COMPARATIVE ECOLOGICAL STUDY of FRESH WATER ALGAE of VARIOUS LOCALITIES of the SAWAN RIVER by Ijaz Ahmed Department of Plant Sc
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COMPARATIVE ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF FRESH WATER ALGAE OF VARIOUS LOCALITIES OF THE SAWAN RIVER By Ijaz Ahmed Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 2016 COMPARATIVE ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF FRESH WATER ALGAE OF VARIOUS LOCALITIES OF THE SAWAN RIVER By Ijaz Ahmed A thesis submitted to the Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Sciences Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 2016 Dedication I dedicate my dissertation to my teacher- parents who introduced me to the avenues of learning and scholarship. DECLARATION It is to certify that this dissertation entitled “Comparative Ecological Study of Freshwater Algae of the Sawan River” Submitted by Mr. Ijaz Ahmed is accepted in its present form by the Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan, as satisfying the dissertation requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in Plant Sciences. Supervisor------------------- (Dr. Rizwana Aleem Qureshi) External Examiners 1). ----------------------- 2). ----------------------- Chairman. ----------------- (Dr. Tariq Mehmood) Dated: TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………….……………i LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………iv LIST OF TABLS………………………………………………………………….vi LIST OF ACRONYMS……………………………………………………….....viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………..x ABSTRACT………………………………….……………….………………….xii INTRODUCTION………………………………..………………………………01 1.1 Algal Habitats…………………………………………………………….…...01 1.2 Classification of Algae……………………………………..………………….02 1.3 Vegetative Morphologies in Algae……………………………………………03 1.3.1 Unicellular Algae………………………………………………………..03 1.3.2 Colonial Algae…………………………………………………………...03 1.3.3 Filamentous Algae………………………………………………………04 1.3.4 Pseudo-filamentous Algae………………………………………………04 1.3.5 Parenchymatous Algae…………………………………………………..04 1.4 Ecological Division of Algae………………………………………………….04 1.5 Description of the Study Area…………………………………………………05 1.6 Algal Studies of the Area………………………………………………………12 1.7 Significance of Algal Studies…………………………………………………..13 1.8 Aims and Objectives of the Studies……………………………………………13 i REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………..……………………15 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………..…………………28 3.1 Selection of Sites for Collection……………………………………………..28 3.2 Collection of GPS (Global Positioning System) Data….………………........29 3.3 Collection of Samples & Sampling Schedule……………………………….29 3.4 Collection Algal Samples……………………………………………………31 3.5 Preservation of Algal Samples………………………………………………32 3.6 Microscopy of Algal Samples………………………………………….........32 3.7 Identification of Algal Species………………………………………………34 3.8 Documentation of biotic components……………………………………….34 3.9 Documentation of abiotic components………………………………………34 3.10 Analysis of Data…………………………………………………………….36 RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………………39 4.1 Algal Taxonomy & Summary of algal survey……………………………….39 4.2 Taxonomic description of algal flora…………………………………………56 4.3 Eco-Phycological Assessment of Non-Polluted water……………………....126 4.4 Physico-chemical Assessment of non-polluted water………………………178 4.5 Non-polluted sites diversity indices……………………………………..…181- 4.6 Clustering analysis of Non-polluted water Samples (Monthly variations)…184 4.7 Seasonal and Annual variations non polluted sites…………………………185 4.8 Results for Ordination by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)..…..188 ii 4.9 Eco-Phycological Assessment of Polluted water…………………………..194 4.10 Physico-chemical Assessment of Polluted water…………………………209 4.11 Polluted sites diversity indices, species evenness and richness…….……..212 4.12 Clustering of Samples (Monthly variations of Polluted Sites)……………214 4.13 Clustering of Samples (Monthly variations of Polluted Sites)……….…...216 4.14 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of Environmental Variables………………………………………………………………….217 4.15 Ordination by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) Seasonal Variation …………………………………………………………………220 PICTORIAL VIEWS OF SELECTED ALGAL SPECIES….…………………224 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS………………………………………….…...244 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….…...253 APPENDICES..................................................................................................…...273 PUBLICATIONS & CERTIFICATES …………………………………….…...281 iii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1 Map of the Study Area………………………………………….....................08 Fig. 1.2 View of Sawan River at Non-polluted site…………………………...09 Fig.1.3 View of Epilithic Algal flora at Non-polluted site……………………09 Fig. 1.4 View of Sawan River at Polluted site………………………………..11 Fig. 1.5 Un-treated Industrial & Sewage waste water entering River………..11 Fig 3.1 Non-Polluted Sampling sites of the River Sawan……………………………28 Fig 3.2 Non-Polluted Sampling sites of the River Sawan……………………………29 Fig. 3.3 Author recording GPS data…………………………………………..30 Fig. 3.4 Author collecting algal sample………………………………………30 Fig. 3.5 Author doing microscopic studies of algal samples………………….33 Fig. 4.1 Distribution of Algal Species among different divisions……………………40 Fig. 4.2 Number of different algal taxa within all documented divisions……………41 Fig 4.3 Average Monthly species richness at Non-Polluted Sites…………………..169 Fig 4.4 Non-polluted sites diversity indices…………………………………………182 Fig. 4.5 Clustering analysis of Non-polluted Samples (Monthly variations)………186 Fig 4.6 Seasonal and Annual variations non polluted sites…………………………187 Fig. 4.7 CCA biplot depicting ecological distance amongst the months & the environmental variables at non-polluted sites…….......................................192 Fig. 4.8 CCA biplot depicting ecological distance amongst the species & the environmental variables at non-polluted sites……………………………..193 Fig 4.9 Month wise Algal distribution of Polluted Water of Sawan River…………206 Fig 4.10 Polluted sites diversity indices…………………………………………….212 iv Fig. 4.11 Clustering of Samples (Monthly variations of Polluted Sites)…………..215 Fig. 4.12 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of Polluted sites…………….216 Fig. 4.13 CCA biplot depicting ecological distance amongst the months & the environmental variables of Polluted sites.………………………………220 Fig. 4.14 CCA biplot depicting ecological distance amongst the species & the environmental variables of Polluted sites………………………………221 Fig.4.15 Response curves of the abundant species against rainfall in the study area/period…………………………………………………………….…223 Fig. 4.16 Response curves of the abundant species against water turbidity in the study area/period………………………………………………….....223 v LIST OF TABLES Table. 1.1 Coordinates of Collections Sites of the Study Area……………………….06 Table. 4.1 Algal Floristic List of the Sawan River, Rawalpindi……………………...42 Table 4.2 No. of Genera within Algal Divisions based on their species number ……56 Table 4.3 Eco-Phycological Monthly Assessment of Non-Polluted Water of Sawan River from Mar-2008 to Feb-2009; March=3---- February=2……………..130 Table 4.4 Eco-Phycological Monthly Assessment of fresh water of Sawan River from Mar-2009 to Feb-2010; March=3---- February=2................................143 Table 4.5 Eco-Phycological Monthly Assessment of fresh water of Sawan River from Mar-2010 to Feb-2011; March=3---- February=2……………………156 Table 4.6 Month wise Species Diversity of Non-Polluted Water of Sawan River...…169 Table 4.7 Eco-Phycological Assessment of fresh water of Sawan River during 2008-2011………………………………………………………………….170 Table 4.8 Monthly environmental variables data from 2008-2011 (averaged) at non-polluted sites…………………………………………………………..180 Table 4.9 Non-Polluted sites Diversity Indices……………………………………….183 Table 4.10 Ordination through Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) of Non-polluted Sites…………………………………………………………189 Table 4.11 Numerical results (descending order) of CCA score and correlation for constraining environment variables. (Non-polluted water)………………191 Table 4.12 Eco-Phycological Monthly Assessment of Polluted water of Sawan River Mar-2008 to Feb-2009; March=3---- February=2…………………197 vi Table 4.13 Eco-Phycological Monthly Assessment of Polluted water of Sawan River Mar-2009 to Feb-2010; March=3---- February=2………………….200 Table 4.14 Eco-Phycological Monthly Assessment of Polluted water of Sawan River (Mar-2010 to Feb-2011; March=3---- February=2…………………203 Table 4.15 Month wise Species Diversity of Polluted Water of Sawan River March 2008 To February 2011……………………………………………206 Table 4.16 Eco-Phycological Assessment of Polluted water of the Sawan River during 2008-2011…………………………………………………………207 Table 4.17 Monthly environmental variables data from 2008-2011 (averaged) at Polluted sites……………………………………………………………211 Table 4.18 Polluted sites diversity indices……………………………………………213 Table 4.19 Ordination through Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) of Polluted Sites……………………………………………………………...217 Table 4.20 Numerical results (descending order) of CCA score and correlation for the constraining environment variables of Polluted water……………….219 Annex-I Abbreviations and accession Numbers of Species for Multivariate Analysis……………………………………………………………………273 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS Acc. No. Accession Number Abb. Abbreviations Alk. Alkalinity Apr. April Aug. August Ca Calcium CA California CCA Canonical Correspondence Analysis Cl Chlorine Dec. December Div. Division DMg Margalef’s diversity index e.g., for example EC Electrical Conductivity Feb. February Fig. Figure HCO3 Bicarbonates i.e., that is IVI. Importance Value Index Jan. January Jul. July Jun. June K Kalium (Potassium) Mar. March Mg Magnesium viii Na Natrium (Sodium) no. number NO3 Nitrate Nov. November