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Maîtrise Ès Arts La biographie historique en bande dessinée : une histoire alternative. Une étude de cas sur Louis Riel Par Hugo Demers Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l’Université du Manitoba pour satisfaire partiellement aux exigences du grade de MAÎTRISE ÈS ARTS USB Études canadiennes Université de Saint-Boniface Université du Manitoba Winnipeg © Hugo Demers, Avril 2012 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier mon superviseur Luc Côté pour sa patience, sa compréhension et pour les nombreuses discussions stimulantes lors de mon séjour à Winnipeg. Je tiens à souligner son ouverture d’esprit d’avoir eu l’audace de soutenir un projet un peu hors du commun et de m’avoir encouragé à entreprendre le tout. Je remercie aussi les membres de mon comité de maîtrise, Mr. Jean Valenti et Mr. Alert Braz ainsi que la coordinatrice de mon programme, Mme Lise Gaboury-Diallo pour leur soutien et encouragements tout au long de ma rédaction. Je tiens aussi à remercier l’Université du Manitoba et l’Université de Saint-Boniface. Je suis aussi reconnaissant à l’Université du Manitoba pour la Bourse des études supérieures du Manitoba que j’ai reçue en 2007-2008 et le Collège St-John pour la Bourse Saint James Brown (2008) et la Bourse Symons en Études canadiennes (2007 et 2008). ii Table des matières Remerciements .................................................................................................................. ii Table des matières ............................................................................................................ iii Table des figures .............................................................................................................. vi Résumé ............................................................................................................................. vii 1- Introduction .................................................................................................................. 8 1.1- Présentation du projet de recherche .................................................................... 8 a) Sujet de recherche et problématique ...................................................................... 8 b) Objectif de recherche et hypothèse ......................................................................... 9 c) Les motivations de cette recherche ....................................................................... 10 d) Revue de la littérature .......................................................................................... 12 1.2- Méthode et critères d’analyse ............................................................................. 15 a) Les éléments de la bande dessinée ....................................................................... 15 b) L’importance du visuel ......................................................................................... 16 2- La bande dessinée ....................................................................................................... 18 2.1- Le lourd passé de la bd ; préjugés et idées reçues ............................................ 18 a) La reconnaissance de la bd dans la société ......................................................... 18 b) La culture de masse .............................................................................................. 19 c) Absence de mémoire, absence d’études et nivellement des œuvres ...................... 21 d) L’image dans la civilisation occidentale .............................................................. 22 e) Un médium juvénile et infantilisant ...................................................................... 26 2.2- Origine du médium .............................................................................................. 29 a) La bande dessinée : un mode d’expression ou un genre littéraire ? ................... 29 b) L’incertitude de la genèse ..................................................................................... 31 c) Les définitions du médium .................................................................................... 34 d) Les traits morphologiques : leur fonction dans le récit ........................................ 38 e) Les différentes manifestations de la bande dessinée ............................................ 41 3- Histoire et bande dessinée .......................................................................................... 45 3.1) La bande dessinée comme source historique .................................................... 45 a) Un objet culturel et une source historique ........................................................... 45 b) Source d’informations visuelles sur la réalité actuelle ....................................... 48 3.2) L’Histoire en bande dessinée .............................................................................. 50 a) Les types de narrations historiques en bande dessinée ........................................ 50 b) L’aventure historique ........................................................................................... 51 c) La fiction historique .............................................................................................. 51 d) La reconstitution historique .................................................................................. 52 e) Le témoignage historique ...................................................................................... 53 f) Le documentaire historique ................................................................................... 54 g) La bande dessinée didactique ............................................................................... 54 3.3) La mise en forme du discours en bande dessinée ............................................. 55 a) Les caractéristiques distinctives de la bande dessinée au service de la narration ................................................................................................................................... 55 b) Les différents types d’organisation de la planche ................................................ 56 iii 1- L’organisation conventionnelle ........................................................................ 57 2- L’organisation décorative ................................................................................ 59 3- L’organisation rhétorique ................................................................................ 60 4- L’organisation productrice ............................................................................... 61 c) Les types d’enchaînement possibles entre les cases ............................................. 62 d) Le rôle de l’image dans le procédé narratif ......................................................... 65 3.4) Biographie, postmodernisme et bande dessinée ................................................ 68 a) La place du narrateur dans le récit ...................................................................... 68 b) Postmodernité, histoire et bande dessinée ........................................................... 70 c) La biographie historique ...................................................................................... 74 4 - Louis Riel .................................................................................................................... 76 4.1) Les sources historiques sur Riel ......................................................................... 76 a) Présentation de Louis Riel .................................................................................... 76 b) Quelques faits concernant Riel ............................................................................. 77 4.2) Historiographie et mythologie rieliste ................................................................ 78 a) Les mythes de Riel ................................................................................................ 78 b)Historiographie de langue française ..................................................................... 80 c)Historiographie canadienne-anglaise ................................................................... 81 5- Les biographies de Louis Riel en bande dessinée .................................................... 85 5.1- Historiographie de Riel en bande dessinée ........................................................ 85 a)Inventaire des biographies en bande dessinée sur Riel ......................................... 85 b) Précision sur la sélection du type d’œuvre à l’étude ............................................ 86 5.2) Analyse et interprétation : Il était une fois le Québec ....................................... 88 a)Biographie et œuvres ............................................................................................. 88 b) Critique externe de l’œuvre .................................................................................. 88 c) Représentation de Riel et lecture des événements ................................................ 89 d) L’organisation de la planche, le type de liens entre les cases et la place du narrateur ................................................................................................................... 91 5.3) Analyse et interprétation : Louis Riel par Robert Freynet ............................. 94 a) Biographie et œuvres ............................................................................................ 94 b) Critique externe de l’œuvre .................................................................................. 95 c) Représentation de Riel et lectures des événements
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