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Vodní Měkkýši ČR 2012 Přehled a determinace vodních měkkýšů ČR Gastropoda: 50 druh ů Bivalvia: 28 druh ů Michal Horsák UBZ PřF MU, Brno Fylogeneze plžů tradi ční klasifikace plžů (Thiele 1929-31, v podstat ě přebral klasifikaci od Mine-Edwards 1848) na Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia a Pulmonata neodpovídá fylogenezi Prosobranchia – parafyletická skupina Pulmonata a Opisthobranchia = Euthynera (linie 100) jsou potvrzená monofyla Fylogeneze našich plžů Neritaemorphi (Neritidae) Architaenioglossa (Viviparidae, Aciculidae, Ampullariidae) Neotaenioglossa (Bithyniidae, Hydrobiidae, Thiariidae) Ectobranchia (Valvatidae) Pulmonata (Hygrophila: - Caenogastropoda Acroloxidae, Lymnaeidae, - Heterobranchia Physidae, Planorbiidae) plži - diverzita „Prosobranchia - předožábří“ • mo řští jsou druhov ě nejbohatší, také sladkovodní a méně suchozemských (v mediteránu) • žábry jsou v p řední části pláš ťové dutiny (p řed srdcem), p ři stáčení se p řek řížily nervové konektivy - nervové chiasma , u pokro čilejších ztráta pravé ctenidie • charakteristická je p řítomnost víčka z rohoviny - operculum , které je přirostlé k horní stran ě zadní poloviny chodidla a p ři zatažení plže uzavírá ústí ulity (ochrana p řed predátory a vyschnutím) • většinou se jedná o gonochoristy někdy s patrným pohlavním dimorfismem • dýchacím orgánem jsou pravé ctenidie, umíst ěné vp ředu • u nás je 15 vodních a 2 suchozem. druhy operculum Předožábří - Prosobranchia Čele ď: Neritidae - zubovcovití Theodoxus danubialis - zubovec dunajský, 1 cm, Kyjovka nad zaúst ěním do Dyje Theodoxus fluviatilis - zubovec říční, 1 cm, poslední nález v Labi u Litom ěř ic 1917, ší ří se Dunajem Předožábří - Prosobranchia Čele ď: Viviparidae - bahenkovití Viviparus acerosus - bahenka uherská, 5 cm, pomalu tekoucí vody, povodí Dunaje, závity ploché Viviparus contectus - bahenka živorodá, 4 cm, stojaté vody nížin, nadmuté závity Viviparus viviparus - bahenka pruhovaná, 3 cm, tišiny velkých nížinných řek, povodí Labe, závity ploché; podobná druhu V. acerosus , ale menší Předožábří - Prosobranchia Čele ď: Hydrobiidae - praménkovití Potamopyrgus antipodarum - píse čník novozélandský, 5,5 mm, zavle čen z Nového Zélandu do celého sv ěta, tekoucí i stojaté vody, modelový organismus Alzoniella slovenica - výv ěrka slovenská, 1,5 mm, podzemní, zvodn ělé flyšové sedimenty Předožábří - Prosobranchia Čele ď: Hydrobiidae - praménkovití Bythinella austriaca - praménka rakouská, 3 mm, hojná v pramenech Karpat Lithoglyphus naticoides - kamolep říční, 8 mm, soutok Moravy a Dyje, tekoucí vody, na bahnitém substrátu Předožábří - Prosobranchia Čele ď: Bithyniidae - bahnivkovití Bithynia tentaculata - bahnivka rmutná, 10 mm, hojná ve vodách nížin, dob ře snáší eutroifizaci Bithynia troschelii - bahnivka východní, 10 mm, vzácný druh stojatých vod nížin, v minulosti v okolí Lednice, recentn ě neov ěř en; druhová samostatnost od B. leachii nevyjasn ěná, klasicky pouze poddruhy; obr. 1, 2 Bithynia leachii - bahnivka nadmutá, 6 mm, vzácný druh m ělkých poloperiodických vod nížin, p řirozen ě siln ě eutrofních; recentn ě jen v okolí Kostic a Tvrdonic; obr. 3 Předožábří - Prosobranchia Čele ď: Valvatidae - to čenkovití Valvata cristata - to čenka plochá, 3,5 mm, mok řadní vody nížin, tvarov ě okružák, ale víčko! Valvata macrostoma - to čenka veleústá, 4,5 mm, mok řadní vody nížin, vymírající – zánik biotop ů, recentn ě jen NPR Černínovsko u Ob říství Valvata piscinalis - to čenka kulovitá, 7 mm, pomalu tekoucí a stojaté vody nížin, hojný druh Fylogeneze Pulmonata Malakozoologie d c a b a e b c d e f f g h g h Veronicellidae Rathouisiidae plži - diverzita Pulmonata - plicnatí • převážně suchozemští, sekundárn ě sladkovodní, i mo řští, dýchají plícemi - siln ě prokrvená st ěna pláš ťové dutiny • operculum vždy chybí, vytváří diafragmy - blanitá víčka k p řečkání suchého období, p řes zimu také vápnité víčko v ústí (epifragma) • převážně saprofágové, fytofágové a všežravci, predátor ů je málo Basommatophora - spodnoocí • Jeden pár nezatažitelných tykadel, o či na bázi • U nás je 35 vodních Čele ď: Acroloxidae - člunicovití Acroloxus lacustris - člunice jezerní, 7 mm, na vegetaci stojatých vod nížin Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Lymnaeidae - plovatkovití Galba truncatula - plovatka malá, 1 cm, nejhojn ější plovatka, tak řka všude, hlavn ě drobné vody r. Stagnicola – blatnatka, 1,5-4 cm, stojaté vody, u nás 4 druhy spolehliv ě ur čitelných jen podle znak ů na penisu a řez ů prostatou 1: S. corvus – b. tmavá 3: S. fuscus – b. rybni čná 5: S. occultus – b. severní 2, 4: S. palustris – b. bažinná Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Lymnaeidae - plovatkovití Radix ampla - uchatka široká, 3 cm, nížinné pomale tekoucích a stojaté vody, ustupující, vzácná Radix auricularia - uchatka nadmutá, 3 cm, hojná hlavn ě v nížinách, dob ře snáší eutrifizaci Radix ovata - uchatka vej čitá, 2 cm, převážně ve stojatých vodách nížin Radix peregra - uchatka toulavá, 1,5 cm, velmi hojná, p ředevším menší rychleji tekoucí toky Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Lymnaeidae - plovatkovití Lymnaea stagnalis - plovatka bahenní, 6 cm, hojná ve stojatých vodách Myxas glutinosa – pláštěnka sliznatá, 14 mm, vzácn ě v periodických t ůních st ředního Polabí, poslední nálezy p řed 60 lety, vyhynula Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Physidae - levatkovití Aplexa hypnorum - levoto čka bažinná, 15 mm, v m ělkých bažinatých vodách nížin Physa fontinalis - levatka říční, 8 mm, na vegetaci ve stojatých vodách nížin Physella acuta - levatka ostrá, 10 mm, ve stojatých a pomalu tekoucích vodách nížin, druh pravd ěpodobn ě zavle čený z Ameriky (geneticky shodný s P. heterostropha ) Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Planorbidae - okružákovití Planorbis planorbis - ter čovník vroubený, 17 mm, nížinné tůně a rybníky s makrovegetací Planorbis carinatus - ter čovník kýlnatý, 15 mm, pomalu tekoucí a stojaté vody nížin, vzácný - již. Morava a Polabí Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Planorbidae - okružákovití Anisus leucostoma - svinutec běloústý, 7 mm, stojaté vody a drobné mok řady, velmi hojný rozlišení problematické Anisus spirorbis - svinutec kruhovitý, 7 mm, ve stojatých vodách velkých nížin hojný, hlavn ě v jarních t ůních Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Planorbidae - okružákovití Anisus vortex - svinutec sploštělý, 10 mm, ve stojatých vodách nížin hojný Anisus vorticulus - svinutec tenký, 5,5 mm, přirozené stojaté vody velkých nížin, vzácný mizející druh, recentn ě nejhojn ěji v širší oblasti soutoku Moravy a Dyje Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Planorbidae - okružákovití Anisus septemgyratus - svinutec sedmito čný, 8 mm, ve stojatých vodách nížin, vzácn ě na B řeclavsku 1: A. spirorbis 2: A. leucostoma 3: A. septemgyratus 4: A. vortex 5: A. vorticulus Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Planorbidae - okružákovití Bathyomphalus contortus - řemeník svinutý, 6 mm, stojaté vody a mok řady, hojný zejména v Hercyniku Gyraulus crista - kružník trnitý, 3 mm, stojaté vody a mok řady, hojný Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Planorbidae - okružákovití Gyraulus acronicus – kružník severní, 8 mm, vzácný druh, hojn ěji na T řebo ňsku a Horažďovicku, podélné linie slabé, záměna možná s G. rossmaessleri - pitva Gyraulus albus – kružník bílý, 6 mm, nejhojn ější okružák po celém území, většinou stojaté vody Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Planorbidae - okružákovití Gyraulus parvus - kružník malý, 5 mm, stojaté vody a pomalu tekoucí vody, ovlivn ěné a v ětšinou antropické, p ůvodem ze Severní Ameriky, stále hojn ější Gyraulus laevis - kružník hladký, 5 mm, stojaté nížinné vody, p řirozené, vzácn ější rozlišení od G. parvus je velmi obtížné, většinou vyžaduje pitvu Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Planorbidae - okružákovití Gyraulus rossmaessleri - kružník Rossmässler ův, 5 mm, stojaté periodické vody a mok řady, hojný ve Slezsku v jarních vodách Hippeutis complanatus - kýlnatec čočokovitý, 5 mm, stojaté vody, všude hojný Segmentina nitida - lištovka lesklá, 7 mm, stojaté vody a mok řady nížin, vzácn ější Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Planorbidae - okružákovití Planorbarius corneus - okružák ploský, 3 cm, stojaté spíše m ělké vody nížin Menetus dilatatus - menetovník americký, 5 mm, zavle čen ze Severní Ameriky, v Polabí, hlavn ě pískovny Basommatophora - spodnoocí Čele ď: Planorbidae - okružákovití Ancylus fluviatilis - kamomil říční, 8 mm, typický obyvatel tekoucích vod Ferrissia fragilis (=F. wautieri) - člunka pravohrotá, 5 mm, stojaté vody, nep ůvodní, hojný v akváriích Akvarijní druhy plžů Pomacella bridgesii , (= Ampullaria australis ) 2 cm, původn ě neotropický druh, v akváriích kosmopolitn ě Marisa cornuarietis, 2,5 cm, p ůvodem americký druh Melanoides tuberculatus , 2 cm, v sou časnosti kosmopolitní, v okolních státech znám z volné přírody - termální prameny Planorbella duryi , (= Helisoma trivolvis ), 15 mm, severoamerický druh, v akváriích hojný Gyraulus parvus, 4 mm, p ůvodem severoamerický druh, rychle se ší ří ve volné přírod ě, velmi podobný původnímu G. laevis Akvarijní druhy plžů – nové, právě v prodeji Neritina natalensis (Reeve, 1845), velikost okolo 2 cm, původem z jižní Afriky, v prodejnách akvaristiky (Brno, Stará Osada), Hornbach i OBI, (pod r ůznými jmény: Clithon retrupictus , Neritina paralella , N. zigzag , N. commuis ???) mlži - diverzita 3. Eulamellibranchia - listožábří • žábry jsou z dvoulupenitých vláken, navzájem spojených p říčnými spojkami - vzniká mřížovitá struktura s velkým povrchem; mo řští a všichni sladkovodní Cerastoderma edule - srdcovka jedlá, 6 cm, b ěžný druh evropských mo ří, b ěžně se konzumuje Pholas dactylus - skula ř vrtavý,
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