Human Immunology 80 (2019) 423–424

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Human Immunology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/humimm

Short population report The pattern of HLA-A, -B and -DRB1 alleles and haplotypes of four Malay T sub-ethnic groups namely Kelantan, Champa, Patani and Mandailing of Peninsular ⁎ Shahril Allia , Mohd-Nor Norazmi, Sundararajulu Panneerchelvam, Zainuddin Zafarina

Human Identification Unit, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

“Bumiputra” or “son of the soil” is a term used to represent the Malays and other indigenous populations of Malaysia. The Malays are Austronesian speaking population and originated from different parts of the Indo-Malay Archipelago. The migration of Malay population from different parts of Indo-Malay Archipelago were mainly due to trading purposes which shaped the current Malay sub-ethnic groups with unique culture and with distinctive dialects. In this study, HLA typing was carried out using Sequence-based Typing (SBT) method on 109 individuals comprising of four Malay sub-ethnic groups namely Kelantan (n = 28), Champa (n = 29), Patani (n = 25) and Mandailing (n = 27) Malays. The HLA data is available in the Allele Frequencies Net Database (AFND).

Malays are an Austronesian language speaking population living in Vietnamese government and due to this, many Champa people mi- the geographical region extending from the west of Indochina to the grated out of their original homeland to different countries [4]. Man- Bismark Island, known as Indo-Malay Archipelago [1]. Archaeological dailing people originated from the northern part of Island in and linguistic studies have suggested that the movements of Aus- . Civil war in West Sumatera from 1821 until 1838 further tronesian speakers were from Taiwan (1500BC) to Philippines, In- increased the migration of the Mandailing people to the West of Pe- donesia and further to and finally reached ninsular Malaysia [5]. Study on the genetic makeup of these Malay sub- by 500BC [1]. However, this finding is contested by studies using ge- ethnic groups could give a more refined information on the genetic netic approach. Study by Oppenheimer using mitochondrial genetic diversity exhibited in the Malay population. In addition to that, the markers suggested that the origin of Austronesian speaking population genetic relationship between these Malay sub-ethnic groups could be is actually within 13,000 to 17,000 years ago and ex- studied and correlated with the historical information. pansion from Southeast Asia to Philippines and Taiwan happened 7,000 Kelantan (n = 28), Champa (n = 29), Patani (n = 25) and to 14,000 years ago [2]. Mandailing (n = 27) Malays were studied using HLA-Sequence Based The early Malay speaking groups settled in the Malay Peninsula and Typing (SBT) method. The inclusion criteria for sample selection were; founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms. Due to Malay descendent from three un-admixed generations and healthy. The trading activities, there were migrations of populations within the Indo- locations where the samples were collected are shown in Fig. 1. Ethical Malay Archipelago, which contributed to the presence of various Malay approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Com- sub-ethnic groups in Malaysia [1]. In this study, Kelantan, Mandailing, mittee, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Champa and Patani Malay sub-ethnic groups were studied. HLA-A, -B and -DRB1 loci were typed using Secore® HLA Kelantan is located at the north-eastern coast of Malay Peninsula. Sequencing kit by Invitrogen Corp., and the alleles were identified using The geographic location of Kelantan provided opportunity for the uType® software by Thermo Fisher Scientific Incorporation. IMGT/HLA Kelantan Malays to interact with population in the north part of Malay database release 3.13.1 was used. Samples that produced ambiguous Peninsula [3]. Patani is a district in Thailand located in close proximity results were sent to Life Technologies at Wisconsin, United States in with the Malaysia-Thailand border. Patani was once a strong Malay order to resolve the ambiguity. empire before it fell to the Siamese government in the 1785. As a result Several statistical parameters were studied namely the allele and of this, there was a population exodus from Patani to Malaysia [3]. haplotype frequencies and Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) using Champa Malays are originated from Vietnam and they are Austronesian Arlequin software version 3.5 [6]. The exact test of HWE shows no speaking population. By the 1490s, Champa was absorbed by deviation except for Kelantan Malays for HLA-A locus.

⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Allia). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2019.02.015 Received 30 October 2018; Received in revised form 27 February 2019; Accepted 27 February 2019 Available online 02 March 2019 0198-8859/ © 2019 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. S. Allia, et al. Human Immunology 80 (2019) 423–424

Net Database (AFND) under the population name “Malaysia Kelantan” (AFND3438), “Malaysia Champa” (AFND3424), “Malaysia Patani” (AFND3437) and “Malaysia Mandailing” (AFND3439) [7].

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Research University Grant Scheme (1001/PPSK/813053).

Appendix A. Supplementary material

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2019.02.015.

References

[1] P. Bellwood, Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago: Revised Edition, ANU Press, 1997. [2] S.J. Oppenheimer, M. Richards, Polynesian origins. Slow boat to Melanesia? Nature 410 (2010) 166–167. [3] N. Porath, The Hikayat Patani: The kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai political world, J. Malaysian Branch Royal Asiatic Soc. 84 (2011) 45–65. [4] M.E.B. Abdul Hamid, Understanding the cham identity in Mainland Southeast Asia: contending views, Sojourn: J. Social Issues Southeast Asia 21 (2006) 230–253. [5] A.R. Lubis, Mandailing across borders, Taiwan J. Southeast Asian Stud. 2 (2005) 55–98. [6] L. Excoffier, H.E.L. Lischer, Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programsto Fig. 1. Map of Peninsular Malaysia showing the approximate geographical lo- perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows, Mol. Ecol. Resour. cations of the sample collection. 10 (2010) 564–567. [7] F. González-Galarza Faviel, Y.C. Takeshita Louise, J.M. Santos Eduardo, F. Kempson, T. Maia Maria Helena, Andrea Luciana Soares da Silva, et al., Allele frequency net The HLA genotypes, allele frequencies (see Supplementary Tables 2015 update: new features for HLA epitopes, KIR and disease and HLA adverse drug 1–3) and haplotypes frequencies (see Supplementary Tables 4–7) of the reaction associations, Nucleic Acids Res. 43 (2015) (2015) 784–788. studied Malay sub-ethnic groups are available in the Allele Frequency

424