DOCSLIB.ORG

International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities ISSN 2277 – 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) An Internationally Indexed Peer Reviewed & Refereed Journal Shri Param Hans Education & Research Foundation Trust www.IRJMSH.com www.SPHERT.org Published by iSaRa Solutions IRJMSH Vol 8 Issue 1 [Year 2017] ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline) 2348–9359 (Print) INDIA LEAGUE -Mainstream of the British Movement for Indian Independence.1 Dr. Rakesh Ranjan, M.A.,Ph.D. Asst. Teacher, High School Jamhore, Aurangabad. The India league in London was a successor to several organizations working towards either establishing channels between Indian intelligentsia and the British authorities or encompassing a range of political activity leading to an alignment with the Congress Party in India. This is not to suggest that the Indian Independence Movement in England commenced with the India League. It is a fact of history that Allen Octavian Hume and Sir William Wedderburn along with other Englishmen took part in the inception of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Englishmen in general prided themselves in imperial achievements but there had always been some liberal elements in England opposed to imperialist domination. Mention may also be made of the independent Labour Party which pursued strong anti-imperialist politics.2 Any analysis of the role of the India League in England without the mention of the name of that illustrious woman Annie Besant a theosophist thinker. She was however a committed socialist and was sympathetic towards Indian Liberal opinion. It was in recognition of her sympathies for India that she became President of the Indian National Congress in 1917. Earlier in 1914 she formed the Home Rule League for India British Auxiliary in the United Kingdom. The India League was the eventual culmination of this Home Rule League which played a vital role in enlisting British opinion towards India’s freedom. The history of India League in England is synonymous with the personality of one individual V.K. Krishna Menon who by virtue of his ability and industry attracted the notice of Dr. Besant. It was at her instance that he got an opportunity to go to England. Dr. George S. Arundale was another fellow who played a major role in arranging his journey to England. Dr. Arundale himself accompanied him in the journey. A month before Krishna Menon had left for England he had registered himself for the B.Sc. (Econ.) of the London School of Economics. It was here that he was attracted towards Harold J. Laski, the world known political scientist who as a teacher and as a mentor moulded the personality of Menon. It is highly significant that it was during the years of office held by Laski as chairman of the Labour Pary that it adopted the Independent Resolution on India. It was the culmination of the activities of India League, “which operated in the heart of the Imperialist Power and mobilized the opposition of the British people to the harsh exercise of power by its own British Government in India.”3 “The India League was an organization in Britain to work for the Indian Freedom”4 claimed V.K. Krishna Menon. The India League in London was to a large extent a sister organization of the Congress Party in India. Although India League as it existed during India’s independence did come into International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanity ( IRJMSH ) Page 397 www.irjmsh.com IRJMSH Vol 8 Issue 1 [Year 2017] ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline) 2348–9359 (Print) existence formally on 11 November 1931 before which it existed by the name of Commonwealth of India League since 1923. This was successor to Home Rule for India British Auxiliary which had been in existence since 1912. The objective had been to rally round a small band of progressive Englishmen who were sympathetic towards the aspirations of Indians for self- government. In 1931 when India League was formally founded, the objective became real and political. It was not a mere coincidence that here in India the Congress Party had passed the Lahore Resolution in 1929 calling for Purna Swaraj. It was at this juncture that Dr. Annie Besant and H.S.L. Polak, another illustrious member of Commonwealth of India League began to drop out of the League. Thus in early thirties Menon transformed it into the India League with a new commitment to Purna Swaraj.5 The India League attracted the notice of all leftist and anti-imperialist elements in the British intellectual and political circle; Laski and Lansbury were closely associated with V.K. Krishna Menon. Menon was the pupil of the former and the publisher of the later. That Bertrand Russel agreed to become the president of the India League only in the second year of its existence was of immense prestige and popularity. From now on educating the British people on India, appealing to their conscience through meetings, publication of books and journal and making the India League a platform available to visitors from India including some of the influential Indian leaders became the objective of the India League. In fact, Krishna Menon was trying to align India League in Britain with the Congress Party in India. That Laski stood behind Krishna Menon in all these activities was significant in so far as it brought to its fold several influential members of the Labour Party. No less significant was the fact that during this transformation of India League the Labour Party was at the centre of power. This is not to suggest that the Labour Government or Ramsay Macdonald did an appreciable job with regard to the Indian problem. The left wingers in the Labour party and the Independent Labour Party were more vigorously close to India League did not approve the many steps taken by the Labour Government.6 The factor which made the task of India League easier in moulding British opinion towards Indian Independence was the inclination of the Congress in India towards the left. It was quite significant that Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the session of All India Trade Union Congress at Nagpur in 1929. And it was 1929 that he became president of the Indian National Congress held at Lahore which asked the famous ‘Purna Swaraj’ resolution. Shortly after that the Karanchi Congress passed a resolution to this effect in specific terms. It laid down “in order to end the exploitation of the masses, political freedom must include real economic freedom of the starving millions.7 Jawaharlal Nehru asserted in his autobiography that an independent India would be “a socialist state with equal justice and opportunity for all.”8 All this removed several misunderstandings from the minds of all those Englishmen who were both anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist. There were many people in England associated with the leftist ideology who firmly believed that socialism in England cannot be built on the basis of imperialism abroad. The first few years of the thirties brought about significant changes both in India and England. The Labour Government under Macdonald whom few real leftist supported fell in August 1931. India International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanity ( IRJMSH ) Page 398 www.irjmsh.com IRJMSH Vol 8 Issue 1 [Year 2017] ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline) 2348–9359 (Print) League was formally formed on 11 November 1931. The left wing resolutions passed at the Karanchi Congress was another remarkable political development. All these developments prepared the ground for the future renewal of contact and mutual understanding between sections of the British Left and the Indian Left. The process was on both sides influenced by new forces. The man behind all the activities of India League, V.K. Krishna Menon himself being pupil of Laski was a leftist slowly and steadily for eight years till 1939. V.K. Krishna Menon succeeded to a large extent in aligning the India League in England with the Congress Party in India.9 The India League in the meanwhile had all been active in moulding British public opinion towards granting self rule to the Indian people. Whereas the activity of the League was confined to London in a few years from 1931 onwards there were in fact 13 branches all over Britain. Some of the branches had as chairman or secretary people of immense popularity and energy. There were nearly sixty people tirelessly working for the League. The executive committee and the parliamentary committee passed resolutions affirming and demanding India’s right to determine her own future.10 The parliamentary committee played a very significant role which can be understood by the simple fact that 23 MPs were associated in one way or another with the work of the League. The parliamentary committee discussed policy, advised the Executive, and raised Indian questions in the House of Commons. It organized reception to India’s national leaders and provided their platform to them for expressing their political views. The India League also arranged to send League delegations to India to gain first hand knowledge of the political situation in India. It is noteworthy that the reports of such delegations were welcomed by some influential people who included George Lansbury M.P., Prof. Laski, Tom Williams M.P. and Stafford Cripps M.P. Every student of history of the last few years of the freedom movement is aware of the role played by Prof. Laski and Stafford Cripps both of whom were associated with India League. The relationship between India League and the Indian National Congress got cemented because of the growing personal friendship between Jawaharlal Nehru and V.K. Krishna Menon. By 1935 it became a political reality and when Nehru visited London and again in 1938 his programme was arranged by India League and especially by Krishna Menon.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transfer of Power and the Crisis of Dalit Politics in India, 1945–47
    Modern Asian Studies 34, 4 (2000), pp. 893–942. 2000 Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom Transfer of Power and the Crisis of Dalit Politics in India, 1945–47 SEKHAR BANDYOPADHYAY Victoria University of Wellington Introduction Ever since its beginning, organized dalit politics under the leadership of Dr B. R. Ambedkar had been consistently moving away from the Indian National Congress and the Gandhian politics of integration. It was drifting towards an assertion of separate political identity of its own, which in the end was enshrined formally in the new constitu- tion of the All India Scheduled Caste Federation, established in 1942. A textual discursive representation of this sense of alienation may be found in Ambedkar’s book, What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables, published in 1945. Yet, within two years, in July 1947, we find Ambedkar accepting Congress nomination for a seat in the Constituent Assembly. A few months later he was inducted into the first Nehru Cabinet of free India, ostensibly on the basis of a recommendation from Gandhi himself. In January 1950, speaking at a general public meeting in Bombay, organized by the All India Scheduled Castes Federation, he advised the dalits to co- operate with the Congress and to think of their country first, before considering their sectarian interests. But then within a few months again, this alliance broke down over his differences with Congress stalwarts, who, among other things, refused to support him on the Hindu Code Bill. He resigned from the Cabinet in 1951 and in the subsequent general election in 1952, he was defeated in the Bombay parliamentary constituency by a political nonentity, whose only advantage was that he contested on a Congress ticket.1 Ambedkar’s chief election agent, Kamalakant Chitre described this electoral debacle as nothing but a ‘crisis’.2 1 For details, see M.
    [Show full text]
  • Leo Amery at the India Office, 1940 – 1945
    AN IMPERIALIST AT BAY: LEO AMERY AT THE INDIA OFFICE, 1940 – 1945 David Whittington A thesis submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the University of the West of England, Bristol For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Arts, Creative Industries and Education August 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii GLOSSARY iv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTERS I LITERATURE REVIEW 10 II AMERY’S VIEW OF ATTEMPTS AT INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL 45 REFORM III AMERY FROM THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935 75 UNTIL THE AUGUST OFFER OF 1940 IV FROM SATYAGRAHA TO THE ATLANTIC CHARTER 113 V THE CRIPPS MISSION 155 VI ‘QUIT INDIA’, GANDHI’S FAST AND SOCIAL REFORM 205 IN INDIA VII A SUCCESSOR TO LINLITHGOW, THE STERLING BALANCES 253 AND THE FOOD SHORTAGES VIII FINAL ATTEMPTS AT CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM BEFORE THE 302 LABOUR ELECTION VICTORY CONCLUSION 349 APPENDICES 362 LIST OF SOURCES CONSULTED 370 ABSTRACT Pressure for Indian independence had been building up throughout the early decades of the twentieth century, initially through the efforts of the Indian National Congress, but also later, when matters were complicated by an increasingly vocal Muslim League. When, in May 1940, Leo Amery was appointed by Winston Churchill as Secretary of State for India, an already difficult assignment had been made more challenging by the demands of war. This thesis evaluates the extent to which Amery’s ultimate failure to move India towards self-government was due to factors beyond his control, or derived from his personal shortcomings and errors of judgment. Although there has to be some analysis of politics in wartime India, the study is primarily of Amery’s attempts at managing an increasingly insurgent dependency, entirely from his metropolitan base.
    [Show full text]
  • Heroic Chancellor: Winston Churchill and the University of Bristol 1929–65
    Heroic Chancellor: Winston Churchill and the University of Bristol 1929–65 David Cannadine Heroic Chancellor: Winston Churchill and the University of Bristol 1929–65 To the Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors of the University of Bristol past, present and future Heroic Chancellor: Winston Churchill and the University of Bristol 1929–65 David Cannadine LONDON INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Published by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU © David Cannadine 2016 All rights reserved This text was first published by the University of Bristol in 2015. First published in print by the Institute of Historical Research in 2016. This PDF edition published in 2017. This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY- NCND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN 978 1 909646 18 6 (paperback edition) ISBN 978 1 909646 64 3 (PDF edition) I never had the advantage of a university education. Winston Churchill, speech on accepting an honorary degree at the University of Copenhagen, 10 October 1950 The privilege of a university education is a great one; the more widely it is extended the better for any country. Winston Churchill, Foundation Day Speech, University of London, 18 November 1948 I always enjoy coming to Bristol and performing my part in this ceremony, so dignified and so solemn, and yet so inspiring and reverent. Winston Churchill, Chancellor’s address, University of Bristol, 26 November 1954 Contents Preface ix List of abbreviations xi List of illustrations xiii Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Gwilym Lloyd-George As Minister of Fuel and Power, 1942­–1945
    131 Major Gwilym Lloyd-George As Minister Of Fuel And Power, 1942 –1945 J. Graham Jones Among the papers of A. J. Sylvester (1889–1989), Principal Private Secretary to David Lloyd George from 1923 until 1945, purchased by the National Library of Wales in 1990, are two documents of considerable interest, both dating from December 1943, relating to Major Gwilym Lloyd-George, the independent Liberal Member for the Pembrokeshire constituency and the second son of David and Dame Margaret Lloyd George. At the time, Gwilym Lloyd-George was serving as the generally highly-regarded Minister for Fuel and Power in the wartime coalition government led by Winston Churchill. The first is a letter, probably written by David Serpell, who then held the position of private secretary to Lloyd-George at the Ministry of Fuel and Power (and who was a warm admirer of him), to A. J. Sylvester.1 It reads as follows: PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL 4 December, 1943 Dear A. J., I am afraid I did not get much time for thought yesterday, but I have now been able to give some time to the character study you spoke to me about … The outstanding thing in [Gwilym] Ll.G’s character seems to me to be that he is genuinely humane – i.e. he generally has a clear picture in his mind of the effects of his policies on the individual. In the end, this characteristic will always over-shadow others when he is determining policy. To some extent, it causes difficulty as he looks at a subject, not merely as a Minister of Fuel and Power, but as a Minister of the Crown, and thus sees another Minister’s point of view more readily perhaps than that Minister will see his.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Basis of the Framework Provided by the Cabinet Mission, a Constituent Assembly the Assembly Had 398 Members out of Which 292 Members Were Elected Through
    On the basis of the framework provided by the Cabinet Mission, a Constituent Assembly The assembly had 398 members out of which 292 members were elected through was constituted on 9th December, 1946. provincial assembly elections. The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitute of India. 93 were members representing the Indian Princely states and 4 members The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly took place on December 9, 1946 at represented the Chief Commissioners’ Provinces. New Delhi with Dr Sachidanand being elected as the interim President of the Assembly. The strength of the committee later reduced to 299 due to the India- Pakistan However, on December 11, 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President and partition under the Mountbatten Plan of 3rd August 1947, and a separate H.C. Mukherjee as the Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly. constituent assembly was set up for them. Thus the membership of the Its last session was held on 24 January 1950. X committee was reduced to 299 members. Composition of Constituent Assembly Introduction Constituent Assembly of India Demand for constitutional assembly It was in 1934 that the idea of a Constituent Assembly for India was put forward for the first time by M.N. Roy, a pioneer of communist movement in India. In 1935, the Indian National Congress (INC), for the first time, officially demanded a Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution of India. In 1938, Jawaharlal Nehru, on behalf the INC declared that ‘the Constitution of free India must be framed, without outside interference, by a Constituent Assembly elected on the basis of adult franchise’.
    [Show full text]
  • Class:-8Th History, Chapter:-11 A. Fill in the Blanks:- 1. in 1931, Japan
    Class:-8th History, Chapter:-11 A. Fill in the blanks:- 1. In 1931, Japan, which had become a powerful imperialist country, invaded China. 2. Gandhiji, in his speech, gave the mantra 'Do or Die' during the Quit India movement. 3. When the Cripps Mission failed, the Quit India movement started in 1942. 4. Subhash Chandra Bose formed a new party could the Forward Bloc. 5. The Muslim League propagated the two-nation theory. B. Match the following:- 1. Cripps Mission d. Stafford Cripps 2. Quit India Movement c. Mahatma Gandhi 3. Azad Hind Fauj e. Subhash Chandra Bose 4. Independence of India b. 1947 5. Indian Constitution a. 1950 C. Write (T) for true and (F) for false. 1. After the failure of the INA, Japan captured Indian. (False) 2. The Congress declared that Imperialism and Fascism were essential for peace and progress. (False) 3. During the 1942 Movement, parallel governments were formed in different parts of India. (False) 4. INA was also known as the 'Rani Jhansi Regiment'. (False) 5. Lord Mountbatten was against the formation of two nations-India and Pakistan. (False) D. Write short notes on the following topics:- 1. Quit India Movement :- The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 9 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India. Gandhi Ji gave the mantra- 'Do or Die'. 2. formation of the INA :- Azad Hind Fauj (INA), led by Subhash Chandra Bose in cooperation with the Japanese army, waged a grim fight as the Quit India Movement failed.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix A: List of Cabinet Ministers, 1945-51
    Appendix A: List of Cabinet Ministers, 1945-51 Prime Minister and Minister of Defence C. R. Attlee Lord President and Leader of the Commons Herbert Morrison Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin Lord Privy Seal Arthur Greenwood Chancellor of the Exchequer Hugh Dalton President of the Board of Trade Sir Stafford Cripps Lord Chancellor Lord Jowitt First Lord of the Admiralty A. V. Alexander Home Secretary J. Chuter Ede Dominions Secretary and Leader of the Lords Viscount Addison Secretary for India and Burma Lord Pethick-Lawrence Colonial Secretary G. H. Hall Secretary for War J. J. Lawson Secretary for Air Viscount Stansgate Secretary for Scotland Joseph Westwood Minister of Labour and National Service G. A. Isaacs Minister of Fuel and Power Emanuel Shinwell Minister of Education Ellen Wilkinson Minister of Health Aneurin Bevan Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries Tom Williams Changes in 1946: On 4 Oct A. V. Alexander became Minister without Portfolio in preparation for becoming Minister of Defence when the new legislation concerning the post had been enacted. This he was able to do on 20 Dec. But on the earlier date the three Service Ministers (Admiralty, War and Air) were all excluded from the Cabinet. On 4 Oct A. Creech Jones succeeded G. H. Hall as Colonial Secretary. Changes in 1947: On the death of Ellen Wilkinson, George Tomlinson became Minister of Education on 10 Feb. On 17 Apr Arthur Greenwood became Minister without Portfolio and Lord Inman succeeded him as Lord Privy Seal; Lord Pethick-Lawrence retired and was succeeded by Lord Listowel. On 7 July the Dominions Office was renamed the Commonwealth Relations Office.
    [Show full text]
  • Progressive Consensus.Qxd
    The Progressive Consensus in Perspective Iain McLean and Guy Lodge FEBRUARY 2007 © ippr 2007 Institute for Public Policy Research www.ippr.org The Institute for Public Policy Research (ippr) is the UK’s leading progressive think tank and was established in 1988. Its role is to bridge the political divide between the social democratic and liberal traditions, the intellectual divide between academia and the policy making establishment and the cultural divide between government and civil society. It is first and foremost a research institute, aiming to provide innovative and credible policy solutions. Its work, the questions its research poses, and the methods it uses are driven by the belief that the journey to a good society is one that places social justice, democratic participation, economic and environmental sustainability at its core. This paper was first published in February 2007. © ippr 2007 30-32 Southampton Street, London WC2E 7RA Tel: 020 7470 6100 Fax: 020 7470 6111 www.ippr.org Registered Charity No. 800065 About the authors Iain McLean is Professor of Politics and Director of the Public Policy Unit, Oxford University. He has published widely in political science and 20th-century British history, including Rational Choice and British Politics (OUP, 2001) and, with Jennifer Nou, ‘Why should we be beggars with the ballot in our hand? Veto players and the failure of land value taxation in the UK, 1909-14’, British Journal of Political Science, 2006. Guy Lodge is a Research Fellow in the democracy team at ippr. He specialises in governance and constitutional reform and has published widely in this area.
    [Show full text]
  • Narratives of Delusion in the Political Practice of the Labour Left 1931–1945
    Narratives of Delusion in the Political Practice of the Labour Left 1931–1945 Narratives of Delusion in the Political Practice of the Labour Left 1931–1945 By Roger Spalding Narratives of Delusion in the Political Practice of the Labour Left 1931–1945 By Roger Spalding This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Roger Spalding All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0552-9 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0552-0 For Susan and Max CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................... viii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One ............................................................................................... 14 The Bankers’ Ramp Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 40 Fascism, War, Unity! Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 63 From the Workers to “the People”: The Left and the Popular Front Chapter
    [Show full text]
  • Download Flyer
    ANTHEM PRESS INFORMATION SHEET Azad Hind Subhas Chandra Bose, Writing and Speeches 1941-1943 Edited by Sisir K. Bose and Sugata Bose Pub Date: October 2004 Category: HISTORY / Asia / General Binding: Paperback BISAC code: HIS003000 Price: £14.95 / $32.95 BIC code: HBJF ISBN: 978184330839 Extent: 200 pages Rights Held: World Size: 234 x 156mm / 9.2 x 6.1 Description A collection of Subhas Chandra Bose’s writings and speeches, 1941–1943. This volume of Netaji Bose’s collected works covers perhaps the most difficult, daring and controversial phase in the life of India’s foremost anti-colonial revolutionary. His writings and broadcasts of this period cover a broad range of topics, including: the nature and course of World War Two; the need to distinguish between India’s internal and external policy in the context of the international war crisis; plans for a final armed assault against British rule in India; dismay at, and criticism of, Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union; the hypocrisy of Anglo- American notions of freedom and democracy; the role of Japan in East and South East Asia; the reasons for rejecting the Cripps offer of 1942; support for Mahatma Gandhi and the Quit India movement later that year and reflections on the future problems of reconstruction in free India. Readership: For students and scholars of Indian history and politics. Contents List of Illustrations; Dr Sisir Kumar Boses and Netaji's Work; Acknowledgements; Introduction, Writings and Speeches; 1. A Post-Dated Letter; 2. Forward Bloc: Ist Justifications; 3. Plan of Indian Revolution; 4. Secret Memorandum to the German Governemtn; 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 2006 PSA Awards Ceremony Poll Ratings of Post-War Chancellors
    2006 PSA Awards Ceremony Poll Ratings of post-war Chancellors Q For each of the following Chancellors of the Exchequer, please indicate how successful or unsuccessful you think each were overall while in office? Mean rating Gordon Brown 7.9 Stafford Cripps 6.1 Kenneth Clarke 6.1 Roy Jenkins 6.0 Hugh Dalton 5.7 Rab Butler 5.7 Harold Macmillan 5.4 Hugh Gaitskell 5.4 Denis Healey 5.0 Nigel Lawson 4.9 Base: 283 PSA members (13 Sept – 31 Oct 2006) Source: Ipsos MORI 2 Ratings of post-war Chancellors Q For each of the following Chancellors of the Exchequer, please indicate how successful or unsuccessful you think each were overall while in office? Mean rating Geoffrey Howe 4.5 James Callaghan 4.5 Peter Thorneycroft 4.0 Reginald Maudling 3.9 Ian Macleod 3.9 Derek Heathcoat-Amory 3.8 John Major 3.7 John Selwyn-Lloyd 3.6 Anthony Barber 2.9 Norman Lamont 2.3 Base: 283 PSA members (13 Sept – 31 Oct 2006) Source: Ipsos MORI 3 Providing economic stability Q Which of the two following Chancellors do you think were most successful at providing the country with economic stability? Top answers Gordon Brown 80% Kenneth Clarke 32% Rab Butler 14% Stafford Cripps 10% Hugh Dalton 9% Roy Jenkins 9% Nigel Lawson 9% Geoffrey Howe 6% Harold Macmillan 3% Denis Healey 3% Base: 283 PSA members (13 Sept – 31 Oct 2006) Source: Ipsos MORI 4 Leaving a lasting legacy Q Which of the two following Chancellors do you think were most successful at leaving a lasting legacy on Britain’s economy? Top answers Gordon Brown 42% Nigel Lawson 27% Geoffrey Howe 20% Kenneth Clarke 17%
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Politicalintelligence (IPI) Files, 1912-1950
    Finding Aid Indian PoliticalIntelligence (IPI) Files, 1912-1950 Published by IDC Publishers, 2000 • Descriptive Summary Creator: India Office Library and Records. Title: Indian Political Intelligence(IPI) Files Dates (inclusive): 1912-1950 Dates (bulk): 1920-1947 Abstract: Previouslyunavailable material on the monitoring of organisations and individualsconsidered to be a threat to British India. Languages: Language ofmaterials: English, with a few items inUrdu and Hindi. Extent: 624 microfiches; 767 files on 57,811 pages. Ordernumber: IPI-1 - IPI-17 • Location of Originals Filmed from the originals held by: British Library, Oriental & IndiaOffice Collections (OIOC). • History note Indian Political Intelligence was a secret organisation within the IndiaOffice in London, charged with keeping watch on the activities of Indiansubversives (communists, terrorists and nationalists) operating outside India.It reported to the Secretary of State for India through the India Office'sPublic & Judicial Department, and to the Government of India through theIntelligence Bureau of the Home Department. It worked in close collaborationwith the British Government's Security Service (MI.5) and Secret IntelligenceService (MI.6). • Scope and Content The files contain a mass of previouslyunavailable material on the monitoring of organisations and individualsconsidered to be a threat to British India. They include surveillance reportsand intercepts from MI.6, MI.5 and Special Branch, and a large number ofintelligence summaries and position papers. The main thrust
    [Show full text]