English Journal Vol. 19, No. 2; September, 2016, pp. 28-38
LITERARY ADAPTATION’S EFFECTS ON PLOT AND CHARACTER IN DR. ZHIVAGO: AN INTERTEXTUAL STUDY
Movi Riana Rahmawanti English Education Program Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Bogor Ibn Khaldun University [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research try to reveal what are the elements of plot and characters that are retained, exaggerated and glossed over along with literary adaptation process. This research is an inter textual studies with Qualitative Descriptive analysis. Dr. Zhivago is a story with Russian revolution background about the struggle of a doctor in finding his lost love, identity, and the essence of life. This study will specifically compare the novel and film in terms of plot and character. The writer wants to reveal which elements that retained and whether there is any distortion or exaggeration in plot and character as a result of the process of literary adaptation. The writer will analyze the novel and the film as source of data. Through the analysis, it can be concluded that most of the elements are retained, but there are a number of distortions and exaggerations in the plot and character as a result of the process of literary adaptation from novel to film. Obvious distortions described in the plot is the elimination of political background plots at that time. This is because, at that moment, most of political films were strongly opposed and banned. Intertextuality emphasizes the distortion compensated in the film through some other elements such as pictures, music, and others. Similar things happen to the characters where some of the characters are exaggerated when they are potrayed in the film. For example General Yevgarf Zhivago is potrayed as a true hero in the film, but as a minor character in the novel. The distortion is the compensation of the elimination of several political characters. The purpose of the distortions of some characters in the film, which are the minority during the revolution, is to avoid political incorrectness. The distortions and exaggerations of the plot and character turn to affect the overall plot and theme of the story. When the novel is adapted into a film, Dr Zhivago turns to be a romance with the background of the Russian revolution, whereas in the novel, the main concern of the author is on the impact of the revolution to oppressed minority.
Keywords: Intertextual studies, Dr. Zhivago, Literary Adaptation
INTRODUCTION author. It is an expression of life which Our daily life cannot be separated from is combined with imagination and literary works, we love excitement; we expression of the author; it is also love to be entertained by literary works, supported by her/his experiences about and one kind of literary work is novel. the life. The author freely moves the plot According to E.M.Forster (1927:129), that makes novel is included as a fiction. ―novel is one of fiction prose which tells Plot and character in a novel are very a way to reveal explicitly, or explain important because they are related each anything directly‖. Novel is a text that other and the main function of plot is to can be influenced by society and culture. represent a character in action. According Although novel is a fiction it doesn‘t to Forster (1927:131) ―some characters mean that it is only imagination of the are the driving forces behind some plots,
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Literary Adaptation’s Effects on Plot and Character in Dr. Zhivago: An Intertextual Study (Movi Riana Rahmawanti)
and the plots would simply collapse or story takes places in the Russia become non-existent without them‖. In revolution and the civil wars. other words, he stresses that conceiving In the film there were some changes plots without characters is impossible. which lead another conception about the Plot is very important in fiction, although story. This film was rejected because of not often noted, characters are also Pasternak's political incorrectness: the crucial to the plot. author more concerned with the welfare Jacob and Saini K.M (1980:24) of the state than the welfare of the stated that ―A novel is a story with individual person. The film version of various measurements‖. What meant by Doctor Zhivago is faithful to the novel in measurement here is that a story with general; the basic plot remains the same. complex plot, theme, various character, However, many of the subplots (the and various setting. However, the variety novel's historical/political settings) were may be specific to one aspect of the eliminated. Many reviewers have novel. One of famous novel with various criticized the film in particular for measurements with complex characters reducing the scene of World War I to a and plot is Dr Zhivago. five-minute narration, and edited Although the story was written in the Zhivago's service with the Partisans part, 1910s and 1920s, Doctor Zhivago was which took up seventy pages of the not completed until 1956. The novel was novel. rejected because of Pasternak's political Having discussed the novel, the viewpoint (incorrect in the eyes of the writer wants to conduct a study to reveal Soviet authorities: they think he potrays what aspects of plot and characters in Dr the cruelty of communism regime). Then Zhivago the novel retained in the film. If the novel firstly published in Italy, there are any distortions or exaggeration, quietly in Russia, then later translated how these two things may affect the other Into English and published in England. aspects of the fiction, since plot and Later, Dr Zhivago the novel has been characters are important to the story. translated into 18 Languages, and spread Using Intertextuality, the writer tries throughout the world. He was awarded to reveal what aspects of plot and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958 for character that are retained to the film. his novel, Dr. Zhivago. Pasternak refuses Intertextuality is a theory in which a the award under intense pressure from literary work is created based on previous Uni Soviet‘s authorities, but later in 1989 literary text. This theory believes that the noble medal, formally awarded to his there are some aspects in one literary son. He was so depressed after his works works similar to another text. When we was abandoned and finally died in May coined about intertextuality, it cannot be 30, 1960 because of natural causes. separated from the literary adaptation. Following its success, Dr Zhivago During the process of adaptation there are the novel was adapted into film in 1965. some exaggerations and distortions that Doctor Zhivago the film is a 1965 might affect the theme of each literary drama-romance-film directed by David text. The writer is going to check if there Lean and based on the famous novel of are any aspects of fiction glossed over the same name by Boris Pasternak. David and it will focus on plot and characters. Lean is a maestro in creating box office film and nominated as best directors THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK many times. Dr Zhivago talks about Intertextual human‘s life and destiny, though the Intertextuality is a theory that claims that a literary work is not only the product of
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a single author but also its relationship to without having any context for ‗house‘, other texts and to the structures of the story will have no meaning for me. language itself. According to Fowler Related to this matter, in literary works (2000:127), Intertextuality is closely this view also happened. What is told by related to reading practice, meaning the a story is possibly already told by reception and what said as intertext previous works to give a description depends on the readers. A single about a thing. The only thing that may character, for example, might be read as differentiate them only exaggerations and the product of multiple intertextualities distortions. If literary text is exaggerated, with other characters from previous it means the aspect of it is blown over, works. and the text has a distortion while it has When Julia Kristeva invented the many reductions in some aspects of term ‗intertextuality,' she noted that there fiction. Exaggeration and distortion are are three aspects involved beside the text deviations from expected and normal under consideration; the author, the proportions. reader, and the other exterior texts. Kristeva writes: Literary Adaptation Horizontal axis (subject-addressee) Adaptation is not a new phenomenon at and vertical axis (text-context) all. Intertextual studies show that most coincide, bringing to light an stories are derived from other stories. important factor: each word (text) is According to Julia Sanders (2006:20) the an intersection of word (texts) adaptation is proper when a specific work where at least one other word (text) of literature is retold in a multimodal can be read. In Bakhtin′s work, medium – a film. Deborah Cartmell these two axes, which he calls proposes three broad categories of dialogue and ambivalence, are not adaptation: clearly distinguished. Yet, what (i) Transposition appears as a lack of rigour is in fact (ii) Commentary an insight first introduced into (iii) Analoguep literary theory by Bakhtin:. Any (Cartmell and Whelehan 1999: 24) text is constructed as a mosaic of Intertextual studies have showed us quotation; any text is the absorption that even the seemingly original story has and transformation of another. The its precursors, a fact that somehow notion of intertextuality replaces reduces the absolute authority of the that of intersubjectivity, and poetic source text in an adaptation process, language is read as at least double which in this case specify into (1986: 66). exaggeration and distortions. Related to literary adaptation the For Kristeva, (1984: 60) writer is at the same time a reader: The transposition is the signifying process‘ writer's interlocutor, then, is the writer ability to pass from one sign system to himself, but as the reader of another text. another, to exchange and permutate them; The one who writes is the same who and representability the specific reads. articulation of the semiotic and the thetic The analogy of intertext can be for a sign system. On the surface, all simply described like this; If I read the screen versions of novels are word ‗house,‘ but I have never seen a transpositions in the sense that they take a house nor read anything about houses, text from one genre and deliver it to new then I cannot understand what a house is. audiences by means of the aesthetic So, if I read or write a story about a house conventions of an entirely different
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Literary Adaptation’s Effects on Plot and Character in Dr. Zhivago: An Intertextual Study (Movi Riana Rahmawanti)
generic process (here novel into film). character in the novel, the analysis However, many adaptations, of novels conducted systematically through the and other generic forms contain further dialogue and narration of the novel from layers of transposition, relocating their chapter 1 until chapter 16. The analysis is source texts not just generically, but in also conducted systematically through the cultural, geographical, and temporal dialogue and narration in 285 pages of terms. film scripts, or 3 hours 20 minutes duration of the film. The writer compares METHOD the analysis of plot and character in the The research method of this study is film and the novel using intertextuality descriptive analysis combined with approaches and other theories. The result descriptive comparative method using of the analysis simplified in the intertextuality approach. The writer uses comparison of character and plot in Dr. intertextuality because this research is Zhivago the novel And Dr. Zhivago the about to give a comparison of the plot film and the table of exaggeration and and characters between Dr. Zhivago the distortion of plot and character and novel and Dr. Zhivago the film. political distortion table. The data are taken from the website: David Forster (1927:130-131) http://rapidshare.com/files/227080299/dr stresses that conceiving story without zhivago.pdf, and are analyzed by putting plots is impossible. Plot is very important them in the comparison tables of plot and in fiction because story cannot be characters in the novel and the film. communicated if there is no plot, and plot Qualitative research techniques are cannot be displayed if there is no employed in the study to create insights character. So they are dependent each about situations or problems where we other. Kristeva (1984:86) always stresses would like to have more knowledge. that intertextual studies have showed us Several qualitative techniques are used to that even the seemingly original story has gather the qualitative data necessary to do its precursors, a fact that somehow this study. They are as the following: reduces the absolute authority of the a. Analyze each the plot and character in source text in an adaptation process, the novel and film through dialogue which in this case is specified into and narrative description. exaggeration and distortions. Regarding b. Classify each Plot and Character of to this matter, the writer tried to compare the novel and the film based on the each plot and characteristics in both film aspects of plot and character. and novel of Doctor Zhivago to reveal c. Enter the classification into the table which element of plot and novel that are of plot and character in The film and exaggerated or distorted. novel For Kristeva, (1984: 60) d. Using Intertextuality, compare the transposition is the signifying process‘ plot and the character in the novel and ability to pass from one sign system to the film and enter the comparison to another, to exchange and permutate them; the comparison table of Character and and representability the specific plot in the film and novel. articulation of the semiotic and the thetic e. Draw a conclusion. for a sign system. In conclusion, all screen versions of novels are FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION transpositions, meaning that they take a The writer analyzes the plot and character text from one genre and deliver it to new in Dr Zhivago the film and Dr. Zhivago form of literary works. The exaggerations the novel. In order to analyze the plot and and distortions of the film and the novel
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as a result of the literary adaptation are solving Lara‘s problems, and in the film, described below. the main problem were solved in the beginning, while in the novel, it was Plot solved in the end. The writer also found In terms of general plot, the writer found some exaggeration in the scene about two out that at least 2 distortions after the characters which are: Yevgraf Zhivago comparison, in the exposition stage: the and Komarovsky. They both have much explanation about Misha Gordon and his bigger portion in the element of plot than experience facing Yuri‘s father that in the novel. committing suicide. The writer also It was very hard to summarize 450 found 4 different representations in the pages in the novel into three hours and film: Lara‘s intention to shoot twenty minutes in the film. In order to komarovsky, Lara effort to run away make the story simple, the film leaves out from komarovsky, Yuri‘s live after his some of the more important parts that mother death, and the searching of Yuri‘s exist in the book. The film leave out a daughter which revealed in the huge amount of the beginning and end of explanation stage in the film, but in the the book that is important for resolution stage in the novel. understanding both Zhivago and more The same things occurred in the importantly Lara herself. The reason that Complication stage, the writer found out the producer left out the part where at least 4 distortions: the introduction of strelnikov / antipov meets zhivago a Samdevyatov, the scene of Mikultsin, second time (the first he meets zhivago in Lara‘s meeting with Galiluin and the war his train) is because in order to make the scene where Yuri services the partisans. film, they left out so much background The writer also found 5 different story as to how and why strelnikov representations in the film: the victim of became such a political radical and why the shoot in the Christmas party, Anna‘s zhivago became a poet. Gromeko death, Lara‘s life after the Moreover, the flashback structure in shoot, the scene where Yuri and Lara the film, by Yevgraf‘s narration, totally were serving together, and Yefgrav first ignores Pasternak‘s desire to reflect the meeting with Yuri. unstable reality of Russia‗s pre and post In the crisis stage the writer found revolutionary condition. John Tibbets one different interpretation: in the novel, (2005:102) said that as a whole, the film Pasha was shoot himself after have a does not reach the poetic and meeting with Yuri, but in the film, philosophical complexity of Pasternak‘s Komarovsky told Yuri that pasha was novel. The novel was full of poetic arrested 5 miles near Yuriatin, took a gun expression of zhivago and it was from a guard and shoot himself. In falling distorted when it was adapted into film, action stage, the writer found one Yuri‘s life also full of philosophical different interpretation: In the end, Yuri journey which are didn‘t showed up in back to Moscow with Samdevyatov, meet the film. Vassya Birkin, married with marina and The most important thing is the have two daughters, while in the film Producer leave out a large number of Yevgraf get Yuri to Moscow, gave him a political views which made some job, and buy some clothes for him. historical confusion as served in table 7. The last, in the resolution the writer The writer found at least there are two found out two different interpretations: historical confusions: Events of 1905 and Lara‘s life after she leaving with 1912 treated at same time in Moscow and komarovsky, the scene when Yevgraf in the Lenin arrival in Moscow, provisional
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Literary Adaptation’s Effects on Plot and Character in Dr. Zhivago: An Intertextual Study (Movi Riana Rahmawanti)
government announced, civil war the Russian revolution, which was not the announced. The writer also found that at intention of the author. least there were 5 political plot distortions in the film. The producer Character decided to reduce the depiction of World There were also many distortions and War I to a mere five minute narration different characterizations in the film, sequence, and a similar treatment of and also there are many fewer characters Zhivago's service with the Partisans, in the film than in the novel. The film which took up nearly seventy pages of focuses on five main characters: Yuri, the novel. Because of this matter, the film Lara, Pasha, Tonya and Victor was turned into a romance with a Komarovsky, while the novel is packed backdrop of the Russian Revolution. full of weird concurrences; characters Many adaptations, of novels and disappear and reappear at random, film, relocating their source texts not just encountering each other in the most generically, but in cultural, geographical, random places. The novel described the and political terms. The literary life in revolution era through many adaptation process from the novel into characters and each of them have their the film already relocating the source text own story about the revolution itself, in Political terms, by distorting many which didn‘t appeared in the film. political events in the film. The As Andersen (2007 : 57) stated that producer‘s decision to leave out large the medium of the film stresses visibility: number of political scene has come out characters must be visible, which they are for some reason.1965 was a bad time in not in the novel. In the film audience do the West to make a political film out of see Yuri visibility being a doctor and a Dr Zhivago and there was a political poet: audience see him making under story to it. Alexander Solzhenitsyn diagnoses, binding up wounds, said that for a country to have a great publishing books of poetry, reading writer is like having another government review of his works, and writing verse as Andersen (2007: 57), so making a direct well. Related to character, mostly, the political film definitely wasn‘t a good novels use indirect characterization in decision at that time. The author already describing the character. In the novel, prove this, his works was abandoned there are many philosophical views of because considered as an ―anti – each character, and the author only guide communism‖ because it contained too the reader to conclude the philosophical many political view. view of each character, but not fully The Author tried to displayed the describe it. Meanwhile, in the film, effect of revolution to the many people, mostly the characterization was described for example: Misha Gordon as directly. The film must describe the representation of Jewish, Yusupka as details of every character accurately and Representation of Muslim, Samdevyatov clearly, so that the audience is not as representation of Marxist, Nikolay confused in understanding the and mikulitsin as a representation of characterization of each character. The white people and etc, unfortunately, this producer leads the audience to understand fact didn‘t showed up in the film. The the character by simply describes it. producer decided to eliminate their scene The book displayed that Yuri was in the film, to make the film simple, but more powerless against his destiny and these distortions will make this film not Lara was a slave for Yuri (she would do more than a romance with a backdrop of anything and think that Yuri was the only hero in her life). While in the novel, Lara
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noticed that Yuri was very fickle, and she characters that have great contribution in also realized his powerlessness against shaping Yuri‘s political view were their misery. Lara was more deeply in eliminated in the film to avoid political love with Yuri in the book than in film, misunderstanding. and they have similarities which not Mischa Gordon, Nicky Dudorov, revealed in the film that they were Nikolai Nikolayevich Vedeniapin, Anfim destroyed by their early life. As well as Yefimovitch Samdevyatov and Avercius Komarovsky who became a major Mikulitsin enriched Yuri‘s political character in the film, but rather a minor in knowledge in the novel. Unfortunately, the book. In the film, he was described as Soviet censors construed some passages a cruel man that ruined Lara‘s and Yuri‘s as anti-Marxist. There are implied life, but in the book, there are some part criticisms of Stalinism and references to that explained his obsession to Lara not prison camps (GULAG) as revealed by only based on sexual appeal, but also his kostoied amoursky and Samdevyatov, sincerity love. that‘s why the film eliminated this two In the film the producer developed characters. In the train to varykino, many Yuri as a strong character but then acquaintances which not displayed in the destroyed and became powerless during film, for example Yuri‘s meeting with the revolution. Young Yuri was described Samdevyatov who became a hero in as a weak child in the book, as a result of Yuri‘s life. Samdevyatov is a Marxist, the condition in his early life. The film through his characterization and dialogue showed up that his ideology was shaped with Yuri, something that revealed is because of Komarovsky and his traumatic Yuri did not agree much with Marxist, he childhood. In the book his ideology was was disagreeing with samdevyatov point shaped during his meeting and of view. It was the reason why The film conversation with some people who had to eliminated some character, to didn‘t exist in the film, and encouraged avoided wrong political point of view him to be strong. Misha Gordon, which like the book have. not exists in the film, revealed Yuri‘s The fact that he was a ―counter view of some minorities, like Jewish. revolution ―didn‘t show up in the film. Misha knew for sure that Yuri was He and his family considered as a defendless through the misery of his life; ―counter- revolution‖ and it has come out he is unable to make a better world for for some reasons, he never wanted to be a his family and people he loved, because counter revolution and this fact never revolution did not give him any chance to explained in the film. As well as improve his life. General Pyotr Nikolayevich who was a From his dialogue with Nicky white army didn‘t showed up in the film. dudorov, Yuri understands about atheism, Through Pyotr, Yuri understands about and he concludes that revolution didn‘t the reason of revolution and the meaning support Nicky‘s life as an atheist. Yuri as of counter-revolution. The whites were a ―counter revolution‖ which is the treat as the minority and against active minority at that time, agrees with the anti-Bolsheviks, such as Cossacks as revolution, but did not agree of the idea revealed in the train in varykino scene. of building a new man. His term about White Terror was racial and political, minority and revolution change against Jews, anti-monarchists, throughout the story, because he and Communists which mean that the encountered many people who give him whites hate and against people that another point of view of the political helped Yuri‘s life. Yuri learned about the issues at that time. These minor reds through Pasha, he is a revolutionary
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Literary Adaptation’s Effects on Plot and Character in Dr. Zhivago: An Intertextual Study (Movi Riana Rahmawanti)
amateur and a military leader; his age, it makes him very fickle to make a ultimate fall from grace is because he is decision and he also fickle about his not a true Bolshevik He becomes a feeling. In the end his fickleness was merciless individual over the story. responsible in made him and people Through him, Yuri knew that although whom he loved ended up in misery. pasha already dedicated his life for Yuri‘s life, focusing on Yuri and revolution, it doesn‘t enough, the Lara‘s numerous encounters and revolution demands more than that. farewells. In fact, while omitting a In the book, strelnikov was very poor number of characters and scenes when he was raised, and his father was important for the novel‘s development, prisoned for being a political radical. Lean and Bolt add episodes such as Yuri Zhivago, on the other hand, had a father and Lara‘s first encounter on the streetcar who was very wealthy, though he was and Yuri‘s last sight of Lara in a Moscow driven into poverty and alcoholism by street, to simply frame the romantic story. Komorovsky. Each of them is a symbolic Furthermore, according to John Tibbets of three parts of Russian society, the (2005:102), the film‘s emphasis on the poor, by Strelnikov, the upper classes, by love story undermines the overriding Zhivago, who is the son of a man who philosophical theme of the novel—the was wealthy, but who had his wealth creation of a new cosmic order—which destroyed by his relationship with constantly recurs in the philosophical Komorovsky, and the legal system, the thoughts of Pasternak‘s characters. government bureaucracy, no matter what In the book the character like pasha, kind of government exists, is represented Yuri, Samdevyatov, and misha Gordon by Komorovsky. All three are fascinated was described as a hero. Unfortunately by Lara, the child of a foreign French these characters were so unheroic, so woman and all three are in some way passive and unchanging in the film. The destroyed by their relationship with her. writer also found that there is an This representation of Russian society exaggeration in the film, the brother didn‘t clearly describe in the film. played by Alec Guinness in the film, is a Looking at Zhivago too romantically major character in the older film, but is a comes out the movie, but in the book rather minor character in the book. The Yuri was very fickle. In the book, he was book simply says that he was a powerful deeply in love with Tonya, his wife, and man in revolution era, and he only help Lara, his mistress, but he also shared his Yuri at some point, while another love and was in a ―common law character appeared to help Yuri besides marriage‖ with Marina, and has two him. The producer decided to make children. The similarity between three Yevgraf as a major character in the film, of them is, Yuri successfully made them because he become one of the most feel that he loved and faithful to each of important characters in the book, just like them. The film stresses that Yuri was Mischa Gordon, Nicky Dudorov, Nikolai really in love with Lara, and even it was Nikolayevich Vedeniapin, Anfim described that his love toward Tonya Yefimovitch Samdevyatov and Avercius unlike a lover. It was just like love from Mikulitsin with General Zhivago in the brother to a sister, and he never shared 1965 version, to make film simpler. his love but to Lara only. Tonya always Komarovsky were ruining Yuri‘s life thinks that Yuri is a responsible person all along the story in the film, but the for his family, while in some point he is book simply says that he‘s not the only actually not. In the film Yuri much more person that responsible for Yuri‘s misery. influenced by what happened in his early The book explained that Yuri also caused
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misery of his life, his powerlessness to The film focuses only to five main change his destiny make him lost people characters: Yuri, Lara, Pasha, Tonya and he loved. The book explains about the Victor Komarovsky, while the novel is ideology behind Komarovsky‘s name, it‘s packed full of odd concurrences; from ―Komarov‖ which mean mosquito, characters disappear and reappear at a bloody insect. He was an opposite of random, encountering each other in the Yuri (the meaning of Yuri is =Life), he most improbable places. The film was powerful and always able to get what distorting some minor characters that are he wanted. There is a similarity between have contribution in shaping the them, they not get what they wanted: ideological and political view of the main Lara, the only thing differentiates them is character. This is because each character Komarovsky never gave up to struggle that was eliminated contained their own until he was end up alone. political point of view which may cause Having analyzed the data, it can be some political incorrectness at that time. concluded that most of the element of plot and character were retained, but CONCLUSION there are some distortions and This study is conducted through the exaggerations as a result of literary intertextuality approach. It uses theory of adaptation from novel to film. character, novel, and literary adaptation Intertextuality emphasized that the to analyze the novel. From the result of distortion was compensated in the film study, it is hoped that the readers will be through some other elements such as more aware and have an analytical pictures, music, and others. Perhaps we thinking while watching a film that is can look at the relationship between book based on a novel because sometimes and film in much the same way: the there are some exaggerations and written word is certainly unbeatable in distortions as a result of literary many respects, but the film undoubtedly adaptation process. For instance, the Dr has its means of compensating by replace Zhivago the film which is a literary many existing text that were eliminated adaptation from the novel in the same to other element of film like images and title proved that during the literary music. adaptation process there are some fiction In terms of general plot, the writer elements which are distorted and found out that at least there are 7 exaggerated and they are specified into distortions and 13 different plot and character. These exaggeration interpretations in the film. The most and distortion might affect the whole important thing is where the producer left theme of each of literary texts. out a large number of political views and It is also hoped that the result of the found at least five distortions of plot that study enriches the study of literature and made some historical confusion. The becomes a useful references for literary adaptation process from the novel henceforth study, especially study of into the film already relocated and intertextuality and literary adaptation. distorted many political events to the The Literary adaptation is a process that film. When it is adapted into a film, Dr exists in society. It is a process which is Zhivago turned to be a romance with the the existing literary work is delivered into background of the Russian revolution, a new form of literary works. The literary whereas in the novel, the main concern of adaptation process usually makes the new the author is on the impact of the form that is exaggerated or distorted from revolution to the minorities. the existing text, and this is may affect the whole theme of each literary texts.
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Literary Adaptation’s Effects on Plot and Character in Dr. Zhivago: An Intertextual Study (Movi Riana Rahmawanti)
Therefore, the study of intertextuality From Text to Screen, Screen to Text. of literary adaptation is needed because London: Routledge. literary adaptation is common in our Clowes, Edith. (1995). Doctor Zhivago. a daily life and the process also may affect critical companion. US of America: the whole theme of each literary text. Northwestern University Press.. This issue is still possible to be analyzed Lean, David (director). (1965). Dr. further in different contexts to enrich the Zhivago.United states: MGM literature study. As a result, many people E.M. Forster. (1927). Aspects of the would be aware and realize that Novel. New York: Harcourt Brace exaggeration and distortion during the and Company. literary adaptation process might affect Endaswara, Suwardi. (2008). Metodologi the whole theme of each literary text. Penelitian Sastra. Jakarta: Buku Kita. Folwer, Don. (2000). On the Shoulders of REFERENCES Giants.” Roman Constructions: "Bolshevik.". Wikipedia, the Free Readings in Postmodern Latin. New Encyclopedia. 21. Dec.2009. York: Oxford University Press. Wikimedia Foundation. 29 Dec 2009. http://rapidshare.com/files/227080299/dr
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Second Edition. United States of America: Facts on File, Inc. William Harmon and C. Hugh Holman. (1996). A Handbook to Literature, 7th ed. Prentice-Hall.
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