“Impacts and Countermeasures of Global Climate Changes on Alpine Areas” Report on Evaluation of Changbai Mountain Reserve

I. Present Status of Nature Resources in Changbai Mountain

Changbai Mountain Reserve is located in the easternmost of north temperate Eurasia and the southeast of Jilin Province. Neighboring Korea, it is the core area of Changbai Mountain. In the reserve, ecosystem is distributed vertically. Regarded as the most representative typical natural complex in the similar latitudes of the northern part in Eurasia, Changbai Mountain Reserve is also known as the rare “species gene bank” and “natural open museum”. Served as a natural laboratory for the research and study of forest ecology, it is a natural classroom for the propaganda and education of environmental protection. The conservation significance and value of ecosystem have a great impact on the world. Established in 1960, Changbai Mountain Reserve is one of the earliest natural reserves in China. In 1980, it joined “Man and Biosphere” (MAB) Program of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to be one of the biosphere reserves in the world. It was approved to be a national natural reserve by the State Council in 1986 and was listed as World Class-A Natural Reserve by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in 1992. In 2000, it was awarded as Grade-AAAA Tourist Resort by National Tourism Administration. In 2003, it was named as “Top Ten Famous Mountains in China”.

(I) Status of Biological Resources

1.1 Wild Animal Resources

According to the preliminary survey, there are 85 species of rare animals with high economic value, 9 endangered animal species and 58 State-level emphasized protective species. Among them, there are 10 species are under State Class-I protection, including Northeast China tiger, leopard, spotted deer, sable, imperial eagle, Chinese merganser, etc. There are 48 species are under State Class-II protection, including brown bear, black bear, lynx, red deer, fish hawk, goshawk, sparrow hawk, hazel grouse, etc. There are 16 species listed in China Red Data Book, including birch mouse, wolf, brown bear, black bear, otter, lynx, ocelot, leopard, Northeast China tiger, spotted deer, red deer and goral. In the reserve, there are 2 orders 5 families 6 genera, and 9 species of amphibians, 1 order 3 families 8 genera and 12 species of reptiles and 6 orders 12 families 42 genera and 56 species of beasts. The beasts in the reserve account for 70% of the total beasts in Jilin Province. There are 18 orders 50 families 230 species and 10 subspecies of birds, which accounting for 70.6% of the birds in Jilin. 137 species of summer residents, 13 species of winter residents, 32 species traveling birds and another 49 species of resident birds are discovered in Changbai Mountain Reserve. As for fish, there are 5 orders 10 families and 22 genera. There are 1255 species of insects in the reserve, which can be categorized into 20 orders 172 families and 915 genera. There are 976 species have been identified, which can be categorized into 20 orders and 141 families, including 5 orders and 10 endemic plants in Changbai Mountain and 3 orders 8 families 21 species are precious, rare and endangered species. There are 10 orders 37 families and 78 species are newly recorded species in China.

1.2 Wild Plant Resources

The reserve has a great variety of plants. There are 2639 species have been identified, which can be categorized into 92 orders 260 families, 877genus, including 4 subspecies, 198 Varieties, 46 forms; There are 755 altered type species have been identified, which can be categorized into 2 subphyla 5 classes 16 orders 52 families 168 genera, among which, there are 340 species of edible fungi, 192 species of medicinal fungi, 102 species of poisonous fungi, 244 species of wood-decaying fungi and 183 species of ectomycorrhiza fungi. As for lichens, it can be divided as 2 orders 22 families 44 genera 265 species 1 altered species and 1 altered type.

There are 25 families 42 genera 83 species and 3 altered species of ahepaticae, 37 families 119 genera 257 species 3 sub-species 18 altered species and 5 altered types of music, 23 families 43 genera 78 species 12 altered species and 1 altered type of fern, 3 families 7 genera 11 species and 2 altered species of gymnosperm, 98 families 454 genera 1190 species 1 subspecies 162 altered species and 39 altered types of angiosperm, 738 species of ornamental plants and 56 families 153 genera and 272 species of nectar and pollen plants. There are near 100 potherbs, including about 30 species of wild edible plants and 20 species of wild fruit plants. There are also over 100 species of perfume plants, 70 species of pigment plants, near 100 species of oil plants, over 30 species of scourge plants and over 60 fiber plants. The rich plant resources not only serve as biomass energy but also provide a basis for the research of plant economic value.

In the reserve, there are 82 species of rare plants with high economic value, 57 endangered plants species and 9 State -level emphasized protective species. Among them, pinus sylvestriformis and taxus cuspidata are under State Class-I protection, pinus koraiensis, thuja koraiensis, pinus koraiensis, phellodendron amurense, tilia amurensis and fraxinus mandshurica are under State Class-II protection.

1.3 Status of Rare Species

1.3.1 Status of Rare Plants

Situated in the core area of Changbai Mountain, the reserve enjoys a unique geographic position. It is adjacent to sea in the east. The highest peak in the northeastern China stands there. With the distinguished climatic condition, the vegetation zones are distributed vertically. It is reputed by international authoritative experts as the best-conserved belt of plant resources in the similar latitudes in the world.

During recent years, with the rapid economic development and increasing demands on exploitation and utilization of wild plants resources, the normal successions of wild plant species groups in the reserve have been disturbed greatly. Some species have suffered jeopardy to varied extents.

Protected wild plants in Changbai Mountain Reserve are categorized as state-level and Jilin Provincial-level protection.

1.3.1.1 Wild Plants under State Protection

Wild plants under state protection refer to the 20 species and 3 altered species of rare, vulnerable and endemic plants in Changbai Mountain Reserve as recorded in China’s Rare and Endangered Plants. Those plants are categorized into 16 families and 22 genera, including 9 species of first-batch wild plants under state protect listed by Forestry Administration. See Table 1 for more information:

Table 1 Wild Plants under State Protection in Changbai Mountain Reserve

Remaining Protection Habitat and Chinese Name Latin Name Reason for Protection Qty. Level and Sort Distribution [10000]

Converge around hot Wenquan Ophioglossum thermale Rare spring and moist warm Rare in quantity <1 Ping’erxiaocao area

Scatter in thick humic Dongbei Rare anticancer drug Taxus cuspidata Ⅰ regions in <2 Hongdoushan plant theropencedrymion

Endemic species in Changbaisong Pinus sylvestriformis RareⅠ Converge or scatter <11 along Erdaobai River Changbai Mountain or Sandaobai River

The main tiber tree in Converge or scatter in Hongsong Pinus koraiensis Ⅱ Northeast. The third theropencedrymion relic plant.

EndemicⅡ Converge in the cliffs Chaoxian Yabai Thuja koraiensis of theropencedrymion Rare in quantity <1 and needle forest

Converge or scatter in Zuantianliu Chosenia arbutifolia Ⅱ the wet land of river Rare in quantity bank

Rare in quantity, arctic Scatter near tundra Salix polyadenia var. plant and grows in Changbailiu Endemic river in high mountains <10 tundra of high tschanbaischanica or west areas mountain

Main nectar plants and Ziduan Tilia amurensis Ⅱ Theropencedrymion were key timber trees of Northeast China

Some ingredients are Acanthopanax Converge or scatter in Ciwujia Vulnerable nutritive as ginseng, >100 senticosus theropencedrymion edible

More microelements Upper margin of than Ginseng. Cishen Oplopanax elatus Rare coniferous forest and Distributed in west and <10 theropencedrymion southwest slopes of Changbai Mountain

Traditional rare drug Rare Scatter under plants and reputed as Renshen Panax ginseng <1 theropencedrymion Endangered “king of the grass”

The best wild fruit and Shanzha Converge in the margin Malus komarovii Endemic key plasm resources <1 Haitang of theropencedrymion plants

Traditional tonification Astragalus Converge or scatter in Huangqi Vulnerable drug plants with great >10 membranaceus the margin of theropencedrymion and market demands slope

Converge along the Key plasm resources Yedadou Glycine soja Ⅱ road of forest border or >10 plants meadow of the slope

Parasitize in coniferous Similar drug function Caocongrong Boschniakia rossica forest and alder root of with broomrape and <10 Vulnerable Betula ermanii rare in quantity

Once was key timber Scatter in the Shuiquliu Fraxinus mandshurica Ⅱ wood and rare in theropencedrymion quantity

The bast can be used Phellodendron Scatter in the for drugs. Once was the Huangbo Ⅱ amurense theropencedrymion key timber wood. The tertiary relic plants.

Once was the key Scatter in the Hutaoqiu Juglans mandshurica Vulnerable timber tree and was theropencedrymion The tertiary relic plants.

Converge in alpine Songmaocui Phyllodoce caerulea Rare Arctic plant tundra

Converge in alpine Rhododendron tundra, Betula ermanii Niupi Dujuan Rare Arctic plant chrysanthum forest and coniferous forest

Scatter under the Traditional drug plants Pingbeimu Fritillaria ussuriensis Vulnerable theropencedrymion with great demands

Rare traditional drug Scatter under the Tianma Gastrodia elata Vulnerable plants with great theropencedrymion demands

Empetrum nigrum Converge in alpine Rare and distributed Yangaolan Rare var.japonicum tundra narrowly

In Table 1, there are 5 species of rare wild protected plants, 1 altered species, 3 species of endemic species, 1 altered species, 6 vulnerable species and 1 endangered species. There are 2 species and 7 species that listed in the first-batch wild plants under state Class-I protection and Class-II protection, respectively. There are 9 species of drug plants, including the rare anticancer drug Taxus cuspidate, rare drug plants such as ginseng and gastrodia tuber as well as the traditional drug plants such as astragalus root, amur corktree and fritillary bulb. There are 5 species that used as main timber trees before. Pinus sylvestriformis (Changpai Scotch Pine) is the endemic plant in Changbai Mountain, which is also listed as the first-batch national protected wild plant.

Those wild plants are regarded as a key part of species gene bank of Changbai Mountain, China and even the world. Some of the species played a vital role in promoting economy of Changbai Mountain.

1.3.1.2 Wild Plants under Provincial Protection

Wild plants under provincial protection in Changbai Mountain Reserve can be categorized as: (1) the species with increasing economic values but not protected at state level such as Daphne koreana. (2) the species rare in Changbai Mountain Reserve, although found in other areas such as Rhododendron brachycarpum and cornus kousa. (3) Phanerogam rare in alpine tundra such as Dianthus chinensis var.morii and Gentiana algida.

The division of the above 3 protected wild plants refers to Plants Species of Regulation on the Protection of Wild Animals and Plants in Jilin Province, which approved at the 11th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Jilin Province in 1985.

From the survey, we can see that there are 51 species of wild plants under Jinlin provincial protection and 7 altered species, falling into 26 families and 43 genera (see Table 2).

Table 2 Wild Plants under Jilin Provincial Protection in Changbai Mountain

Chinese Name Latin Name Habitat Reason for No. Protection

Upper of Betula 1 Yansong Pinus pumila Rare in quantity ermanii forest zone

In 2 Shasong Abies holophylla Rare in quantity theropencedrymion

In theropencedrymion 3 Bengsong Juniperus rigida Rare in quantity and coniferous forest

Betula ermanii forest and high Rare in quantity, 4 Xiboliya Cibai Juniperus sibirica altitude of arctic plant coniferous forest

Rare in quantity, 5 Yuanyeliu Salix rotundifolia Alpine tundra arctic plant

Salix divaricata Upper Betula 6 Changyuanyeliu Rare in quantity var.metaformosa ermanii forest

Rare in quantity, 7 Duoxianliu Salix polyadenia Alpine tundra arctic plant Betula ermanii Eastern Siberia 8 Yuehua Betula ermanii forest zone flora

Rare in quantity, 9 Shenyegaoshanliao Oxyria digyna Alpine tundra arctic plant

Rare in quantity, 10 Zhuyaliao Polygonum viviparum Alpine tundra arctic plant

Rare in quantity, 11 Daogenliao Polygonum ochotense Alpine tundra eastern Siberia flora

Rare in quantity, 12 Jidi Minucao Minuartia arctica Alpine tundra arctic plant

Rare in quantity, Dianthus chinensis endemic plant of 13 Gaoshan Shizhu Alpine tundra var.morii Changbai Mountain

Traditional Chinese medicine 14 Mutong Madouling Aristolochia mandshurica Theropencedrymion and severely damaged by human.

endemic plant of Betula ermanii Aconitum villosum Changbai 15 Changbai Wutou forest and alpine var.tschangbaischanense Mountain, rare in tundra quantity

16 Gaoshan Tiexianlian Clematis nobilis alpine tundra Rare in quantity

coniferous forest、 Rare in quantity, 17 Changbai Jinlianhua TTrollius japonicus Miq. Betula ermanii eastern Siberia forest margin and flora alpine tundra

Rare in quantity, arctic plant, Papaver radicatum 18 Baishan Yingsu Alpine tundra endemic plant of var.pseudo-radicatum Changbai Mountain Changbai Used for drug, 19 Rhodiola angusta Alpine tundra Hongjingtian rare in quantity

Used for drug, 20 Kuye Hongjingtian Rhodiola sachalinensis Alpine tundra rare in quantity

21 Dunye Wasong Orostachys malacophyllus Alpine tundra Rare in quantity

22 Niuguo Tingli Draba kamtschatica Alpine tundra Rare in quantity

Rare in quantity, 23 Changbai Hu’ercao Saxifraga laciniata Alpine tundra used for drug

Rare in quantity, 24 Bandian Hu’ercao Saxifraga punctata Alpine tundra arctic plant

Dryas octopetala Rare in quantity, 25 Kuanye Xiannümu Alpine tundra var.asiatica arctic plant

Potaentilla nivea 26 Jiaxueweilingcai Alpine tundra Rare in quantity var.camtschatica

Rare in quantity, 27 Chuanmeicao Sibbaldia procumbens Alpine tundra arctic plant

Theropencedrymion, coniferous forest Rare in quantity 28 Huaqiushu Sorbus pohuashanensis margin and under and can be Betula ermanii appreciated forest

Changbaiyan 29 Hedysarum ussuriense Alpine tundra Rare in quantity Huangqi

Rare in quantity, endemic plant of 30 Changbai Jidou Oxytropis anertii Alpine tundra Changbai Mountain

Rare in quantity, Alpine tundra, Gaoshan endemic plant of 31 Geranium baishanense meadow and Betula Laoguancao Changbai ermanii forest Mountain

Viola sachalinensis Rare in quantity, 32 Gaoshan Kuyejincai alpine tundra var.alpicola endemic plant of Changbai Mountain

Rare in quantity, 33 Shuanghua Jincai Viola biflora alpine tundra arctic plant

Rare in quantity, Used for drugs Theropencedrymion 34 Changbai Ruixiang Daphne koreana and severely margin damaged by human

Changbai 35 Coelopleurum nakaianum alpine tundra Rare in quantity Gaoshanqin

36 Yanhuixiang Tilingia tachiroei alpine tundra Rare in quantity

37 Dabao Chaihu Bupleurum euphorbioides alpine tundra Rare in quantity

Chamaepericlymenum theropencedrymion 38 Caozhuyu Rare in quantity canadense coniferous forest

Rare in quantity, 39 Tianlu Arctous ruber alpine tundra arctic plant

Rhododendron 40 Duanguo Dujuan theropencedrymion Rare in quantity brachycarpum

Rhododendron Rare in quantity, 41 Maozhan Dujuan alpine tundra confertissimum arctic plant

coniferous fores 42 Xiaoye Dujuan Rhododendron parvifolium Rare in quantity alpine tundra

Rare in quantity, 43 Yueji Vaccinium vitis-idaea alpine tundra Edible and arctic plant

Rare and the raw Vaccinium uliginosum 44 Gaoshan Dusi Yueji alpine tundra material of wines, var.alpinum arctic plant

Fenbaochun Rare in quantity, 45 Primula farinosa alpine tundra (Huangbaochun) arctic plant

46 Baishan Longdan Gentiana jamesii alpine tundra Rare in quantity

47 Gaoshan Longdan Gentiana algida alpine tundra Rare in quantity, eastern Siberia flora

Rare in quantity, 48 Changbai Popona Veronica stelleri alpine tundra eastern Siberia flora

alpine tundra and Rare in quantity, 49 Changbai Shashen Adenophora pereskiifolia Betula ermanii eastern Siberia forest flora

Rare in quantity, Xiaoshanju Chrysanthemum zawadskii 50 alpine tundra eastern Siberia (Maoshanju) var. alpinum flora

alpine tundra and 51 Shanjiaoye Tuowu Ligularia deltoidea Betula ermanii Rare in quantity forest margin

alpine tundra and 52 Danhua Tuowu Ligularia jamesii Betula ermanii Rare in quantity forest margin

53 Gaoling Fengmaoju Saussurea alpicola Alpine tundra Rare in quantity

54 Maobao Fengmaoju Saussurea triangulata Alpine tundra Rare in quantity

Changbai 55 Tephroseris phoeantha Alpine tundra Rare in quantity Goushecao

56 Zhuya Yangmao Festuca vivipara Alpine tundra Rare in quantity

57 Gaoshan Maoxiang Hierochloe alpina Alpine tundra Rare in quantity

Coniferous forest Rare in quantity, 58 Jidi Zaoshuhe Poa arctica andalpine tundra arctic plant

In Table 2, there are 40 species and 7 altered species of plants grow in alpine tundra, accounting for 81% of provincial protected wild plants. Vegetation of alpine tundra belt is rather unique a vegetable in China. The species are a key part of alpine tundra vegetation. They are rare and key germ plasm resource plants.

There are 10 species and 1 altered species in Betula ermanii forest zone, 7 species in coniferous forest zone and 6 species in theropencedrymion are under Jilin provincial protection, which accounting of 19%, 10% and 10% of the total plants, respectively. There are 13 species and 3 altered species of arctic plant and 6 species and 1 altered species of eastern Siberia flora. There are only 2 species and 3 altered species of wild plants under Jilin provincial protection. Alpine tundra has the most species of wild plants that under Jilin provincial protection while dark coniferous forest zone has the fewest.

1.3.1.3 Total Number of Wild Plants under State and Provincial Protection

The wild plants under state and provincial protection in Changbai Mountain Reserve are 72 species and 9 altered species, categorizing into 37 families and 62 genera.

1.4 Status of Water Resources

The reserve is densely covered with river networks. Songhua River, Tumen River and Yalü River source from Changbai Mountain Reserve. The source areas of the three rivers reach 30700 km², including 18500 km² for Songhua River source, 4600 km² for Tumen River source and 7600 km² for Yalü River source, accounting for 60.4%, 15.1% and 24.5% of the total areas respectively.

1.4.1 River

(1) Songhua River

Songhua River has two sources, namely, first Songhua River (Toudao River) and second Songhua River (Erdao River).

Second Songhua River collects water from Toudaobai River, Erdaobai River, Sandaobai River, Sidaobai River, Wudaobai River and Gudong River. Erdaobai River is the main source with large volume of water. As the source of Erhebai River, Tianchi has Changbai Waterfall as the water outlet. It is the only river that originates from Baitoushan Tianchi. Erdaobai River runs through the mountain and forests with large falling gradient and swift current. It is not frozen throughout the year.

First Songhua River originates in the western slope of Changbai Mountain and collects water from Jinjiang River, Manjiang River and Songhua River.

Songhua River collects water from over 40 rivers. Among them, Caozi River and Old Songhua River are the longest, which originate from the western Baiyun Peak of Baitou Mountain. The altitude is about 2000 meters.

Manjiang River collects water from over 80 brooks. Jinjiang River, originates from the southwest of Baitou Mountain and known for the canyon, is one of the branches. The other source of Manjing River is Jianchang River, which originates from Wangtianer Peak of Changbai Mountain.

The conjunction of First Songhua River and Second Songhua River is Songhua River, which stretches 1927 km long and with drainage area of 550000 km². It runs through Jilin Province, Helongjiang Province and Inner Mongolia. After pouring into Helongjiang River, it reaches Japan Sea.

(3) Yalü River

Yalü River originates from the south of Changbai Mountain and flow southwest. It is the boundary river of China and Korea. The main source of Yalü River is known as Hanhe River.

The source of Hanhe River is near the second boundary tablet of Sino-Korean border. The altitude is 2283 meters. Hanhe River joins with Putao River. It is formerly known as Yalü River.

It stretches from southwest to northeast to Yellow Sea. The main stream is 790 km, including 587 km is within Jilin province.

(4) Tumen River

Tumen River originates from the east and northeast of Changbai River. The main sources include the mountain water from 30 km of Baitou Peak in Korea, which form a three-hole spring of Hongdan water, Shiyi water and Dahongrui water. The water joins Mushulin River. When it reaches the east of Chifeng Peak, it joins Yuanchi that originates from foot of Hongtu Mountain to form Tumen River. The main stream is the water from Hongtu Mountain, which originates from Yuanchi that near the Bukuli Mountain.

Tumen River stretches 525 km. It is the boundary river of China and Korea. After flowing from China, it runs through Russia-Korea to Japan Sea.

1.4.2 Lake

(1) Tianchi Lake

Tianchi of Changbai Mountain is situated in the southeast of Jilin province. It is the boundary lake of China and Korea. The northern part of the lake is within Jilin province, which is the source of Songhua River, Tumen River and Yalü River. It is situated in the central part of the top of volcanic cone and in oval shape. Stretching 3.35 km east to west and 4.85 km north to south, the lake is 2194 meters above the sea level. It is the highest lake in Northeast China and one of the caldera lakes with the highest altitude. Tianchi gets water mainly from natural rainfalls and underground water. The average water temperature is about -7 with -25 and 9 as the extremes. It is getting frozen in the mid-October and fully frozen at the end of November. The freezing period is about 8 months. The ice on the surface of lake can be 128 cm thick and the snow on the ice can be 90 cm thick.

(2) Xiaotianchi Lake

The west bank of Erdaobai River is about 3000 meters from Changbai Fall. The perimeter of the lake amounts to 260 meters. It is in the shape of circle. The water collecting area reaches 5380 m² and the lake is over 15 meters deep. The water mainly comes from underground flows between Datianchi and Xiatianchi as well as the natural rainfalls. Some of the underground flows go to Second Baihe directly.

Not far from the west of Xiatianchi, there is a similar lake to Xiaotianchi. Although the lake is often dried out, it has the similar shape and size to Xiaotianchi. One is on the east and the other is on the west, one is green and the other is yellow, which matches each other well. Looking the two lakes in distance, they just like a silver ring. Thus, they are also known as Silver Ring Lake or Ring Lake.

(3) Wangchi

Wangchi is situated in the west slope of Changbai Mountain. Relying against Yuxue Peak and facing Jinjiang River, it stands near the beautiful alpine garden. The lake surface is 1850 meters above the sea level and the diameter is about 200 meters. It covers an area of 2000 m².

(4) Yuanchi

From 30 km of northeast Changbai Mountain, there is a cinder cone that is 1321 meters above see level and cultivates on parasitic cone of lava plateau. As it is covered with lateritic clay, it gets the name as Red Mountain or Lateritic Mountain. In Manchu, it is called Bukuli Mountain. Yuanchi is just situated in this mountain.

According to the record of History of Rivers and Mountains in Changbai Mountain, in the east of Changbai Mountain, there is a lake called Yuanchi. Metallurgy in Changbai Mountain and Division of Fengtian-Jilin Border records that the lake is deep and round as the leaf of lotus. It is said that there was three fairies once showered here. People called it “Fairy Swimming Pool”, which was formerly called “”Bulehuli Lake”. In Manchu, it means “Dragon Colt”.

(II) Land Use Status

The total area of Changbai Mountain planning area is 1347878hm2，wherein the area of Changbai Mountain natural reserve is 196465hm2; Baihe forestry bureau occupies an area of 190470hm2; Lushuihe Forestry Bureau 121295hm2; Quanyang Forestry Bureau 106287hm2; Songjianghe Forestry Bureau 158568hm2; for Linjiang Forestry Bureau 171549hm2; Changbai County 140699hm2; and Changbai Forestry Management Bureau covers a total area of 92056hm2.

Forestry land covers an area of 1319475hm2, accounting for 97.9% of the total planning area, while the non-forestry land occupies an area 28403hm2, which takes up2.1% of the total.

The forest land occupies 16967hm2, accounting for 92.2% of the total forestry land area; open woodland and shrubbery occupies an area of 27852hm2, 2.1% of the total; underage land is 11885hm2, 0.9% of the total, while other forestry land covers an area of 62771hm2, which is 4.8% of the total area.

(III) Socio-Economic Conditions

14 units are stationed in this reserve, including Changbai Mountain Forestry Police Group, Songjianghe Forestry Armed Police Brigade, Armed Police Frontier Guard Work Wtation, Changbai Mountain Forestry Eco-system Research Station under Chinese Academy of Sciences, volcano Monitoring Station and Changbai Mountain Alpine Skiing Training Base. Except staff and relatives of the management bureau, there are no permanent resident here. According to statistics in 2004, there are 1464 people living in 552 residential units in the management bureau, amongst which, 752 are males and 712 are females, 1231 are Han people, 149 are from Korea minority, 67 are Mongolians and 3 come from Hui Minority.

On the outskirt of the natural reserve, there are 31 towns and villages and 7 forestry industry enterprises (including Baihe Forestry Bureau, Songjianghe Forestry Bureau, Changbai Forestry Management Bureau, Changbai County Forestry Bureau, Lushuihe Forestry Bureau, Quanyang Forestry Bureau and Linjiang Forestry Bureau), with a total population of more than 300,000. The populations of several main towns are: 60,000 in Erdaobaihe; 44,000 in Lushuihe town; 10,000 in Beigang town; 41,000 in Eryang town; 100,000,000 in Songjianghe town and 50,000 in Manjiang town.

Main industries in this area include forestry industry, chemical engineering, building material, planting, colleting, stockbreeding and all kinds of processing industries, among which, forestry industry is the local production industry. Main crops include corn, soy, millet, sorghum, etc. The world-known Changbai Mountain Panax ginseng is mainly produced in Fusong county and Changbai county. Net income per capita for local residence is 3806RMB.

In 2005, the gross production of the whole planning area reached 1.57126 billion Yuan, the gross production per capital valued at 10,406 Yuan, the total revenue achieved 105.80 million Yuan, total retail volume of social consumer goods risen to 450 million Yuan, total social fixed assets investment reached 490 million Yuan, economic comprehensive income from tourism reached 300 million Yuan, and foreign trade volume risen to US$64.28 million.

The proportion of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries is 19.4: 36.4: 44.2. The primary industry has increased by 304.82 million Yuan, agricultural and rural economic structure adjustment has been accelerated and rural economy has witnessed an overall development. The secondary industry has witnessed a rapid development increase of 571.94 million Yuan, agricultural and byproducts processing industry, local specialty and tourist products processing industries have developed on a small scale. With tourism taking up a larger part in the tertiary industry, the tertiary industry has witnessed a rapid development with an increase of 694.50 million Yuan. Disposable income per capita for urban residents is 5559 Yuan, and net income for farmers is 2378 Yuan. Living space per capita for urban residence reached 20m2, and rural living space per capita is 24m2; 9-year compulsory education popularity rate achieved 98% and average education years reached 12 years. Besides, social security system has been improved, unemployment rate has been limited to 5.1%, and medical insurance has covered 34%. In addition, CATV receiving stations are 5, CATV television popularity rate has risen to 96%, telephone and computer penetration rate has reached 63.8% and 6.4% respectively.

II. Loading Characteristics of Existent Creature Caused by Global Change

Global change has been one of the 3 hot environmental issues facing the world today. Since 20 century, global environment has changed at an unprecedented rate. A series of major global issues has imposed severe treat to human’s existence and development (Chen Yiyu, 2003). Within dimension of several decades to several hundred years, the most obvious reflection of global change is the changes of component of atmospheric trace gases, of land coverage and climate change caused by these factors. Since industrial revolution, the burning of fossil fuel has led to a big increase in CO2 and other greenhouse gas in atmosphere. In particular, change of land use pattern, massive deforestation and expansion of farmland has indirectly increased the density of greenhouse gas in atmosphere. (Wang Liangjian, 1999). The density of CO2 in atmosphere has increased by 31±4%, i.e., from 280μl/l to 368μl/l from year 1750 to year 2000. Moreover, the figure may double in 21 century (IPCC, 2001, 2002). Theoretical research and model simulation validates that increase of CO2 content in atmosphere will strengthen greenhouse effect in natural atmosphere and in turn leads to rise of global average temperature. It is forecast that recent 100 years has witnessed a temperature increase rate of 0.5-0.8℃. In 21 century, China’s climate will continue t to get warmer obviously, especially in the winter of the North China (Qin Dake, 2006). China's National Assessment Report on Climate Change released by the end of 2006 has also forecast that climate warming during the next 100 years will be the main trend of China’s climate change. Global warming will become a common challenge facing all humankind. More and more observations show that climate change has impacted human’s social and economic life (Liu Jiang, 2004). Climate change concerns many major issues, such as ecological and environmental protection, energy and water resources management, food safety and human health as well as sustainable development of the human society, so it is a huge challenge facing the survival and development of human society.

Climate change will influence vegetation in Changbai Mountain in many ways. First of all, division of forest belt on northern slope of the Changbai Mountain will change, the forest belt line will move upward and the area of tundra belt will shrink. On the other hand, arctic plants will, as the other polar plants, will experience an obvious adaptive change. The rule of survival of the fittest will become more obvious and severe. Many species are threatened by extinction, especially some rare and endangered plants. The global continental environment, especially the area above alpine treeline, is regarded as one of the most extreme natural environment. However, this area is also called alpine biotic zone for numerous special species and one of the most concentrated areas with endemic adaptive plan distribution (Kömer, 1999), which is only reflected in Changbai Mountain, east of the north temperate zone and alpine belt of Altai Mountain located in the west of the north temperate zone in China. Alpine tundra of Changbai Mountain is the remains left during retreatment process of interglacial age when the Quartery Glacier moves to the middle-latitude of northern hemisphere. Due to environment particularity, species in alpine biotic zone are very sensitive to climate change, which will make plant life forms gradually change from hemicryptophyte and geophyte to Chamaephytes and other forms, and also result in the rise of soil temperature, soil microbe change, carbon cycle change and physiological mechanism change of C3 and C4 plant, etc. Research result (Zhou Xiaofeng, 2002) shows that: with global warming, the whole betula ermanii population will tend to migrate upward, and the ecotone between betula ermanii and tundra is widening. Therefore, global warming is influencing alpine species and alpine ecosystem in Changbai Mountain.

III. Natural Resources Status and Socio-economic Conditions for Human Habitat in the Following Two Decades 3.1 Forecast of the Influence on Natural Resources Status in Changbai Mountain

Impact of global greenhouse effect on eco-system is extremely complicated and restricted by a great number of factors such as temperature, moisture and soil nutrient (Cenritto et al., 1999; Diaz et al., 1993). Global warming will influence bio-diversity in a complicated and unpredictable way. Especially in the southern boundary region and the lower limit of mountainous region with plant distribution, temperature rise cannot guarantee enough low temperature to stimulate plant dormancy, in turn, their development cycle cannot be completed. Besides, high temperature will also lead to abortion of flowers, fruits or seeds. While for the alpine tundra belt, scenery will be destroyed, forest belt will be transferred, shrubs will increase, low latitude species invasion will occur and many species will become endangered. In addition, warm winter caused by global warming will worsen winter drought.

Hao Zhanqing, Hong S.He Divid J.Malandnoff et al. have researched the impact of rising temperature on vegetation belt. Research results show that after climate gets warmer, the betula ermanii forest will still playing an important role, but the biomass of such companion tree species of this forest belt as larch, spruce and fir will dramatically increase, partially occupying the place of betula ermanii, that is to say, the lower part of spruce-fir forest belt has a tendency of moving upward. For sub-alpine spruce-fir forest, after the climate becomes warmer, the biomass of spruce and fir-the dominant species will witness a great increase, while larch is on a slight increase. That is to say, after climate gets warmer, spruce and fir will still be the dominant species, but with a higher growth speed, while the main constructive species of broadleaved Korean pine will see a small increase in biomass. The biomass increase tendency of other companion tree species are in very similar way with the rise of temperature which shows that broadleaved Korean pine will still remain present structure status under the condition of temperature rise in the future.

Bu Rencang (2007) concludes in his research “Potential Impact of Global Warming on Main Tree Species in Changbai Moutain ” that (1)In next 100 years (by the year of 2109), without interference, impacts of global warming on tree species distribution are mainly reflected in that there are changes for species distribution and interspecies competition, and no change for species composition; (2) Tree species potential distribution and scale effect of environmental factors: under existing climate condition and at regional scale, climate factors (annual average temperature and waterfall) are the most important environmental factors for potential distribution of most tree species. While at local scale, environmental factors that impact tree species distribution most will transfer as the relationship between tree species and environmental factors changes. Specifically, terrain factors will replace climate factors gradually, but they are still the most important environmental factors for tree species distribution in some areas. Not only scale change can cause variation of environmental factors that may impact tree species distribution most, global warming will also change relationship between tree species and environmental factors, and the most influential environmental factors will also change. (3)Impact of global warming on tree species distribution: speed of global warming is obviously faster than that of tree species distribution changes caused by climate change; 30 to 40 years from now: number of larch, fir and betula dahurica will decrease; global warming will impact distribution of declining tree species more than that of expanding tree species; broad-leaved tree species respond to climate warming more quickly than needle-point leaved tree species. In next 100 years, broad-leaved tree species will see big increase, but there will be no significant change for needle-point leaved tree species.

Since 20 century, with the accelerating of industrialization process in all countries, CO2 content in atmosphere has been increasing at the rate of 0.46% annually, and content of Freon has been increasing at the rate of 5% year by year. So, global greenhouse effect will be strengthened obviously. As the extreme impact on species caused by global warming, the possibility of species extinction will be unprecedentedly higher than ever before. The reason is that the speed of global warming (0.3 ／10a) will be the highest compared to the past 100,000 years in next century and only species that can adapt to this change will survive while many species are very conservative in adapting to climate change, that is to say, the evolutionary rate to climate change endurance is far lower than climate change rate, in turn, the species will extinguish for they cannot adapt to climate change. Another evacuation route for species facing global warming is to retreat to higher altitude and higher latitude, especially for species in mountainous region in middle latitude. But, area of mountaintop is smaller than that of mountain base. As moving upward gradually, the distribution area will be smaller for species, with smaller species group and greater pressure on environment and inheritance, which will lead to proneness to extinguishment. In the 4th assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released in 2007, it was pointed out that in the next 6 or 7 years from now, climate change will lead to massive species extinguishment.

As a result of global warming, annual average temperature in Changbai Mountain is on the rise, frost-free season has been prolonged and phenophase has been changed, which will inevitably impact such biological characteristics as blossom, pollination and fruit of wild plants. Alpine tundra belt is a landscape belt with highest altitude distributed among the 4 vertical landscape belts in Changbai Mountain. Due to its special geographic location and severe climate condition, many extremely special plants species have emerged, which will play a very important role in maintaining eco-balance in alpine tundra belt. These wild plants, under unfavorable environment, shows weak growing momentum and lowering of reproduction rate, and the species group shows a tendency of declining, and further reduced to be key wild plants under protection. As the forest belt of betula ermanii forest moves upward on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, the area of tundra belt is shrinking. Many species such as empetru, rhododendron chrysanthum and rhododendron confertissimum in alpine tundra belt, especially rare and endangered species are threatened by extinguishment. So, alpine species in Changbai Mountain and alpine eco-system are impacted by global climate change.

3.2 Forecast of Impact on Socio-economic Conditions in Changbai Mountain Region

1. Forestry industry: Subsystem of forestry industry has acquired enough capital investment presently and is heading toward the road of “general forestry” of entity type. Due to impact of global climate change, the eco-system of Changbai Mountain region will present a disordered and unbalanced status in the next 10-20 years to come and forestry eco-system will be destroyed, which in turn leads to insufficient resources in forestry reserve resources base, and decay of reservation and management of local forestry industry.

2. Agriculture: At present, Changbai Mountain region has witnessed a 3-dimensional agricultural rudiment and has been heading toward the road of agricultural development in diverse ways. However, impacted by global climate change, Changbai Mountain region will also see a decrease in waterfalls and river runoffs in the next 10 to 20 years to come, resulting in insufficient agricultural water use, deterioration of water and soil erosion, reducing of cultivated land and lowering of single production volume, which will finally hinder the development of Yanbian and Tonghua regions, the merchandise grain Base with rice as their main grain

3. Stockbreeding: Stockbreeding is the key of agricultural structure adjustment in Changbai Mountian region, and also servers as potential advantage of agricultural development in this area. The favorable conditions of Changbai Mountain (pasture resources and climate condition) are very conducive to development of stockbreeding here, even though it is weak now. However, due to the impact of the global climate change, resources and climate condition will be no longer favorable in this region in the next 10 to 20 years, thus development of stockbreeding will be slower.

4. Breeding industry and medical material industry: Now nationally well-known ginseng and medical material base has been set up in Changbai Mountain region, planting of tonic medical material is in the ascendant and acclimation and breeding of all kinds of animals for economic and medical use has begun to take shape. However, due to global climate change, the unbalance of eco-system of Changbai Mountain region will hinder the development of breeding and medical material planting industry in the next 10 to 20 years to come.

5. Agricultural and byproducts processing industry: agricultural production in Changbai Mountain region will be inevitably shifted from the former raw material output-oriented to agricultural and byproducts processing-oriented. Production development, accumulation of capital as well as surplus of labor force in the forestry industry production will be bound to facilitate the development of processing-oriented agricultural and forestry production. However, as a result of global climate change, resources in Changbai Mountain region will be no longer rich in the next 10 to 20 years, many species will extinguish and raw material will be in a short supply, thus damaging agricultural and byproducts processing industry.

6. Tourism industry: tourism is the pillar industry of Changbai Mountain region. Recent years have witnessed a prosperous development in tourism in this region and a sharp increase in tourist number year on year, which is reflected in the tourist number of 600,000 men-times in 2006 and 23544 men-times in northern and western scenic spots only on a daily average in 2009, up 48.66％ than the maximum daily reception volume of 2008. However, with the aggressive increase of tourist number and global climate change, the water quality, atmosphere, soil and plantation in Shangbai Mountain Natural Reserve have been impacted to some extend, the plantation is severely damaged in particular. To conclude, plants under state protection in Changbai Mountain region is on the brink of extinguishment.

Expenses List of Year 2009 is as below.

Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Jilin province

2009-12-8 Appendix: Expenses List

Program & Fees Required Actual Expense Balance Activities Content &Calculation Standard

Board & Lodging US$13/person/day×30 days×3 US$1170 US$1170 0 Fee for Field Survey persons

Fuel Fee US$20/ day×30 days US$600 US$600 0

Necessary Materials for Field Material Fee US$230 US$230 0 Survey

Relief Map: 25×US$10/copy Data Fee US$500 US$500 0 Forest Map:25×US$10/copy

Total US$2500 US$2500 0

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