miner are on the way to resume their work. The record of this year, while presenting little that is striking or unusual, is 96 North China Mission. [Report, most encouraging. The work of the mission steadily expands, reaches a wider circle, takes a deeper hold, and yields richer and more abundant fruit. The growth, which this year is perhaps more marked than usual, is solid and substan­ tial, plainly reveals the blessing of God upon the laborers and their work, and awakens a sure hope of final and universal victory. Peking, 1864. — The vacancy left by the return of Mr. and Mrs. Ament to this country is filled by the temporary transfer of Mr. and Mrs. Wilder, of Tung-cho, to this station. The permanent transfer of Mr. and Mrs. Mateer, with the press, to Tientsin, that Mr. Mateer may assume the duties of the treasury and business agency there, is a marked event in the history of the mission, and the best results are anticipated from the change. Miss Hinman’s health requires that she spend the year in Tientsin, where she will render assistance to Mr. Mateer in his varied labors. The work of the past year was divided as during the previous year ; Mr. Ament having charge of the South chapel and making tours into the country; Mr. Ewing having charge of the North church, with some touring; Mr. Mateer devoting his time to the press, the building of a house for the single women, and the business affairs of the station; Mrs. Ament and Mrs. Ewing having charge of women’s work, the day schools, kindergartens, and Sunday-schools in the city; Miss Chapin and Miss Haven directing the Bridgman school; Miss Russell touring and holding station classes for women in the country; Dr. Murdock directing the two city dispensaries, and making regular visits to the nearer out-stations. There has been marked progress in the work at the South church. An untoward event, involving one of the deacons, led to his suspension from office; but three new deacons were chosen and ordained, greatly to the strengthening of the church. A new field has opened not far from the church through the con­ version of a man of influence there, and already a considerable Christian com­ munity has grown up at this point. Most of the preaching in the street chapel has been done voluntarily by church members, especially by two of the new deacons; Mr. Ament has given much attention to conversing with inquirers. The Christian Endeavor Society has been well maintained, training its members to take part in public, to speak and pray with brevity, and to take charge of meetings. The chapel is crowded with the regular congregation and the Sunday- school. The progress at the North church has been satisfactory, though more gradual. The attendance at the street chapel has been good and there have been some conversions. This work has been in charge of a native helper, deepening his interest and increasing his usefulness. He has also assisted Mr..Ewing in preach­ ing Sunday evenings, and may soon be ordained as the pastor of the church. The membership of this church grows slowly, but there is cheering evidence of real spirituality, especially among the younger members. A good report comes from most of the out-stations, although it has not been possible to give them the necessary amount of attention. The labors of Miss Russell are most helpful, in opening doors, attracting attention, and gathering a nucleus of women interested in the truth. The best report is from Cho Chow. This place has been visited several times by Mr. Ament, the church membership 1897-] North China Mission. 97 has been materially increased, and there is real growth among the older members. Several boys from Peking have been studying in College and Academy at Tung-cho. Two day schools for boys in this city, one connected with each of the churches, have had a good attendance, and have proved effective as evangel­ istic agencies. Miss Chapin was absent from the Bridgman school a part of the year to pro­ vide for Miss Stanley’s school at Tientsin. Miss Hinman’s health has made it necessary for her to be absent most of the year. The attendance, sixty-eight in number, has exceeded that of any previous year, and has reached the full limit of accommodations. This fact has been of advantage to the pupils, since they have felt that if they did not do their best they would be sent away to make room for those who would improve their opportunities. The two most advanced classes have been formed into a normal class, each girl having one class of the younger pupils to teach, with excellent effect on character and scholarship. The new requirement that nothing shall be memorized which has not been explained makes progress slower, but cultivates ability and willingness to think for them­ selves, and is working very well. Self-support is slowly increasing, and habits of industry are forming. A healthy state of religious feeling has prevailed; the older pupils hold prayer-meetings of their own; and seven of their number have united with the church during the year. More than half the girls in the school are church members, and faithful in Christian duties. Dr. Murdock reports two dispensaries in the city and three in the country, and has so divided her time among them as greatly to increase both the volume and the efficiency of their work. A Bible-woman, or a native preacher, gives religious instruction to those who are in waiting, and each dispensary becomes thus a centre of evangelistic influence that reaches to many villages and homes. At one of these places six have joined the church, and six more have been received on probation, while others are interested if not convinced. Mr. Mateer reports the work of the press as steadily increasing in volume. The number of pages printed for the last three years have been 1,780,000, 7,071,000, and 13,064,000, respectively. The removal to Tientsin, it is believed, will much increase the work of the press and its value to the mission. Tientsin, i860.— The withdrawal of Mr. and Mrs. Bostwick and the absence of Miss Stanley seriously reduced the force of the station. Dr. and Mrs. Shap- leigh joined the station in the autumn and have devoted most of their time to the study of the language. Mrs. F. D. Wilder has taken charge of mission accounts, rendering valuable aid. Miss Chapin for a time, and afterward Miss Hinman, have helped in the care of the Girls’ School. The visits of Mrs. Livingston Taylor, of Cleveland, O., and of Mr. John R. Mott are mentioned with greatest interest. The work of the Young Men’s Christian Association, under the care of Mr. D. W. Lyon, centres in Tientsin, and adds greatly to its strategic importance. The presence of Rev. Mr. Houlding, of the United States, as an independent worker, is also noted with much interest. The general work of the station has been carried on along customary lines, upon seriously limited resources. The city chapel has been opened daily, and the seed of the word, true to the Saviour’s parable, has fallen, some by the 98 North China Mission. [Report, wayside, some on stony ground, some among thorns, and some also on good ground with a precious harvest. Two regular Sunday services have been held, and preaching precedes the prayer-meeting of Wednesday; and per­ sonal conversation is added to the more formal utterance of the truth. Similar Sunday services are held at the foreign setdement, with a prayer-meeting for women and a general meeting Friday evening. Here the chapel, seating 130, is too small. Twenty-six have been received to the church on confession, and the necessary winnowing has removed five from the church roll. There is a good number on probation, and the spiritual state of the church has improved during the year. The Boys’ School numbered twenty-four pupils, most of them from Christian families, and some of them will be sent to Tung-cho next year. The city day school has had the usual number, mostly from heathen families. No station class was held last winter, for lack of funds. The Girls’ School, in the absence of Miss Stanley, was in the care of Mrs. Stanley, aided by Miss Chapin, and later by Miss Hinman. Twenty-one pupils were enrolled, and the work of the year was well done. Touring has been limited during this year, partly because so much business centring at Tientsin has absorbed much of the time of the missionary in charge. A cheering account comes from one of the most distant out-stations, a hun­ dred miles from Tientsin, where the native preacher, Mr. Chiang, labors, with half his support from the native brethren. Four men and three women have been received into the church, and opposition is much diminished. Dr. Shapleigh reports 500 treatments, the beginnings of a medical work from which much is hoped. Kalgan, 1865. — The death of Mrs. Williams, on January 26, 1897, was a serious loss to the station and mission, and her death was deeply lamented by the native Christians. Her health had been good during the fifteen months after her return to China, and many years of service were hoped for; but a serious cold settled upon her lungs and soon carried her away. Mrs. Williams’ services had been felt with good effect upon the development of the station almost from the time it was opened. She had been especially interested in teaching girls, and was instrumental in the establishment of the Girls’ School at this station, and for a long time was its principal. Belonging to a missionary family, she worthily maintained all its traditions, and has handed on the gracious spirit to her children. The present force at this station consists of Mr. Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Sprague, Dr. and Mrs. Waples, and Miss Williams. A missionary of the Christian Alliance has settled near Kalgan, and is devot­ ing himself wholly to the Mongols, work among whom has been carried on for thirty years by Messrs. Gulick, Sprague, and Roberts, and by Mr. Gilmour, of the London Missionary Society. The two city chapels have been open daily through the year, the native preachers regularly in charge being aided by the missionaries, and the Word has been proclaimed to many souls. But little tour­ ing has been done, though Yu Cho has been twice visited. Here are stationed a native preacher and a Bible-woman, and regular services are held in the chapel The Boys’ School has had a small attendance, mainly due to the fact that many parents, when a boy has reached an age to undertake a trade, cannot be induced *897-3 North China Mission. 99 to permit him to remain in school. It is discouraging to lose a boy, after three or four years in the school, just when he is beginning to give promise of the very service which the mission has had in view in attempting to educate him. A few of those who have studied in this school have gone to Tung-cho, and it is expected that from among them there will be one or two ready to enter the ministry. The Girls’ School, under the care of Miss Williams, has had an attendance of thirteen pupils. The rule to receive no girls with bound feet has called out much opposition, and has tended to diminish the numbers; but steadfastness and patience on the part of the teachers are gradually overcoming this difficulty. A girls’ day school was opened in one of the suburbs of the city7 in the fall of 1896, of which Miss Williams had charge, assisted by a Bible-woman. This was an experiment, and the result is, in some respects, encouraging. The Bible-women of this station have done an unusual amount of work during the year. Mrs. Zii, at one of the out-stations, went out 196 days reading and teaching women, beside the days when the missionaries were there, when she stayed at home to help preach to the visitors. Mrs. Chao, at Yu Cho, went out 120 days, visiting 348 families. Mrs. Chao also has a class of little girls. Mrs. Zen, of Kalgan, went out 162 days, and visited 513 families. The medical work of the station has been under the care of Dr. Waples, who reports more than 4,000 cases and seventy-five surgical operations. The routine work of the dispensary has been carried on daily, with rare interruptions. Dr. Waples has two medical students, who aid in the work of the dispensary, are earnest Christians, and are making good progress in their studies. Through the aid given by many small sums coming from individuals belonging to the station and other parts of the mission, and quite outside the mission, one great need of the medical work, that of a hospital, has at length been supplied. The total cost of building and furnishing was $567.96, none of which was a grant from the Board. The hospital was dedicated in December last, and has been constantly in use ever since. For want of any appropriation to support the hospital, a fee has been charged to those who have enjoyed its privileges, which, with the slight income from medical visits to the Chinese themselves, has so far covered the expenses. Tung-cho, 1867.— The personnel of the station has experienced no great changes during the twelve months here recorded. Miss Miner has been enjoying a furlough in America, Mrs. F. D. Wilder has been absent at Tientsin, per­ forming the duties of mission treasurer, Dr. and Mrs. Goodrich and Mr. and Mrs. Kingman rejoined the station, with their families, in the autumn of 1896. The occupation of the new College premises outside the city divides the member­ ship of the station into two bands. In the city Miss Chapin and Miss Andrews devote their time to woman’s work. Dr. Goodrich has general care of the station and special charge of the Theological Seminary, to which he adds instruction in the College and work upon Bible revision. Mr. Wilder, the youngest member of the station, has devoted much time to the study of the language, but has had general oversight of the evangelistic work of the station. The remainder of the station force has been at the College compound. Miss Evans has given her strength to the High School and College; Dr. Sheffield carries the varied duties of the College and the teaching of the higher branches, but adds to this Bible IOO North China Mission. [Report, translation and other literary work. Mr. Tewksbury is devoting himself zealously to the building up of the department of science in the College, greatly to the admiration of the mission. Mr. Kingman’s work is almost wholly with the theological class. The city church has been divided by the removal of the church to a point outside the city, and in each part there is maintained the regular number of Sunday services. The church in the city is under the care of the native pastor, Mr. Chang. The College preaching has for the most part been done by Dr. Sheffield. The Sunday-school in the city is under the native helper, but in the College compound has been under the care of Mr. Tewksbury and Mr. Kingman. The church building in the city, which had become too small years ago, is now utterly inadequate, and must be replaced by some more commodious structure. The native church has already subscribed a considerable sum for this purpose. The Young Men’s Christian Associations connected with these churches have kept up their regular meetings and have also continued the evangelistic work in the surrounding villages. A reading-room has been opened in the city during the year for the use of teachers and helpers and outsiders. The College reading- room has also proved invaluable. Street chapel work has suffered for the want of some one to make it his special care. The audiences have for the most part been large and attentive, including often a goodly proportion of Chinese students who are gathered for their examinations. The usual winter station class consisted of twelve men, Pastor Chang of the city church being the chief instructor. Several of the members of the class were received into the church. Forty miles from Tung-cho, in a populous neighborhood, a new field was opened during the winter, and suitable premises purchased for the establishment of permanent work. Two native helpers moved to this village with their families. The helpers were cordially welcomed and have carried on their work of visiting villages, dispensing medicine, and preaching as opportunity offered. They have made visits to twenty-two different villages and there are already five hopeful inquirers. At another out-station three have entered the church and seven have been received on probation. The members of the station are fully satisfied that, for the best interests of the station as the centre of educational work, it is of the greatest consequence that evangelistic work should be vigorously prosecuted in all the adjoining region. Those who are in training for Christian work need the opportunities thus afforded for experience in teaching and preaching, and the spirit which is thus awakened and intensified will react most favorably upon the life and studies carried on within the mission schools. A new class was organized in the Gordon Memorial Seminary last year, from men especially chosen from the various stations,, for a two years’ course of study. Most of these men had been doing evangelistic work in their various stations, and came for additional instruction that the sphere of their labors and their efficiency might be enlarged. The subjects of instruction were as follows : Ex­ position of Ephesians and of the Acts, the Life of Christ as given in the Gospels of Mark and John, Geography, Old Testament History, How to win men, and Christian Evidences. A little instruction has been given in music and a few lectures in astronomy, to enlarge the circle of their knowledge. The students 18 9 7.3 North China Mission. 101 made reasonably good progress and the results of the year are satisfactory. The lack of funds with which suitably to maintain this Seminary is not only a present embarrassment but a serious menace to the future prosperity and growth of the mission. Another year of successful work has been accomplished in the North China College and Academy, with an attendance of seventy-six students. Two Chinese teachers have given their entire time to the College, while three others have taught one or more classes. Mr. Tewksbury and Miss Evans have given nearly their entire time to the school, Dr. Sheffield and Mrs. Sheffield have given each about half of their time to teaching and supervision, Dr. Goodrich and Miss Andrews have taught two classes each. It would be substantially correct to say that the full time of three Chinese teachers and of three and one half foreign teachers has been given to the school. The number of students might be doubled without greatly increasing the teaching force. There are three lines of teaching which are maintained, the first in Chinese classics, the second in Bible study, and the third in Western general learning. In addition to the usual* studies, instruction has been given in music, under the direction of Mr. Tewks­ bury, and also in composition and declamation and discussion. The year has been to most of the students one of growth in knowledge and in spiritual appre­ ciation of the higher truths of the Christian faith. Much has been accomplished in the direction of producing a Christian atmosphere in the school, repressing selfishness and fostering the beginnings of faith and love and Christian purpose. The government of the school has required but little effort. There is a Christian momentum in the school that gathers strength from year to year, and communi­ cates itself with wholesome effect from the higher to the lower classes. A class of sixteen graduated from the Academy, ready to enter the College department next autumn. A class of six students graduated from the College, three of whom have a definite purpose to study for the ministry, two desire to study medicine, and one wishes to study another year in the College. The generous gift of $25,000 from the Tank estate, to be used for buildings and equipment, came most opportunely. Seven thousand dollars have already been expended in the building, a good brick wall has been erected around the entire premises, a house has been built for the single ladies teaching in the school, the main College building has been completed and furnished, and a chemical outfit has been supplied. The value of the College for the training of Christian young men was never more manifest than at the present time. The steady purpose of those who are especially connected with it is to make it a vital part of the great evangelistic work. Woman’s work has not been neglected and, in many respects, is able to make a most cheering report of itself. The day schools, eight in number, have been especially under the care of the ladies of the station and have had a prosperous year. The attendance has been 126, equally divided between boys and girls. Three station classes have been held in the city and one at an out-station, con­ ducted by Miss Andrews and Miss Chapin. Nineteen weeks were occupied with these classes, fifty-three women were enrolled, forty of them coming from sixteen villages, seven of which had never before been represented in these classes. These classes have been especially successful during this year, the study of God’s 102 North China Mission. [Report,

Word being accompanied and made practical by the presence of the Divine Spirit. From the five classes held, eleven have been received on probation dur­ ing the year and four to full membership. The two Bible-women connected with this station have continued their faithful work in and near the city, have made 1,255 visits during the year, giving 1,431 reading lessons to 201 pupils. They have also constantly read and explained passages of Scripture and con­ ducted little meetings in the houses which they have visited. Miss Andrews and Miss Chapin have attempted a systematic visitation of the villages in which there are church members or inquirers. The number of visits thus made is seventy-three, in fifteen villages. The number of dispensary patients the past year has been greater than in any previous year during the history of the station, amounting to 17,406. The cus­ tom has been entered upon of charging for certain drugs and for the treatment of certain diseases, and in this way more has been realized than had been expected. The two medical students under Dr. Ingram’s instruction have been faithful in studies and have given valuable service in preaching to the men in the waiting room of the dispensary. Pao-ting-fu, 1873. — This station at the capital of the province of Chihli, with its nine out-stations, gives access to perhaps the greatest number within the reach of any one of the stations of the mission. During the last year its mis­ sionary force has remained unchanged, there being one ordained missionary, one medical missionary, and two single women. At the last Annual Meeting it was decided that Mr. Pitkin, who had just joined the mission, should be located for the present at Pao-ting-fu, thus more nearly equipping the station for its vast field and promising work. The native agency connected with this station is of rather special excellence, though not as numerous as at some other points. One native pastor, three native preachers, seven teachers, and seven other helpers represent the native force associated with the missionaries. Mr. Ewing, though scarcely yet fully in command of the language, has borne the responsibilities of the evangelistic work both at Pao-ting-fu and in all the out-stations, and reports a year of steady and successful work along the usual lines. It has been impos­ sible for him to give the requisite supervision to the out-stations, and the coming of an associate promises more thorough work in this direction, as well, as an actual enlargement of the field. A new missionary home is in process of erec­ tion which will relieve the buildings hitherto occupied for residences, but which were originally constructed for the hospital, and will enable Dr. Noble to bring all the medical work outside the city limits. Woman’s work has been carried forward with great diligence and success by Miss Morrill and Miss Gould, Miss Gould looking especially after the Girls’ School and Miss Morrill having charge of the general work for women. Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Ewing have done whatever strength and time have permitted, Mrs. Noble visiting the dispensary three times a week to talk with the women. One of the three Bible-women has become too feeble for work and has been relieved from service. No one has yet been found to take her place. The other Bible-women have extended the sphere of their visitation to include heathen families, and prove themselves quite efficient in attracting the attention of those not hitherto interested. Miss Morrill has this year held classes for 18970 North China Mission. 103 women in the out-stations instead of inviting all the women to the central sta­ tion, and has found the result very satisfactory. In one of these classes, which was continued for three weeks, about twenty gathered, few of whom could have visited Pao-ting-fu for the purpose. Two of these women were baptized and several more were received on probation. These country classes, while involv­ ing some additional hardships for the missionary, are yet a great help and stim­ ulus to the women, giving them the sense of personal relationship and sympathy not otherwise so easily secured. At Christmas time a general invitation was given to all the helpers to come up to Pao-ting-fu for a three days’ meeting, and twenty women, beside a larger number of men, gathered for helpful and uplift­ ing services. Work in the dispensary waiting room has been unusually profit­ able, so that women come not simply for the medicine but to receive instruction from the missionary in attendance. Miss Morrill’s work for the year was short­ ened because her health necessitated an early return to this country. The Girls’ Boarding School at Pao-ting-fu, under Miss Gould’s care, has enrolled eighteen pupils, all but one of them boarders. A decided deepening of spiritual life and conscience among the girls has been noted. Seven of them have joined the church, and two others have been received on probation. In the day schools, which are also in the care of the ladies of the station, the attendance has been good and the work upon the whole satisfactory. One of the girls from this station, who has recently graduated from the Bridgman school at Peking, is soon to be married, and it is expected that she will open a new school near her residence. The contributions of the women and girls, which are usually given for some missionary purpose, this year have been devoted to the purchase of a communion set for the Pao-ting-fu church. In reporting the medical work Dr. Noble gives special emphasis to the mani­ fest presence of God, which has relieved the unavoidable burdens of the work. A deeper interest in spiritual matters among the dispensary patients and the patients residing at the hospital is noted, with an increasing desire to listen to the preaching in the visiting rooms, and in the number of patients who voluntarily attend the Sabbath services. The record of patients for the year, though neces­ sarily incomplete, shows 10,772, with 305 surgical operations and 100 in-patients. Pang-Chuang, 1880. — The station reports the perfect health of all its mis­ sionaries throughout the year. Not a day of work has been lost through sickness. The field occupied by the station has been much larger than heretofore. Four new city chapels were opened, all within a period of seven months. These are mostly in market towns, where there are either church members or inquirers, or where work by medical assistants or native helpers has opened the way for the gathering of a congregation. There are other openings which promise still further to widen the sphere of influence and multiply the numbers under Chris­ tian instruction. In June, 1895, an important step was taken by the organization of the Con­ gregational Association, comprised of all the licensed preachers, together witYy deacons elected by vote at the general meetings. Of the preachers there/ twelve, of the deacons three, paid from the native contributions. These fi/’ with two missionaries and the physician, form a body of respectable size. J reports are read of work done during the preceding quarter; also topics^ 104 North China Mission. [Report, the work are considered and acted upon. There are three standing committees appointed for a year, one on church work, one on educational work, one on con­ tributions, buildings, and other miscellaneous matters. The committee on church work examines the church rolls, recommends discipline, etc. The educational committee looks after all the schools, appoints examiners, recommends scholars for promotion, and suggests persons to be invited to station classes. On Sunday one general meeting is held, the afternoon is devoted to reports of work done, and the church is thus informed of the plans that are laid. This organization seems thus far to have worked with great efficiency. During the winter and spring seven station classes for men have been held, two at the station and five at out-stations. The total number of pupils was about 120. The Boys’ School has become very popular, so that applications are far in advance of the capacity of the building. The total number of pupils the past year has been forty-three. In the fall of 1896 five students were sent from this school to Tung-cho, so well prepared that they entered a year in advance. There are eight village schools, the total number of pupils being 128. There has been a serious difficulty in securing teachers at all suited to these schools. Preaching has been conducted with more vigor and with far greater visible results than in any previous year, a result to which each of the many helpers has materially contributed. The aggregate book sales of the year are 25,000 cash, equal to seventy-seven gold dollars. An effort has been made this year to in­ crease materially the total contributions from the Chinese, with reasonable success, — $111.50 being given for missionary purposes, $125 for schools, and $73 for other objects. The expansion of the field of this station to the south, and a like expansion northward of the Lin Ching station, have brought the two stations into contact, so that plans are under consideration for uniting the work of the stations in some effective way. The discipline of the church is much better looked after than before, the effect of the Congregational Association being helpfully felt in this matter. During the past year ninety persons joined the church on profes­ sion, and ten others were received by letter. The number of probationers re­ ceived during the year was 172. The work is so extended that it is the clear conviction of the station that the time has come for a native pastorate, and two men have been selected as suitable for ordination. The support of the native pastors, it is thought, can be provided for from the native contributions. Woman’s work has been prosecuted with great energy and success under the care of Miss Porter and the Misses Wyckoff. The boarding school for girls numbered thirty-two. The new building has been tested to the utmost and has proved itself admirably adapted to its purpose. In the absence of Miss Wyckoff the force of native teachers, already doing excellent work, will be still further in­ creased. Station classes for women have been held both at Pang-Chuang and at the out-stations. Ninety women and girls have been instructed in this way in the classes held at Pang-Chuang, and 131 in the others. One thing noted with special gratification is the desire on the part of young women to understand the lean in g of what they read, and there is an increase in the number of young hers who are able to teach their own children to read and sing and pray. N ew villages have been visited, and the missionary women have each had a parrying on the regular meetings held in the places where the gospel has 1897-] North China Mission. already been planted. Beside the four tours made for holding classes in the out- stations, the ladies have made eight others, and the native women four. Twelve native women have given help in the classes during, the year. Contributions have been received from 217 women, amounting to $15, a great amount when the value of a day’s work is considered. The ladies of this station speak with great earnestness as to the importance of a training school for Bible-women, a plan which the mission has in mind but which has not yet been carried out. The medical work at this station, in the care of Dr. Peck, has assumed great proportions, and has never in any previous year reported so many patients as during the last, the total number being 20,683. Evidence increases from year to year that the medical work continues to be most helpful as auxiliary to the great evangelistic work, which is the sum and centre of the missionary effort. Lin Ching, 1886. — This station, though the most recently opened of all, stands in the midst of a most promising field, with access to not less than two million souls. The missionary force has remained unchanged, with two ordained missionaries and one physician. The need of single women to look after the work for women on this station, which has long been felt and grows more urgent every year, has as yet been unsupplied save as the friends at the neighboring station of Pang-Chuang have occasionally spent two or three weeks in special efforts. The opportunities for preaching the gospel at the fairs, which have been unusually marked in this station, have been improved during the past year, as heretofore, with favorable results, although it is often difficult to trace the imme­ diate effect of such work. Work in the city is developing steadily from year to year. Five persons have been received to the church upon profession of faith. Woman’s work, reported by Mrs. Wagner, gives a good account of itself. The Girls’ School at Lin Ching has been in the care of Mrs. Chang, the Bible-woman, who has added this labor to her other cares, with genuine success. Seventeen students have been enrolled during the year. All of the girls have had instruc­ tion in sewing and knitting, as well as in other subjects. The interest in the school has been so great as in some cases to attract the mothers with the children, and it seems plain that the time is at hand when this school must be developed into a girls’ boarding school. In addition to the school work, Mrs. Chang has made 480 calls, teaching a reading circle of twenty-five women. The more advanced of these women have completed the four gospels. Fourteen of this number enjoyed a ten days’ station class with Miss Porter during the year. It is obvious from the unusual success which attends the few efforts made in behalf of women how large a field the single women, so much called for, would find, and how ready a response would greet their labors. The medical work of the station has been much benefited by temporary quarters secured for hospital and dispensary use. Last year’s work has been more than usually encouraging. The gospel message has been presented to the patients, many tracts have been sold, and the two medical assistants have been equally serviceable in their professional duties and in disseminating Christian truth. The number of treatments, 9,463, shows an increase of twenty-eight per cent over that of last year, without counting several hundred who were treated by Mr. Perkins while engaged in touring. These patients came from all points around the city, and from some places fifteen or twenty miles distant, and, by io 6 Shansi Mission. [Report, communicating the impressions received while in attendance upon the dispensary among their friends at home, greatly widen the sphere of religious influence. This mission, located near the political centre of the empire, giving access to more than twenty millions of souls, ably manned and well established in seven wisely chosen centres, is one of the most important and promising under the care of the Board. Year by year it deepens its hold and widens its influence, and looks on to a noble and inspiring future.

SHANSI MISSION.

TAIKU. — Dwight H. Clapp, George L. Williams, Missionaries ; William L. Hall, M.D., Physician ; Mrs. Mary J. Clapp, Mrs. Mary Alice Williams, Mrs. Lou A. Hall, Miss Mary L. Partridge.

F e n -CHOW-FU. — Irenasus J. Atwood, M.D., Ernest R. Atwater, Missionaries; Mrs. Annette W . Atwood. Jen T s ’un . — In care of Mr. Williams. On the way. — Charles W . Price, James B. Thompson, Missionaries ; Mrs. Eva J. Price. In this country. — Francis W . Davis, Missionary ; Mrs. Lydia C. Davis, Mrs. D'Etta H. Thompson, Miss Rowena Bird. Three stations; 4 out-stations; 7 missionaries, 1 a physician; 1 other physician; 9 assistant mis­ sionaries ; 4 native lay preachers; 3 native teachers; 2 churches: 62 members ; 2 boys’ schools: 66 pupils; 1 girls’ school: 14 pupils; 2 dispensaries; 5,736 patients. The death of Mrs. Jennie Pond Atwater brought a heavy affliction upon the mission as well as upon her own home. Mr. and Mrs. Davis and Miss Bird have come to this country for a furlough; Mr. and Mrs. Price, disappointed in their hope that a visit home might prolong their son’s life, are on their way back to the field, and Mr. Thompson goes with them, leaving Mrs. Thompson to rejoin him next year. The health of the mission has been better than in former years, and mission­ ary effort has been vigorously and successfully prosecuted along all wonted lines. Evidence of progress is apparent in every part of the work; there is an increased readiness to hear and receive the gospel, congregations are larger and more regular, the additions to the churches are larger than in any single year before, the schools are thriving, the dispensaries and hospital draw increasing numbers, and the missionaries have a more secure standing and wield a stronger influence. It is not in facts that can be reported in statistics alone that encouragement is found; it is quite as much in the sense of a well-planted and steadily enlarging work, of kindly public sentiment, and of an immediate response to Christian truth and influence. Taiku, 1883. — The mission force on this station has been full, and the promise with which the year began has been well fulfilled. Sabbath services under the direction of the missionaries have been maintained regularly at three different points in the city, with good attendance and happy results. A Sunday- school has also been kept up, except during the summer. Twenty persons have been received on probation; the members of the church have shown growth in knowledge and Christian character, with better observance of the Sabbath. A few minor cases of persecution have occurred; merely enough to test the reality of Christian purpose, but not enough to hinder the work. An opium refuge was opened early in the year, which has attracted a large number of patients, and i897*] Shansi Mission. 107 * has been nearly self-supporting. All the patients have received religious instruc­ tion, and a goodly proportion have been cured of the habit. Six out-stations, in as many villages, are regularly visited by the missionaries at Taiku, and religious services are conducted. Tours have also been made into regions at present not occupied by any missionary society, and a region of great spiritual need disclosed. The station report says, “ Our friends and patrons have increased, and we seem to be on the eve of an advance all along the line.” Woman’s work on this station also shows a decided increase, and is-at present most encouraging. To the four places previously visited three new villages have been added this year, and 106 visits for systematic teaching have been made, and at a few places separate Sunday services for women have been held. The death of an aged woman, a devoted Christian, at whose home the visits of the missionaries had been made, has led to the temporary abandonment of one of these villages. Another village, opened through the opium refuge work in Taiku, has proved one of the most fruitful of all. Twenty women have been treated for the opium habit in Taiku, and regularly taught twice a day by the missionary ladies. This department of effort is steadily increasing in volume and promise. The Taiku Boys’ School was in session eight months, and enrolled thirty-six pupils, the full capacity of the court where it is held. The regularity of attend­ ance is a long step in advance upon the record of the first years, and the quality of the work done shows an equal advance. The course of study, including the fundamentals of a grammar school education, the Chinese classics, and the Scriptures in the leading place, has been completed by one pupil, and diligently pursued by the whole number. Nearly all the boys have expressed the de^i’" be Christians, eleven are either church members or on probation, and a Chi. Endeavor Society has been formed among them. The medical work at Liman, under the care of Dr. Hall, presents a fine record. Above 1,800 patients were treated during the year, and the number was rapidly increasing before the year closed. All these patients receive Chris­ tian instruction, and are easily impressed by the claims of the gospel. Fen-chow-fu, 1887. — Mr. and Mrs. Price were obliged to leave hurriedly, early in the year, to bring their son to the United States for special treatment. On November 25, Mrs. Atwater was suddenly called to her rest, after but five years of devoted service. But the gospel has borne precious fruit in the midst of these trials. In February a two weeks’ meeting of church members and pro­ bationers was held, with forty-one persons present, and profitably devoted to preaching, Bible study, and services of song. At the close four of those on pro­ bation were baptized, giving a clear testimony of their faith. Decided progress has been made during the year in contributions and in the memorizing of Scrip­ ture. The fairs of the neighborhood have been visited, books sold, and oppor­ tunities for personal conversation improved, so far as the limited force on the station would permit. The medical work has assumed important dimensions, and proves most helpful to all evangelistic efforts. With a new chapel, for which an appropriation has been made, much more can be done toward the systematic religious instruction of patients, and there will be room for a greater number. The treatments last 10 8 Japan Mission. [Report, « year reached the unprecedented number of 3,936- There is urgent need of a separate court for women, who are coming in great numbers, but for whom no suitable provision can now be made. Quite a number of opium patients have asked to have their names taken on probation, and many others have been im­ pressed with Christian truth, and they have taken those impressions with them to their homes and villages far away. Jen Ts'un, 1891. — In the absence of Mr. and Mrs. Thompson on furlough, the care of the station devolved upon Mr. and Mrs. Davis. Preaching services for men have been held twice every Sunday in the chapel, with a small attend­ ance, besides two services specially for women, more largely attended, under the care of Mrs. Davis and a native helper. Touring, with tract distribution and preaching, has been carried on among the villages within a radius of seven miles ; and Mrs. Davis has made seventeen visits to families in Jen Ts’un. Kindly reception has been accorded to the missionaries wherever they have gone, and in some cases cordial attention to their message. The Girls’ School has had an enrollment of fourteen pupils, with an average attendance of ten, and satisfactory work has been done. A marked improvement can be traced in those pupils who have been longest in the school; and the benefit reacts upon the household. The year closed with a diminished mission force, but with many indications that the gospel is gaining a growing and deepening influence, and that the blessing of God is upon this field.

, JAPAN MISSION.

X.YOTO. — M. Lafayette Gordon, D.D., Dwight W . Learned, PH.D., D.D., Jerome D. Davis, D.D., ^^ry, William L. Curtis, Ordained; Mrs. Agnes H. Gordon, Mrs. Florence H. Learned, Mrs. »H. Davis, Mrs. Ellen M. Cary, Mrs. Gertrude A. Curtis, Miss Mary E. Wainwright. KOBE. — James L. Atkinson, Ordained; Mrs. Carrie E. Atkinson, Miss Martha J. Barrows, Miss Julia E. Dudley, Miss Susan A. Searle, Miss Annie L. Howe, Miss Elizabeth Torrey, Miss Gertrude M. Willcox, Miss Gertrude Cozad.

K u m a m o t o . — Miss Julia A. E. Gulick. O k a y a m a . — James H. Pettee, Schuyler S. White (residing at Tsuyama), Ordained; Mrs. Ida A. White, Miss Alice P. Adams. OSAKA. — John T. Gulick, PH.D., George Allchin, Ordained; Mrs. Frances A. Gulick, Mrs. Nellie M. Allchin, Miss Lucy E. Case, Miss Abbie M. Colby. N i i g a t a . — Horatio B. Newell, Ordained; Mrs. Jane C. Newell, Miss Clara L. Brown, Miss E. Pauline Swartz. T o t t o r i. — Samuel C. Bartlett, Jr., Ordained; Mrs. Fannie A. Bartlett.

M a e b a s h i. — M iss H. Frances Parmelee. M a t s u y a m a . — Sidney L. Gulick, Ordained; Mrs. Cara M . Gulick, Miss Alice E. Harwood. MIYAZAKI.— Cyrus A. Clark, Ordained; Mrs. Harriet M. Clark, Miss Cora McCandlish. SAPPORO. — George M. Rowland, Ordained; Mrs. Helen A. Rowland, Miss Adelaide Daughaday, Miss Emily M. Brown. SENDAI.— J. H. DeForest, D.D., Ordained. Residing at Tokyo. — Miss Mary F. Denton. Residing in the Hawaiian Islands for labor among the resident Japanese. — Orramel H. Gulick, Ordained; Mrs. Fannie E. Gulick. On the way.— Arthur W. Stanford, Wallace Taylor, M.D., Ordained; Mrs. Jane H. Stanford. In this country.— Daniel C . Greene, D.D., William W. Curtis, Hilton Pedley, George E. Albrecht, Ordained; Mrs. Mary J. Greene, Mrs. Lydia V. Curtis, Mrs. Martha J. Pedley, Mrs. Leonora B. Albrecht, Mrs. Maiy F. Taylor, Mrs. Sarah E. DeForest, Mrs. Belle W. Pettee, Miss Fannie A. 1 8 9 7 .] Japan Mission. 109

Gardner, Miss Cornelia Judson, Miss Mary A. Holbrook, M.D., Miss Nina C. Stewart, Miss Fanny E. Griswold, Miss Annie H. Bradshaw, Miss Eliza Talcott, Miss Mary B. Daniels. Twelve stations; 195 out-stations; 23 ordained missionaries, 2 physicians; 51 female assistant mis­ sionaries, 1 a physician; 30 native pastors; 47 native preachers; evangelists, 16 men, 19 Bible-women; 73 regularly organized churches; 29 provisional churches; 10,025 members, 420 added on confession during the year, 162 net additions; 22,916 yen contributions by churches for church work. Many changes have taken place among the personnel of the mission during the year under review. From 1884 to 1886 many accessions were made to the mission. Owing to the arrival of the regular time for a furlough at home with many, and to sickness with others, an unusual number of the missionaries were in this country at the beginning of the year. Unable to return to the field, Misses Cora A. Stone, Abbie W. Kent, and Effie B. Gunnison have withdrawn from the mission. Mr. Arthur T. Hill for five years served the mission most faithfully and efficiently as its business agent, being sent out in 1890 by the Pru­ dential Committee for this purpose. Owing to the reduced number in the mis­ sion and the great necessity for economy, Mr. and Mrs. Hill have returned to this country and separated themselves from the Board. Rev. and Mrs. William H. Noyes have also returned and severed their relations with the Board. Dr. and Mrs. Greene, Mr. Pedley, Mrs. Pettee, Misses Stewart, Griswold, Bradshaw, and Dr. Holbrook have come to this country on furlough. To fill some of the vacancies caused by withdrawal, Miss E. Pauline Swartz, Miss Gertrude M. Willcox, and Miss Cora McCandlish have been newly added to the number of those in the field. The following members of the mission reported absent last year have either returned and taken up the work again or are now upon the way out: Mr. and Mrs. Rowland, Mr. and Mrs. Clark, Mr. and Mrs. Newell, Mr. and Mrs. S. L. Gulick, Mr. and Mrs. Stanford, Mr. and Mrs. Albrecht, Dr. Taylor, and Misses E. M. Brown, Daughaday, Howe, Colby, Daniels, Cozad, and VVainwright. For thirteen years the number of our mission­ aries upon the field has not been so low as during the past summer, before those returning had entered the country. There are in the mission thirty-eight churches which are independent of out­ side aid and thirty-five which receive aid. There are twenty-nine preaching places which have sometimes been called provisional churches, twenty-two of which the mission aids; There are thirty installed Japanese pastors and forty, seven acting pastors. Besides these, sixteen men serve as evangelists, and sixteen women do the work of Bible-women. This makes a total of 112 Japanese evan­ gelistic workers in the Kumi-ai churches. The church membership is 10,025, of whom 5,238 are men. In 1896, 420 were baptized. The churches have raised $22,916 (silver) for their own expenses and for Christian work. The Japanese Home Missionary Society has raised and expended a little over $3,000 (silver) for its most worthy work. During this year perhaps more than at any previous period the strength of the mission has.been devoted to direct evangelistic work. None of the male mis­ sionaries have been tied to any school since the separation from the Doshisha, a year ago. A small class of young men in training for the ministry have been under the direct care of Dr. Learned and Mr. W. L. Curtis, at K y5to. A part of the class has already entered upon its pastoral work. Dr. Davis, Dr. Gordon, and Mr. Cary have made extensive evangelistic tours, covering together the n o Japan Mission. [Report, length and breadth of Japan. Mr. Rowland, Mr. White, Mr. Allchin, Mr. Pettee, Dr. DeForest, and Mr. Bartlett have also spent much time away from their homes, visiting churches and congregations outside of the centres, and preaching in places where seldom if ever the gospel message has been heard. Some have been cordially invited to address non-Christian associations, cluBs, and assem­ blies, where they have always been accorded a sympathetic hearing with good audiences. Individual inquirers have been not a few. Dr. Davis sums up his impressions after six months of extensive touring as follows : — “ Japan is more ready for the gospel than ever before. The official classes are more favorably disposed and the masses are more ready to hear. The events of the Chinese war, the work of the Red Cross Association, the work of Chris­ tian nurses and Christian pastors in that war, and especially the record of the scattered Christian soldiers in the army, made a powerful impression upon the leading men in the army and in the government, as well as upon the masses of the people. The relief work for the sufferers by earthquake and flood, carried on under the direction of the churches, has had a similar effect. The church is poorly prepared to enter this great open door. The era of doubt and discussion has chilled the churches, and its greatest foes are within. It is encouraging that so many have held on, and that the majority of the bands of Christians are hungry for spiritual food. Wherever earnest men are preaching a positive gos­ pel, churches are alive and souls are being gathered into the kingdom. There is a great lack of workers. Seven places are pleading for missionaries, and we seem to have none to send them. That great rich Aidzu, with its 300 square miles of villages, has no missionary and only four Japanese evangelists, all told. Echigo, over 100 miles long and half as wide, has two missionaries and only eight or ten Japanese workers. Joshu has no male missionary and only four or five Japanese workers. The most discouraging part of the outlook is that the supply of workers, both foreign and Japanese, so far as our work is concerned, seems to be completely cut off. That is the most pressing and practical question which is upon our mission.” Dr. Gordon says : “ The destructive utterances from evangelists seem to have greatly decreased if not entirely passed away, and while there is not always as much positiveness and directness in urging the claims of the gospel and in em­ phasizing the importance of the study of the Bible and the observance of the Lord’s Day as one could wish, yet the gospel seems to be felt more and more as the only hope of the world." Dr. Atkinson, whose field from Kobe as a centre is a broad one, says : “ There have not been any large additions to the churches during the year, but the quality of the preaching has been excellent, and the spiritual and moral condition of the membership has been good. The harmful effects of the kind of preaching in­ dulged in by a few men during two or three years became so apparent that a reaction for the better has set in. Speculative discussion has given place to practical exposition and application. In a number of places the size of the con­ gregations is slowly increasing. The Sabbath-schools are apt to have a larger attendance than the preaching service. The public sentiment in favor of the Christian religion is manifestly on the increase, and in the course of time we may naturally expect larger additions to the congregations and to the churches.” 1897.] Japan Mission. HI

Dr. DeForest, who has made extensive and prolonged evangelistic tours, states that he believes Japan was never more ready for the gospel than it is now. Many others of the missionaries give abundant testimony to the same end. It is fully apparent that there is a large and open field in Japan for the preaching of the gospel by the missionaries, and that they will meet with the warm, hearty co­ operation of the Japanese pastors and evangelists in nearly all parts of the field. Many large places where no missionary has ever resided have repeatedly urged that a missionary be sent them. The need of more Japanese pastors and evan­ gelists is becoming more and more apparent. Twice the number now engaged in connection with our mission and the Kumi-ai churches could find an abundance of promising work. The calls for preachers cannot be supplied at present. The problems which face the missionaries in Japan to-day are entirely different from those of twenty-five years ago. The educated Japanese are carefully study­ ing the social and religious questions in which the scholars of the West are inter­ ested, and always the beginnings of enlightenment are times of doubt and ques­ tioning. It is painfully true that many are passing through a period of unbelief, some of whom once thought they were firmly grounded in the Christian faith. This same condition prevails among those who have never professed to be Christian, but who to-day have lost faith in the religions of Japan and are now groping for the truth. Our mission is thoroughly alive to these conditions, and is trying to meet them by presenting always and everywhere the fundamental doc­ trines of Christianity as the true religion, and Jesus Christ as the only Saviour. Without exception they are encouraged with the work of the year. The Japanese Christians, leaders in the Kumi-ai churches, are showing much zeal in purely evangelistic lines of work, many seeking entirely new places where they can preach the gospel. There seems to be no end to the opportunity to preach to those who are eager to hear and know of the new faith. The general testimony is that the pastors and preachers of the Kumi-ai churches are present­ ing to their people Christianity in its purer and simpler form. We cannot take up the work of each station separately and report its work, owing to lack of space. Miyazaki has been left without a missionary. Misses Gulick and Griswold, residing at Kumamoto, have been the only missionaries of our Board in Kyushu. Miss Harwood has bravely held on at Matsuyama, and Dr. DeForest, since the return to this country of Miss Bradshaw, has been alone at Sendai. Mr. White has found much to encourage him at Tsuyama, as has Mr. Bartlett at Tottori. Mr. Rowland reports great opportunities in the Hok­ kaido, while all with one voice deplore the lack of laborers, both American and Japanese. It has been thoroughly established that Japan is not to become Christian in a decade, as by a miracle, but that work must be established upon lines of permanence, with the expectation of a long conflict with evil in accord­ ance with the law which controls the progress of the Kingdom.

EDUCATION. The Board separated from the Doshisha in the summer of 1896. No money has been given for its support this year, and no missionaries have been connected with it in any department. In the spring of 1897 President Kozaki and Professor 112 Japan Mission.

Ukita, the dean of the faculty, resigned; and their resignations were accepted by the trustees. Mr. Yokoi, a graduate of the Doshisha and a recent post-graduate student in Yale University, has been elected by the trustees to succeed President Kozaki. He entered at once upon his duties. It is hoped that he will conduct the school so as to command the confidence of the mission and the Board. In order to do this, it is of the utmost importance that the president and the heads of the different departments show themselves to be 'men whose declared reli­ gious beliefs and public and private lives shall be in accord with the general evangelical Christian sentiment of the world. The preparatory department of the institution has been increased by adding two years of primary or intermedi­ ate studies. The number of students of the collegiate and theological depart­ ments has fallen off. Kobe College. Owing to the lack of American teachers, an exceedingly heavy burden has rested upon Miss Searle. Miss Emily M. Brown was not able to take up work in the College, as she anticipated, and has gone to the Hokkaido, to try the effect of that climate while she engages in evangelistic work. Miss Torrey has admirably conducted the musical instruction, and Miss Willcox, while studying the language, has taken some classes. In rendering her report for the College, Miss Searle says : — “ In May, 1896, we entertained the annual meeting of the association of teachers in Christian schools for girls in this part of Japan. The tone of the meeting was thoroughly Christian, and its deliberations tended to encourage and unite the workers in these schools. The change in our course of study, by which the first year of the academic course begins in April, for the sake of receiving pupils immediately on graduating from the higher primary schools, seems to work well. Two girls were graduated from the collegiate and five from the academic department last year. Of these, two are working with members of our own mission, one in Sapporo and one in Niigata; a third is with the Church of England Mission • two are with the Christian Alliance Mission; one, the adopted daughter of a Baptist missionary, finds plenty of Christian work to do from her home ; and the seventh, although somewhat out of health, is doing library and translation work here in the school. The classes this year graduated number respectively three and five. One member of the senior academic class is not yet a Christian * but we hope this may not long be true. “ During the year we have received three legacies from Japanese friends. These are the first such gifts ever received by the school, and, coming at this time, are a cheering proof of the confidence of our friends. Mr. Ichida, the father of one of our earliest graduates, and the leading photographer of Kobe, left to the school 500 yen (Japanese dollars). With about the same amount collected from other friends of the school in Japan, this legacy will be used at once to put up the building long desired for the accommodation of the sewing depart­ ment and other branches requiring a Japanese building. The fact that the whole of this money has been raised in Japan is at this time particularly en­ couraging. Dr. Kawamoto, an old and valued friend of the school, of which his three daughters are alumnae, left fifty yen for the library. The first book bought with the money was one of the handsome pulpit Bibles just published 1 8 9 7 .] Japan Mission. US by the Bible Society — a valuable addition to our chapel furnishings. The third legacy was left us by Miss Amaya, who as an early graduate from the academic course, as a member of the first class to complete that collegiate course, and as a teacher here for some years, was very closely identified with the work of the school. Her death, occurring so soon after her return from three years of ad­ vanced study in America, was a great grief to those who expected much valu­ able service to follow her years of preparation.” The College has a science club, a temperance society, a missionary organiza­ tion, and a Christian Endeavor Society. The “ Glory Kindergarten ” has con­ tinued its work in the absence of Miss Howe in this country. The school can accommodate only sixty-four, and the applications have been about twice the number which can be received. Woman’s evangelistic work centres in the Woman’s Evangelistic School at Kobe, under the care of Misses Barrows and Dudley. In their report they say : — “ It was decided to discontinue the regular term of the Woman’s Evangelistic School this year, partly for lack of good women, partly to give an opportunity to carry out a long thought of plan and call back the old graduates for a special term. This we did, having them here for a month, from the middle of January to the middle of February. Thirty responded to the call, though only twenty- five were able to attend constantly through the term. Besides these, two girls’ school graduates who are preparing for evangelistic work were regular attend­ ants. The term fulfilled the expectations of the teachers in every respect. The women were very happy in coming back, some after seven and eight, years of work, others after only one, and their meetings together were full of interest. In addition to the devotional meetings and Bible study there were two or three lectures daily. The women have been enthusiastic in their expressions of grat­ itude for this extra term and the help they have received from it, and we believe the results will be apparent in their future work.” The mission is in immediate need of facilities for the training of a Japanese ministry. There is little indication that the Doshisha will be able to prepare young men who will be effective in strengthening the churches already established and in impressing Christianity upon those who are not now believers in Christ. It is not now evident that many young men who feel called to preach the gospel will be williDg to place themselves under the instruction of the Doshisha, for the necessary preparation, or that the churches would be willing to accept them as spiritual leaders after they have completed their studies. It is not practicable to have all candidates for the sacred office come to this country for preparation. The expense of such a course of study, coupled with the difficulty of the language, would prevent this, even if it were fully established, as it is not, that such a course were advisable for the most of the Japanese workers. Hence the mission feels the importance of a training school for carefully selected and consecrated Jap­ anese young men who are preparing for Christian service in their own country. Plans were made last summer for a class this fall at Kyoto, under the general care of Messrs. Learned and Davis and W. L. Curtis. This department will be organized and conducted in accordance with the demands of the field. The new Theological Review, started by the mission last year under the edi­ torial management of Dr. Greene, is now thoroughly launched. It is a tasteful, 114 The Hawaiian Islands. [Report, neat magazine of 80 pages, containing usually one illustration, and printed entirely in Japanese, except an English Table of Contents. It has been received with favor and already has a good circle of readers. No copies are given away. It is intended mainly for Christian workers who are not able to read English theological literature, hence its circulation will necessarily be limited. The mission houses at Kumamoto, which were taken possession of by the trustees of the Kumamoto school, have been torn down and removed. The government purchased the land for purposes of its own. The trustees, although acknowledging that the houses and land belonged rightfully to the Board, have not yet passed over the price received for them. It is only fair to say that but one of the Board of Trustees, an Episcopalian, professes to be a Christian. We cannot believe that the Japanese people, as a whole, will approve of such an act. To sum up the situation briefly as it appears in our mission to-day: — 1. The increasing activity in the commercial life of Japan has begotten a spirit of worldliness in the churches. 2. The rationalism, radicalism, and intense nationalism of the last few years have left their stamp of coldness and inactivity upon the churches. 3. The large additions made to the churches during the period of extreme popularity for Christianity have not yet been entirely sifted, but the churches are arousing to this work and are gaining strength and blessing by it. 4. The new intellectual awakening has brought with it much speculation and doubt, which it is expected further study and investigation will largely, if not entirely, remove. 5. President Yokoi, of the Doshisha, expresses himself strongly as eager to hold the Doshisha closely to the principles upon which it was founded, and to conduct it in such a way as to win for it the confidence of the evangelical Christian world. 6. A reaction against unfruitful criticism and in favor of evangelical and spirit­ ual preaching seems to have already begun. 7. The opening of many new industries introduces a large operative class to be worked for and won. 8. The open and promising field for missionary operations among all classes of people, but especially among the student classes, is unlimited. 9. There is a pressing demand that our mission provide for the preparation of a native ministry for the Kumi-ai churches. 10. There is a pressing call for the preparation and wide distribution of evan­ gelical Christian literature. 11. Our present missionary forces are not adequate to the demands and opportunities for productive Christian work.

THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

HONOLULU.— Charles M. Hyde, D.D., John Leadingham, Missionaries; Mrs. Mary K . Hyde, Mrs. Anna R. Leadingham. The responsibility of the Board in the Hawaiian Islands is limited, as hereto­ fore, to the support of the missionary teachers in the Theological Training School *8970 The Hawaiian Islands. 115 at Honolulu and to small grants-in-aid of one or two special forms of Christian work.

NORTH PACIFIC MISSIONARY INSTITUTE.

The year has been one of quiet and steady progress. Two graduates came back for a year of further study. Seven new students entered, and four, who had not completed the course of study, retained their connection with the Insti­ tute, making thirteen students in the regular course. Besides these, Mr. Lead- ingham has given instruction in English to two Chinese students. The married students have their wives and children living with them. Mrs. Leadingham has met with these women every Wednesday afternoon. They have also maintained their own weekly prayer-meeting. One of the newly entered married students has withdrawn from the Institute for family reasons. The students, with the advice and assistance of Mr. J. R. Mott, who visited Honolulu in the interest of the International Federation of the Students’ Young Men’s Christian Association, have formed an Association in alliance with that organization, and hold a meet­ ing every Monday evening. The course of study pursued is the same as has been followed from year to year. Increasing attention is given to the personal devotional study of the Scriptures. Rev. O. H. Gulick has given instruction, in Hawaiian, to the older students in Old Testament history; and Rev. Mr. Leadingham, in addition to the study of the English language, has taken up the study of the English Bible with the younger class. Rev. H. H. Parker has continued his instructions two hours each week in Pastoral Theology and the Preparation of Sermons. Rev. Dr. Hyde has given to the older students instruction in Pulpit Rhetoric, Church Government, and Systematic Theology, and to the younger students in Bible Geography and Chronology. Prof. W. D. Alexander has kindly lectured to the students on modern Egypt, with the aid of photographs and maps. A summer school, thanks to Mrs. M. S. Rice’s generous provision of needful funds, was opened for any pastors who could attend, and was kept up for two weeks after the close of the annual meeting Isst June. As a class of students with better knowledge of the English language may now be confidently expected from year to year, there is increasing opportunity for more advanced instruction. Even if the students now entering are younger than those of former years, more time can be given to fitting them for the work of the ministry in the varied lines now opening. But one great drawback to rapid progress is the backward condition of the Hawaiian churches. Through lax ideas of Christian discipleship, too large a proportion of Hawaiian church members are not only ignorant of the fundamental requisites of personal piety, but indifferent to the obligations of common honesty in the fulfilment of such business contracts as the regular payment of the promised salaries of their pas­ tors. There must be a higher standard of religion and morality in the churches, if they expect the Institute to furnish devoted and diligent pastors. Changes in political organization, in social and industrial life, make it increasingly difficult to maintain the Bible standard of character and conduct. But above and beyond all other claims and interests are the obligations and privileges of fellowship with Christ in his work of human redemption. The Hawaiian Islands. [Report,

WORK AMONG THE CHINESE. Mr. Damon, who is in charge of the work among the Chinese, finds good cause for encouragement. There has been decided progress along certain lines and an evidence of the deepening hold of the gospel. During the past year thirty-five persons have professed their faith in Christ — a larger number than has been received to the church in any previous year — and five have united by letter. Of these twenty-two have been added to the church in Honolulu, five to the church in Maui, and eleven to the church in Hilo. The total number of communicants in these churches is 225. Schools for the Chinese, for both boys and girls, are maintained in Honolulu, Wailuku, Kohala, and Hilo. Chinese children in Honolulu are in government schools, and they stand third in numbers on the list of school attendance from the different nationalities represented in the Republic. There are almost a thou­ sand Chinese boys and girls enrolled in the different schools of the group; very nearly as many Chinese as all the American, British, and German children put together. The Mills Institute at Honolulu, a boarding school for boys, has had a year of continued progress, with sixty-eight students in attendance. Two of the former students are studying for the ministry in the North Pacific Missionary Institute, under the direction of Mr. Leadingham. In addition to the regular boarding department there is maintained a day school for young men and two evening schools for adults. Mr. Damon, in closing his report, says : “ Whatever may be our political future, the Chinese, as an important element in the composite life of these islands, are to be always felt. Educated, enlightened, Christianized, they will assist and not retard the upward development of our advancing civilization.”

WORK AMONG THE JAPANESE. Mr. and Mrs. Orramel Gulick, of the Japan Mission, still remain at the islands, having in charge the work among the Japanese, who now constitute so consider­ able a part of the entire population of the islands. The present number of preachers and evangelists associated with Mr. Gulick is twelve. Each one of these occupies a station by himself, and exerts a wholesome influence upon his countrymen. Mr. Gulick speaks of these evangelists as a most hopeful and sat­ isfactory company of laborers. During the past year a commodious building for a church and an adjoining parsonage have been provided for the use of the Japanese in Honolulu, under the auspices of the Hawaiian Board. Two neat and comfortable church buildings were completed in November last, one at Kohola and the other at Honomu on the island of Hawaii, and a third house of worship has just been completed at Wailuku. In Honolulu an afternoon school has been organized for Japanese children, the special aim of which is the main­ tenance of Christian influence and the instruction of the children in the Japanese language. The attendance has been forty-five, and the whole expense of the school is borne by the Japanese themselves. In addition to this the Japanese kindergarten has a roll of forty-eight scholars, the teacher’s salary being paid by the Japanese. Three of the Japanese congregations report contributions amounting to $1,385, for Christian and benevolent purposes, in addition to considerable sums con­ 1897-] - Micronesian Mission. n 7 tributed to the building of the four church edifices named above. A church membership of above 300 Christians in the islands is reported, 108 of whom have been admitted during the past year upon profession of faith.

MICRONESIAN MISSION.

Residing at Honolulu.— Hiram Bingham, I).IX, Missionary ; Mrs. Minerva C. Bingham.

G ilbert Islands. — Alfred C. Walkup, residing at Kusaie, Missionary.

M a r s h a l l I s l a n d s . — Clinton F. Rife, m.d., residing at Kusaie, Missionary; Mrs. Isadora Rife,

C A R O L I N E i s l a n d s . — i . Kusaie. Marshall and Gilbert Girls' School.— Miss Jessie R. Hoppin. Miss Louise E. Wilson, Miss Annette A. Palmer, Miss Jenny Olin. 2. Pori apt' District. — Vacant. 3. Ruk and Mortlock District.— Francis M. Price, Missionary; Mrs. Sarah J. Price, Mrs. Mary E. Logan, Miss Ida C . Foss. In this country.— Edmund M. Pease, M .D ., Irving M. Channon, Missionaries; Mrs. Harriet A . Pease, Mrs. Mary G. Channon, Miss Annie E. Abell. Three stations; 50 out-stations; 6 missionaries, 2 of them physicians; 1 assistant missionary; 12 female assistant missionaries; 2 Hawaiian missionaries; 24 native pastors; 39 other native preachers ; 37 native teachers; 49 churches: 4,706 members, 1,002 received this year; 3 training schools: 89 students; 2 boarding schools for girls : 59 pupils; 73 common schools : 2,727 pupils; native contribu­ tions, $3,448.81. Mr. and Mrs. Channon and Miss Abell have come to this country for rest and change, and Miss Kinney has retired from service, much to the regret of all her associates. Miss Jenny Olin has gone out to reinforce the workers at Kusaie, and Miss Beulah Logan goes to aid her mother at Ruk for a time.

THE VESSELS. Captain Garland has resigned the command of the Morning Star after ten years of valuable service, and Captain Bray is in command. The Morning Star began her voyage June 25, 1896, and reached Honolulu March 29, 1897, having visited all the islands and accomplished the usual amount of work. The use of the R. W. Logan in visiting the Mortlocks and in transferring the station to the new site materially abridged the voyage of the Star. Important repairs upon the Star being indispensable, she was brought to San Francisco, and for more than two months was thoroughly overhauled and renovated. Special services were held on board the vessel when ready for the sea, and she set out for Hon­ olulu July 2, under command of Captain Bray, in better condition than for many years. The Hiram Bingham has rendered another year’s service, quite as extended and valuable as any since she was launched. Mr. Walkup has made his home upon the vessel, has visited every island in the Gilbert group where missionary work is done once at least, several of them twice or three times, and has ren­ dered an important service in superintending schools and churches, counseling with teachers and preachers and native chiefs, and setting all things in order. He reports thirty-five visits to twelve islands, sailing 3,400 miles, and spending 218 days, twenty-nine of them Sundays, with the people on these islands. Dur­ ing Mr. Channon’s absence Mr. Walkup is in charge of the Training School at Kusaie, and the Hiram Bingham is laid up from service. The R. W. Logan proved an excellent sailer on the outward voyage from San Francisco, and has been constantly in service during the year. Two voyages to 118 Micronesian Mission. [Report, the Mortlocks and one to Ponape have been made, besides frequent tours among the islands in the Ruk lagoon. The little vessel was also very serviceable in transferring the station from Anapauo to the new site on the island of Toloas. Captain Foster, with an excellent mate, has found no difficulty in navigating the waters in which the Logan is to sail.

THE MARSHALL ISLANDS. The Training School. — During the past year the instruction in the Training School for Marshall Islands preachers and teachers at Kusaie has been given by Dr. Rife alone, no assistant having been found to take Miss Crosby’s place. This has brought additional labors upon Dr. and Mrs. R ife; but a successful year’s work is reported. Thirty students were in attendance, and twenty-four of these, who had been some time in training, were located among their own people on the annual tour through the islands, ten as ordained preachers. The school for the current year numbers twenty-nine students. The Islands. — The annual tour through the Marshall Islands began September 21, 1896, and occupied thirty-nine days, Dr. Rife and his students and Miss Palmer, with the Marshall Islands girls from her school at Kusaie, being on board. The German Commissioner at Jaluij gave the missionaries cordial greetings and aided them in their tour. His influence seems to be decidedly in favor of the natives as against the traders, and many of his regulations are in the interests of morality and good order. Sixteen islands on which Christian work is in progress, were visited, the church members gathered and instructed, the schools visited and examined, converts and children baptized, marriages solemnized, and mat­ ters set in order for another year’s work. With conditions varying in some par­ ticulars from island to island, the report of the year is almost uniformly favorable ; the schools have been well attended, the churches have increased in numbers, new places for work have opened, and everywhere there is great eagerness for the Scriptures in the vernacular. The sixteen churches received 429 on confession of faith, and now number 2,058 members; and the native contributions for all purposes amount to $998.74. The long and faithful labors of Dr. and Mrs. Pease have laid a good foundation, and the work under present direction is expanding from year to year. Dr. and Mrs. Pease, in California, are pressing forward the translation of the Old Testament Scriptures into the Marshall Islands language, to meet the rapidly growing demand of the native churches for the entire Bible in the vernacular.

THE GILBERT ISLANDS. The Training School. — This has been a year of satisfactory work in the Training School at Kusaie for Gilbert Island preachers and teachers. The stu­ dents, thirty-one in number, have been uniformly earnest and diligent; and the graduating class numbered seven, four from the advanced course, two from the shorter course, and one who after six years as a teacher had spent a year in advanced study. The Islands. — The presence and aggressive activity of Romanist priests and nuns, the firmer settlement and more general influence of the British govern­ ment, the deep-seated tendency to recur to heathen customs and practices, and 1897.] Micronesian Mission. 119 the gradually deepening hold of the gospel on the hearts and consciences of the native Christians are the leading features of the year’s history. The annual tour occupied about eight weeks, and was unusually thorough and complete. There were seventy-five passengers on the Siar, including Mr. and Mrs. Chan- non and family, Mr. Walkup, Miss Wilson, and Miss Foss, besides the members •of the two schools on Kusaie. Mr. Channon reports favorably on the situation •as he surveyed it during this tour, and compared it with that of former years. Mr. Walkup gives a very full and careful report of the state of things in the twelve islands under his supervision, as he has marked it, and helped to shape it, during the year. While there is still much to discourage in this field, and the gains from year to year are often so small and so uncertain, Mr. Walkup closes his report by saying, “ The present is no time to relax our efforts either in this Training School or in touring.” The English influence is growing stronger, and is generally in the right direc­ tion ; but as yet it is exerted almost wholly in the line of promoting order and increasing intelligence and thrift with reference to commercial advantages. There is most urgent need in these islands of a thoroughly trained and com­ petent native ministry, able to command the respect of the native churches and to lead them in resistance to the heathen influences still strongly entrenched and to the proselytizing efforts of the Romanist leaders, who are steadily gaining headway in the islands. Dr. and Mrs. Bingham, at Honolulu; continue their labors in preparing a Christian literature for the Gilbert Islands churches. A hymn and tune book, prepared by them, is just issuing from the press, for the use of these churches.

THE GIRLS’ SCHOOL AT KUSAIE. This very important school for girls from the Marshall Islands and from the Gilbert Islands has been under the care and instruction of Miss Wilson and Miss Palmer, and has accomplished a good year’s work. There have been forty-five students, twenty-two Gilbert girls, twenty-one Marshall girls, and two Kusaian girls, varying from eleven years of age to eighteen years, and repre­ senting eighteen different islands. Miss Wilson and Miss Palmer speak of the girls with great satisfaction, and find it a real privilege to teach and help them. The older girls are all church members, and most of the younger ones seem to be in earnest to lead a Christian life. It is found that the younger the pupils are when they come to the school the easier it is for them to learn, and the more satisfactory is the improvement they make. The accommodations of the school buildings are all in use, and the number of girls desiring to come is so great that it is possible to select only the most desirable. Good service is reported on the part of many former pupils who are now in homes of their own, among their own people; and the work of the school grows in influence and importance every year. The return of Miss Hoppin this year, with strength fully restored, will be joyfully welcomed by teachers and pupils and all the mission force. The coming of Miss Olin to this station will also give new courage and hope.

PONAPE. The visits to Ponape, anticipated in the last report, have been made, and much interesting information gathered. The Morning Star called at the island 120 Micronesian Mission. [Report, last year, by invitation of the governor, and Mrs. Logan had an opportunity to meet Henry Nanapei and several of the other native brethren. The Robert W. Logan also paid a visit to Ponape, giving Mr. Price and Captain Bray the privilege of intercourse with the governor and also with the native brethren. The way is not yet open for missionaries to resume their residence and work in the island; but a beginning of friendly intercourse has been made, and limited access has been had to the native Christians. It appears that churches and schools are maintained in at least five different centres, with nearly 400 com­ municants, and above 500 pupils in the schools, all under the care of preachers and their wives who were stationed at these posts before the death of Mr. Doane and the withdrawal of Mr. Rand. The native tribes are all at peace with the Spanish government, but there is little of the old-time prosperity and general happiness. Captain Bray met a number of young men and women who were formerly in the schools of Mr. Rand and Miss Fletcher, who are now teaching in Catholic schools, receiving large salaries. The teachers of the mission schools long for the return of the missionaries and for a fresh supply of Scrip­ tures and schoolbooks.

RUK AND THE MORTLOCKS. In accordance with plans mentioned in the last report the mission station has been removed during the year from its former site at Anapauo, on the island of Wola, to a much more healthful and secluded site on the neighboring island of Kutua, about seven miles away, and is now well established here. Most of the work of removal was effected by means of the R. W. Logan, and Mr. Bowker was happily at hand to take charge of the work of removal and rebuilding. Un­ fortunately Mr. Snelling, though no longer a missionary, has not as yet been will­ ing to vacate the house belonging to the Board, in which he has been living, and his presence and influence are no small hindrance to the peace and prosperity of the station. The return to this country of Miss Kinney and Miss Abell seriously weakens the force for woman’s work; but Miss Foss, of Kusaie, has kindly con­ sented to stay with Mrs. Logan for the year, and Miss Beulah Logan is on her way to join her mother and share her labors. The removal has temporarily diminished the attendance on the Training School and on the Girls’ School; but with regular and frequent intercourse established between the station and the several islands the numbers have been made good and the work much increased in efficiency. New centres for preaching are open­ ing among the islands in the Ruk lagoon, with excellent promise, and Mr. Price is welcomed with cheering cordiality wherever he goes. The Logan, under Captain Foster’s management, makes frequent voyages to these nearer islands, and virtually brings them all within the limits of Mr. Price’s personal supervision and instruction. The care of the Training School and station greatly limits the frequency and length of these visits; and it is an immediate and urgent need that another ordained missionary be stationed here, so that one can be always touring among the islands while the other cares for the school and all station affairs. Late in October Mr. Price and Mrs. Logan set out on the R. W. Logan for a thoroughgoing visit to the Mortlocks, which occupied four weeks and was filled 1897.] Mexico Mission. 121 with the most gratifying experiences from first to last. Eleven islands were visited, the people called together for worship, candidates for baptism examined and received into the church, the church rolls revised and the preachers coun­ seled and cheered. New members were received into every one of the eleven churches, 526 in all, making the present number of communicants 1,297. Most of the preachers were doing faithful, earnest work, and the state of the churches revealed the happy results. On some of the islands the great body of adults are now gathered into the churches, and in several instances those just baptized form more than half the entire present membership. The missionaries’ hearts were full of praise for what God had wrought, and of great expectation for the future. These Christian people need the Word of God in their own tongue, faithful and strong native leaders, the constant oversight and prayers of the missionaries and of all Christian people. It is believed that no more remarkable instance of the Divine blessing on missionary labors has ever appeared in the history of our Micronesian work; and with the missionaries themselves we may well thank God and take courage.

MEXICO MISSION.

Guadalajara. — John Howland, Ordained; Mrs. Sarah B. Howland, Miss Belle M. Haskins, Miss Mary F. Long.

CHIHUAHUA.— James D. Eaton, d .d ., Ordained; Mrs. Gertrude C . Eaton, Miss Mary Dunning Miss M. Lizzie Hammond. HERMOSILLO.— Miss Augusta J . Burris (temporarily at Batopilas). G u e r r e r o . — Horace T. Wagner, Ordained; Mrs. Della McC. Wagner.

P a r r a l . — Otis C. Olds, Ordained; Mrs. Helen C. Olds, Miss Ellen O. Prescott.

E l Pa s o . — Alfred C. Wright, Ordained; Mrs. Annie C. Wright.

E l F u e r t e . — Henry M . Bissell, Ordained; Mrs. Ella N . Bissell, Miss Isabel Miller. Seven stations; 20 out-stations; 6 ordained missionaries; 10 female assistant missionaries; 1 native pastor; 10 native preachers; 4 native teachers; 2 other helpers; 48 places for stated prcaching: average congregations, 699; adherents, 1,645 '< I5 churches : 784 members ; 108 received on confession of faith during the year; 1 theological training school; 9 students; 3 girls’ boarding schools: 51 pupils; 6 common schools: 276 pupils; total under instruction, 338; contributions by the people, $2,424.86, exclusive of the large sums given for Scriptures and Christian literature. Miss Long, who for a year had rendered excellent service as an assistant in Chihuahua, has received appointment as missionary, and is stationed at Guada­ lajara. Miss Isabel Miller has joined the mission, with location at El Fuerte, and Miss Cattell, as Mrs. Otis Olds, has reinforced the work at Parral. Mrs. Howland was north for several months with a sick child. Miss Burris has continued dur­ ing the year at Batopilas, while Hermosillo has had no resident missionary. All the regular departments of work have been well sustained and the outlook for the coming year is encouraging. Chihuahua. — The history of the year has been one of progress in every particular. A part of this is gratefully ascribed to the continued gracious in­ fluence of the special meetings held in January, 1896, under the leadership of Rev. Arcodio Morales, of Mexico city. The number of new members received on confession of faith is larger than in any previous year since the church was organized. The attendance upon all the regular services is greater than ever 122 Mexico Mission. [Report, before, and, as might easily be inferred from these facts, the spiritual tone of the church is higher than ever. One notable visit to the church was made during the year, by Dr. and Mrs. F. E. Clark, on their way to the National Convention of Christian Endeavor So­ cieties in Zacatecas; and a native delegate to the same convention was sent by the local society. The church was also represented by two of its members at the second General Assembly of Christian Workers in Mexico city. It has taken a long step forward in the matter of self-support, having agreed, by means of a special subscription, to contribute $20 monthly toward the support of an assistant pastor. Its contributions amount to $505.08, which is an advance over the preceding year of $204.53. Over $ioo was sent to aid the suffering Arme­ nians. There has also been a gain in the number of religious books, tracts, and periodicals put into circulation in the city and field, $466 worth having been sold. The Sonora field, in the absence of a missionary resident at Hermosillo, has been worked from Chihuahua. This includes Batopilas. In both of these places native pastors have worked with a good degree of success. San Buena­ ventura has been building a new church which is the gift of one of the deacons, the only assistance from abroad being a bell, which was a gift from friends in Montclair, New Jersey. In Chihuahua the interest in the women’s meetings, held every Tuesday afternoon, was never greater than at the present time, with an average attendance of thirty-five. Different women, often accompanied by some of the older girls, dedicate Sunday afternoons to the holding of neighborhood meetings, so that from seven to ten of these are often held, some in the homes of invalid church members, and others among the unconverted. Hundreds of tracts are distributed monthly by these good sisters, one of them having given many among the soldiers and prisoners. The Senior Christian Endeavor Society numbers forty active members, and the Junior twenty-five. There are two societies in Batopilas. The Girls’ School has prospered, without much of any change in the number in attendance. Every effort is made to teach the pupils reverence and thoughtfulness for others, and to develop them along broad lines, that they may become fitting leaders among their Mexican sisters in the future. The report of the year says : “ The little Sunday morning prayer-meeting, held for twenty minutes just before going to Sunday-school, has oftentimes been very interesting. Each girl prays for her own village and those who may try to work for the Lord there that day. Some of these prayers have been very touching; they seem sometimes to forget the presence of all others and to plead with Christ for souls in their own homes or towns. Special prayer is also offered for the neighborhood meetings held in the afternoon in different parts of the city.” The school in Batopilas has not been as largely attended as last year, owing to the fact that its location was changed to a place about a mile from the centre of the town. Only thirty pupils have been enrolled, but the receipts for the school have largely exceeded its expenses. Guadalajara. — The church has, on the whole, had a prosperous year. Ten were received on confession of their faith. The attendance has been larger than ever before, that of the Sunday-school passing 100 for several successive Sundays, the morning service being still more largely attended. Contributions have been larger than ever before. The Young People’s Society of Christian Endeavor has 1897*3 Mexico Mission. 123 done good work, gaining slightly in numbers. A Junior Society has been formed and is doing excellent work. The event of greatest interest has been the “ Morales ” meetings in February. All the congregations united, and the church building was filled at the evening services, which were continued very success­ fully for five days after the departure of Mr. Morales. As a partial result, there are about thirty candidates, and others that are interested. Of even more impor­ tance are the quickening and deepening of the spiritual life of the members. E l Testigo, the mission periodical, under the editorship of Mr. Howland, has increased its circulation. Mr. Howland is also the president of the Mexican National Society of Christian Endeavor. The school has been greatly strength­ ened by the efficient presence of Miss Long. There have been about 100 girls in attendance. During the revival of the winter, all of the older girls expressed their desire and resolve to become true children of God. Miss Haskins in closing her report says : “ As we review this year of labor and find so many causes for joy and thankfulness we feel a greater need of more faith, more con­ secration, more spiritual power, that these heavier responsibilities and larger opportunities may not fail in bringing larger and better results.” Parral. — The year just closed has been notable in the history of the Parral church. A larger number of members (89) than any previous year have been received; a larger average attendance is shown, and larger collections than ever before. This church was organized on the fifth of March, 1887, and has just celebrated her tenth birthday. In these ten years 162 persons have been re­ ceived into the church, all but five on confession of faith. The present mem­ bership is 137. The amount of money raised, as far as the records show, is $1,051.98. It is interesting to note that it was in the closing weeks of this decade that a commodious and substantial house of worship had been com­ pleted. The cost, over $4,000 in silver, has been met by contributions from friends of Mrs. Helen Bush Olds, in whose memory it was erected, including several Americans in Parral, and other friends of the cause, besides the amount invested by the members of the local church. At the dedication, January 30, 400 people were present, and much interest was manifested. Since then the congregations have been larger, and the new listeners more than ever before. The work in the out-stations gives much encouragement. The school, which has usually been considered one of the girls’ schools of the mission, has had sixty-five pupils, thirty-one of whom were boys. A mixed school is a new thing for Mexico, but Miss Prescott reports the experiment as perfectly satis­ factory. In reporting for El Fuerte, the newest station of the mission, Mr. Bissell says : “ Throughout the year, and in almost all cases, the hearing gained has been very encouraging. The purpose and aim to so present Christ that souls might be led to saving faith now and here has been rewarded in this, that there has seemed to be a fixing of the attention in audiences and in individual cases as never before. An ingathering of converts, however, we are not able to report.” Mr. Wagner reports for the Guerrero and Sonora fields, which are among the newer parts of the mission work. He says in his report: “ Neither field has received much of any help in the line of schools, and the Guerrero field very 124 Spanish Mission. [Report, little from native workers. Yet in both of them there are many open points and a far larger number of inquirers than other fields I witnessed. Especially is this the case with the large Guerrero field. During eight months in Guer­ rero I traveled some 1,600 miles in carriage and horseback, holding regular services at twenty-two different places. At least 1,200 persons attended one or more services.” Omitting the distant Jesus Maria district, there are within a radius of seventy miles from Guerrero twenty points where successful meetings have been held and which give promise of fruitfulness in the near future. Within this same radius of seventy miles there are about twenty-eight thousand people, thirty-three Roman Catholic churches, standing or half tumbled down, and six priests. There is a general interest of inquiry over the whole field, and I know of but three towns of a population of 200 or more where there is no believer that in his own way does not work for our cause. E l Paso. — In the church work of this station the year has been one of great blessing, seen more in the better spiritual condition of the members than in any marked addition of members. The whole number received to the church for the year is twenty-three, fifteen of whom were by confession of faith. The Sunday- school, Christian Endeavor Society, and the Junior Christian Endeavor Society, all show the effect of this blessing. The work in the county jail, where services are held in Spanish by the students each Sabbath, and usually in English by myself, has also prospered, as shown in the conversion of several of the inmates. A Sunday-school, a weekly prayer-meeting, and a Christian Endeavor Society have been organized among the Mexicans there. The women’s meetings have been sustained during the whole year, with great profit to the whole church. Mr. Wright in his report says: “ This year has been an experiment in the Training School, to see if it were possible to continue the school in any way upon the half of the money allowed us before. The experiment has been a success so far, but has cost us the reduction of the teaching force, the loss of one half of the students, the entire manual training feature of the institution, and the greater part of the work of the printing press. All of the students still work at something each'day, helping in the housework, in choring, and keeping the property in repair, and in a little simple printing. There has been a gain in the character of the students admitted and in their application to their studies. On the whole, the reports from Mexico have never been more encouraging than at the present time. The opportunities for successful work are almost unlimited.

SPANISH MISSION.

William H. Gulick, Ordained; Miss Catherine H. Barbour, Miss Anna F. Webb, Miss Mary L. Page, Miss Alice H. Bushee. In this country.— Mrs. Alice Gordon Gulick. Summary. — 1 station; 14 out-stations; 1 ordained missionary; 5 assistant female missionaries; 4 ordained Spanish pastors; 2 other native preachers; 7 churches: 459 communicants, 22 received on -confession of faith during the year; 1 boarding school for girls, with 5 native teachers and 31 pupils; 11 common schools, with 12 teachers and 1,020 pupils; 1 Bible-woman; 2 colporters. 1897.] Spanish Mission. 125

During the year Mrs. Gulick has been compelled to return to the United States for medical treatment and much needed rest. Miss Elizabeth B. Huntington, who was obliged to withdraw from Van, owing to the political disturbance there, rendered valuable service for several months in the school at San Sebastian, where her sister, Miss Susan Huntington, although not under appointment, was aiding efficiently in the same work. When the report of last year was written it seemed inevitable that marked changes must occur in that country soon, owing to the excitement that prevailed over the Cuban war; but nothing of the kind has occurred. The war has dragged along its weary length, draining the country of men and money, and bringing great hardship upon the entire nation. The fact that our missionaries arc citizens of a country against which there is such strong feeling, growing out of the Cuban question, does not seem to be charged against them by the most of those with whom they come into daily contact and relations. Those who know the mission­ aries best know that, whatever questions may arise between the two nations, they are the true and tried friends of the people among whom and for whom they have lived and labored for so many years. As would naturally be supposed, the agitation and distress occasioned by the wars and the great depression resulting in the business of the country have told somewhat to the disadvantage of mission­ ary work. That which perhaps more than any other one thing, among the visible influences that prevail in the community, has served as an obstacle to the spread of the gospel in Spain during the year, has been the well-known and powerful ultramontane sympathies of the queen regent. This influence predominates entirely in the court, and from there reaches the most distant village and gives courage and strength to the reactionary element throughout the land. By law as yet unrepealed, the Jesuits, as a religious body, are not allowed in Spain. Under the regime of Doña Christina, during the last ten years, they have swarmed back from the countries in which they were in exile, and with their in­ exhaustible supplies of money they have rehabilitated hundreds of convents and conventual establishments, building not a few of the size and strength of military fortresses. Last Christmas, the first time in the century, a delegation of the Jesuits was received in audience by the queen regent in the royal palace at Madrid. This occurrence was doubly significant when it is remembered that by law these honored and petted ecclesiastics have no right upon Spanish soil. The front door of the Reformed Spanish Protestant Episcopal Church in Madrid still remains closed, even after the three years that the congregation has been publicly worshiping in it. It is no secret that this unlawful restriction is maintained by the government in subserviency to the will of the woman on the throne. The German Mission in Madrid has lately erected a building for chapel and schools, every brick of which has been laid with government permission and in accordance with the laws; and now it is announced throughout the land that “ a commission of aristocratic ladies has petitioned the prime minister not to allow it to be used.” The queen regent is a good mother, an intelligent sover­ eign, and a virtuous queen, but the entire weight of her unmeasured influence is thrown against everything that savors of the evangelical religion. In spite of this opposition, the gospel has experienced no great loss. One of the most pop­ ular Spanish writers of the present day, a literary critic, a poet, and a dramatist, 126 Spanish Mission. [Report, who for two years has lived at San Sebastian, the headquarters and centre of our mission, in a recent article which had wide circulation said, “ In Spain Protestant­ ism is getting possession of the provinces.”

TH E W ORK. The pastors and evangelists are all preachers; some of them of a high order, and all of them earnest and helpful, and every one of them sound in the faith. They preach simply and strongly from the Bible, and they preeminently preach the Bible. San Sebastian. — This congregation here is made up largely of the girls of the Boarding School, which always provides an audience worthy of the best preacher. Five of these pupils united with the church during the year on pro­ fession of their faith, and a large percentage of the girls are always active and helpful Christians. Over 100 of those who have studied here are filling posts of usefulness in almost as many different places in their native country. It may well be questioned whether as a purely evangelistic agency the same expendi­ ture of time, money, and labor in any other way would have accomplished as much for Spain. The International Institute for Girls in Spain. — This has been a year of special privilege, in which advance has been made all along the line. The num­ ber of students in the Institute has been smaller than usual on account of the financial embarrassment in Spain, occasioned by the Cuban war and the conse­ quent heavy taxation of the people. Many more students might have been received had there been funds in hand to meet their expenses. The usual examinations have been held, with varying result^. Some of the girls examined this year have been younger than those of previous classes and have had less preparation. There is also at present a fanatical opposition to all our work. The joyful etfent of the year has been the final examination of the two girls. They received in June the degree Licenciado en Filosofia v Letras, which corresponds to the degree of M.A., though not of as high standard. In these days of fanaticism and excitement and feeling against Americans and the United States, it is interesting to know that the professors have not shown any less cordiality, but rather have congratulated the students, and the International Institute as well, on its success. Two graduates of the class of 1896 were matric­ ulated in the School of Pharmacy connected with the University and examined in the courses of the first year. They acquitted themselves well, and also marked an epoch in the history of the education of girls in Spain. This is the beginning of what is hoped will result in a medical mission, or possibly a medical depart­ ment of the Young Men’s Christian Association work, which has been begun in the city of Madrid by one of the graduates of the class of 1895. During the last summer vacation many of the girls remained for different reasons, so it seemed wise to have a class in Bible study, or perhaps it might be called Christian Evi­ dences ; and special study was made of the nature, the work, and the office of the Holy Spirit, with the hope that these girls would in time understand what it means to be filled with the Spirit, and that their Christian lives should be more practicable and less intellectual. All of the older girls who had not publicly confessed Christ became members 1897-1 Spanish Mission. 127 of the church on the first Sunday in May, and even the little ones have been deeply impressed. There has been a remarkable advance in the Christian En­ deavor work, not only in the Institute, but in the schools taught by the graduates. This is shown by the fact that at the convention in San Francisco the Junior Pledge Banner was given to Spain for the largest proportionate increase in num­ bers. This is a wonderful thing when one takes into account the conditions under which such work is carried on, the utter lack of religious preparation or> the part of the young people, and the opposition to such meetings when carried on under the rules of the Christian Endeavor Society, on the part of those who- think girls should have no place in such meetings, and that young men and young women cannot meet together in such a way. To avoid this latter criticism it has seemed best to organize societies for young men and for young women apart, and also for girls and for boys. For a year there has been a very successful beginning of Young Women’s- Christian Association work in Madrid, carried on by one of our graduates under the auspices of the World’s Association and supported by friends in England. Julia Castro has been so successful that it is now proposed that she spend six months in England in one of the training schools in order that she may be better fitted to be at the head of a central hall, which we hope may be established in Madrid. Zaragoza. — Here, ever since the Week of Prayer in January, 1897, the con­ gregation has been large, generally filling the chapel at the evening service. It has been pleasant to note that many of these listeners are from the surrounding towns, among which the pastor prosecutes a systematic and active evangelistic work. He urges upon those whose acquaintance he makes in these rural towns the invitation to visit the “ evangelical centre” whenever they are in Zaragoza, and he distributes throughout the province cards of invitation to this effect. During the last twelve months, as hardly ever before, the call has come from these country towns and villages to start permanent work among them. This evan­ gelistic field of the Zaragoza district, extending from Catalonia on the east to New Castile and Navarre on the west, and from the river Ebro to the tops of the Pyrenees, is one of the most important in all Spain, and we long to occupy it more fully and to work it more thoroughly. Laborers are ready, but money is lacking wherewith to maintain them in the field. Minor Stations. — Between Zaragoza and Bilbao lie four minor stations : Tauste, Pamplona, Pradejón, and Logroño. Frequent visits to these by the pastors of Zaragoza and Bilbao, and by Mr. Gulick, help to keep up the courage of the brethren and strengthen them in the trials that sometimes press heavily upon them. In the Mines. — One of the features of especial importance in the field is the mining district that lies between Bilbao and the sea, in which are concentrated some 13,000 miners, the entire district being easily reached from Bilbao. For many years the energetic pastor, Don Jose Marques, has made that a special field of labor, and it may truly be said that among that rough and hardy population he is much better known and has greater influence than any Roman Catholic priest or missionary. Indeed, they were almost entirely neglected by the Roman Catholic Church, until it waked up to the fact that the Protestant pastor was making his influence felt throughout the district. 128 Austrian Mission. [Report,

Santander. — This congregation differs somewhat from that of any of the other stations. The adults that compose the congregation, apart from the chil­ dren, seem to be characterized by decency, seriousness, and sedateness. The sincerity of their faith is shown by their attendance on the meetings of the church, by their earnest desire and efforts to increase the number of the faithful, and by their liberality in giving.

AUSTRIAN MISSION.

P R A G U E . — Rev. Albert W. Clark, D .D ., Ordained ; Mrs. Ruth E. Clark. In AMERICA. — Rev. John S. Porter, Ordained; Mrs. L . L. Porter. Summary. — i station; 50 out-stations, including Prague suburbs; 2 ordained missionaries; 2 assist­ ant missionaries; 12 churches : full members, 858; added duringthe year, 101; Sunday-school scholars, 189; ordained Bohemian preachers, 7; evangelists, 3; colporters of American Bible Society, 3; Bible-women, 2; assistant Bible-women, 6; Y. M. C. A .’s, 12; Rescue and Reform W ork for Fallen W om en; average congregations, 1,991; adherents, 3,530. Contributions by the people, FI. 5,527.61, $2,300. Literature circulated: Bibles, 890; New Testaments, 4,200; Gospels, 6,490; other books, 1,540 ; tracts, papers, 147,000. For a year Mr. Porter has struggled against ill health, and finally was com­ pelled to return to this country with his family, leaving Dr. and Mrs. Clark without a missionary associate. This is a position in which Dr. Clark was placed for ten years. It is hoped that Mr. Porter will be able, before many months pass, to again take up the work he had so auspiciously begun. Dr. Clark’s position is ren­ dered still more difficult by the death of two of the faithful helpers. There has been something of a revival in the churches, as manifested by the expulsion of over thirty members who had proved themselves unworthy. Young Men's Christian Association Work. — The two most cheering things in the present year are the founding of a new Bohemian mission with a Young Men’s Christian Association in the city of Vienna, and establishing in the king­ dom of Bohemia six new Young Men’s Christian Associations. This opens a wonderful opportunity of working for the young. The Austrian government has learned to trust our mission and is ready to sanction new Young Men’s Chris­ tian Associations as often as application is made. It was a long and painful struggle to establish the first Association in 1886. Since that date our mission has helped start twelve other Associations; one in Gratz, one in Vienna, and nine in Bohemia. The Association has the right of public lectures. There is a great need of a paid secretary who could devote all his time to the young men in the different Associations. The work is much hindered by the want of suitable rooms and books. In the coming autumn and winter every preacher will be expected to deliver a few public lectures for young men. Such lectures are free to all. The Churches and Workers. — Referring to the report of last year, which might well be repeated here, it is perhaps enough to state that the faithful and efficient Pastor Adlof has not only kept up his good record, but he has devoted many hours each week to preparing and editing a new hymn and tune book, which will soon be ready for use. Months ago he was invited to hold meetings in Southeastern Bohemia in Strmech. In that new field, recently, twenty were received to church fellowship. The Weinberg church has met great loss in the death of its pastor. This throws the burden of the church upon the missionary, until a new pastor can be obtained. The church is well united and has promised *8970 Austrian Mission. 129 to assume one half the support of the next pastor. The suburban church at Smichov has maintained three services each Sunday with some service every week-day evening, either for the church or the young men in the Association. Space will not permit us to mention one by one all of the churches in this mission. It would be of interest to speak of Koniggratz, a stronghold of Romanism in Eastern Bohemia, which has been strengthened in its evangelistic work by the new Y. M. C. A., through which marked respect and confidence have been gained in the city. The same cpuld be said of Skalitz, where the lectures in the Young Men’s Christian Association Hall have been crowded by most attentive hearers. Bystrei has two Associations. The monthly Betanie, edited by the pastor of the Bystrei church, is still a most important agency in the work of evangelization. It has the largest circulation of any evangelical paper in Austria. In Husinetz persecution by the political authorities has been given up, but the members suffer much annoyance from priestly influence. Several of them have suffered by systematic “ boycotting.” In one instance the priest has been of great service by lending his Bible for a few days to a family in the same village. The time was improved most diligently in comparing the New Testa­ ment, bought of a colporter, with the New Testament of the priest’s Bible. Great was their joy, and the influence in that village very marked, when they could proclaim, “ Our New Testament is almost word for word like that of the priest’s.” Meetings are well attended in Husinetz, and it is an important centre for evangelization. Dr. Clark with his family took up the work in Gratz, simply for the summer of 1896. Mr. Cejnar, who was at that time the Gratz helper, did mission touring in other provinces. Feeling especially called of God to begin a new mission among the 300,000 Bohemians in Vienna, he removed to that city in November. With­ out any promised support from any mission, he has begun a promising work among the many neglected Bohemians of Vienna. Before his removal to the great capital of Austria he visited Christian friends in Germany and Holland and told them of the mission proposed in Vienna. Many expressed a cordial interest and gave him enough money to support himself and family for six months. The efforts in Vienna have been blessed. We have now ten church members in that city, and a Bohemian Y. M. C. A. which is duly sanctioned by the government. We hope to be at work soon in three districts of that great city. Rescue and reform work for women has been continued under the direction of Mrs. Clark. Miss Hontak has been most self-denying and faithful in this much needed work, the only one of the kind from Dresden to Constantinople. Miss Most, too, holds Bible readings every week in the rescue home. Beside faithful visiting in families and hospitals she has quite a class of young women and girls every Sunday. Similar work has been started in Smichov, and before the year closes we hope to have fully organized and legally sanctioned by the government two Young Women’s Christian Associations. Pastor Schwartz’s school and the Krabschitz Seminary never did better work than in the past year. Too much cannot be said of the wide-reaching influence of the work of this mission upon Austria. In all its history there has never been a time when the mission was more worthy of the confidence and liberal support of the Board. TABULAR VIEW OF THE MISSIONS OF THE A. B. C. F. M. FOR THE YEAR 1896-97.

MISSIONARIES AND ASSISTANTS. PRF.AnHTNfi. CHURCHES. EDUCATION. < A m erican . N a t iv e . >V C o l le g e , B oard­ < c J ¡z¡ _o in g, and H igh C ommon n 0 S chools. Schools. u : is 0 V 4 u MISSIONS. § u tm C/3 •c c c u 0 *rt 1 V CJ •o •a s U c ¡2 ’Sc H V s V 0 < tuo u a 0 « P a a JS » Ji ,0 h <8 u 0 PQ O •3

"3 T3 Is Instruction.

ordained. V >• rt 1 preaching. V .c u CU 'S. '5. rt •0 J3 ■a 0 > •a u 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 Confession.

c »1 0 Membership. Received on Grand total und

Sabbath-school Ut b

Places Places for stated a fc Medical Men no Other Women. Other Preachers Other Helpers.

Out-stations. s H w When When begun. Æ Ô O £ O H H H c < fa 1 Instruction. I I Others under 1 No. of Churches

1 12 West Central Africa 1880 4 5 7 7 5 9 9 28 h 445 249 3 79 9 319 319 *9 I 2 122 124 East Central Africa . 1883 2 2 I 3 2 8 3 i 3 7 *3 49 88 150 i 17 17 i *5 1,950 2,352 Z u l u ...... 1835 10 16 7 I I 9 12 30 6 15 64 21 106 136 199 8,896 1,876 i 3.095 22 2,105 281 i 12 1 53 3 210 41 137 2 380 European Turkey . 1859 5 45 h 9 5 25 13 14 34 19 80 105 42 2,423 1,864 2,904 14 1,058 66 i 6 I 41 87 17 59 S73 900 132 Western Turkey 5 . 1819 7 104 19 I 19 33 73 32 48 210 19 309 382 122 10,336 8,709 is.ooo 35 3,604 160 i 1 9 600 9 5.59° 7.°9T 100 6,003 Central Turkey • . 1847 2 44 6 5 13 24 15 28 127 32 202 226 50 1,43° 10,824 16,551 45 4,929 194 1 6 4 190 5 263 1069 7»53l 220 6,333 7,82a Eastern Turkey B . . 1836 5 119 13 I 13 r 5 42 31 38 188 38 295 337 i n 11,639 6,302 16,775 42 3,io 7 150 2 12 364 7 130 3,882 4,305 M a ra th i...... 1813 8 n o M 12 13 39 20 23 202 117 •562 401 n o 5,000 5.077 6,000 42 2.749 203 i 12 10 687 5 408 119 M a d u r a ...... 1834 h 3°7 15 14 7 36 23 *39 287 86 535 571 3°7 8,818 6,665 15.495 38 4,595 173 i 24 5 394 5 SIS 148 4.535 5.910 C e y l o n ...... 1816 7 24 4 4 3 h 18 24 334 83 459 470 45 1,982 3>265 3.204 18 I. 791 ” 5 3 586 2 IS2 136 8.953 »41 9.832

Foochow ...... 1847 5 S6 8 3 8 6 25 7 33 101 27 168 193 62 3,122 2,033 6,055 36 1,440 548 2 17 1 141 4 I49 76 1,516 14 1.837 South China .... 1883 I 9 2 2 1 5 14 13 9 36 41 12 405 60 526 3 188 59 2 26 i 12 h 250 388 1,699 North China . . . 1854 7 47 !9 6 I 25 14 65 3 37 34 44 118 183 65 2,092 i , 37o i l 2,057 264 i 17 6 216 5 143 32 430 894 S h a n s i ...... 1882 3 4 7 i 7 2 J7 4 3 7 24 6 250 50 175 2 55 27 3 80 80

Japan ...... 1869 12 102 23 23 28 74 30 63 19 112 186 102 15,000 * 73 10,025 42O i 3 6 703 706 Sandwich Islands . 1819 i 2 2 4 4 i >3 13 • Micronesia .... 1852 3 50 6 I 6 6 19 24 39 37 100 119 131 3,000 2,500 21,000 49 4.706 1,002 3 59 3 59 2.757 3,875 27Ê 3 M e x i c o ...... 1872 7 20 6 : • 5 6 17 I 10 4 2 17 34 48 892 995 1.645 15 784 108 i 9 3 51 7! 338 Spain ...... 1872 1 14 1 1 4 6 4 2 12 4 22 28 15 494 639 1.340 7 459 22 i 31 h 946 43 1,020 A u s t r ia ...... 1872 i 5° 2 2 4 7 3 2 12 16 50 1,991 189 3.530 14 858 IOI

G rand T otal . , . 102 1126 I174 r 4 4 *176 si 75 543 234 546 1,651 525 2,956 3.499 1,501 63.264 52.755 138,445 470 44,606 3»919 17 179 54 3.299 Jö1 3.603 1049 43,221 2349 54.615 $«

1 O f whom fifteen are physicians. 4 Besides twenty-nine provisional churches. 2 O f whom three are physicians. 0 In part from report of previous years. 3 Of whom seven are physicians. i897-J Pecuniary Accounts. 131

PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS.

EXPENDITURES OF THE BOARD DURING THE YEAR ENDING AU G U ST 31, 1897.

COST OF THE MISSIONS.

Mission to West Central Africa. Remittances, drafts, and p u rc h a s e s ...... £10,136.78 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this co u n t r y ...... 1,334.05 Refit and traveling expenses of missionaries to A f r i c a ...... 720.45 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 350.00 $12,541.28

Mission to East Central Africa. Remittances and purchases...... $71876.43 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 350.00 $8,22643

7,ulu Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u rc h a s e s ...... $21,662.88 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 1,556.94 Outfits, refits, and traveling expenses of missionaries to Af r ic a ...... 1,680.05 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 240.00 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 400.00 $25,539.87.

European Turkey Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f t s ...... $32,661.24 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this co u n tr y ...... 1,843.55 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to T u r k e y ...... 193.52 •Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 634.33 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 400.00 $35,732.64

Western Turkey Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f t s ...... $96,332.00 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 8,899.94 Outfits, refits, and traveling expenses of missionaries to Turkey .... 2,696.40 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 1 .5 3 7 . 3 4 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 1,250.00 $110,715.68

Central Turkey Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u rc h a s e s...... $21,166.20 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 650.01 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 5 9 5 -°° Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 450.00 $22,861.21

Eastern Turkey Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f t s ...... $37,591*46 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this co u n t r y ...... 8,148.98 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to T u r k e y ...... 647.53 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 358.33 Procuring and forwarding su pplies ...... 700.00 $47,446.30 Marathi Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f t s ...... $47,767.10 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 3,476.71 Refits and traveling expenses of missionaries to I n d i a ...... 1,207.03 Grants for missionaries' children in this country ...... 1,269.99 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 750.00 $54,470.83 132 Pecuniary Accounts. [Report,

Madura Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f t s ...... $43,437.96 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 5.830.89 Outfits, refits, and traveling expenses of missionaries to I n d i a ...... 2,748.50 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 480.00 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 700.00 $53,197.35

Ceylon Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u rc h a se s...... $9,51648 Grants for missionaries' children in this c o u n t r y ...... 360.00 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 300.00 $10,176.48

South China Mission. Remittances and purchases...... $5,923.03

Foochow Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f t s ...... $20,21249 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this country ...... 3,802.07 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 120.00 Refit and traveling expenses of missionaries to C h i n a ...... 650.61 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 450.00 $25,235.17

North China Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u rc h a s e s...... $48,655.63 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 4,563.50 Refits and traveling expenses of missionaries to C h in a ...... 1,124.80 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 660.00 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 1,375.00 $56,378.93

Shansi Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u rc h a s e s ...... $5,752.07 Expenses of missionaries in this c o u n try ...... 2,225.38 Refit and traveling expenses of missionaries to C h i n a ...... 714.40 Grants for missionaries’ children ...... 180.00 Procuring and forwarding supplies...... 350.00 $9,221.85

Japan Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f t s ...... $48425.86 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 17,180.74 Outfits, refit, and traveling expenses of missionaries to J a p a n ...... 441844 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 206.67 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 1,300.00 $71,531.71

Grants-in-aid o f Sandwich Islands. Drafts and purchases...... $6,063.25 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... n - 7 5 $6,075.00

Micronesian Mission. Drafts and purchases...... $9.86743 Running expenses of the Morning S t a r ...... 12,586.84 Repairs do., $6,928.18; insurance of do., $ 2 ,4 6 0 ...... 9,380.18 Expenses of schooner Hiram Bingham ...... 371*67 Insurance of „ „ „ 400.00 Expenses of schooner R. W. Logan, $148941; Insurance do., $450 . . . 1,93941 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 2,276.58 Outfit and traveling expenses of missionaries to H o n o lu lu ...... 835.53 Grants for missionaries' children in this c o u n t r y ...... 577.00 Procuring and forwarding supplies ...... 500.00 $38,734.64

Mission to Mexico. Remittances, drafts, purchases, and procuring and forwarding supplies . . $14,773*96 Outfits and traveling expenses to M e x ic o ...... 450.00 Grants for missionaries' children in this c o u n t r y ...... 360.00 $15,583.96

'Mission to Spain. Remittances, purchases, and forwarding su pplies...... $15,340.08 Expense of missionary in this co u n try ...... 225.00 $15,565.08

Mission to Austria. Remittances and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... $10,741.87 Expenses of missionaries in this c o u n tr y ...... 400.00 $11,141.87 *897-] Pecuniary Accounts. 133

COST OF COMMUNICATING INFORMATION.

/. Agencies. Salary of Rev. C. C. Creegan, D.D...... Í 3 .7 5 0*00 Traveling expenses...... 1 9 7 *3 ° Salary of Rev. A. N. Hitchcock, PH.D...... 3,250.00 Traveling expenses...... 161.00 Circulars, tracts, postage, clerk hire, rent, andsta tio n e ry ...... 5,007.14 Traveling expenses of returned missionaries and others in- this department 2,26348 Services of Dr. Strong in this d e p a r tm e n t...... 750.00 $15.3 7 8 .9 a 2. Publications. Cost of Missionary Herald (including salaries of editor and gen­ eral agent, and copies sent gratuitously, according to the rule of the Board, to pastors, honorary members, donors, etc.) . . . $11,352.79 Deduct amount received from subscribers . . . $3,900.27 for a d v e rtisin g ...... 1,162.50 5,062.77 $6,290.02 Annual Report, 1,650 c o p i e s ...... S ^ -i2 Dr. Packard's sermon, 2,000 c o p ie s ...... 54.80 Almanacs, $706.05, less $288.38 received from s a le s ...... 417.67 Mission D ayspring...... 325.55 Clerk h i r e ...... 350.00 Expenses of distribution of miscellaneous publications...... 50.00 Pamphlets, tracts, and miscellaneous p r in tin g ...... $2,028.56 Less amount received from sales of “ Mission Stories," $54.22; of " Forty Years in the Turkish Empire," $ 6 .50 ...... 60.72 1,967.84 $9,969.00

COST OF ADMINISTRATION.

I. Department o f Correspondence. Salary of Dr. Smith, $3,750, less $830.77 received from Fund for Officers . $2,919.23 Salary of Dr. Barton, $3,750, less $830.77 received from Fund for Officers . 2,919.23 Salary of Dr. Daniels, $3,750, less $830.76, received from Fund for Officers 2,919.24 Clerk h i r e ...... 4,170.51 $12,928.21

2. Treasurer's Department. Salary of Treasurer, $2,500, less $830.76 received from Fund for Officers . $1,669.24 Clerk h i r e ...... 4,608.50 $6,277.74

j . New York City. Office r e n t ...... $650.00 Clerk h i r e ...... 808.00 Furniture, stationery, postage, and incidental expenses...... 405.20 $1,863.20

y. Miscellaneous Charges. Rent of Missionary Rooms, in p a r t ...... $1,621.21 Care of do. and incidental expenses ...... 773.67 Heating of do...... 290.25 Gas in do...... 86.60 Furniture and repairs ...... r*8.55 Postage stam ps ...... 291.34 Stationery, printing, and b in d in g ...... 394-66 Copying letters and d o c u m e n ts ...... 1,380.20 Certificates of honorary m em bership ...... 44.90 Expenses of Annual M eeting ...... 364.27 Books and periodicals for library ...... 110.17 Rent of boxes in safe deposit v a u l t ...... 50.00 Bill of examiner of a c c o u n t s ...... 100.00 Traveling expenses of the members of the Prudential Committee .... 72.00 $5,697.82 $688414.20

RECEIPTS OF THE BOARD DURING THE YEAR ENDING AUGUST 31, 1897. Donations as acknowledged in the Missionary H e r a ld ...... $471,108.21 Legacies „ „ M 118,986.17 From the Legacy of Asa O tis ...... 37,61246 From income of Legacy of Asa O t is ...... 1.332.50 Legacy of Samuel W. S w e tt ...... 3498.04 Interest on General Permanent F u n d ...... 10,243.69 $642,781.07 Balance at the credit of the Board, August 31, 1 8 9 6 ...... 502.63 Balance for which the Board is in debt, August 31, 1897...... 45,130.50 $688414.20 1 3 4 Pecuniaiy Accounts. [Report,

BEQUEST OF MRS. C. L. A. TANK, OF FORT HOWARD, WIS.

By J a m e s W . Po r t e r , Trustee. Balance of the bequest August 3 1,18 9 6 ...... $25,925.00 Expenditures during the year, as follows : For North China College p la n t ...... $7,364.00 For Buildings at Pang-Chuang ...... 2,500.00 9,864.00 Balance now at the credit of the Bequest...... $16,061.00 LEGACY OF ASA OTIS, NEW LONDON, CONN. Balance in hand August 31, 1 8 9 6 ...... $16,229.96 Received for Prem ium s ...... 21,382.50 Received for Dividends and In terest ...... 1,332.50 $38,944.96 Expended for the M issions...... $38,944.96 LEGACY OF SAMUEL W. SWETT, BOSTON. Balance in hand August 31, 18 9 6 ...... $2,189.62 Received during the year...... 5.348.61

i7.538.23 Depreciation in securities received from the E xecu to rs...... $4,040.19 Acknowledged in receipts of the B o a r d ...... 3498.04 $7 .5 3 8 . 2 3

PERMANENT FUNDS OF THE BOARD.

GENERAL PERMANENT FUND. The amount of this Fund September 1, 1896, was ...... ¿S239,734.22 Added during the y e a r ...... 1,000.00 $240,734.22 PERMANENT FUND FOR OFFICERS. The Permanent Fund for Officers, September 1, 1896, w a s ...... $59,808.00 Added during the y e a r ...... 400.00 $60,208.00 The income of this Fund, applied to salaries, w a s ...... 3,323.06 WILLIAM WHITE SMITH FUND. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $30.859.38 HARRIS SCHOOL OF SCIENCE FUND. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $25,000.00 ANATOLIA COLLEGE ENDOWMENT FUND. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $32,327.62 HOLLIS MOORE MEMORIAL TRUST. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $5,000.00 MISSION SCHOLARSHIPS. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $9,215.14 C. MERRIAM FEMALE SCHOLARSHIP. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $3,000.00 EUPHRATES COLLEGE FEMALE TEACHERS’ FUND. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $2,500.00 BENJAMIN SCHNEIDER MEMORIAL FUND. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $2,000.00 MARASH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY FUND. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $1,800.00 GORDON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, TUNG-CHO, CHINA. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $10,000.00 3897O Pecuniary Accounts. 135

JAFFNA MEDICAL MISSION ENDOWMENT. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... S7 .5 5 a * 6 9 BLANK MEMORIAL FUND. This Fund, for scholarships in Anatolia College, i s ...... $2,000.00 ATTERBURY FUND. This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $4 i7 5 °*°° NORTH CHINA COLLEGE ENDOWMENT. This Fund, from the Tank bequest, amounts t o ...... $10,000.00 WILLIAMS HOSPITAL ENDOWMENT. This Fund, from the Tank bequest, amounts t o ...... $3,000.00 C. F. GATES— MARDIN HIGH SCHOOL SCHOLARSHIP. This Fund, September 1, 1896, w a s ...... $5 4 r * 3 9 Added during the year ...... 618.71 $1,160.10 PEARSON DORMITORY FUND. This Fund from Constantinople for building p u rp o se s...... $5,000.00 KHOOYLOO AID SOCIETY. This Fund for educational purposes in Khooyloo, Eastern Turkey...... $1,31644 SECOND CHURCH, AINTAB. This Fund for building church in A in ta b ...... $3,063*36 PAPAZIAN SCHOOL, AINTAB. This Fund for establishing school at A in ta b ...... S^ SS*^ FRANK H. WIGGIN, Treasurer. Boston, Mass., October 7, i 8grj.

B o s t o n , October 7, 1897. We have examined the books and accounts of FRANK H. WIGGIN, Treasurer of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, for the year ending August 31, 1897, and find them correct, showing a balance at the debit of the Board of forty-five thousand one hundred and thirty and 50-100 dollars, and we place on file the Report of the Expert Examiner employed by us to exam­ ine the books and verify the trial balance, August 31, 1897. W e have also examined the certificates of Stocks, Bonds, and other securities held by the Treas­ urer, representing the Investments of the several Funds of the Board, and find them to correspond with the Balance Sheet of August 31, 1897, and with the detailed statements of the books of the Board in which these Funds are entered. The Treasurer's Bond, duly approved, was exhibited by the Chairman of the Prudential Committee. S a m u e l Jo h n s o n , E d w in H. B a k e r , E. R. Br o w n , Auditors. 136 Donations. [Report,

SUMMARY OF * DONATIONS RECEIVED DURING THE YEAR.

MAINE. NEW JERSEY. D o n a tio n s ...... 6,870.31 D o n atio n s...... 4,535-94 L e g a c i e s ...... 5,508.75 L e g a c i e s ...... 410.00 Donations for School Fund ...... 459-15 Donations for School F u n d . 78.54 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 2.00 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 29.39 Donations for Mission Work for Women1 Donations for Mission W ork for Women . 2,686.49 (of which $500 are legacies) .... 5,163.06 $7,740.36 $18,003.27 NEW HAMPSHIRE. PENNSYLVANIA. Donations ...... 7,012.51 Donations ...... 2,525.17 L e g a c i e s ...... 9,778.26 Legacies ...... 468.92 Donations for School F u n d ...... 302.78 Donations for School F u n d ...... 55-3* Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 44.82 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 10.50- Donations for Mission Work for Women Donations for Mission Work for Women . 265.25 (of which $1,258.82 are legacies) . . 6,031.62 $3,325.22 $23,169.99 MARYLAND. VERMONT. D o n a tio n s...... 7,978.76 D o n a tio n s...... 553-44 Donations for School F u n d ...... 16.55 L e g a c i e s ...... 1,687.41 Donations for School Fund ...... 272.96 Donations for Mission Work for Women , I27.60 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 2.00 $697.59. Donations for Mission Work for Women (of which $100 are legacies) .... 5,569-21 DELAWARE. $15,510-34 D o n atio n s...... , $10.00- MASSACHUSETTS. VIRGINIA. Donations ...... 115,026.71 D o n atio n s...... > . 23.95 L e g a c i e s ...... 50,316.59 Donations for Mission Work for Women , 27.00- Donations for School F u n d ...... 1,968.98 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 44-54 $50.95 Donations for Mission Work for Women (of which $14,806.39 are legacies) . . 64,289.24 WEST VIRGINIA. $231,646.06 D o n atio n s ...... 10.00- RHODE ISLAND. Legacies ...... 266.14 Donations for School Fund 2.00 D o n a tio n s...... 5,220.47 L e g a c i e s ...... 5,888.75 $278.14 Donations for School F u n d ...... 251-59 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 10.00 DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. Donations for Mission Work for Women (of which $3,100 are legacies) . . . 6,696.58 D o n atio n s...... a, 229.48 Legacies ...... 1,307-44 $18,067.39 Donations for School F u n d ...... 115.00 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 687.03 CONNECTICUT. D o n atio n s...... 36,722.27 $3,338-95 L e g a c i e s ...... 15,468.71 Donations for School F u n d ...... 905.60 NORTH CAROLINA. Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 256.81 D o n atio n s...... 166.07 Donations for Mission Work for Women Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 3-75 (of which $1,894.74 are legacies) . . 26,733.68 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 26.50

$80,087.07 $196.33 N E W Y O R K . SOUTH CAROLINA. D o n a tio n s ...... 33,128.30 L e g a c i e s ...... 9.152.74 Donations Donations for School F u n d ...... 934-47 GEORGIA. Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 688.69 Donations for Mission Work for Women Donations ...... 49-91 (of which $200 are legacies) .... 10,131.83 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 98.50

$54,036.03 $148.41

1 The donations for Mission Work for Women (excepting those from the Woman’s Board for the Pacific) are taken from L ife an d L ig h t, and differ somewhat from amounts in the H erald. Donations. 1 8 9 7 ] 137

FLORIDA. WISCONSIN. D o n atio n s...... 350.04 Donations...... 4 ,4 1 9 .7 6 Donations for School Fund ...... *4-55 L e g a c i e s ...... 549.80 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 4.00 Donations for School Fund ...... 135.83 Donations for Mission Work for Women , 84.20 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 8.ox Donations for Young Missionaries' Fund 96.6a $462.79 Donations for Mission Work for Women 4.039 96 ALABAMA. $9,249.98 Donations ...... IOWA. Donations for School F u n d ...... Donations for Mission Work for Women , D o n atio n s...... 4,6x0.68 L e g a c i e s ...... 379.91 $44.86 Donations for School Fund ...... 339.03 MISSISSIPPI. Donations for Morning Star Mission 3.60 Donations for Young Missionaries' Fund D o n atio n s...... Donations for Mission Work for Women Donations for Mission Work for Women . $13,136-73 LOUISIANA. MINNESOTA. D on atio n s...... 3.195-34 Donations ...... Donations for School F u n d ...... Donations for Mission Work for Women , Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 3 3 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 5.118.79 $55-01 TENNESSEE. $8,458.13 D o n atio n s...... 195.60 KANSAS. Donations for School Fund ..... 28.00 Donations for Morning Star Mission . 23-!3 D o n atio n s...... 910.86 Donations for School F u n d ...... 104.08 $246.73 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . ia.70 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 24.00 ARKANSAS. Donations for Mission Work for Women 1,143.00 Donations • ...... $12.50 $2,194.64 TEXAS. NEBRASKA. D o n atio n s...... • ■ , $46.60 D o n atio n s...... 1.333-94 INDIANA. Donations for School F u n d ...... 56.33 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . D o n atio n s...... , 766.65 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 63.41A5'95 Donations for School F u n d ...... 16.00 Donations for Mission Work for Women 1,120.68 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . I . OO Donations for Mission Work for Women . 567.99 $2,580.31 $1,351.64 CALIFORNIA. KENTUCKY. Donations ...... 3.240.29 Donations $s6-33 L e g a c i e s ...... 5,500.00 Donations for School F u n d ...... 46.17 MISSOURI. Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 5.20 Donations for Mission Work for Women 1,602.10 D o n atio n s...... 1,034-53 Donations for School F u n d ...... 27.38 $10,393.76 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 18.85 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 2,857-74 OREGON. $3,938.50 D o n atio n s...... 221.73 OHIO. Donations for School Fund ...... 24-25 D o n atio n s...... 8,656.75 $245.98 L e g a c i e s ...... 742.27 Donations for School F u n d ...... 198.89 COLORADO. Donations for Morning Star Mission . . , 16.81 Donations ior Mission Work for Women . 6,721.37 D o n atio n s...... 472.52 Donations for School F u n d ...... 11.86 $16,336.09 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 1.40 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . .90 ILLINOIS. Donations for Mission Work for Women 1,063.71 D o n atio n s...... 13.735-44 L e g a c i e s ...... 3,410.48 $ I .55°-39 Donations for School F u n d ...... 610.84 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 28.16 WASHINGTON. Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 972.80 Donations ...... 392.55 Donations for Mission Work for Women 20,148.69 Donations for School F u n d ...... 3.30

$38,915.41 $395-85 MICHIGAN. NORTH DAKOTA. Donations ...... 4,525-87 L e g a c i e s ...... 8,250.00 D o n atio n s...... 191.76 Donations for School F u n d ...... 87.26 Donations for School Fund ...... 7.05 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 132.25 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 15.00 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 5,740.08 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 215-45

$18,735-46 $439.26 13« Donations. [Report,

SOUTH DAKOTA. FOREIGN LANDS AND MISSIONARY D o n atio n s ...... 1,070.97 STATIONS. Donations for School Fund ...... 56.21 D o n atio n s...... 2,659.55 Donations for Voung Missionaries’ Fund . 49-95 Donations for School F u n d ...... 7.57 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 660.45 Donations for M orning Star Mission . . . 2.95 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 443-36 $1,837.58 MONTANA. $3. i i 3-43 D o n a tio n s ...... 36.00 FROM JAFFNA MEDICAL MISSION Donations for School F u n d ...... i-75 FUND. Donations for Mission Work for Women . 41.17 For current expenses of medical work in $78.92 J a ffn a ...... $1,981.45 IDAHO. WILLIAM WHITE SMITH FUND- D o n a tio n s...... 7.00 Income for education of native preachers Donations for School F u n d ...... 3-95 and teachers in A fric a ...... $986.92 Donations for Mission Work for Women , 16.17

$27.12 BENJAMIN SCHNEIDER FUND. Income for training preachers in Central WYOMING. T u r k e y ...... $60.00 D o n atio n s...... 28.50 Donations for School F u n d ...... 6.41 ATTERBURY FUND. Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 3.00 Income for education of persons to act as Donations for Mission Work for Women . 85.00 missionaries in China ...... $300.00 $122.91 NORTH CHINA COLLEGE ENDOW­ UTAH. MENT. D o n atio n s...... 69.10 Income for current expenses ...... $600.00 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 5.00

$74.10 WILLIAMS HOSPITAL ENDOW­ MENT. ARIZONA. Income for current exp en ses ...... $180.00 D o n atio n s...... 177-35 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 27.50 BLANK MEMORIAL FUND. $204.85 Income for scholarships in Anatolia College $100.53

NEW MEXICO. C. F. GATES MARDIN HIGH SCHOOL Donations ...... , =•55 SCHOLARSHIP. Donations for Mission Work for Women . 18.00 Income for scholarship in Mardin High $20.55 School ...... $25.00 OKLAHOMA. FROM INCOME MISSION SCHOLAR­ D o n a tio n s...... , 22,80 SHIPS. Donations for Mission Work for Women . 2.50 As acknowledged in Missionary Herald $408.36 $*5-30 TOTAL. CANADA. D o n atio n s...... 277,166.73 L e g a c i e s ...... 118,986.17 Province of Ontario. Donations for School F u n d ...... 7,161.31 D o n atio n s...... 8.00 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 1,204.41 Province of Quebec. Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 1,598.26 D o n atio n s...... 3.559-53 Donations for Mission Work for Women Province of Manitoba. as above, $189,151.47 (of which $21,- Donations ...... 3-8o 859.95 are from legacies), the difference Donations from Canada for School Fund . 1.00 being explained by note on page 136 179,335.24 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 1,023.52 Income o f funds as above ( 9 ) ...... 4,642.26

$4,595.85 $590,094.38 1897-] Receipts of the Board. — Places of Meeting. 139

RECEIPTS OF THE BOARD.

The following table exhibits the income of the Board from all sources since its organization: — For the year ending For the year ending September, 1811 . $9 9 9 -5 » July 31, 1 8 5 4 ...... $305,778.84 August 31, 1812 . 13,6x1.50 185 5 ...... 310427.77 1813 . 11.361.18 1856 ...... 3°7.3i8.69 1814 12,265.56 185 7 ...... 388,932.69 1815 9 ,4 9 3 - 8 9 185 8 ...... 334,01848 1816 12,501.03 185 9 ...... 350,91545 1817 29.948.63 186 0 ...... 429,799.08 1818 34,727.72 August 31, 1 8 6 1 ...... 340,52x56 1819 37.520.63 186 2 ...... 339,080.56 1820 3 9 .9 4 9 - 4 5 186 3 ...... 3 9 7 .0 7 9 - 7 1 1821 4 6 ,3 5 4 - 9 5 186 4 ...... 531.985.67 1822 60,087.87 186 5 ...... 5 3 4 .7 6 3 . 3 3 1823 5 5 .7 5 8 . 9 4 186 6 ...... 446,94244 1824 47.483-58 186 7 ...... 437,884.77 1825 55.716.18 x868 ...... 535,838.64 1826 61,616.25 186 9 ...... 525,214.95 1827 88,341.89 187 0 ...... 461,05842 1828 102,009.64 187 1 ...... 429,160.60 1829 106.928.26 1872 ...... 445,824.23 1830 83 ,OI9 - 3 7 1873 ...... 431,844.81 1831 100.934.09 1874 ...... 478,256.51 1832 130,574.12 1875 ...... 476,028.19 1833 I4 5 .8 4 7 - 7 7 1876 ...... 465,44240 1834 152.386.10 1877 ...... 441.39145 July 31. 1835 163.340.19 1878 ...... 482,204.73 1836 176,232.15 187 9 ...... 518,386.06 1837 252.076.55 188 0 ...... 613,539.51 1838 236,170.98 188 1 ...... 691,245.16 1839 244,169.82 188 2 ...... 651,976.84 1840 241,691.04 ! 8 8 3 ...... 5 9 0 ,9 9 5 - 6 7 1841 235.189.30 1884 ...... 588,JS3-SI 1842 318,396.53 188 5 ...... 623,832.54 1843 2 4 4 .2 5 4 - 4 3 188 6 ...... 658,754.42 1844 2 3 6 ,3 9 4 - 3 7 188 7 ...... 679,573.79 184s 255,112.96 188 8 ...... 665,712.21 1846 262.073.55 188 9 ...... 685,111.33 1847 2x1,402.76 189 0 ...... 762,585.63 1848 254,056.46 1891 ...... 824,325.50 1849 291.705.27 189 2 ...... 840,80^.72 1850 251,862.21 189 3 ...... 679.285.94 1851 274.902.28 189 4 ...... 705,132.70 1852 301.732.20 189 5 ...... 716,837.17 1853 314,922,88 189 6 ...... 743,104.59 August 31, 1897 . . $642,781.07

PLACES OF MEETING AND PREACHERS.

Year. Place o f Meeting. Preacher. Text. 1810. Farmington. No Sermon. 1811. Worcester. No Sermon. 1812. Hartford. No Sermon. 1813. Boston. •Timothy Dwight, D.D. ohn x, 16. 1814. New Haven. •James Richards, d .d ¿phesians iii, 8. 1815. Salem. •Calvin Chapin, D.D. Psalm xcvi, 10. 1816. Hartford. •Henry Davis, D.D. Psalm cxix, 96. 1817. Northampton. •Jesse Appleton, D.D. i Corinthians i, 21. 1818. New Haven. «'Samuel Spring, D.D. Acts viii, ßo, 31. 1819. Boston. •Joseph Lyman, D.D. Isaiah, lviii, 12. 1820. Hartford. •Eliphalet Nott, D.D. Mark xvi, 15. 1821. Springfield. •Jedidiah Morse, D.D. Psalm ii, 8. 1822. New Haven. •Alexander Proudfit, D.D. Malachi, i, 11. 14° Places o f Meeting and Preachers. [Report,

Year. Place o f Meeting. Preacher. Text. 1823. Boston. •Jeremiah Day, D.D. Nehemiah vi, 3. 1824. Hartford. »Samuel Austin, D.D. Galatians i, 15,16. 1825. Northampton. »Joshua Bates, D.D. John viii, 32. 1826. Middletown. »Edward D. Griffin, D.D. Matthew xxviii, 18,20. 1827. New York. *Lyman Beecher, D.D. Luke xi, 21; Rev., etc. 1828. Philadelphia. *John H. Rice, DJ5. 2 Corinthians x, 4. 1829. Albany. »Archibald Alexander, DJ). Acts xi, 18. 1830. Boston. »Thomas De Witt, D.D. Matthew ix, 37,38. 1831. New Haven. «Leonard Woods, D.D. Isaiah bdi, 1,2 . 1832. New York. »William Allen, D.D. John viii, 36. 1833. Philadelphia. »William Murray, D.D. 2 Corinthians x, 4. 1834. Utica. »Gardner Spring, D.D. Matthew x, 6. 1835. Baltimore. »Samuel Miller, D.D. Numbers xiv, 21. 1836. Hartford. »John Codman, D.D. Matthew x, 8. 1837. Newark. »John McDowell, D.D. Acts iv, 12. 1838. Portland. »Heman Humphrey, D.D. Psalm cii, 13-16. 1839. Troy. »Thomas McAuley, D.D. Isaiah xi, 9. 1840. Providence. »Nathan S. S. Beman, D.D. Psalm lxxii, 17. 1841. Philadelphia. »Justin Edwards, D.D. Zachariah iv, 9. 1842. Norwich. »William R. De Witt, D.D. 2 Corinthians v, 14. 1843. Rochester. »Thomas H. Skinner, D.D. Philippians iii, 13. 1844. Worcester. »Rev. Albert Barnes. Luke xiv, 28-32. 1845. Brooklyn. »Mark Hopkins, D.D. Psalm lv, 22. 1846. New Haven. »Joel Hawes, D.D. 1 Samuel vii, 12. 1847. Buffalo. »David Magie, D.D. Isaiah xxxii, 15. 1848. Boston. »Isaac Ferris, D.D. Matthew vi, 10. 1849. Pittsfield. »Samuel H. Cox, D.D. Daniel vii, 27. 1850. Oswego. »Richard S. Storrs, D.D. 1 Corinthians xv, 58. 1851. Portland. »David H. Riddle, D.D. Isaiah xii, 14, 15. 1852. Troy. »Leonard Bacon, D.D. 2 Corinthians v, 7. 1853. Cincinnati. »William Adams, D.D. Matthew xiii, 38. 1854. Hartford. »Charles White, D.D. Matthew vi, 10. 1855. Utica. »Nehemiah Adams, D.D. Galatians ii, 20. 1856. Newark. »George W . Bethune, D.D. 1 Timothy i, 15. 1857. Providence. »M. La Rue P. Thompson, D.D. Matthew xxviii, 20. -1858. Detroit. »George Shepard, D.D. Luke xi, 41. 1859. Philadelphia. *Robert W . Patterson, D.D. Matthew xiii, 33. 1860. Boston. »Samuel W . Fisher, D.D. Isa. xiv, 1-6; xliii, 21. 1861. Cleveland. Richard S. Storrs, D.D. 1 Corinthians i, 28. 1862. Springfield. »Henry Smith, D.D. John xvii, 20,21. 1863. Rochester. »Elisha L. Cleveland, D.D. Luke xxiv, 45-47. 1864. Worcester. »Jonathan B. Condit, D.D. Philippians ii, 15,16. 1865. Chicago. »Edward N. Kirk, D.D. 2 Corinthians v, 7. 1866. Pittsfield. »Laurens P. Hickok, D.D. Philippians ii, io, 11. 1867. Buffalo. »Joseph P. Thompson, D.D. John i, 4. 1868. Norwich. Henry A. Nelson, d .d . John xii, 32. 1869. Pittsburgh. »John Todd, D.D. Malachi i, 11. 1870. Brooklyn. »Jonathan F. Stearns, D.D. Matthew xxviii, 18-20. 1871. Salem. »Truman M. Post, D.D. Mark x, 45. 1872. New Haven. Samuel C. Bartlett, D.D. 1 Corinthians ii, 1-5. 1873. Minneapolis. »Julius H. Seelye, d .d . Romans iv, 25. 1874. Rutland. »Henry M. Scudder, D.D. Romans x, 14,15. 1875. Chicago. »Israel W . Andrews, D.D. Romans i, 14. 1876. Hartford. »William M. Taylor, D.D. Ezekiel xlvii, 9. 1877. Providence. James H. Fairchild, D.D. 1 John iv, 20. 1878. Milwaukee. Henry H. Jessup, D.D. Address. 1879. Syracuse. »George F. Magoun, D.D. Matthew xxviii, 18,19. 1880. Lowell. »Jacob M. Manning, d .d . Rev. xxi, 1. 1881. St. Louis. A . J. F. Behrends, D.D. Luke xiv, 28,30. 1882. Portland. Edward P. Goodwin, D.D. Acts xiii, 2. 1883. Detroit. William M. Barbour, D.D. Mark xii, 31. 1884. Columbus. »Aaron L. Chapin, D.D. Acts xx, 24. 1885. Boston. Geo. Leon Walker, D.D. Hebrews xi, 13,39,40, 1886. Des Moines. John L. Withrow, D.D. Acts xxvi, 17,18. 1887. Springfield. Frederick A. Noble, D.D. Luke xi, 2. [23. 1888. Cleveland. Henry Hopkins, d .d . John xiv, 6; Eph. i, 1889. New York. Lewellyn Pratt, D.D. John xx, 21-23. 1890. Minneapolis. Arthur Little, d .d . John xii, 24. 1891. Pittsfield. Edwin B. Webb, D.D. 1 Corinthians iii, 9. 1892. Chicago. Daniel March, D.D. Matt, xxi, 5. 1893. Worcester. Albert J. Lyman, D.D. 1 Cor. xx, 19-23. 1894. Madison. T . Eaton Clapp, D.D. Acts xi, 18. 1895. Brooklyn. George A . Gordon, D.D. 1 Cor. ii, 2. 1896. Toledo. Edward N. Packard, DJ>. Acts ii, 14-18. 1897. New Haven. Nehemiah Boynton, d .d . John xxi, 17. *897-3 Missionaries of the Board\ 141

MISSIONARIES OF THE BOARD.

The following list presents the names of Missionaries now in connection with the Board, in the field, or expecting to return, giving the year in which they went out, the missions and stations with which they are connected, but not in all cases their Postoffice Addresses. These Postoffice Addresses are given in the American Board Almanac.

MISSIONARIES. WENT OUT. MISSIONARIES. WENT OUT ZULU MISSION. Mrs. Bertha D. Stover, 1881 Rev. Stephen C. Pixley, Inanda, *855 Rev. Walter T. Currie, Chisamba, 1886 Mrs. Louisa Pixley, 1855 Mrs. Amy J. Currie, 1893 Mrs. Laura B. Bridgman, Umzumbe, >86o Mrs. Marion M. Webster, Bailundu, 1887 Mrs. Oriana R. Ireland, Amanzimtote, 1865 Rev. Thomas W. Woodside, Sakanjimba, 1888 Mrs. Mary K. Edwards, Inanda, 1868 Mrs. Emma D. Woodside, 1888 Miss Gertrude R. Hance, Esidumbini, 1870 Rev. Frank W. Read, Sakanjimba, 1892 Rev. Charles W. Kilbon, Amanzimtote, 1873 Mrs. Annie W. Read, 1893 Mrs. M aryB . Kilbon, 1873 Miss Helen J. Melville, Chisamba, 1893 Miss M artha E . Price, Inanda, 1877 Miss Rose A. Bower, m . d ., Sakanjimba, 1894 Rev. Herbert D. Goodenough, Johannesburg, 1881 Miss Louise B. Fay, Kamundongo, 1894 Mrs. Caroline L. Goodenough, 18B1 Miss Margaret W. Melville, Chisamba, 1895 R ev. William C. W ilcox, Um voti, 1881 Rev. Frederick C. Wellman, m .d ., Kamundongo, 1896 Mrs. Ida B. Wilcox, 1881 Mrs. Lydia J. Wellman, 1896 Miss Fidelia Phelps, Inanda, 1884 EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION. Mrs. Euphemia S. Harris, Amahlongwa, 1888 Rev. Elias Riggs, d . d ., i.l . d ., Constantinople, 1832 Miss Martha H. Pixley, Amanzimtote, 1889 Rev. James F. Clarke, d . d ., Samokov, 1859 Rev. James C. Dorward, Umsunduzi, 1890 Rev. Henry C. Haskell, d . d ., Samokov, 1862 Mrs. Florence A. Dorward, 1890 Mrs. Margaret B. Haskell, 1862 Rev. Charles N. Ransom, Ifafa, 1890 Rev. Lewis Bond, Monastir, 1868 Mrs. Susan H. C. Ransom, i8go Mrs. Fannie G. Bond, 1868 Rev. Fred R. Bunker, Amanzimtote, 1891 Miss Esther T. Maltbie, Samokov, 1870 Mrs. Isabel H. Bunker, 1891 Rev. George D. Marsh, Philippopolis, 1872 Miss Alice F. Stillson, Inanda, 1891 Mrs. Ursula C. Marsh, 1875 Burt N. Bridgman, m . d ., Amanzimtote, 1892 Rev. John W. Baird, Monastir, 1872 Mrs. Esther H. Bridgman, 1892 Mrs. Ellen R. Baird, 1870 George B. Cowles, Jr., Amanzimtote, 1893 Rev. J. Henry House, d . d . , Salonica, 1872 Mrs. Amy Bridgman Cowles, 1893 Mrs. Addie B. House, 1872 Miss Laura C. Smith, Amanzimtote, 1893 Miss Ellen M. Stone, Philippopolis, 1878 Miss Laura M. Mellen, Esidumbini, 1895 Rev. Frederick L. Kingsbury, m . d ., Samokov, 1881 Frederick B. Bridgman, Umsunduzi, 1897 Mrs. Luella L. Kingsbury, 1881 Mrs. Clara Davis Bridgman, 1897 Rev. Robert Thomson, Constantinople, 1881 Miss H attie Clark, Umzumbe, 1897 Mrs. Agnes C. Thomson, 1881 EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION. Miss Harriet L. Cole, Monastir, 1883 Rev. George A. Wilder, Chikore, 1880 Miss Mary L. Matthews, Monastir, 1888 Mrs. Alice C. Wilder, 1880 Miss Mary M. Haskell, Samokov, 1890 Rev. Francis W. Bates, Mt. Silinda, 1888 Rev. William P. Clarke, Samokov, 1891 Mrs. Laura H. Bates, 1888 Rev. Edward B. Haskell, Salonica, 1891 William L. Thompson, M.D., Mt. Silinda, 1891 Mrs. Martha H. Haskell, 1891 Mrs. Mary E. Thompson, 1888 WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. Miss H. Juliette Gilson, Mt. Silinda, 1896 Mrs. Catherine Parsons, Bardezag, 1850 . WEST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION. Rev. Wilson A. Farnsworth, d . d ., Cesarea, 185a Rev. William H. Sanders, Kamundongo, 1880 Mrs. Caroline E. Farnsworth, 1852 Mrs. Sarah Bell Sanders, 1888 Rev. Joseph K. Greene, d . d ., Constantinople, 1859 Rev. William E. Fay, Bailundu, 1882 Mrs. Mathilde H. Greene, 1895 Mrs. Annie M. Fay, - 1886 Rev. George F. Herrick, d . d . , Constantinople, 1859 Rev. Wesley M. Stover, Bailundu, 188 Mrs. Helen M . Herrick, 1859 142 Missionaries of the Board. [Report*

Mrs. Sarah E. Smith, Marsovan, 1874 CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION. Rev. Moses P. Parmelee, m . d ., Trebizond, 1863 Mrs. Josephine L. Coffing, Hadjin, 1857 Mrs. Julia F. Parmelee, 1871 Rev. Henry T. Perry, Sivas, 1869 Mrs. Margaret R. Trowbridge, at Constantinople, 1861 M rs. Em ily R. Montgomery, Adana, 1863 Mrs. Mary H. Perry, 1892 Miss Corinna Shattuck, Oorfa, 1873. Rev. Theodore A. Baldwin, Brousa, 1867 Miss Ellen M. Pierce, Aintab, 1874 Mrs. Matilda J. Baldwin, 1867 Rev. Americus Fuller, d . d ., Aintab, 1874 Rev. Charles C. Tracy, d . d ., Marsovan, 1867 Mrs. Amelia D. Fuller, ^74 Mrs. Myra P. Tracy, 1867 , Rev. Thomas D. Christie, d . d . , Tarsus, 1877 Rev. Lyman Bartlett, Smyrna, 1867 Mrs. Carmelite B. Christie, 1877 Miss Sarah A. Closson, Cesarea, 1867 Rev. Charles S. Sanders, Aintab, 1879 Rev. Henry S. Barnum, Constantinople, 1867 , Rev. Lucius O. Lee, Marash, x88o Mrs. Helen P. Barnum, 1869 Mrs. Clara H. Lee, ^79 Rev. Henry O. Dwight, l l .d ., Constantinople, 1867 Miss Ellen M. Blakely, Marash, 1885 Rev. Edward Riggs, Marsovan, 1869 Rev. Willis W. Mead, Adana, 1886 Mrs. Sarah H. Riggs, 1869 Mrs. Harriet N. Mead, 1880 Miss Laura Farnham, Adabazar, 1871 Miss Lizzie S. W ebb, Adana, :886 Miss Mary M. Patrick, Constantinople, 1871 Miss Eula G. Bates, Hadjin, 1889 Miss Phebe L. Cull, Constantinople, 1871 Rev. Frederick W. Macallum, Marash, 1890 Rev. Albert W. Hubbard, Sivas, 1873 Mrs. Henrietta M. Macallum, 1890 Mrs. Emma R. Hubbard, 1873 Miss Mary G. Webb, Adana, 1890 Miss Harriet G. Powers, Constantinople, 1875 Miss Elizabeth M. Trowbridge, Aintab, 1891 Rev. James L. Fowle, Cesarea, 1878 Miss Meda Hess, Marash, 1893 Mrs. Caroline P. Fowle, 1878 Miss Effie M. Chambers, Oorfa, 1893 Rev. Robert Chambers, d .d ., Bardezag, 1879 Rev. John C. Martin, Hadjin, 1893 Mrs. Elizabeth L. Chambers, 1879 Mrs. Mary Isabel Martin, 1893 Rev. Lyndon S. Crawford, Trebizond, 1879 Miss Lucile Foreman, Aintab, 1894 Mrs. Olive N. Crawford, 1881 Miss Agnes E. Swenson, Hadjin, 1894 Miss Martha J. Gleason, Constantinople, 1880 Miss Fannie E. Burrage, Cesarea, 1880 EASTERN TURKEY MISSION. Mrs. Laura T. Seelye, Cesarea, 1880 Mrs. Alzina M . Knapp, Bitlis, 1855 Mr. William W. Peet, Constantinople, 1881 Rev. Orson P. A llen, Harpoot, 1855 Mrs. Martha H. Peet, 1881 Mrs. Caroline R. Allen, !855 Mrs. Etta D. Marden, Constantinople, 1881 Mrs. Susan A . Wheeler, Harpoot, 1857 Miss Isabella F. Dodd, Constantinople, 1882 Rev. Herman N. Barnum, d . d . , Harpoot, 1858 Miss Emily McCallum, Smyrna, 1883 Mrs. M ary E. Barnum, 1859 Miss Flora A. Fensham, Constantinople, 1883 Miss Hattie Seymour, Harpoot, 1867 Miss Ida W. Prime, Constantinople, 1884 Rev. Alpheus N. Andrus, Mardin, 1868 Rev. William S. Dodd, m . d ., Cesarea, 1886 Mrs. Olive L. Andrus, 1868 Mrs. Mary L. Dodd, 1886 Miss Charlotte E. Ely, Bitlis, 1868 Miss Marion E. Sheldon, Adabazar, 1886 Miss M. A. C. Ely, Bitlis, 1868 Rev. James P. McNaughton, Smyrna, 1887 Rev. Royal M. Cole, Bitlis, 1868 Mrs. Rebecca G. McNaughton, 1885 Mrs. Lizzie Cole, 1868 Miss Mary E. Brewer, Sivas, 1888 Rev. George C. Raynolds, m . d .. V an, 1869 Miss Susan H. Olmstead, Constantinople, 1889 Mrs. Martha W. Raynolds, 1869 Rev. George E. White, Marsovan, 1890 Miss Caroline E. Bush, Harpoot, 1870 Mrs. Esther B. White, 1890 Daniel M. B. Thom, m . d ., Mardin, 1874 Miss Cornelia S. Bartlett, Smyrna, 1890 Mrs. Helen L. Thom, 1886 Miss Anna B. Jones, Constantinople, 1890 Miss Clarissa H . Pratt, Mardin, 1875 Miss Johanna Zimmer, Constantinople, 1890 R ev. John K . Browne, Harpoot, 1875 Miss Ida Mellinger, Smyrna, 1890 M rs. Leila Browne, 1876 Rev. Alexander MacLachlan, Smyrna, 1890 Rev. Willis C. Dewey, d .d . , Mardin, 1877 Mrs. Rose H. MacLachlan, 1891 M rs. Seraphina S. Dew ey, 1877 Miss Susan C. Hyde, Adabazar, 1891 Rev. William N. Chambers, Erzroom, 1879 Miss Florence E. Griswold, Smyrna, 1891 Mrs. Cornelia P. Chambers, 1879 Miss Susan D. Riggs, Marsovan, 1892 Miss Emily C. Wheeler, Harpoot, 1880 Rev. Henry K. Wingate, Cesarea, 1893 r Rev. C. Frank Gates, d .d ., l l . d . , Harpoot, 1881 Mrs. Jane C. Wingate, 1887 Mrs. Nellie M. Gates, 1883 Miss Frances C. Gage, Marsovan, 1893 M iss M ary L. Daniels, Harpoot, 1885 Miss Isabel Saunders, Smyrna, 1894 Miss Emma M. Barnum, Harpoot, 1889 Miss Annie M. Barker, Constantinople, r894 Rev. George P. Knapp, Bitlis, 1890 Miss Use C. Pohl, Smyrna, 1894 Mrs. Anna J. Knapp, 1890 Miss Cora A. Nason, Cesarea, 1894 Miss Katherine B. Fraser, Van, 1892 Miss Charlotte R. Willard, Marsovan, 1897 Rev. Herbert M. Allen, Van, 1893 Thomas S. Carrington, m . d ., Marsovan, 1897 Mrs. Ellen R. Allen, 1889 Mrs. Phebe W. Carrington, 1897 Miss Grace H. Knapp, Bitlis, 1893 Miss Minnie B. Mills, Smyrna, 1897 Miss Elizabeth B. Huntington, Van, 1894 **97-3 Missionaries o f the Board. 143

Miss Johanna L. Graf, Mardin, 1894 Mrs. Harriet D. Van Allen, 1888 Rev. Ralph B. Larkin, Mardin, 1895 Miss Bessie B. Noyes, Madura, 1890 Mrs. Mary £. Larkin, 1895 Rev. Franklin E. Jeffery, Melur, 1890 Charles R. Ashdown, Bitlis, 1897 Mrs. Capitola M. Jeffery, 1890 Miss Jane Dickie, Bitlis, 1897 R ev. Edward P. H olton, Manamadura, / 1891 Rev. Robert S. Stapleton, Erzroom, 1897 Mrs. Gertrude M. Holton, 1894 Rev. Willis P. Elwood, Palani, 1891 MARATHI MISSION. Mrs. Agnes A. Elwood, 189s Rev. Samuel B. Fairbank, d . d . , Ahmednagar, 1846 Miss Mary T. Noyes, Madura, 189a Mis. Mary E. Bissell, Ahmednagar, 1851 Rev. Charles S. Vaughan, Madura, 1893 Rev. Charles Harding, Sholapur, 1856 Mrs. M . Ella Vaughan, 189* Mrs. Elizabeth D. Harding, 1869 Miss Lydia Gertrude Barker, Madura, 189J Rev. Henry J. Bruce. Satara, 1862 Rev. William M. Zumkro, Pasumalai, f) 189* Mrs. Hepzibeth P. Bruce, 1862 Rev. David S. Herrick, Battalagundu, * 1894 Rev. Richard Winsor, Sirur, 1870 Mrs. Dency T . M . Herrick, 1887 Mrs. Mary C. Winsor, 1870 Miss Harriet E. Parker, m . d ., Madura, 1895 Rev. Robert A. Hume, d . d . , Ahmednagar, 1874 Rev. William W. Wallace, Madura, y 1897 Mrs. Katie F. Hume, 1882 Mrs. Genevieve T. Wallace, 1897 Rev. William O. Ballantine, M .D ., Rahuri, 1875 Mrs. Josephine L. Ballantine, 1885 CEYLON MISSION. Rev. Edward S. Hume, Bombay, 187s Mrs. Charlotte E. Hume, 1875 Rev. Thomas S. Smith, Tillipally, 1871 Rev. Lorin S. Gates, Sholapur, 1875 Mrs. Emily M. Smith, 1871 Mrs. Frances A. Gates, 1875 Rev. Samuel W. Howland, d . d ., Batticotta, 1873. Rev. James Smith, Ahmednagar, 1879 Mrs. Mary E. K . Howland, 1873. Mrs. Maud Smith, 1879 Miss Susan R. Howland, Oodooville, 1873. Rev. Justin E. Abbott, Bombay, 1881 Rev. Richard C. Hastings, Udupitty, 1879. Rev. Henry Fairbank, Wadale, 1886 Mrs. Minnie B. Hastings, 1882 Mrs. Ruby E. Fairbank, 1882 Rev. Thomas B. Scott, m . d ., M anepy, 1893 Mrs. Minnie C. Sibley, Wai, 1886 Mrs. Mary E. Scott, m . d ., 1893 Miss Emily R. Bissell, Ahmednagar, 1886 Miss Kate L. Myers, Oodooville, 1893 Miss Anna L. Millard, Bombay, 1887 Miss Isabella H. Curr, M .D ., Manepy, 1896 Miss Anstice Abbot, Bombay, 1888 Miss Harriet L. Bruce, Satara, 1889 SOUTH CHINA MISSION. Miss Jean P. Gordon, Wai, 1890 Rev. Charles R. Hager, m . d ., Canton, 1883 Miss Belle Nugent, Ahmednagar, 1890 Mrs. Marie von Rausch Hager, 1897 Rev. Henry G. Bissell, Ahmednagar, ' 1892 Rev. Charles A. Nelson, Canton, 189a Mrs. Alice T. Bissell, 1892 Mrs. Jennie M. Nelson, 1892 Miss Annie Stockbridge, Ahmednagar, 1892 Miss Nellie M. Cheney, Canton, 1894 Rev. Edward Fairbank, Sholapur, 1893 Mrs. Mary A. Fairbank, 1893 FOOCHOW MISSION. Rev. Harvey M. Lawson, Ahmednagar, ^ 1893

Mrs. Dedie S. Lawson, ^ 9 3 Rev. C. C. Baldwin, d . d . , Foochow, 1847

Miss Esther B. Fowler, Sholapur, 00 <2 Rev. Charles Hartwell, Foochow, 1852 Miss Mary E. Moulton, Bombay, 1894 Mrs. Hannah L. Hartwell, 1858 Miss Julia E. Bissell, m . d . , Ahmednagar, 1894 Rev. Joseph E. Walker, Shao-wu, 1872 Miss Mary B. Harding, Sholapur, 1897 Henry T. Whitney, M .D ., Pagoda Anchorage, 1877 Mrs. Lurie Ann Whitney, 1877 MADURA MISSION. Miss Ella J. Newton, Foochow, 1878 Rev. Edward Chester, m .d . , Dindigul, 1858 Miss Elsie M. Garretson, Foochow, 1880 Mrs. Susan R. Chester, 1896 Rev. George H. Hubbard, Pagoda Anchorage, 1884 Rev. George T. Washburn, d . d ., Pasumalai, i860 Mrs. Nellie L. Hubbard, 1884 Mrs. Eliza E. Washburn, i860 Miss Kate C. Woodhull, M .D ., Foochow, 1884 Rev. John S. Chandler, Madura, s' 1873 Miss Hannah C. Woodhull, Foochow, 1884 Mrs. Henrietta S. Chandler, 1877 Rev. Lyman P. Peet, Foochow, 1888 Rev. James E. Tracy, d . d ., Periakulam, 1877 Mrs. Caroline K. Peet, 1887 Mrs. Fanny S. Tracy, 1877 Rev. George M. Gardner, Shao-wu, 1889 Rev. John P. Jones, d .d . , Pasumalai, 1878 Mrs. Mary J. Gardner, 1889 Mrs. Sarah A. Jones, 1878 Hardman N. Kinnear, m . d ., Foochow, 1889 Rev. Hervey C. Hazen, Arrupukottai, 1867 Mrs. Ellen J. Kinnear, » 1893 Mrs. Hattie A. Hazen, 1884 Edward L. Bliss, M .D ., Shao-wu, 1892 Mrs. Martha J. Noyes, Madura, 1881 Miss Caroline E. Chittenden, Foochow, 1892 Miss Eva M. Swift, Madura, 1884 Rev. Willard L. Beard, Foochow, 1894 Rev. James C. Perkins, Arrupukottai, 1885 Mrs. Ellen L. Beard, 1894 Mrs. Charlotte J. Perkins, 1885 Rev. Dwight Goddard, Foochow, 1894 Miss Mary M. Root, Madura, 1887 Mrs. Frances E. Goddard, m . d ., 1893 Rev. Frank Van Allen, m .d . , Madura, 1888 Miss Emily S. Hartwell, Foochow, 1896 144 Missionaries of the Board. [Report,

MISSION TO NORTH CHINA. SHANSI MISSION.

Rev. Henry Blodget, d . d . , Peking, 854 Rev. Ireneus J. Atwood, m . d ., Fen-cho-fu, 1882 Mrs. Sarah F. R. Blodget, 854 Mrs. Annette W. Atwood, 1882 Rev. Charles A . Stanley, Tientsin, 862 Rev. Dwight H. Clapp, Tai-ku, 1884 Mrs. Ursula Stanley, 862 Mrs. Mary J. Clapp, 1884 Rev. Chauncey Goodrich, d .d . , Tung-cho, 86S Rev. James B. Thompson, Jen Ts'un, 1885 Mrs. Sarah B. Goodrich, 879 Mrs. D’Etta H. Thompson, 1890 Rev. Mark Williams, Kalgan, 866 Rev. Francis W. Davis, Jen Ts'un, 1889 Miss Mary E. Andrews, Tung-cho, 868 Mrs. Lydia C. Davis, 1889 Miss Mary H. Porter, Pang-Chuang, 868 Rev. Charles W. Price, Fen-cho-fu, 1889 Rev. Devello Z. Sheffield, d . d . , Tung-cho, 869 Mrs. Eva J. Price, 1889 Mrs. Eleanor W. Sheffield, 869 Miss Rowena Bird, Tai-ku, 1890 Miss Jane E. Chapin, Peking, 871 Rev. George L. Williams, Tai-ku, 1891 Rev. Henry D. Porter, m . d . , d .d ., Pang-Chuang, 872 Mrs. Mary Alice Williams, 1891 Mrs. Elizabeth C. Porter, 879 Rev. Ernest R. Atwater, Fen-cho-fu, 1892 Rev. Arthur H. Smith, d . d . , Pang-Chuang, 872 Miss Mary L. Partridge, Tai-ku, 1893 Mrs. Emma D. Smith, 872 William L. Hall, m . d ., Tai-ku, 1894 Miss Jane G. Evans, Tung-cho, 872 Mrs. Lou A. Hall, 1894 Rev. William P. Sprague, Kalgan, 874 JAPAN MISSION. Mrs. Viette J. Sprague, 893 Rev. William S. Ament, Peking, 877 Rev. Daniel C. Greene, D .D ., T 5kyo, 1869 Mrs. Mary A. Ament, 877 Mrs. Mary J. Greene, 1869 R ev. James. H . Roberts, Kalgan, 877 Rev. Orramel H. Gulick, now at Honolulu, H .I., 1870 Mrs. Grace L. Roberts, 877 Mrs. Ann E. Gulick, 1870 Willis C. Noble, m . d ., Pao-ting-fu, 878 Rev. Jerome D. Davis, D .D ., Kyoto, 1871 Mrs. Willa J. Noble, 878 Mrs. Frances H. Davis, 1883 Miss Ada Haven, Peking, 879 Rev. M. L. Gordon, m . d ., d . d ., Kyoto, 1873 Rev. Franklin M. Chapin, Lin-Ching, 880 Mrs. Agnes H. Gordon, 1872 Mrs. Flora M. Chapin, 880 Rev. John L. Atkinson, d . d ., Kobe, 1873 Albert P. Peck, m . d . , Pang-Chuang, 880 Mrs. Carrie E. Atkinson, 1873 Mrs. Celia F. Peck, 880 Miss Eliza Talcott, Kyoto, 1873 Miss Virginia C. Murdock, m . d ., Peking, 881 Miss Julia E. Dudley, Kobe, 1873 Rev. Henry P. Perkins, Lin-Ching, 882 Rev. Wallace Taylor, m . d ., Osaka, 1873 Mrs. Estella A. Perkins, m .d ., 886 Mrs. Mary F. Taylor, 1873 Rev. Edwin E. Aiken, Tientsin, 885 Miss Julia A. E. Gulick, Kumamoto, 1874 Mrs. Maud L. Aiken, 892 Rev. John H. DeForest, d . d ., Sendai, *r 1874 James H. Ingram, m . d ., Tung-cho, 887 Mrs. Sarah E. DeForest, 1874 Mrs. Myrtle B. Ingram, 895 Rev. Dwight W. Learned, D .D ., Kyoto, 1875 Miss Luella Miner, Tung-cho, 887 Mrs. Florence H. Learned, 1875 Miss H. Grace Wyckoff, Pang-Chuang, 887 Miss Martha J. Barrows, Kobe, 1876 Miss E. Gertrude Wyckoff, Pang-Chuang, 887 Miss H. Frances Parmelee, Maebashi, 1877 Rev. Henry Kingman, Tung-cho, 888 Rev. William W. Curtis, Sapporo, 1877 Mrs. Annie L. Kingman, 890 Mrs. Lydia V. Curtis, 1886 Miss Mary S. Morrill, Pao-ting-fu, 889 Rev. John T. Gulick, P H .D ., Osaka, 1878 Edward R. Wagner, m . d ., Lin-Ching, 889 Mrs. Frances A. Gulick, / 1875 Mrs. Myrtie C. Wagner, 889 Rev. Otis Cary, Kyoto, 1878 Rev. Elwood G. Tewksbury, Tung-cho, 890 Mrs. Ellen M. Cary, 1878 Mrs. Grace H. Tewksbury, 890 Rev. James H. Pettee, Okayama, 1878 Miss Nellie N. Russell, Peking, 890 Mrs. Belle W. Pettee, 1878 Rev. George H. Ewing, Pao-ting-fu, 893 Miss Fannie A. Gardner, Kyoto, 1878 Mrs. Sarah H. Ewing, 893 Miss Abbie M. Colby, Osaka, 1879 Miss Abbie G. Chapin, Tung-cho, 893 Rev. George Allchin, Osaka, 1882 Miss Annie A. Gould, Pao-ting-fu, 893 Mrs. Nellie M. Allchin, 1882 Miss Henrietta B. Williams, Kalgan, 893 Miss Emily M. Brown, Sapporo, 1882 Mr. John L. Mateer, Tientsin, 894 Miss Adelaide Daughaday, Sapporo, 1883 Mrs. Mary L. Mateer, 894 Miss Susan A. Searle, Kobe, 1883 Rev. Charles E. Ewing, Peking, 894 Rev. George M. Rowland, Sapporo, 1886 Mrs. Bessie G. Ewing, 894 Mrs. Helen A. Rowland, , 1886 Frank A. Waples, m .d ., Kalgan, 894 Rev. Arthur W. Stanford, Tottori, i 1886 Mrs. Cora C. Waples, 894 Mrs. Jane H. Stanford, 1886 Rev. George D. Wilder, Tung-cho, 894 Miss Cornelia Judson, Matsuyama, 1886 Mrs. Gertrude Stanley Wilder, 893 Rev. Samuel C. Bartlett, Jr., Tottori, 1887 Miss Susan F. Hinman, Peking, 894 Mrs. Fannie C. Bartlett, 1894 Alfred L. Shapleigh, m . d . , Tientsin, 896 Rev. Cyrus A. Clark, Miyazaki, 1887 Mrs. Katherine C. Shapleigh, 896 Mrs. Harriet M. Clark, 1887 Rev. Horace T. Pitkin, Pao-ting-fu, 896 Rev. Sidney L. Gulick, Matsuyama, 1887 Mrs. Letitia T. Pitkin, 896 Mrs. Cara M. Gulick, 1887 i 897-3 Missionaries of the Board. 145

Miss Mary E. Wainwright, Kyoto, 1887 Rev. Francis M. Price, Ruk, 1894 Rev. George E. Albrecht, Maebashi, 1887 Mrs. Sarah J. Price, 1894 Mrs. Leonora B. Albrecht, 1887 Mr. G. I. Foster, Ruk, 1895 Miss Annie L. Howe, Kobe, 1887 Miss Jennie Olin, Ruk, 1897 Rev. Horatio B. Newell, Niigata, 1887 Mrs. Jane C. Newell, 1888 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Miss Mary F. Denton, Tokyo, 1888 Rev. Charles M. Hyde, d .d ., Honolulu, 1877 Miss Gertrude Cozad, Kobe, 1888 Mrs. Mary Knight Hyde, 1877 !Miss Annie H. Bradshaw, Sendai, (889 Rev. John Leadingham, Honolulu, 1894 Rev. Hilton Pedley, Niigata, 1889 Mrs. Anna R. Leadingham, 1894 Mrs. Martha J. Pedley, 1887 Miss Mary B. Daniels, Osaka, 1889 MISSION TO MEXICO. Miss Fannie E. Griswold, Kumamoto, 1889 Rev. John Howland, Guadalajara, 188a Miss Mary A. Holbrook, m.d ., Kobe, 1889 Mrs. Sarah B. Howland, 1882 Rev. Schuyler S. White, Okayama, 1890 Miss Belle M. Haskins, Guadalajara, 1883 Mrs. Ida McL. White, 1888 Rev. James D. Eaton, d .d ., Chihuahua, 1882 Rev. William L. Curtis, Kyoto, 1890 Mrs. Gertrude C. Eaton, 1883 Mrs. Gertrude A. Curtis, 1890 Rev. Henry M. Bissell, El Fuertc, Sinaloa, A- 1882 Miss Clara L. Brown, Niigata, 1890 Mrs. Ella N. Bissell, 1882 Miss Elizabeth Torrey, Kobe, 1890 Rev. Alfred C. Wright, El Paso, 1886 Miss Alice P. Adams, Okayama, 1891 Mrs. Annie C. Wright, 1886 Miss Alice E. Harwood, Matsuyama, 1891 Miss Ellen O. Prescott, Parral, 1888 Miss Nina C. Stewart, Okayama, 1891 Miss Mary Dunning, Chihuahua, 1889 Miss Lucy E. Case, Osaka, 1892 Rev. Otis C. Olds, Parral, 1890 Miss E. Pauline Swartz, Niigata, 1896 Mrs. Helen C. Olds, 1897 Miss Gertrude M. Willcox, Kobe, 1897 Rev. Horace T. Wagner, Guerrero, 1894 Miss Cora McCandlish, Miyazaki, i897 Mrs. Della McC. Wagner, 1895 Miss Augusta J. Burris, Batopilas, 1894 MICRONESIAN MISSION. Miss M. Lizzie Hammond, Chihuahua, 1894 Rev. Hiram Bingham, d .d ., at Honolulu, 1856 Miss Mary F. Long, Guadalajara, 1897 Mrs. Clara B. Bingham, 1856 Miss Isabel Miller, El Fuerte, 1897 Mrs. Mary E. Logan, Ruk, 1874 Rev. Edmund M. Pease, m.d ., Kusaie, 1877 MISSION TO SPAIN. Mrs. Harriet A. Pease, 1877 Rev. William H. Gulick, San Sebastian, 1871 Rev. Alfred C. Walkup, Kusaie, 1880 Mrs. Alice Gordon G ulick, 1871 Miss J. Estella Fletcher, Mokil, 1882 Miss Catherine H. Barbour, San Sebastian, 1887 Miss Annette A. Palmer, Kusaie, 1884 Miss Alice H. Bushee, San Sebastian, 1893 Rev. Irving M. Channon, Kusaie, 1890 Miss Mary L. Page, San Sebastian, 1892 Mrs. Mary L. Channon, 1890 Miss Anna F. Webb, San Sebastian, 1892 Miss Ida C. Foss, Kusaie, 1890 Miss Jessie R. Hoppin, Kusaie, 1890 MISSION TO AUSTRIA. Miss Annie E. Abell, Ruk, 1892 Rev. Albert W. Clark, d .d ., Prague, 1872 Miss Louise E. Wilson, Kusaie, 1893 Mrs. Ruth E. Clark, 1884 Rev. Clinton F. Rife, m.d ., Kusaie, 1894 Rev. John S. Porter, Prague, 1891 Mrs. Isadora Rife, 1894 Mrs. Lizzie L. Porter, 1893 146 Corporate Members of the Board. [Report,

CORPORATE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.

[The names under each State are arranged according to date of election.]

Maine. 1877. Sewall G. Mack, Lowell. 1880. Hon. James W. Bradbury, Augusta. 1877. Thomas J. Borden, Fall River. 1879. Cyrus Hamlin, d .d . , l l .d . , Lexington. 1883. William H . Fenn, d .d . , Portland. 1884. R ev. William P. Fisher, Brunswick. 1879. Elnathan E. Strong, d . d . , Auburndale. 1880. William M. Barbour, d . d . , Malden. 1887. Jonathan L. Jenkins, d . d . , Portland. 1890. Galen C. Moses, Bath. 1881. Albert H. Plumb, d . d ., Boston Highlands. 1892. George H . Eaton, Calais. 1882. Judson Smith, d . d ., Boston. 1882. Hon. Robert R. Bishop, Newton Centre. 1894. Clarence A . Beckwith, d .d . , Bangor. 1895. Hon. Egerton R . Burpee, Bangor. 1882. Franklin Carter, l l .d . , Williamstown. 1896. Hon. Nelson D ingley, Lewiston. 1883. Samuel B. Capen, Boston. 1883. Hon. William P. Ellison, Newton. 1897. James G . Merrill, d . d ., Portland. 1884. Hon. William H. Haile, Springfield. New Hampshire. 1885. John Lincoln Barry, Dorchester. i860. Samuel C. Bartlett, d . d ., l l . d ., Hanover. 1886. Charles A. Dickinson, d . d ., Boston. 1881. Franklin D . A yer, D .D ., Concord. 1886. G. Henry Whitcomb, Worcester. 1890. T . Eaton Clapp, d . d . , Manchester. 1887. Edward A. Studley, Boston. 1890. E . P. Kimball, Portsmouth. 1887. Arthur Little, d . d . , Dorchester. 1893. W illiam J. Tucker, d .d ., Hanover. 1887. Rev. George A. Tewksbury, Concord. 1894. Elisha R. Brown, Dover. 1887. Alexander McKenzie, d . d . , Cambridge. 1894. R ev. George E . Lovejoy, Pittsfield. 1888. Francis E. Clark, d .d ., Auburndale. 1896. Cyrus Richardson, d . d ., Nashua. 1888. Rev. Payson W. Lyman, Fall River. 1897. George E. H all, d .d . , Dover. 1889. Albert E. Dunning, d . d ., Jamaica Plain. 1897. Dexter Richards, Newport. 1889. Lyman S. Rowland, d .d . , Lee. 1897. Rev. George E. Street, Exeter. 1889. A. G. Cumnock, Lowell. 1889. Hon. J. M. W. Hall, Cambridge. Vermont. 1890. Rev. John R. Thurston, Whitinsville. 1869. Charles F. Thompson, Brattleborough. 1890. John D. Kingsbury, d .d ., Bradford. 1870. Edward H awes, d . d ., Burlington. 1890. Thomas Weston, Newton. 1871. Gen. Oliver 0 . Howard, Burlington. 1890. Ezra A. Stevens, Malden. 1877. Matthew H. Buckham, d . d ., Burlington. 1890. Rev. William W. Jordan, Clinton. 18.77. R ev. H enry Fairbanks, P H .D ., St. Jobnsbury. 1891. Merrill E. Gates, l l .d ., Amherst. 1880. William S. Smart, d .d . , Brandon. 1891. Samuel E. Herrick, d .d . , Boston. 1886. George W . Philips, D .D ., Rutland. 1891. Charles H. Daniels, d . d ., Newton. 1890. Charles W. Osgood, Bellows Falls. 1891. Smith Baker, d . d ., East Boston. 1892. Albert H . H eath, d . d ., St. Johnsbury. 189t. William G. Ballentine, d . d ., Springfield. 1894. Gilbert M . Sykes, Dorset. 1892. William H. Davis, d .d ., Newton. 1897. Hon. W . J. Van Patten, Burlington. 1892. H enry M . Moore, Somerville. 1892. John E. Tuttle, d . d . , Worcester. Massachusetts. 1892. William F. Day, Boston.

1849. Augustus C. Thompson, d . d . , Boston. 1893. Elijah Horr, d . d . , Brookline. 1863. Edwards A . Park, d . d . , Andover. 1894. James L. Barton, d . d ., Newton Centre. 1867. Joshua W. W ellman, d . d . , Malden. 1894. DeWitt S. Clark, d . d ., Salem. 1871. Samuel G. Buckingham, d .d . , Springfield. 1894. Charles A. Hopkins, Brookline. 1871. Edwin B. Webb, d .d . , W ellesley. 1894. Rev. John H. Lockwood, Westfield. 1871. John N. Denison, Boston. 1894. Edward F. Morris, Monson. 1874. A . E. P. Perkins, d . d . , Worcester. 1895. Hon. Edward W. Chapin, Holyoke. 1874. Daniel L . Furber, d .d ., Newton Centre. 1895. Hon. W. Murray Crane, Dalton. 1874. Richard H . Stearns, Boston. 1895. Arthur M. Stone, Worcester. 1874. Samuel Johnson, Boston. 1895. William F. Whittemore, Boston. 1875. Egbert C. Smyth, d .d ., Andover. 1895. Frank H. Wiggin, Boston. 1875. A . Lyman W illiston, Northampton. 1895. Rev. Charles M. Southgate, Auburndale. 1876. Charles C. Burr, Aubum dale. 1895. Rev. William H. Woodwell, Sandwich. 1876. Elbridge Torrey, Boston. 1895. Hon. Henry E. Cobb, Newton. 1877. William H. Willcox, d .d . , Malden. 1895. Rev. Frank L. Goodspeed, Springfield. 18970 Carporate Members of the Board. H7

1895. Thomas Todd, Concord. 1895. Watson L. Philips, d .d ., New H aven. 1895. G eorge A. Gordon, d .d ., Boston. 1895. Russell T. Hall, d .d ., Greenwich. 1895. Hon. Frederick Fosdick, Fitchburg. 1895. Edward W . Marsh, Bridgeport. 1896. Arcturus Z. Conrad, d . d . , Worcester. 1895. Charles M. Lamson, d .d ., Hartford. 1896. R ev. Charles E . Jefferson, Chelsea. 1896. Joseph Anderson, d.d ., W aterbury. 1896. Edward A . Reed, d . d . , H olyoke. 1896. James B. Williams, Glastonbury. 1896. Samuel U sher, Cambridge. 1896. George M. Woodruff, Litchfield. 1896. Charles J. Holmes, Fall River. 1896. Lucian D. Warner, Naugatuck. 1896. Samuel B. Shapleigh, Allstem. 1896. Rev. John DePeu, Bridgeport. 1896. Philip W . Moen, Worcester. 1896. George B. Stevens, d .d ., New Haven. 1896. R ev. Edward C. Ewing, Danvers. 1897. Newman Smyth, d .d ., New Haven. 1896. Hon. William B. Plunkett, Adams. 1897. Prof. Arthur L. Gillett, Hartford. 1896. R ev. William E . W olcott, Lawrence. 1897. Rev. James W. Bixler, New London. 1896. R ev. John A . M acColl, New Bedford. 1897. Rev. Albert F. Pierce, Danbury. 1896. Charles N . Prouty, Spencer. 1897. Frank A. Ferris, Norwalk. 1896. R ev. Samuel V . Cole, Norton. 1897. Henry D. Smith, Plantsville. 1896. George E . Tucker, W are. 1896. Charles E. Swett, Winchester. New York. 1896. Thomas Y . Crowell, Boston. 1846. Hon. Calvin T. Hulburd, Brasher Falls. 1897. Reuen Thomas, d . d . , Brookline. 1863. Richard S. Storrs, d . d ., l l .d ., Brooklyn. 1897. James G. Buttrick, Lowell. 1863. Zebuion S. Ely, New York City. 1897. Hon. Samuel C. Darling, Somerville. 1869. George N. Board man, d . d . , New York City. 1897. W . V . W. D avis, d . d . , Pittsfield. 1871. D. Willis James, New York City. 1897. Edward Whitin, Whitinsville. 1872. L. Henry Cobb, d . d ., New York City.

1897. Rev. F. B. Makepeace, Springfield. 1876. Edward N. Packard, d . d ., Syracuse. 1897. R ev. F. S. H atch, Monson. 1876. Henry A. Stimson, D .D ., New York City. 1897. John C. Berry, M .D ., Worcester. 1882. A. J. F. Behrends, d . d ., Brooklyn. 1897. Hon. Arthur H . Wellman, Malden. 1885. M. E. Strieby, d .d ., New York City. 1887. Thomas B. McLeod, d .d ., Brooklyn. Rhode Island. 1887. John F. Anderson, Jr., Brooklyn. 1871. Rowland Hazard, Peacedale. 1887. John H. Washburn, New York City. 1877. James G. Vose, D .D ., Providence. 1887. William E. Park, d . d , Gloversville. 1888. Francis W. Carpenter, Providence. 1887. George F. Pentecost, d . d ., Yonkers. 1894. Nathan F. Dixon, Westerly. 1888. Hon. Chester H. Holcombe, New York City. 1894. Rev. James H . Lyon, Central Falls. 1888. William H. Thomson, M .D ., New York City. 1897. Herbert J. W ells, Kingston. 1889. John D. Cutter, Brooklyn. 1897. Rev. Alexander McGregor, Pawtucket. 1889. Charles C. Creegan, d . d ., New York City. 1890. William A. Robinson, d . d ., Middletown. Connecticut. 1890. Samuel H . Virgin, d .d ., New York City. 1870. Hon. Joseph S. Ropes, Norwich. 1891. Joseph E. Brown, Brooklyn. 1871. Charles R. Palmer, d .d ., New Haven. 1894. John Dunn, Jr., Syracuse. 1876. Burdett H art, D .D ., New Haven. 1894. Franklin S. Fitch, d . d ., Buffalo. 1877. Hon. Nathaniel Shipman, Hartford. 1894. Charles A . H ull, Brooklyn. 1877. George L . W alker, d . d ., Hartford. 1894. Albert J. Lyman, d .d ., Brooklyn. 1880. Hon. Robert Coit, New London. 1895. Lucien C. Warner, M.D., New York City. x88i. Lewis A. Hyde, Norwich. 1895. David A. Thompson, Albany. 1882. A zel W . Hazen, d .d ., Middletown. 1895. Robert R. Meredith, d . d ., Brooklyn. 1882. Frank Russell, D .D ., Bridgeport. x895. J. J. McWilliams, Buffalo. 1884. James W. Cooper, d . d ., New Britain. 1896. William E. Griffis, d . d . , Ithaca. 1885. George P . Fisher, d . d ., New H aven. i8 g 6 . Lyman Abbott, d .d ., Brooklyn. 1887. Rowland Swift, Hartford. 1896. Rev. Charles H. Dickinson, Canandaigua. 1889. Lewellyn Pratt, d . d . , Norwich. 1896. Rev. William H. Hobbs, Warsaw. 1889. Chester D . Hartranft, d . d ., Hartford. 1896. Guilford Dudley, Poughkeepsie. 1889. William A . Slater, Norwich. 1896. C. Delano Wood, Brooklyn. 1889. Edwin H . Baker, Greenwich. i8g7- Robert J. Kent, d . d ., Brooklyn. 1890. S. L cR oy Blake, d . d ., New London. 1897. Albro J. Newton, Brooklyn. 1890. Hon. N. D . Sperry, New Haven. 1897. Rev. Willard B. Thorp, Binghamton. 1890. Samuel H . H owe, d . d . , Norwich. 1897. Rev. William H. Pound, Cortland. 1891. Rev. Joseph H. Twichell, Hartford. 1897. W. H. Nichols, Brooklyn. 1892. Waterman R . Burnham, Norwich. 1897. Charles P. Peirce, New York City. 1892. Justin E . Twitchell, d .d . , New H aven. 1893. John H . Perry, Southport. New Jersey. 1894. Hon. Simeon E. Baldwin, New H aven. 1870. Samuel Holmes, Montclair, 1894. Hon. O. V. Coffin, Middletown. 1888. Frank P. Woodbury, d . d . , Montclair. 1894. John G. Davenport, d .d ., Waterbury. 1891. Amory H. Bradford, d .d ., Montclair. 1894. R ev. William W . M cLane, New Haven. 1894. William Hayes Ward, D .D ., Newark. »895. Rev. Asher Anderson, Meriden. 1895. Fritz W. Baldwin, d.d ., East Orange. 148 Corporate Members of the Board. [Report*.

1897- R ev. H arlan P . Beach, Montclair. Michigan-

1897. Rev. Howard S. Bliss, Upper Montclair. 1882. James B. A n gell, l l .d . , Ann Harbor. 1886. Hon. Byron M. Cutcheon, Grand Rapids. Pennsylvania. 1889. Rev. William H. Warren, Lansing. 1873. George L. W eed, Philadelphia. 1892. George Parsons, Watervliet. 1894. Charles H . Richards, d .d ., Philadelphia. 1893. Frank D. Taylor, Detroit. 1894. Nehemiah Boynton, d .d . , Detroit. District of Columbia. 1894. C. A. Gower, Lansing. 1894. Willard G. Sperry, d .d . , Olivet. 1877. Eliphalet W hittlesey, d . d ., Washington. 1895. E. F. Grabill, Greenville. 1896. David J. Brewer, l l . d . , Washington 1893. Dan F. Bradley, d .d . , Grand Rapids.

Louisiana. Wisconsin. 1876. Edward H. Merrill, d .d . , Ripon. 1883. H enry L. Hubbell, d . d ., Lake Charles. 1887. George R. Leavitt, d .d ., Beloit. Ohio. 1887. Elijah Swift, Eau Claire. 1889. Edward D. Eaton, d . d . „Beloit. d . d ., 1870. James H . Fairchild, Oberlin. 1890. George H. Ide, d .d . , Milwaukee. 1878. Robert G. Hutchins, d . d ., Cleveland. 1892. Elisha D. Smith, Menasha. 1884. James Brand, d .d . , Oberlin. 1894. John M. Whitehead, Janesville. 1884. Charles F. Thwing, D .D ., Cleveland. 1895. Rev. Elihu C. Barnard, Whitewater. 1888. Washington Gladden, d . d . , Columbus. 1896. Eugene G. Updyke, d . d . , Madison. 1890. W alter A . M ahony, Columbus. 1894. John W . Simpson, d .d ., Cincinnati. Minnesota. 1895. Casper W. H iatt, d . d ., Cleveland. 1871. James W. Strong, d . d . , Northfield. 1895. Thomas E . Munroe, d .d ., Akron. 1889. David C. Bell, Minneapolis. 1896. H enry M. Tenney, d .d ., Oberlin. 1889. Rev. David N. Beach, Minneapolis. 1896. Joseph C. N oyes, Cincinnati. 1890. George H. Rust, Minneapolis. 1897. R ev. Charles S. M ills, Cleveland. T890. Hon. Aaron Kimball, Austin. 1897. Lucius F. Mellen, Cleveland. 1894. Edward P. Ingersoll, d . d ., St. Paul. 1895. George R. Merrill, d .d . , Minneapolis. Indiana. 1895. Rev. Cassius E. Wright, Austin. 1896. Rev. William H. Laird, Winona. 1874. Nathaniel A . H yde, d . d ., Indianapolis. 1897. Prof. Arthur H. Pearson, Northfield. Illinois. Iowa.

1871. Edward P. Goodwin, d . d . , Chicago. 1882. Rev. George H. White, Grinnell. 1871. Eliphalet W. Blatchford, Chicago. 1890. Rev. Hiram D. Wiard, Ft. Dodge. 1871. Ralph Emerson, Rockford. 1891. Nathan P. Dodge, Council Bluffs. 1871. Simon J. Humphrey, d . d ., Chicago. 1894. Motier A. Bullock, d . d ., Iowa City. 1875. Charles H. Bull, Quincy. 1895. Alvah L. Frisbie, d . d . , Des Moines. 1876. Frederick A . Noble, d .d ., Chicago. 1896. Edwin S. H ill, d . d . , Atlantic. 1876. Moses Smith, d . d . , Glencoe. 1896. S. F. Smith, Davenport. 1877. Charles H. Case, Chicago. 1896. William W. Gist, d .d ., Osage. .1877. James G. Johnson, d . d . , Chicago. 1897. Rev. Frank N. White, Burlington. 1878. Franklin W . Fisk, d .d . , Chicago. 1897. Rev.. E. M. Vittum, Grinnell. 1878. Joel K. Scarborough, Payson. 1897. E. S. Miller, Des Moines. 1881. Samuel W. Eaton, d . d . , Roscoe. Missouri. 1883. W illiam H . Rice, Chicago. 1884. W illiam E. H ale, Chicago. i860. John B. Johnson, m .d . , St. Louis. 1885. Michael Burnham, d . d . , St. Louis. 1888. G . S. F. Savage, d . d . , Chicago. 1888. Henry Hopkins, d . d . , Kansas City. 1889. Alexander R . Thain, d . d . , Chicago. 1892. Augustus W. Benedict, St. Louis. 1889. E. F. Williams, d . d . , Chicago. 1896. President Homer T. Fuller, Springfield. 1889. W illiam A . Waterman, d .d ., Chicago. 1890. Thomas D . Robertson, Rockford. Kansas. 1891. Julian M. Sturtevant, d . d . , Evanston. 1874. Richard Cordley, d . d ., Lawrence. 1891. Edward H. Pitkin, Ridgeland. 1894. Hon. Alfred W. Benson, Ottawa. 1892. R ev. A . N . H itchcock, p h . d . , Chicago. 1893. Rev. Frederick S. Hayden, Jacksonville. Nebraska. 1893. Charles H . Hulburd, Chicago. 1894. Col. S. Storrs Cotton, Norfolk. 1894. John E . Bradley, l l .d . , Jacksonville. i8gs- Lewis Gregory, d . d . , Lincoln. 1894. H . T . L ay, Kewanee. 1894. F . G . Logan, Chicago. North Dakota. 1895. Jean F . Loba, d .d . , Evanston. 1890. Rev. George B. Barnes, Wahpeton. 1895. Charles A . W ebster, Galesburg. 1895. David Fales, Lake Forest. South Dakota. 1895. W illard Scott, d .d . , Chicago. 1886. Rev. Edward M. Williams, Yankton. 1895. R ev. Joseph H . Seiden, Elgin. 1892. E. P. Wilcox, Yankton. ï897-] Members Deceased or Resigned. 149

Colorado. California.

1851. John C. Holbrook, d .d ., Stockton. 1894. James B. G regg, d .d ., Colorado Springs. 1871. John K. McLean, d . d . , Oakland. 1895. Rev. Frank T . B ayley, Denver. 1873. John E. Todd, d . d ., Riverside. 1876. Edward P. Flint, Oakland. Oregon. 1882. George Mooar, d . d ., Oakland.

1897. Thomas M cClelland, d .d ., Forest Grove. 1890. Rev. Herbert W. Lathe, Pasadena. 1894. Leavitt H . H allock, d . d ., Mills College. Idaho. 1895. Warren F. D ay, d .d ., L o s Angeles. 1895. Rev. W alter Frear, San Francisco. 1897. Augustus G . Upton, d . d ., Weiser. 1896. Rev. Charles R. Brown, Oakland. 1897. George C. Adams, d . d ., San Francisco. Washington. North China.

1896. President S. B. L . Penrose, W alla W alla. 1895. Henry Blodget, d . d ., Peking.

CORPORATE MEMBERS DECEASED OR RESIGNED

S IN C E J A N U A R Y 1896.

[The names of Corporate Members deceased or resigned prior to January 1, i8yC, will be found in the Annual Report for 1895.]

D eath or Death or Election. Resignation. Election. Resignation. New Hampshire. District of Columbia. 1864. Hon. John W. Noyes, r. 1897 1890. J. E . Rankin, d . d ., r . 1896 1867. Alonzo H . Quint, D.D. 1896 Alabama. Massachusetts. 1877. H enry S. DeForest, d .d . 1896 1865. Nathaniel George Clark, d . d . , l u d . 1896 1869. Edmund Kimball Alden, d . d . 1896 Ohio. 1871. Hon. Charles Theodore Russell, 1896 189t. David 0 . Mears, d . d ., r. 1896 Rev. John W. Harding, 1896 187s. 1894. W alter Crafts, Esq. 1896 1667. Daniel T. Fiske, d .d . , r. 1897 1894. James W . Hubbell, d . d . 1896 1889. Daniel March, d . d ., r. 1897 1890. Henry D. Hyde, Esq. 1897 Illinois. Rhode Island. 1877. Martin K . W hittlesey, d . d . 1896 00 00 in Royal C. Taft, r . 1896 Michigan- Thomas Laurie, d . d . 1897 1875. 1872. Philo Parsons, Esq. 1896

Connecticut. Minnesota.

1877. Jonathan N. Harris, Esq. 1896 1894. George H . W ells, d . d . 1897 1892. Charles E . M itchell, Esq., r. 1896 1889. Charles A. Jewell, Esq., r. 1897 Iowa. 1867. Hon. John G . Foote, 1896 New York. 1870. George F. Magoun, d . d . 1896 1875. Malcolm McG. Dana, d . d . 1897 1867. Alden B. Robbins, d . d . 1897 1884. James P. Wallace, Esq. 1897 1895. Charles Beardsley, 1897 Maryland. California. 1873. Howard Z. Culver, r. 1896 1871. Hon. Samuel Merrill, r. 1897 150 Officers o f the Board. [Repeat,

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.

Elected. Présidents. S ervice ended. Elected. Service ended.

1810 John Treadwell, l l .d . 1820 1865 Andrew L. Stone, d .d . 1866 1823 Joseph Lym an, d . d . 1826 1865 James M . Gordon, Esq. 1876 1826 John Cotton Smith, l l .d . 1841 1866 Rufus Anderson, D.D. 187s 1841 Theo. Frelinghuysen, l l . d . 1857 1868 Ezra Farnsworth, Esq. 1889 1857 M ark Hopkins, d . d ., l l . d . 1887 1869 Edmund K. Alden, d . d . 1876 1887 Richard S. Storrs, d .d ., l l . d . 1897 1870 J. Russell Bradford, Esq. 1883 1897 1 Charles M . Lamson, d . d . 1870 Hon. Joseph S. Ropes, 1894 1875 Egbert C. Sm yth, d .d . 1886 Vice-Presidents. 1876 Edwin B. Webb, d . d . 1810 Samuel Spring, d . d . 1819 1876 Charles C. Burr, Esq. 1819 Joseph Lym an, d . d . 1823 1876 Elbridge Torrey, Esq. 1893 1823 John Cotton Smith, l l . d . 1826 1878 Rev. Isaac R. Worcester, 1882 1826 Stephen Van Rensselaer, l l .d . 1839 1882 Albert H. Plumb, d .d . 1839 Theo. Frelinghuysen, l l . d . 1841 1883 Hon. William P. Ellison, 1841 Thomas S. Williams, l l . d . 1857 1884 Charles F. Thwing, d . d . 1886 1857 W illiam Jessup, l l .d . 1864 1886 Edward S. Atwood, d . d . 1888 1864 Hon. William E. Dodge, 1883 1886 Charles A. Dickinson, d . d . 1892 1883 Eliphalet W. Blatchford, Esq. 1897 1888 Francis E. Clark, d . d . 1892 1897 1 D . W illis James, Esq. 1889 G. Henry Whitcomb, Esq. Prudential Committee. 1893 A. Lyman Williston, Esq. 1894 1893 James G. Vose, d . d . 1810 William Bartlett, Esq. 1814 1893 Hon. H enry D . H yde, 1897 1810 Samuel Spring, d . d . 1819 i 8 ;3 Hon. James M. W. Hall, 1810 Samuel Worcester, d . d . 1821 1893 John E. Tuttle, d .d . 1894 1812 Jeremiah Evarts, Esq. 1830 1893 Rev. William W. Jordan, 1815 Jedediah Morse, d .d . 1821 1893 Elijah Horr, d .d . 1818 Hon. W illiam Reed, 1834 1894 Charles A. Hopkins, 1819 Leonard Woods, d .d . 1844 1894 Nehemiah Boynton, d . d . 1896 1821 Samuel Hubbard, l l .d . 1843 1896 William H. Davis, d . d . 1821 Warren Fay, d .d . 1839 1897 Hon. Samuel C. Darling, 1828 Benjamin B. W isner, d .d . 1835 1831 Elias Cornelius, d .d . 1832 1832 Hon. Samuel T . Armstrong, 1850 Corresponding Secretaries. 1832 Charles Stoddard, Esq. 1873 18x0 Samuel Worcester, d .d . 1821 1834 John Tappan, Esq. 1864 1821 Jeremiah Evarts, Esq. 1831 1835 Daniel N oyes, Esq. 1846 1831 Elias Cornelius, d .d . 1832 1837 Nehemiah Adams, d . d . 1869 1832 Benjamin B. Wisner, D.D. 1835 1839 Silas Aiken, d .d . 1849 1832 Rufus Anderson, d .d . 1866 1843 W illiam W . Stone, Esq. 1850 1832 Rev. David Greene, 1848 1845 Hon. William J. Hubbard, 1859 1835 William J. Armstrong, d .d . 1847 1849 Augustus C. Thompson, d .d . 1893 1847 .Rev. Selah B. Treat, 1877 1850 Hon. W illiam T . Eustis, t 868 1848 Swan L . Pomroy, d . d . 1859 1830 Hon. John A iken, 1865 1852 George W. Wood, d .d . 1871 1851 Hon. Daniel Safford, 1856 1865 Nathaniel G . Clark, d . d . 1894 1854 H enry H ill, Esq. 1865 1876 Edmund K . A lden, d . d . 1893 1856 Isaac Ferris, d . d . 1857 1880 John 0 . Means, d . d . 1883 1856 A sa D . Smith, d . d . 1863 1884 Judson Smith, d . d . 1856 W alter S. Griffith, Esq. 1870 1893 Charles H. Daniels, D.D. 1857 Hon. Alpheus Hardy, 1886 1894 James L. Barton, d . d . 1859 H on. Linus Child, 1870 1860 William S. Southworth, Esq. 1865 Assistant Corresponding: Secretaries. 1863 R ev. Albert Barnes, ‘1870 1863 Robert R . Booth, d . d . 1870 1824 R ev. Rufus Anderson, 1832 1865 Abner Kingman, Esq. 1877 1828 Rev. David Greene, 1832

1 Member of the Prudential Committee, ex officio. i 897-] Officers of ¿he Board. 151

Elected. Service ended. Elected. Service ended. Editorial Secretary. Auditors.

1894 Elnathan E . Strong, d . d . x8io Joshua Goodale, Esq. 18x2 1812 Samuel H. Walley, Esq. 1813 Recording Secretaries. 1813 Charles W alley, Esq. 1814 18x4 Chester Adams, Esq. 1817 18x0 Calvin Chapin, d .d . 1843 1817 Ashur Adams, Esq. 1833 1843 R ev. Selah B. T reat, 1847 1822 Chester Adams, Esq. 1837 1847 Samuel M . W orcester, d .d . 1866 1827 William Ropes, Esq. 1829 1866 John O. M eans, d . d . 1881 1829 John Tappan, Esq. 1834 i88r Henry A. Stimson, d . d . 1829 Charles Stoddard, Esq. 1832 1832 Hon. William J. Hubbard, 1843 Assistant Recording Secretaries. 1834 Daniel Noyes, Esq. »835 1836 Charles Stoddard, Esq. 1839 183s Charles Scudder, Esq. 1847

1839 Bel® B* Edwards, d .d . 1843 1842 Moses L. Hale, Esq. 1868 1842 R ev. Daniel Crosby, 1843 1847 Hon. Samuel H . W alley. 1876 1888 Edward N. Packard, d .d . 1867 Hon. JosephS. Ropes, 1870 1868 Hon. Thomas H . Russell, 1876 Treasurers. 1870 Hon. A very Plumer, 1887 1874 Richard H . Steam s, Esq. 187s x8xo Samuel H . W alley, Esq. 1811 1875 Elbridge Torrey, Esq. 1876 1811 Jeremiah Evarts, Esq. 1822 1876 James M. Gordon, Esq. 1893 1822 H enry H ill, Esq. 1854 1876 Hon. Arthur W. Tufts, 1892 1854 James M . Gordon, Esq. 1865 1887 Joseph C. Tyler, Esq. 1889 186s Langdon S. W ard, Esq. 1895 1889 Samuel Johuson, Esq. 1897 1896 Frank H . W iggin, Esq. 1892 Richard H. Steams, Esq. 1896 Assistant Treasurer. 1892 Edwin H. Baker, Esq. 1896 E. R. Brown, Esq. 1895 Frank H . W iggin, Esq. 1896 1897 Hon. H enry E. Cobb. 152 Honorary Members. [Report,

HONORARY MEMBERS.

F R O M O C T O B E R i , 1895, T O S E P T E M B E R 30, 1897.1

Maine. Massachusetts. Gregory, George W. Guild, Mrs. Margaret J. Carter, Miss Abigail F. Abbott, Lewis B. Guilford, Mrs. Elbridge H. Cutler, Rev. Charles H. Abell, Nellie B. Hall, Lydia A. Cutler, Mrs. Sarah Ripley Addie, John Hanscom, Dea. H. H. Dana, Dr. Israel T. Ames, Maria E. Harrub, Henry W. Davidson, Mrs. Elizabeth B. Andrews, Rev. Stephen M. Hartwell, Mrs. I. N. Ellis, Mrs. Mary Angelia Arnold, Mrs. Eunice Collins Hartwell, Jonas Fogg, Dea. Rufus A. Atkins, Rev. G. Glenn Havens, Rev. Charles E. Garland, Samuel Barnard, Mrs. Helen P. Hayward, Albert F. Hinkley, Mrs. Frances E. Barnes, Mrs. Harriet A. Hilton, Joseph F. Hunt, Mrs. Caroline Beals, Mrs. Hattie M. Hitchcock, Rev. Milan H. ones, Miss S. F. Benton, Mrs. Ella B. R. Holland, Charles P. {.eavitt, Dea. John S. Bergman, Charles W. Hosley, Dea. W. D. Mank, Mrs. Georgianna W. Berry, Miss Dora S. Hubbard, Miss Ethel D. Mank, Rev. Herbert G. Berry, James M. Huckel, Rev. Oliver Mann, Rev. William G. Bigelow, Edwin A. Huckin, Mrs. Emily Marr, Sylvester Bigelow, Walter K. Hutchinson, Rev. Walter P. Smith, Mrs. Caroline F. Bill, Miss Caroline F. Hyde, James F. C. Waterman, John A. Blain, Charles H. Johnson, Rev. Frederick P. Weeks, Dr. Stephen H. Blake, Miss Susan M. Jones, Seward Bracken, James Judson, Rev. George W. New Hampshire. Bradley, Rev. Edward E. Keith, Mary Helen Abbott, Isaac N. Breed, Rev. Merle A. Kendall, I. Holmes Bartlett, Miss Susan Jennie Bryant, Dea. Oliver F. Kennedy, Rev. R. H. Bell, Rev. J. W. Burrill, Mrs. Katie Kilbon, Caroline E. Blanchard, Mrs. John S. Buttrick, Martha M. Kittredge, William R. Brierly; Benjamin Cameron, James W. Lamont, A. A. Buckminster, Mrs. Harriet I. Campbell, Rev. W. R. MacFadden, Robert A. Bullock, Mrs. Hattie Carleton, Miss Ruth Ingersoll Main, Charles T. Cameron, Miss Minnie J. Carpenter, Miss Jane Brodie Marsh, Mrs. Cornelia H. Dana, Miss Mary F. Case, William P. Mattson, Rev. Barnard G. Dutton, Rev. Charles H. Chamberlain, G. Arthur May, George Fiske, Miss M. Annie Chamberlain, Walter B. Morgan, Paul B. Freeman, George Bradford Chapman, Mrs. Amelia H. Morse, Lewis K. French, Mrs. L. Melville Clark, Mrs. W. B. Nye, Theodore F. Gerould, Samuel A. Clark, Mrs. Wendell P. Oakes, Miss Charlotte Hatch, Martha A. Cleveland, Mrs. Alvah K. Oakes, Miss Esther Kendall, Kendrick Cleveland, Mrs. Frank H. Ordway, Henry C. Lane, Mrs. Olivia E. Colton, George S. Packard, Frank L. Lund, Mrs. N. F. Converse, Mrs. George W. Parker, Mrs. Grace S. McQuilken, Mrs. John G. Converse, Mrs. Pamelia S. Parshley, Frederic A. Murdock, Mrs. C. M. Coomes, Miss Helena C. Parsons, Mrs. Harriet Schoolcraft, Mrs. S. M. Cooper, Rev. Samuel B. Peabody, G. M. Shepard, Mrs. Ellen M. Cram, R. D. Penniman, Miss Louise Wason, Mrs. Annie G. Currier, Clement W. Perry, Mary F. Whitney, Dea. Charles H. Darling, Irving O. Pettee, Bennett G. Wilton, Rev. Richard T. Davison, Mrs. Minnie E. Philipps, Rev. E. W. Dodge, Rev. John E. Pierce, Mrs. Jennie E. Vermont. Eeles, Charles J. Pierce, Reuben C. Evans, Rev. J. C. C. Pollard, Dea. Joseph G. Bailey, Rev. Henry Lincoln Fiske, George I. Pope, Flora Belle Brownell, Henry Chase Fiske, JohnW. Porter, Mrs. J. F. Cone, Miss Mary G. Folts, Sarah E. M. Porter, Mrs. Sarah J. Cushman, Mrs. Eliza D. Forbes, Miss Louise Proctor, William P. Denny, Dea. Chauncey Fowle, Luke Warren Randall, Andrew E. Hazen, Rev. Carleton French, Edgar Benjamin Reed, Dea. Henry Hazen, Miss Martha Merrill Frost, Mrs.Elizabeth H. Roberts, Reuben Heniy, Mrs. Jennie C. Fuller, Frank L. Roberts, Richard Grout Jennings, Mrs. Lila H. Fuller, Simeon H. Rogers, Edward H. Leonard, Charles P. Geer, Mary G. Rice, Rev. A. M. Peck, Mrs. Anna C. Gerrish, Rev. George Mayo Sawyer, Ralph E. Rockwood, Mrs. Walter E. Gilbert, Miss Mary M. Searle, Miss Martha E. Scott, Mrs. E. H. Gleason, Dea. Frank E. Shaw, William Shaw, Mrs. Laura E. Goddard, Mrs. J. H. Smith, Mrs. Harriet Knight White, Mrs. Margie L. Goodrich, Rev. Joseph A. Smith, Miss May

»The names of all Honorary Members constituted such from the beginning up to 1870 may be found in the Annual Report for that year; those constituted from 1870 to 1875, in the Report for 1875; those from 1875 to 1880, in the Report for 1880; those from 1880 to 1885, in the Report for 188.5; th°se from 1885 to 1890, in the Report for 1890; and those from 1890 to 1895, in the Report for 1895. T h e full list is omitted here to save expense. í897-] Honorary Members. *53

Snow, Mrs. Russell L. Rogers, Miss Sarah P. Holmes, Mrs. E. Annie Bate Stanton, Miss A. Ellen Rogers, Mrs. Woodbury O. Kennedy, D. A. Stone, William A. Sherwood, Edwin Earle Tait, Miss J. A. Stork, Maria H. Silliman, Lewis B. Van Vleck, Dea. Joseph Tappan, Ernest S. Smith, Wibur A. Van Vleck, Joseph, Jr. Taylor, Mrs. Mary G. Sistare, Lycurgus M. Van Vleck, Mrs. Melinda N. Todd, Rev. Albert G. Stanley, Charlotte H. Todd, Mrs. Alice G. Stead, Mrs. George 0 . Pennsylvania. Tolman, Mrs. Mary F. Strong, Frederic C. Tomblen, Rev. C. L. Sugden, Robert Jones, Rev. David Tyler, Miss Mabel E. Thrall, Lillian McLeod, Rev. James, d . d . Walker, Henry Hammersley Wakeman, P. Wyeth, Mrs. Daisy R. Washburn, Rev. Charles H. Wake man, Robert P. Wellington, Miss Margaret B. Waterman, W. A. Maryland. Wheelock, Rev. Albert H. Whaples, Henry N. White, G. Frank Whittlesey, Miss Mary S. Dinwoodie, Mrs. J. S. Williams, Allston E. Wood, Spencer H. Winsor, Miss Lucy Wootton, Frank M. District of Columbia. Yerrington, Mrs. Henry M. Wood, Miss Florence A. Lambom, William Wood, Mrs. Margaret O. Tyler, William C. Wyman, Charles F. New York. Florida. Rhode Island. Atkins, Mrs. F. C. Barlow, Mrs. W. J. Barrows, Mrs. Susan E, Bangs, Henry C. Bingham, Mrs. A. E. Chubb, H. S. Donnell, Rev. Albert Blauvelt, John N. K. Hackett, Miss Margaret C. Blehdon, Mrs. Della C. Tennessee. Jencks, Charles B. Blessing, William T. Williams, George F. Boardman, Mrs. Charles Stickel, Rev. E. C. Bowen, Mrs. E. N. Connecticut. Broadhead, Wright D. Arkansas. Buchanan, Mrs. Maggie C. Allen, Rev. Frederick E. Comfort, Mrs. George S. Minnis, Rev. Thomas W. Andrew, H. M. Crosby, William H. Andrews, Julia A. Davis, Mrs. C. D. Ohio. Austin, Mrs. E. M. Davis, Mrs. Maria E. Bavier, Miss Sarah Isabel Dempster, William Bes wick, Mrs. Charlotte I. Boss, C. D., Jr. Dewes, Mrs. J. H. Blymyre, Mrs. Cassie J. Booth, Mrs. G. N. Fernie, B. J. Burgess, Rev. Gideon A. Breed, Miss Katharine A. Fobes, Alan C. Collier, Rev. John L. Burrall, Mrs. Mary R. Gould, Miss Helen Davis, J. Merle Butcher, Stephen G. Hale, Merritt B. Fisk, Rev. Daniel M. Butler, Joseph Henry Hawkins, Delmar E. Ford, Mrs. Horatio C. Carpenter, Mrs. J. R. Hayes, Dea. F. Mason Hanson, Albert D. Chamberlain, Anna I. Hayes, Dr. Harold A. Jenny, Mrs. Susan Chapman, Robert W. Hebard, George W. Manley, Myron G. Clark, Herman D., Jr. Higgins, Mrs. H. L. Nettleton, Lucius D. Clark, Linnie E. Holmes, Mrs. Lizzie S. Palmer, Mrs. William S. Clark, Olin Howard Hopkins, Samuel J. Parmelee, Mrs. W. B. Coit, Miss Fanny L. Hopkins, Rev. W. Herman Philipps, Rev. T. D. Coleman, Thaddeus S. Jackson, Burton F. Rhoades, Edward H. Dickey, Aaron W. Jesup, Frank W. Russell, Hamlin Eaton, Mrs. Susan M. Johnston, William Skeels, Dea. J. C. Eddy, Elford B. King, Albert B. Swing, Rev. Albert T. Elwood, John Henry Klopsch, Louis, p h . d . Thomas, Miss Letitia E. Felt, Mrs. Fannie W. Kruse, William C. Torry, Mrs. Maria E. Fiske, Charles A. Lane, Loring Webster, Miss Mary Evelyn Frost, Dwight S. M. Leach, Mrs. W. N. White, Mrs. Elizabeth J. Gilbert, Hattie E. Leeper, Rev. Edward A. Whitman, Mrs. B. F. Goodale, Rev. D. W. Lewis, Rev. Henry Wright, Rev. S. G. Goodenough, E. W., m . d . Marshall, Mrs. T. H. Grosvenor, Charles W. Palmer, Peter Illinois. Hall, Edwin C., m . d . Phillips, A. D. Harwood, Pliny Leroy Platt, Mrs. Elnora Alexander, Mrs. Wealthy Hazen, William Plumley, Harry A. Bliss, Mrs. Elizabeth S. Herring, James Priesch, Dea. Maurice E. Bradley, Mrs. Julia P. Hill, John Henry Reoch, Mrs. Caroline Case, Edward B. Hillard, Mrs. Julia W. Richardson, J. Daniels Day, Rev. W. H. Hitchcock, Rev. L. P. Ruston, Charles Dean, Mrs. Carrie Hjerpe, Erik G. Sandison, George H. Drew, Rev. C. E. Hotchkiss, Leonard F. Saxton, Alanson H. Francis, Rev. George A. Huntington, Charles F. Smalley, Mrs. A. L. Hill, Walter King, Mrs. Frederick A. Spauldinp, Mrs. Abby T. Hoghton, Richard Landphere, Miss Lilian Strouse, Leman K. Lacey, E. S. Lathrop, Miss Alice Sutton, Francis M. Moffatt, Rev. Thomas A. Lewis, Charles H. Tag, Louis Robbins, Ernest Thompson Marvin, J. R. Thatcher, G. Wesley Schawb Rev. E. F. McLean, Mrs. Robert Upham, Mrs. V. B. Short, Miss Elizabeth Ruth Merrels, Frederick B. Webster, Adelbert A. Solandt, Rev. Andrew Parker Morgan, Mrs. Elias Wells, Rev. Herman J. Speckhart, John Morris, Miss Sadie Welsh, Mrs. W. A. Morse, Rev. H. H. Whicher, Mrs. George M. Michigan. Northend, John Wilcox, Mrs. S. II. Norris, Rev. A. H. Wood, Cornelius D. Bruce, Mrs. Martha Osborn, Harriet S. Davis, Henry Barnard Pease, Arthur C. New Jersey. Davis, Robert Leland Peck, Frederick W. Grabiel, Rev. J. G. Perry, Mrs. Burr Ballard, Miss Ellen Hickmott, Rev. John V. Porter, George L. Burtis, Mrs. A. M. Kellogg, Miss Eliza O. Richardson, Miss Mary A. Clark, Charles B. Lane, Mrs. Mary E. [Report, 1897. 154 Honorary Members.

Wisconsin. Price, Dea. A. 0 . Colorado. Rew, Mrs. Clara E. Bridgman, Rev. Frederick B. Tibbets, Rev. D. D. Barnard, Elizabeth C. BuswelL Rev. James O. Barnard, Henry Eliot Corey, Rev. E. M. Minnesota. Dennison, Rev. Robert C. California. Dexter, Rev. Frank N. Armbruster, Frederick A. Eldred, Dea. Frederic Starr Leavens, Mrs. E. N. Van Omum, Mrs. A. J. Griffiths, Rev. William A. McCrea, Mrs. Lizzie Eastman Hitchcock, George G. Young, Archer Osgood, Rev. L. E. Alaska. Preston, Mrs. Dwight Washington. Lopp, Rev. W. T. Smith, Rev. Edward L. Iowa. Whittlesey, Rev. C. T. Canada. Baird, Miss Jennie M. Beyer, C. W. H. South Dakota. Childs, Miss Carrie Russell Day, Rev. Frank J. Blodgett, Miss Clara M. Thrall, Rev. W. H. Carter, Rev. Fernando E. Kent, Rev. L. G. O r e g o n . Africa. Knapp, Mrs. M aiy Proctor Otis, Miss Genevieve Ackerman, Rev. Arthur W. Dorward, Rev. James C. CONTENTS.

PAGE PAGE

M in u tes of t h e A nnu al M e e t i n g ...... iii Notes on the T ab les ...... n Corporate Members P resen t ...... iii Pacific A gen cy ...... 14 Male Honorary Members Reported as Present. v Publishing and Purchasing Department .... 15 Missionaries Present...... vi Cooperating Societies ...... 16 Organization ...... vi Financial Situation ...... 17 Minutes of Proceedings...... vi Special Considerations...... 18 Committees A ppointed ...... vi, vii, viii R eview of the Receipts for the Y e a r ...... 19 Annual Serm on ...... vii Expenditures ...... 20 Resolutions ...... viii, ix, xi-xiii C o n tr a s ts ...... 21 New Members...... x Immediate N e ed s ...... 31 Election of O f f i c e r s ...... x Special Suggestions ...... 22 Letters of E xcu se ...... x The Missions. Place and Preacher for next M eetin g ...... xii Reports of Committees at the Annual Meeting . xiii West Central African Mission...... 24 On the Treasurer’s R eport ...... xiii East Central African M ission ...... 27 On the Report of the Home Department . ■ xiii Zulu M ission ...... 30 On the Missions in Africa and China . . . xv European Turkey M ission ...... 36 On the Missions in European and Eastern Western Turkey M ission ...... 40 Turkey, India and Ceylon, Japan, and Pa­ Central Turkey M ission ...... 50 pal L a n d s ...... xv Eastern Turkey M ission ...... 57 On the Paper from the Prudential Commit­ Marathi Mission ....**...... , 6a tee, presented by Mr. H a ll ...... xvii Madura M ission ...... 72 On the Missions in Western and Central Ceylon M ission ...... 83 T u r k e y ...... xix Foochow M ission ...... 88 Appointed in 1896, in reference to Amend­ South China Mission ...... 93 ment of the Charter to enable the Board to North China Mission ...... 9s elect women to Corporate Membership Shansi M ission ...... 106 and to Prudential Committee ...... xix Japan Mission ...... 108 The Success of Christian Missions. A paper by Hawaiian Islands ...... 114 Rev. Judson Smith, d .d ., Foreign Sec­ Micronesian M ission ...... 117 retary ...... xxii Mexico M ission ...... 121 A Special Business Paper from the Prudential Spanish M ission ...... 124 Committee. By Hon. J. M. W. Hall . . xxviii Austrian M ission ...... ia8

report o f t h e pru dential co m m ittee . Tabular View of the Missions of the A. B. C. F. M. for the Year I&qb-qrj...... 130 Home Department. Pecuniary A ccounts ...... 131 Necrology ...... 3 Summary of Donations...... 136 New M issionaries ...... 3 Receipts of the Board ...... 139 Returning M issionaries ...... 4 Places of Meeting and Preachers ...... 139 A gen cies...... • ■ ...... 5 Missionaries of the B o a r d ...... 141 Our Publications...... 5 Corporate Members of the B oa rd ...... 146 The Middle District (Dr. Creegan’s Report) . . 6 Corporate Members Deceased or Resigned . 149 Financial Statem ent...... 8 Officers of the Board ...... 150 District of the Interior (Dr. Hitchcock’s Report), 9 Honorary Members...... 15a