GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of

20th Century Church History

Course #GBTH - 524

Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

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GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

ARE YOU BORN-AGAIN?

Knowing in your heart that you are born-again, and followed by a statement of faith are the two prerequisites to studying and getting the most out of your MSBT materials. We have developed this material to educate each Believer in the principles of . Our goal is to provide each Believer with an avenue to enrich their personal lives and bring them closer to God.

Is your Lord and Savior? If you have not accepted Him as such, you must be aware of what Romans 3:23 tells you.

For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God:

How do you go about it? You must believe that Jesus is the Son of God.

I John 5:13 gives an example in which to base your faith.

These things have I written unto you that believe on the name of the Son of God; that ye may know that ye have eternal life, and that ye may believe on the name of the Son of God.

What if you are just not sure? Romans 10:9-10 gives you the Scriptural mandate for becoming born-again.

That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved. For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto Salvation.

Take some time to consider this very carefully. Ask Jesus to come into your heart so that you will know the power of His Salvation and make your statement of faith today.

Once you become born-again, it is your responsibility to renew your mind with the Word of God. Romans 12:1-2 tells us that that transformation of the mind can only take place in this temporal world by the Word of God.

I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.

The Apostle Paul, giving instructions to his Ason” Timothy states in 2 Timothy 2:15:

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GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.

What happens if we do these things? Ephesians 4:12-13 gives us the answer to this question.

For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ:

By studying the Word of God, you will be equipped for service in the Kingdom of God and you will also be ready to take the position in the Body of Christ to which God has appointed you. You will be able to walk in unity with other Believers and you will be a vessel of honor to God that can rightly divide the word of truth.

If you are not saved and you do not know what to say, consider this simple prayer.

Lord, I know that I have need of a saviour. I believe that Jesus died for my sins and the God raised Him from the dead three days later. I ask to be forgiven and for Jesus to come into my heart and be the Lord of my life. I believe now by faith that God has heard my prayer and I am born- again.

If you have prayed this prayer, you must accept by faith that your sins have been forgiven. It is important that you tell someone of your decision to accept the Lord. Also, it is our recommendation that you should attach yourself to a local church and undergo water .

For those who have prayed this prayer with sincerity of heart, we welcome to eternal life in the Kingdom of God. May the blessings of God overtake you.

May God grant you wisdom, knowledge, and understanding in all of His ways.

ICBT Directors and Staff

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GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

THE VISION

As we have been commissioned by the prophet of old, we now set our hand to write the vision of Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology, so that: "He that runs may read it, the vision having been clearly written and made plain" Habakkuk 2:2.

1) UNITY - To build up the Body of Christ by networking with all churches, as well as with local and international ministries. This networking is to provide seasoned leadership ministries to the small local church, to encourage unity and fellowship among Pastors, church leadership and para-church groups through active service.

2) GOSPEL - To go with the lifeline of the Gospel, to educate with love, integrity, and without compromise.

3) ONE CROSS FOR ALL - To cross the cultural, racial, and denominational lines for unity, fellowship, networking, and progress. To have an open door through MSBT to all who desire to join with us in a common goal and for the highest good. To proclaim one cross for all cultures, races, denominations, and peoples.

4) GO YE - To go wherever there is a need, to rich or poor, to majorities or minorities, to large or small churches, to free or bound: to go where many fail to go and to meet the needs before us.

5) THE CALLED - To make available opportunities to those called to minister and to expand their horizons through new associations and experiences. To aid new and/or younger ministers fulfilling God's call on their lives.

6) EDUCATION - God has charged us with propagating the Gospel through education to whosoever will. This education is through foundational schools that teach the basics of as well as correspondence schooling for those seeking more in-depth levels in Christian teachings.

7) APPLICATION - To bring opportunity to students by making available to them teachings and information for practical application and beyond traditional confines.

8) DREAM A DREAM - To cause each person we associate with to catch a vision, to dream yet another dream, and to keep their eyes on Jesus, the author and finisher of their faith.

9) THE CALL - To encourage each person to move out of their comfort zone, to be all they can be for Christ and to fulfill that call upon their life. To encourage each one to pursue his purpose, live up to his potential, and produce the fruit of the Spirit.

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GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

"Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth" II Timothy 2:15

Administrative & Curriculum Office P.O. Box 339 Norris City, Illinois 62869 Phone: 618-378-3821 - Fax: 618-378-2101

This electronic data file/publication is the sole property of American Mission Teams Evangelistic Organization, Inc. It may be printed in its entirety for the readers personal use or to pass on to family or friends. It may not be altered, edited or changed in any way and all reproductions of this electronic data must contain this copyright notice. 8 2004 American Mission Teams Evangelistic Organization, Inc. This material is not to be posted or transmitted

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GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

20th Century Church History

THERE ARE:

215 pages of Commentary 10 Quiz assignments 1 Midterm Exam 1 Final Exam 29 pages of Answer Keys for school sites only (Answer keys are not included in the student’s copy of material. 2 Pages of research to be completed by the Student.

INSTRUCTIONS: Read the Commentary.

Take Quiz 1, which covers pages 8 – 30 in the Commentary Take Quiz 2, which covers pages 30 – 53 in the Commentary. Take Quiz 3, which covers pages 53 – 76 in the Commentary. Take Quiz 4, which covers pages 76 – 99 in the Commentary. Take the Mid Term Exam, which covers Quizzes 1-4. Take Quiz 5, which covers pages 99 – 120 in the Commentary. Take Quiz 6, which covers pages 120 – 142 in the Commentary Take Quiz 7, which covers pages 142 – 154 in the Commentary. Take Quiz 8, which covers pages 154 – 176 in the Commentary. Take Quiz 9, which covers pages 176 – 196 in the Commentary Take Quiz 10, which covers pages 196 – 214 in the Commentary Take Final Exam, which covers Quizzes 5-10.

13 weeks in a Trimester: 11 weeks of teaching and 2 weeks of testing. You will need to cover 21.4 pages per teaching session.

18 weeks in a Semester: 16 weeks of teaching and 2 weeks of testing. You will need to cover 13.7 pages per teaching session.

NOTE: The Instructor is encouraged to add his/her personality to the teaching sessions and to add knowledge to the Commentaries. The Instructor had some latitude if they desire to give some outside homework or essays. Before doing so, please check with the administrator of the school.

ALL TERM PAPERS MUST BE COMPLETED AND TURNED IN TO THE INSTRUCTOR BEFORE THE FINAL EXAM. NO GRADES WILL BE GIVEN FOR THE COURSE WITHOUT THE COMPLETION OF THE TERM PAPER.

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GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

Table of Contents

I Introduction 8

II. Growth of Christianity 10

III. The Start of the 20th Century 13

IV. Churches/Denominations Active in the 20th Century 14

V. Understanding Terms of the 20th Century 65

VI. Movements Birthed/Active in the 20th Century Church 79

VII. Ministers of Impact- Early to Mid 20th Century 104

VIII. Ministers of Impact- Mid 20th Century 125

IX. Ministers of Impact- Late 20th Century 158

X. Ministries of Note- Late 20th Century 176

XI. Threats to the 20th Century Church 180

XII. Charismatic Nature of the 20th Century Church 196

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GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

I. INTRODUCTION

The Church of the 20th Century faced many social and ecclesiastical problems. Not long after the turn of the Century, the Church got involved in recruiting, selling war bonds, and assured men that if they died in battle, they would go to heaven. This was due to WWI being seen as a holy war. In WWII, the Church resisted any hate appeal, aided conscientious objectors, and prayed for Christian brothers on both sides of the line. The Church also helped in reconstruction after the war. When the Vietnam Conflict came along, the Church became divided when the media and anti-war advocates pounded the idea of making peace, not war.

Another social issue was race. The first issue of race arose during the Civil War. This war ended slavery but did not equate civil rights of Blacks with those of Whites. Martin Luther King took up the issue in the last half of the 20th Century, and many Blacks began passive resistance to the segregation issue, bringing about integration of schools and a significant change in attitudes toward race.

Economic injustice was also an issue. The ranks of the poor expanded and late Century welfare roles were bloated. Besides these issues, others included stem-cell harvesting and research, abortion on demand, same-sex marriage, drug and alcohol abuse, casual sex and resulting underage pregnancy, HIV/AIDS & STD’s, and divorce and resulting single parent households.

A. Dissolution of Liberalism

1.

At first Fundamentalism was negative in reaction to Liberalism that upheld evolution and Biblical criticism. This was evidenced in the famous Scopes trial in 1925. The Scopes trial is the famous trial of evolution versus creation. Since World War II, evangelicalism has emerged as more positive in its assertion of the truth. Bible Schools and Colleges like Moody and Wheaton, and Christian Seminaries like Fuller and , have been founded to train Christian leaders that are committed in evangelical doctrine. Other ministry schools, such as YWAM and Christ for the Nations International have been turning out thousands of young people who took to the mission field and to pastor churches all across America.

2. Neo-Orthodoxy

A lot of liberals that were chastened by war and the depression moved into neo-orthodoxy which was proclaimed by Karl Barth. Neo-orthodoxy retains the ideas of Biblical criticism and they admit the universality of sin 8 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

and man's need of being confronted with and responding to a Holy God who can cleanse him. The old liberals felt that the Bible contained the Word of God. The Evangelicals say the Bible is the Word of God, and Neo-orthodoxy says that it becomes the Word of God in crisis by the action of the Holy Spirit. Neo-orthodoxy does not address itself to the problems of the day.

3. Roman Catholicism

During the reign of Pope's Pius XI and XII, the Church saw Communism as such a threat to itself that they even involved totalitarian states like and as bulwarks against Communism. Under Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI, the strategy has been reduced to a limited co- existence and cooperation, for example, the situation in Poland. Pope John XXIII (1963-1965), stressed updating the Roman . There is a more cooperative attitude toward the Protestant and Orthodox Churches. This updating did not affect any essential dogmas of the Church but it did open the Mass into the vernacular, or the common language of the people. It also permitted lay reading of the Bible and allowed inter-church dialogue between ecumenical lines.

C. Ecumenicalism

The trend to unity resulted in interdenominational cooperation of such groups as the , Christian Endeavor, Youth For Christ, and others. Organic reunion of like groups has also resulted. For example, Northern and Southern merged into the Methodist Church in 1939. Also, unlike groups such as, the Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists merged to form the United Church of Canada, in 1925. The major thrust of ecumenicalism has been toward confederations of like groups instead of unlike groups.

D. Paganism

The beliefs of many world religions and the "new age/new spirituality" movement brings to society the demonic deceptions of neo-paganism and eastern philosophies. Several of these have already infiltrated the whole world and even much of Christianity. Any belief, not based on the absolute truths of the Bible, has descended from Mystery Babylon and can be described as religions of Babylonian paganism. People are pagans, even if not witches, if they follow the source of all polytheistic and pantheistic beliefs.

The "new spirituality" movement is a pagan movement, refined for those who rejected certain practices that were identified with the "new age" movement. This 9 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

"new spirituality" concept or movement is the latest effort to make polytheistic and pantheistic beliefs acceptable to the mainstream public. Some television talk- show hosts or hostesses are promoting these lies, including Oprah Winfrey.

II. GROWTH OF CHRISTIANITY

Religious bodies listed in this chapter are the top organizations, by total adherents, which have a recognized, central leadership or convention and a body of individual members adherents. No clearly independent, distinct religious bodies are included. These are not denominations, since sometimes the term "denomination" is also applied to denominational families. (There are some 38,000 Christian denominations-2006). While some may classify these groups as the world's largest "churches," we do not use that term since many people use the term "church" to indicate a broader, more doctrinally-oriented grouping than the organizationally-oriented term "religious body."

A. Religion’s Adherents

Religious Body Number of Adherents Catholic Church 1,100,000,000 Eastern Orthodox Church 225,000,000 Anglican Communion 77,000,000 Assemblies of God 50,000,000 Ethiopian Orthodox Church 35,000,000 Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland 27,400,000 Inglesia ni Cristo (based in ) 27,000,000 Seventh-day Adventist Church 16,811,519 Jehovah’s Witnesses 16,500,000 Southern Baptist Convention 16,000,000 Church of Jesus Christ (LDS) 12,275,822 United Methodist Church 11,708,887 New Apostolic Church 10,260,000

Of course there has been a phenomenon take place in that dwarfs all but three of the above group’s numbers. The unregistered church in China, coming into existence due to the suppression of Christianity by the communist government, has grown to some 75-100 million believers. Of course we do not know the number, as persecution and the fact that the church is underground, keeps much information about this tremendous growth hidden. At any rate, these churches are not listed as belonging to any “religious body.”

The largest religious bodies based in the United States, in terms of worldwide membership, are the Assemblies of God, Southern Baptist Convention, United Methodist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Seventh-day Adventists. While these religious bodies account for a 10 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

large number of adherents, the number of members at independent Christian churches is a huge number, as shown below.

With 6,738,000,000 persons inhabiting 221 countries on planet earth, as of November 20, 2008 according to the World Population Clock, some 2.67 billion persons are in the 6,859 unreached people groups, according to Joshua Project. The population breakdown is over 40% of the world’s population in these groups. Yet the Church has grown greatly in this Century.

There are some 1.9 billion Christians in the world, as of 2006 estimates. Countries claiming to be over 98% Christian include Vatican City, San Marino, Romania, Armenia, Greece, Moldova, Malta, and Venezuela. The three largest national Christian populations, as of 2007: 1) the United States at 234+ million; 2) at 169+ million; 3) at 103+ million. We should note here that if a person claimed to be a Christian, they were counted as one. About 75% of adults in the United States identify themselves as Christians, according to ReligiousTolerance.org. From all branches of Christianity there are sent forth some 410,000 , according to Mission Frontiers. Of the Christians world-wide, there is an average of 171,000 martyred for their faith each year (Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary-2006).

B. Church Attendance- USA

Certainly there are differences between those who only say they are Christians and those who attend services regularly. In 1946 a survey revealed that 66% of Americans attended services at least monthly. That percentage had slipped to 60% by 2000, showing a relatively steady church attendance during the last 50 years of the Century. Those claiming “regular attendance” in 1994 was only 40%, though 80% plus claimed to be Christians.

Evidence of the U.S. (Western) culture shifting away from one of faith and religious values was confirmed in a recent survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Of 35,000 adults questioned, 16% claimed no religious association and 25% of those ages 18-29 do not belong to any organized religion. A National Opinion Research Center survey in the 1980’s found only 5- 8% of Americans were unassociated with a religious faith. According to the Pew Forum, half of the currently unaffiliated turned from the faith in which they were raised, showing that the “United States is on the verge of becoming a minority Protestant country.” Other side-lights included the fact that “for the first time in history, more than one in every 100 adults in America is in jail or prison.”

C. Charismatic/Pentecostal Growth

Fully 50% of all Protestants in the U. S. say they are Charismatic or Pentecostal, 11 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

with the number rising some 6% in the last ten years, according to surveys from The Barna Group. The religious landscape is changing dramatically in the U.S. according to founder George Barna." One out of every four Protestant churches in the United States, and four out of every ten non-denominational churches, is a charismatic congregation.

Too, he says several widespread assumptions about charismatic churches are inaccurate. Charismatic Christianity is not almost exclusively a Protestant phenomenon, with some 36% of all American Catholics in the charismatic classification. ’s growth has crossed denominational lines, with 7% of Southern Baptist churches and 6% of mainline churches being charismatic, according to their Senior Pastors. This Charismatic growth is even stronger in Black congregations, with 65% of the Protestant churches dominated by African-Americans.

The vast majority of the Charismatic churches are non-denominational (not formally aligned with an established religious denomination). These churches, as with all non-denominational churches, establish their own methods of policy and worship without external direction from any organization. Members of non- denominational churches tend to consider themselves simply "Christians" and often feel at home visiting any number of other denominational churches with compatible beliefs.

On the other hand, some non-denominational churches, Charismatics often included, consciously reject the idea of a denominational structure as a matter of doctrine, insisting that each congregation must be autonomous, sometimes pointing out that in early Christianity, there were no denominations

D. Bible Belt

The Bible Belt is an informal term for a geographical area in which socially conservative Christianity, Evangelicalism, and Protestantism is a dominant part of the culture. The term "Bible Belt" was coined by the American journalist and social commentator H.L. Mencken in the early 1920s. This idiom is pointed at the region where the Southern Baptist Convention is the strongest, though other denominations, such as Church of Christ and the Assemblies of God have strong contingencies there. It generally is the Southern United States and nearby areas.

During the 13 Colonies era, the South was a stronghold of the Anglican Church. The transition into a conservative Protestant Bible Belt took place slowly, through religious revival movements, many of which were connected to Baptist groups. This is a contrast with the Catholic Northeastern U.S., the religiously diverse Midwest, the Mormon corridor of Utah and Southern Idaho, and the Secular Western U.S. where the highest percentage of non-believers live. 12 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

However, it is not just in the U.S. that there is a Bible Belt. The Netherlands, parts of , including Northern Ireland, and Oceania could be considered the Bible Belt also. The northwestern suburbs of , , several cities in Canada, and Nanjing City, China, with the highest number of Christians since 1949, could be included. Too, Nagaland, India, along with Mizoram, Meghalaya, and the hill district of Manipur form a “Bible belt.” Nagaland, over 90% Christian according to the 2001 census, can be called the most Baptist State in the world, with 80% professing the Baptist faith.

While many places could lay claim to being the “buckle” of this belt, perhaps it is Lubbock, Texas, where there are more churches per capita than anywhere else in the U.S.A.

III. THE START OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Almost as if there was suddenly an increased hunger in people’s lives, the impact of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at the start of the 20th Century has reverberated throughout the world, starting (arguably) in Topeka, Kansas.

Agnes Ozman (1870-1937) was the first to speak in tongues at Charles Parham's Bethel Bible College in Topeka, Kansas. Though there are conflicting accounts about the sequence of events, her experience is usually credited with establishing the validity of Parham's assertion that speaking in unknown languages evidenced the Baptism in the Holy Spirit. Raised Methodist Episcopal, she participated in some nondenominational events and agreed with both pre-millennialism and healing. Enrolled in 1892 for the winter term at T. C. Horton's Bible school in St. Paul, Minnesota, she then continued her training at A. B Simpson's training institute in 1894. Seeking spiritual reality, she served as a city in Kansas City and in the fall of 1900, went to Charles Fox Parham's school in Topeka, Kansas.

Parham had charged his students to study out what was the initial evidence of the baptism in the Holy Spirit, just before he left the school for a meeting. When he returned, they all had come to individual conclusions as he had. A group of students, along with Parham, at her request, laid hands on Ozman around midnight of the eve of the first day of the 20th Century, agreeing with her that she would be baptized in the Holy Spirit with the evidence of . It was around midnight, preceding the first day of the 20th Century, when she received the baptism. While "a halo surrounded her head and face," she began to "speak the Chinese language", which was her only language for three days. On January 3rd, somewhere before 10:00 P.M., the balance of the students had received the baptism and were singing “Jesus, Lover of My Soul” in tongues as Parham returned from preaching at the Free Methodist Church in Topeka. Parham, kneeling down and praying, was soon speaking in the Swedish tongue. 13 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

Though the event was empowerment to Ozman, there was generally an atmosphere of millennial expectations. Parham said that tongues were the "Bible evidence" of baptism in the Holy Spirit and believed that they were known earthly languages any missionary could instantly use in the harvest of souls. He saw this as evidence of a coming, pre- millennial rapture of the Church. Parham was not the first to identify tongues as the sign of Spirit baptism, for a Scottish Presbyterian minister, Edward Irving, and a group of English evangelicals had predicted the restoration of tongues and the other gifts of the Spirit, as early as 1830.

Though Ozman is credited with being the first in the 20th Century to speak in tongues, Parham had left Topeka around 1900 to expressly hear for himself what holiness preachers had to say about it. He visited A. B. Simpson, Alexander Dowie, Stephen Merritt, A. J. Gordon, and Frank Standford, all men involved in the Holiness message. He encountered believers on this tour who spoke in tongues.

The tiny prayer meeting in Topeka spread to start the Azusa Street revival under William J. Seymour, as well as the healing ministries of John G. Lake and F. F. Bosworth. There were many groups birthed in the early part of the 20th Century that promoted the baptism in the Holy Spirit, including: 1) the Assemblies of God; 2) the Church of God; 3) the ; 4) the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World; 5) a host of others.

Thousands of missionaries went out and Pentecostal churches sprung up in Canada, Germany, Sweden, Norway, , Scotland, France, Holland, Denmark, Mexico, Brazil, El Salvador, Venezuela, Chile, Liberia, Nigeria, the Congo, Ivory Coast, South , Egypt, India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Fiji, , Australia, and even China.

IV. CHURCHES/DENOMINATIONS ACTIVE IN THE 20TH CENTURY

While we cannot document all that took place in this Century, we will give here a number of church groups or denominations that were birthed and were active. Some, already in existence, are listed due to the impact they have had on Christianity in the 20th Century. Some of these will be continuations of what took place in the previous centuries after the Reformation, and others will be due to the effects of the receiving of the Baptism of the Holy Spirit, both from Topeka on January 1, 1901, as well as Azusa Street, five years later. Too, the movements of the Fourth Great Awakening (so called by some) and Charismatic Renewals all played a part in the birthing and growth processes of the Church.

A.

The term “Baptists” is a generic term for many associations and groups that 14 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

generally follow a certain method of water baptism and congregational led government. Since the churches are not governed by a pope or bishop, the independent church’s local congregation governs, though some tend to lean on the pastoral office for more leadership than the congregation. There are more than 90 million Baptists worldwide, with some 300,000 congregations and an estimated 47 million members in the U.S. Other large populations of Baptists exist in Asia, Africa and .

According to mid-1990 poll, about 20% of the people in the U.S. claim to be Baptist. U.S. Baptists have more than 50 separate groups. Five bodies of Baptists—the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC); National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. (NBC); National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.; (NBCA); American Baptist Churches in the USA (ABC); and Baptist Bible Fellowship International (BBFI), represent 92% of the adherents. Only those baptized members of a local Baptist church are included in these total numbers of Baptists.

There are several major groupings of Baptists in Canada, namely: Association of Regular Baptist Churches, Baptist General Conference of Canada, Canadian Baptist Ministries, Canadian Convention of Southern Baptists, Landmark Missionary Baptist Association of Quebec, The Fellowship of Evangelical Baptist Churches in Canada, Independent Baptist churches (non-aligned), Progressive Primitive Baptists, and Old-Line Primitive Baptists.

The majority of Baptists worldwide reside in the United States, with their constituents making up the 2nd largest Christian U.S. church after the Roman Catholics. The great majority of Baptist churches are in the southern United States, with their constituents historically exerting a powerful influence politically in that region of the country.

Baptist churches, not having a central governing authority, have beliefs that are not totally consistent from one Baptist church to another. However, on major theological issues, the distinctive beliefs are common among almost all Baptist churches. Baptists share "orthodox" Christian beliefs with most other moderate or conservative Christian denominations. These would include beliefs about one God, virgin birth, sinless life, miracles, vicarious atoning death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Christ, the Trinity, need for personal salvation, grace, the church, the Kingdom of God, last things; evangelism and missions.

Most Baptist traditions believe in the "Four Freedoms" articulated by Baptist historian Walter B. Shurden: 1) Soul freedom- the soul is competent and capable of making decisions in matters of faith without coercion or compulsion by any larger religious or civil body; 2) Church freedom- freedom of the local church from outside interference and subject only to the law where it does not interfere with 15 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

the religious teachings and practices of the church; 3) Bible freedom- individuals are free to interpret the Bible personally; 4) Religious freedom- individuals are free to choose to practice their religion, another religion, or no religion, with the separation of church and state being the "civil corollary" of religious freedom.

Baptists believe in the autonomy of the local church (Congregationalism), which gives self-governance to individual local churches in areas of policy, polity and doctrine. Baptist churches do not have national councils, bishops, or a pope, so each congregation’s higher authority is the vote of the congregation's members. Administration, leadership and doctrine are usually decided democratically by members of each individual church congregation. Tremendous diversity of beliefs and worship practices among Baptist churches is the result.

There are a few exceptions to this local form of democratic congregational governance. These few churches submit to either: 1) the leadership of a body of Baptist elders; 2) some Reformed Baptists who are organized in a Presbyterian polity system; 3) the Congolese Episcopal Baptists that have an Episcopal polity.

Most Baptist mega-churches depend upon a strong clergy-led style with the membership giving little to no oversight in the affairs of the church leadership. This does not follow the practice of congregational church governance, but is consistent with the principles of individual church autonomy.

Many cooperative conventions of Baptists have been formed so that individual churches can pool resources, primarily for missions, theological education, and publications. These conventions are not allowed to have direct authority over the individual local churches, with the local church deciding how much they participate in the convention. Too, a local association of Baptist churches can vote a member church out of the association by majority vote. This form of associational excommunication, though contrary to historical Baptist practice, has happened to some local churches in the Southern Baptist Convention. The basis of this “excommunication” has been for such practices as: 1) ordaining women; 2) hiring a woman pastor; 3) accepting practicing homosexuals as members.

Baptist denominations cannot enforce theological or practical orthodoxy among constituent congregations, though the denomination may choose to refuse money or participation of congregations when their beliefs or practices are outside established group norms. Too, they can refuse to recognize ministerial credentials of clergy and set boundaries for orthodoxy for universities, seminaries, schools, and hospitals that are owned or operated by the denomination.

The largest association of Baptists in the US is the Southern Baptist Convention. Beginning 1967, the conservatives were elected to lead the Southern Baptist 16 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Convention in removing theologically moderate and methodologically democratic leadership from control. This new leadership now leads all Southern Baptist seminaries, mission groups, and other convention-owned institutions. Employees of those groups are now required to sign a statement of beliefs that excludes, among other things, women in pastoral or administrative ministry, and a private prayer language, as a condition of employment.

The 2nd largest Baptist denomination in the U.S. is the National Baptist Convention, America's oldest and largest African-American religious convention with an estimated membership of 7.5 million. There are several other nationwide Baptist groups, as well as hundreds of regional and local Baptist associations, and many Independent Baptist churches that are unassociated.

Because of the importance of the priesthood of every believer, the centrality of the freedom of conscience (a thought in Baptist theology), and due to the congregational style of church governance, doctrine varies greatly between one Baptist church and another (and among individual Baptists) especially on the following issues: 1) ; 2) Arminianism; 3) doctrine of separation; 4) eschatology; 5) hermeneutics; 6) homosexuality and Christianity; 7) ordination of women; 8) the extent to which Mission boards should be used to support missionaries; 9) the extent to which non members may participate in communion services; 10) the nature of Law and the Gospel.

Baptists have historically been sensitive to the introduction of theological error, from their perspective, into their groups. Beginning in the 1980s, a determined group of fundamentalist Southern Baptists made an effort to purge what they considered to be a liberal influence, especially from the Southern Baptist seminaries. There was not agreement that most of the purged were indeed liberal, with many seeing themselves as moderates. This controversy brought about the forming of two new groups of local churches: the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship and the Alliance of Baptists. Some Southern Baptist state conventions resisted the takeover by the more conservative group.

Some who reject the label Baptist prefer to be labeled as Christians who attend Baptist churches. A recent trend, most common among mega-churches and those embracing the "seeker-friendly movement", is to eliminate the word "Baptist", seeing it as a barrier to reaching persons who have negative views of Baptists. Often they use the word “Community” or other non-religious or denominational term in their church name.

The Southern Baptist Convention established the Cooperative Program in 1925. This Program (CP Missions), enables all Southern Baptists to work together to support missions efforts world-wide. Through the Southern Baptists, 4,946 missionaries in 153 different countries are supported. These missionaries were 17 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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the impetus for 451,000 new believers in the year 2000 outside of North America.

The Baptist World Alliance was formed at Exeter hall in in 1905. The Alliance is a worldwide grouping of Baptist churches and organizations. John Newton Prestridge, (The Baptist Argus, Louisville, Kentucky editor in 1904), called for a world gathering of Baptists. John Howard Shakespeare, (editor of The Baptist Times and Freeman, London), endorsed the proposal. The Baptist Union of Great Britain, October of 1904, invited a Congress to meet with them in July of 1905. There a committee was formed, which proposed a Constitution for a World Alliance. A Constitution was adopted which set the goal of bringing the “. . . Churches of the Baptist order and faith throughout the world . . .”, into a spirit of fellowship, service and cooperation that would extend the impact of Baptists over every part of the world." Three leading members of the original organization were Prestridge, Shakespeare and Alexander MacLaren.

Currently the Baptist World Alliance serves 210 Baptist groups with some 47 million baptized believers in over 200 countries. The goals of the BWA are to: 1) unite Baptists worldwide; 2) lead in world evangelization; 3) respond to people in need; 4) defend human rights.

B. Salvation Army

A ministry founded in 1865 by a former Methodist preacher and his wife as a in London’s East end, had its name changed to the Salvation Army in 1878 and has had a powerful impact, especially in social arenas in the 20th Century. The Salvation Army’s mission is to bring the whole world under the lordship of Jesus Christ. The Army's interpretation of both the Old and New Testament is the basis for the mandate. Starting in London’s poorest areas with preaching, singing, and benevolent works, it is best known as a relief effort and its collection efforts at the Christmas Season in front of retail stores around the U.S.

The Salvation Army was a major benefactor in disaster relief as they labored to help those ravaged people due to the Galveston Hurricane in 1900 and the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. Utilizing nationwide appeals, tremendous support came (both financial and material) which enabled the Army to provide assistance to thousands. Evangeline Booth offered the services of Salvationists to President Wilson during the WWI and thrust the Salvation Army social and relief work to newer heights.

The Salvation Army's reputation changed when it helped bring disaster relief efforts at Galveston and San Francisco. People began to change their minds and instead of them persecuting this religious 'thorn in the flesh', they began to love the institution. A large donation (1.5 billion dollars) was given in the will of Joan 18 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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B. Kroc (widow of McDonald’s CEO Ray Kroc) to the Army. This 2004 donation was among the largest individual philanthropic gifts ever given to a single organization.

The Salvation Army has experienced worldwide expansion in the 20th Century. Their “soldiers” undertook efforts of combating evil and bringing relief to the nations of the world and islands of the sea. There has been growth of the worldwide expansion to a new nation at least every other year since 1901.

The Army’s claimed membership includes more than 17,000 active and more than 8,700 retired officers, 1,041,461 soldiers, around 100,000 other employees and more than 4.5 million volunteers. It is probably true that the Army membership is considerably smaller, since inactive soldiers are rarely removed from the rolls.

C. Seventh-day Adventists

The Seventh-day Adventist Church has Washington, New Hampshire as its birthplace in 1844. A group of Christian Connection believers, which was 5th in the U.S. in membership, sought biblical authority in every aspect of belief. They became convinced that the Scriptures taught the soon advent of Christ and validity of the seventh day Sabbath. William Miller, a well-known Baptist preacher, exhibiting knowledge of the Scriptures and lecturing on the literal, soon advent of Christ, led many ministers and leaders in the Christian Connection churches to become “Adventist” in the late 1830’s and 1840’s.

The Seventh-day Adventist heritage from "Christians" included the emphasis upon freedom. Washington, New Hampshire was the first town to name itself after George Washington, taking that name in 1776. This freedom heritage also caused Adventists to actively seek freedom for slaves as well as for roles for women in the church. Adventists opposed formalized church creeds, as well as were orientated toward temperance and health reform.

One result of the desire to touch lives for God is that Adventists have built thousands of schools around the world. Seventh-day Adventist physicians and medical institutions serve individual needs in more than 98 countries. The Seventh-day Adventist’s are involved in disaster relief through ADRA, the Adventist Development and Relief Agency.

Adventists use messages of "Good News" over numerous radio studios around the globe. The same goes for production of television and other media programs. The church's interest is best exemplified in a satellite broadcast system with more than 14,000 downlink sites, and the television 24/7 global broadcasting network for homes, the Hope Channel. 19 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Health and diet has been an emphasis since the 1860s when the church began. Christian vegetarianism is recommended and abstinence from pork, shellfish, and other foods proscribed as "unclean animals" in Leviticus. In addition, some Adventists avoid coffee and other caffeine beverages. The pioneers of the Adventist church had much to do with the common acceptance of breakfast cereals into the Western diet. John Harvey Kellogg, an early part of the founders of the Adventist health work, developed breakfast cereals as healthy food and led to the founding of Kellogg Company by his brother William K. Kellogg.

The Adventist church has received criticism along several lines, including its allegedly heterodox doctrines, in relation to Ellen G. White and her status within the church, and in relation to alleged exclusivist attitudes and behavior.

Teachings of the Adventist church that are repeatedly scrutinized are the annihilation view of hell, the heavenly sanctuary doctrine and investigative judgment (and related concepts such as an ongoing atonement), and certain Adventist eschatology. Adventists have often been accused of legalism, because of their emphasis on law-keeping and strict Sabbath-observance.

As of the end of 2006, Adventists had 61,818 churches with a membership of over 15,000,000 worldwide. Ordained, active ministers numbers 15,813. Members are in established works in 203 countries. Adventists operate 7,284 schools with enrollment of 1.4 million plus. They operate 168 hospitals and sanitariums, 138 nursing homes, and 34 orphan homes.

D. International Pentecostal Holiness Church

The International Pentecostal Holiness Church is an amalgamation of several groups coming together, the oldest of which is the Fire-Baptized Holiness Association in Iowa. Benjamin H. Irwin, of Lincoln, Nebraska, a former Baptist preacher, organized the body into the national Fire-Baptized Holiness Church at Anderson, in August of 1898. By this time, Irwin's group had organized churches in eight U. S. states and two Canadian provinces.

Gaston B. Cashwell, a Methodist minister, joined the Pentecostal Holiness Church in 1903, becoming a leading figure in the church and the Pentecostal movement on the east coast. He traveled to in 1906 to visit the Pentecostal revival at the Azusa Street Mission, receiving the baptism with the evidence of speaking in tongues. Returning to North Carolina, in December of 1906, Cashwell preached the Pentecost experience in the local Holiness church. Abner Crumpler, pastor of the church was willing to accept speaking in tongues, but did not accept that it was the initial evidence of the baptism of the Holy Spirit. He eventually left the church. At the annual conference in November of 1908, the 20 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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body added recognition of tongues as the initial evidence in their statement of faith.

The Pentecostal Holiness Church merged with the Fire-Baptized Holiness Church in January 30, 1911, at the Pentecostal Holiness Church building in Falcon, North Carolina. The Tabernacle Pentecostal Church, churches affiliated with Nickes Holmes' Bible College in Greenville, South Carolina, merged with the Pentecostal Holiness Church in 1915. These mergers brought the denomination to about 200 churches and about 5,000 members. The Pentecostal Holiness Church is apparently the first church in the U.S. to adopt a Pentecostal statement as official doctrine.

A schism developed in the Pentecostal Holiness Church in 1920 over divine healing and the use of medicine. Some pastors said the believers could use medicine and doctors while most believed in trusting God for healing without a doctors help, causing the minority to withdrew and form the Congregational Holiness Church in 1921.

The missionary impulse was manifested early on, as Frank R. Porter, who served as FBH Ruling Elder for Tennessee, and W.B. Martin, made plans in 1899 to go to Africa. By December of 1899, John Dull, Sarah M. Payne, Nora Arnold, and Cornelia Allen set sail on the Cape Fear steamer for Cuba. Daniel Awrey joined the FBH contingency, who made a 7,100 mile trip in 1899, having been baptized in the Spirit in 1890, and circled the globe in 1909 and participated in a Pentecostal world conference in Europe.

Later Awrey took charge of Emmanuel’s Bible School in Beulah, Oklahoma. This school trained several families for the PHC. Awrey was in India and China with Frank Bartleman, an Azusa St. Revival leader in 1910-11, and died in Liberia in 1913. According to Ethel E. Goss’ The Winds of God, Daniel Awrey was a world- famous Bible teacher, missionary and traveler. In his trips around the world, he used little of the offerings received, so that he might give to others. Using steerage tickets and sleeping in trains at night, he lived austerely. With much fasting, he had thousands of dollars to send to missionaries who were suffering privations on the field.

The first PHC Foreign Mission Board was formed in 1904, composed entirely of women. Missionaries sent included: Miss Lucy Jones, 14 years in China; Miss Effie Mae Glover, 24 years in Guatemala (Married Amos Bradley after first 2 years); Amos Bradley, 44 years (by 1962) in Central America; Miss Della Gaines, to India in 1910; J.M. Turners, to India in 1922. Kenneth E.M. Spooner was sent to South Africa in 1913, remaining until his death in 1937. He established 60 churches while there.

21 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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The International Pentecostal Holiness Church had 8,383 churches with 1,040,400 members in 1999, world wide, with missionaries in more than 90 nations. International offices, once located in Franklin Springs, Georgia, is now located in Bethany, Oklahoma (a suburb of Oklahoma City).

Several recognized names came out of the Pentecostal Holiness Church, including: 1) , a charismatic evangelist; 2) Charles Stanley, former president of the Southern Baptist Convention; 3) C.M. Ward, former Assemblies of God radio preacher. A predominantly black organization, now known as the Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas, was organized by Bishop William E. Fuller, formerly a part of B. H. Irwin's Fire-Baptized Holiness Church.

E. Assemblies of God (AoG, AG)

Ninety-Four years ago (2008), the group known as the Assemblies of God was founded at a General Council on April 2-12, in Hot Springs, . Some 300 Spirit-filled believers gathered together to start what has become a body of Christians with adherents world wide.

The World Assemblies of God Fellowship, or Assemblies of God for short, is the world's largest Pentecostal denomination, with over 12,100 churches in the U.S. and in 236,022 churches and outstations in 191 other nations, with approximately 56.9 million adherents worldwide.

There are AG records of believers receiving the baptism in the Holy Spirit in: 1) New England as early as 1854; 2) in the Cumberland Mountains in 1877; 3) an Arkansas Holiness preacher, W. Jethro Walthal, in 1879; 4) Daniel Awrey in Delaware, , in 1890; 5) a preacher named C.M. Hanson of Dalton, Minnesota, in 1899.

This Baptism spread across Kansas, into Missouri, down into Texas, and finally to the West Coast at the Azusa Street Mission in Los Angeles in 1906. Too, there was a seemingly spontaneous revival out-break among students at a Christian and Missionary Alliance ministerial training school at Nyack, New York. Four of the early Assemblies of God leaders received the Holy Spirit there: David McDowell, Frank M. Boyd, G.F. Bender, and W.I. Evans.

Pastor D.W. Kerr accepted the message at Beulah Park Camp near , Ohio, in 1907. Miss Marie Burgess, who later married Robert A. Brown, carried the message from Zion, Illinois, to in 1908, where she and her husband founded Glad Tidings Tabernacle. Glen A. Cook held a revival in Indianapolis in January 1907, where J. Roswell Flower, who later became general secretary of the Assemblies of God, was converted and Mrs. Flower received the baptism in the Holy Spirit. Many others were converted in these 22 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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early days of the 20th Century.

Confusion and trouble came to many, as some became victims of those who preyed on the unsuspecting. Doctrinal issues arose and religious leaders with few restrictions and less inhibitions led many astray. Others were cast out of their orthodox churches. Congregations were coming into being without pastors they could turn to. Ministers and laity both recognized the need for some semblance of organization, at the least for fellowship and the furtherance of the missionary cause. While organizations were frowned on, there were two small exceptions of Pentecostal bodies in the Southeastern states.

Mid-April, 1906, several came together at Orchard, Texas to found the Apostolic Faith Movement. H.A. Goss, W.F. Carothers, Arch P. Collins, D.C.O. Opperman and E.N. Bell were early leaders.

Opperman was an early founder of a Bible school, as was the school established at Plainfield, Indiana by D. Wesley Myland. Early attendees were Flem Van Meter, Fred Vogler, and J. Roswell Flower. Another school was established at Hattiesburg, in 1909 by Ralph M. Riggs, who later became general superintendent of the Assemblies of God.

H.G. Rodgers of Alabama, M.M. Pinson, and D.J. Dubose, all recipients of the Holy Spirit baptism, evangelized the Deep South in 1907. Others took the message to groups that now comprise the Church of God and the Pentecostal Holiness Church. After a call by Rodgers for ministers in the area to meet in a 3- day convention at Slocomb, Alabama, some 20 ministers, calling themselves the Church of God (no connection to Cleveland, Tennessee) met at Providence, near Slocomb. Officers were set in office, four men ordained, seven licensed, and over 100 participated in a Communion service. They agreed to meet again in October at Montgomery. Shortly after this initial meeting in 1911, this group changed their name to the Church of God in Christ in agreement with the leaders of the with the same name.

That fall they met in Dothan, Alabama, instead of in Montgomery, merging with the Apostolic Faith movement. Ordination credentials were conferred on several in the name of The Church of God in Christ. This group then met in Meridian, Mississippi, June of 1913. A subsequent ministerial list was assembled by the credentials committee with the names of the 352 members, including Arch P. Collins, E.N. Bell, H.A. Goss, and D.C.O. Opperman. By late 1913 the organization had taken definite shape, with ministers requested to report their ordination papers to be included in the official list of clergy.

On December 20, 1913, the Word and Witness, the quasi-official organ, issued a call for a general council of Pentecostal ministers to convene in Hot Springs in 23 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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the spring of 1914, which meeting culminated in the founding of the Assemblies of God.

The Grand Opera House in Hot Springs was the meeting place for the General Council. While there was opposition to organization, some 300 attended and 120 were registered as pastors and evangelists. Twenty states and several foreign lands had delegations there. Some of the better known include John G. Lake (South Africa), E.N. Richey (Illinois); E.N. Bell (Arkansas); J.R. Flower (Indiana); J.W. Welch (Kansas); J. Crouch (Egypt); R.M. Riggs.

The Hot Springs Sentinel Record barely recognized the meetings; a very brief note that the “Saints” were meeting, while there was an advertisement announcing The General Assembly of the Church of God in Christ.

A Preamble and Resolution was adopted, after two different committees shared notes the second day and found that they concurred in thinking. These documents set forth the sovereignty of local churches within the framework of a General Council of Assemblies of God, actually becoming the Constitution of the new church and remained so until 1917, when the brethren adopted a more adequate document. An Executive Presbytery of 12 men were elected “to act in all necessary matters on this General Council as a Home and Foreign Missionary and Executive during the ensuing year, or until the successors are appointed.” By motion, 12 men became members, including: T.K. Leonard; E.N. Bell; J.R. Flower; H.A. Goss; J.W. Welch; M.M. Pinson; C.B. Fockler; and D.C.O. Opperman. Later A.P. Collins, R.L. Erickson, and D.W. Kerr were elected.

Resolutions passed included the following principles: 1) Incorporation as the General Council of the Assemblies of God (58 men signed these incorporation papers October 13, 1914); 2) Disapproved extreme positions with regard to eating or not eating meat; 3) Encouraged local churches to set aside Thursday of each week as a day of prayer; 4) Local areas to form district and state councils; 5) Business of the Interstate Camp at Eureka Springs, Arkansas transferred to the Executive Presbytery; 6) Recognition given to elders, ministers, evangelists, and deacons as offices within the church; 7) Women to receive rights of ministers and evangelists, but not elders; 8) “Word and Witness” to be the official organ; 9) Divorce and remarriage of Christians, especially in the ministry, strongly disapproved of. These resolutions are essentially still embodied in the official position of the Assemblies of God.

The Assemblies of God experienced a major schism when they adopted the doctrine of the Trinity at their Fourth General Council, October 1916, in St. Louis, MO. Those withdrawing were known as "Oneness” Pentecostals," who believed in baptizing "in the name of Jesus Christ" and not "in the name of The Father, The Son, and the Holy Ghost/Spirit." This schism caused the loss of 24 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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approximately one-fourth of recognized A/G ministers, including all ministers in the state of Louisiana. Oneness ministers met in Eureka Springs, Arkansas on January 2, 1917, and formed a Oneness Pentecostal organization, later known as the United Pentecostal Church International.

F. Oneness Pentecostal

A significant event that probably led to the founding of the Oneness Pentecostal movement took place at a specific event: a revival meeting in Los Angeles on April 15, 1913. Canadian revivalist R.E. McAlister baptized converts there differently from the Trinitarian formula of the historic Christian Church (in the name of Jesus only). Many attendees were shocked by this action, but evangelist Frank Ewart spent many hours with McAlister following that service and was convinced it was proper and converted to the practice, based on the Scriptures in Acts 2:38 and Matthew 28:19. The passage from Matthew, McAlister said, is fulfilled because Jesus, the Son, is simply the ultimate expression of the monotheistic God (rather than the Son being a distinct Person within the Trinitarian Godhead).

Two years later, April 15, 1915, Ewart gave his first sermon on Acts 2:38. David Reed believes that Ewart preached the message given to him by Mcalister and that Ewart did not actually develop his modalistic theology until after the sermon. Nonetheless, the approximate date for the development of Ewart's teaching, regarding the necessity of baptism in the name of Jesus only, can be traced to this period.

On this date, Ewart re-baptized supporter Glenn A. Cook according to the Jesus only formula too. Then Cook re-baptized Ewart. From this there was the rebaptism of thousands of Pentecostals. The Oneness movement quickly spread through Pentecostal churches, particularly the Assemblies of God. The AG debated the issue of baptism in Jesus' name at their 1915 general assembly, and in 1916 defeated the movement in their denomination by requiring adherence to Trinitarian theology in the Statement of Fundamental Truths. This was the impetus for 156 ministers to leave the AG to form an independent Oneness denomination. In January, 1918, the General Assembly of the Apostolic Assemblies merged with the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, a denomination affiliated with the original Pentecostal revival on Azusa Street in Los Angeles.

The Oneness Pentecostal movement grew when in 1945, the Pentecostal Church, Incorporated, merged with the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ to form the United Pentecostal Church International. Beginning with 617 churches in 1946, the UPCI currently has 25,283 churches with a membership of over 2.6 million. T.D. Jakes, pastor of Potter’s House church in Dallas, TX, is perhaps the 25 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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most prominent minister today with roots in the Oneness Pentecostal movement. His doctrinal statement currently proclaims his belief in three "dimensions" or "manifestations" of the one God.

G. Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)

The Church of God (Cleveland) is the second largest Pentecostal Denomination and has a membership of over 8 million in some 150 countries. The Church of God, Cleveland, Tennessee and the Church of God of Prophecy are two closely related entities. Editions of “Samson’s Foxes,” edited by A.J. Tomlinson and “The Way,” from 1901 through ’04, were printed and sent from North Carolina. Then the move was made to Cleveland, Tennessee, with the periodical containing sermons, messages, testimonies, announcements, and notices of events, all of which are decidedly Holiness oriented. The contents of these periodicals spoke of Spirit-baptism theology being taught in 1896 at a revival held in the Schearer Schoolhouse in Cherokee County, North Carolina. The people involved in the 1896 revival helped form the organization now known as the Church of God.

Elder Richard Spurling (1810-1891), an ordained Baptist minister, rejected some views of the Baptists as not being in accord with New Testament Christianity. He and seven members, in August of 1886, from two Baptist Churches in Monroe County, Tennessee, and Cherokee County, North Carolina, organized the "Christian Union". Agreeing to free themselves from man-made creeds and unite upon the principles of the New Testament, they did not intend to form a new church or denomination. Commitment to holiness principles placed them in conflict with relaxed standards of the mainstream Baptist and Methodist churches, and it was soon clear they could not remain members of their churches and embrace holiness doctrine. In 1902, Richard Green Spurling (Richard Spurling's son) and W. F. Bryant founded the Holiness Church at Camp Creek, North Carolina.

The early Pentecostal movement arose from the , and like its parent, shared John Wesley's views on sanctification (an instantaneous experience of "entire sanctification" or "," a separate experience from conversion). Early Pentecostals called it a "second blessing" and regarded it as a necessary preparation for a third experience, the Holy Spirit baptism. William H. Durham, pastor of the North Avenue Mission in in 1910, as well as others, made waves in the Pentecostal circles when he denounced those views.

Spurling and Bryant resisted the creation of creeds and church polity, causing the young fellowship to be ungoverned by specific doctrinal standards until the arrival of A. J. Tomlinson in 1903. Tomlinson provided a degree of organization, discipline, and vision that were important in establishing the church's staying 26 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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power.

According to Last Great Conflict, A.J. Tomlinson and M.S. Lemons met with M.M. Pinson, who was then under the influence of G.B. Cashwell, in , Alabama, in June, 1907. Cashwell, a member of the Fire-Baptized Holiness Church of North Carolina, was influenced in his Spirit-baptism theology from an Azusa Street Mission visit in late 1906. While Tomlinson had preached on Spirit- baptism in 1907, he had not personally spoke in tongues until G.B. Cashwell personally came to Cleveland, Tennessee, in January, 1908. In those meetings Tomlinson spoke in tongues.

Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson, a former Quaker, united with the church at Camp Creek in 1903. He spent time praying on "Prayer Mountain" (located in the Fields of the Woods park that is run by the Church of God of Prophecy in Murphy, NC), and was assured by the Lord that this fledgling church was God's reestablishment of the New Testament Church upon earth. Tomlinson was selected to pastor the congregation. His drive and vision resulted in other churches being organized in Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. At the first General Assembly in 1906 there was creation of a creed and denomination that laid the groundwork for the future denomination, and perhaps soon demonstrated to the adherents the benefit of some degree of standardization of doctrine and organization.

The name Church of God was adopted in 1907. In 1909, Tomlinson was elected General Overseer. A "holiness" church more than a Pentecostal one during these early years, some of the members experienced the baptism in the Holy Ghost as early as 1896. After Tomlinson brought Cashwell to be the guest speaker, and who had visited the Azusa Street Revival, it was during those services Tomlinson finally experienced this blessing. Thereafter, the Church of God began to place additional emphasis on the Pentecostal aspect of the church.

In 1923, Tomlinson was impeached, causing a division which led to the creation, by followers of Tomlinson, of what would become known as the Church of God of Prophecy. The impeachment was due to lax financial bookkeeping on Tomlinson's part and use of church funds to support struggling pastors and churches, appropriating money from otherwise-designated funds, causing shortfalls. It was not thought that Tomlinson used church funds for himself, but the incident caused many to feel that it was an indicator of serious flaws within the organizational structure of the church.

It appears Tomlinson took offense at charges against his integrity, as well as having his substantial authority questioned. Some later said that that the financial issues were used as an attempt to move the church to a more democratic footing. At that time, the office of General Overseer served by general acclaim of 27 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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the church-at-large. During Tomlinson's tenure there was no rule that prevented an Overseer from being removed.

Both sides of the controversy have admitted missteps in not addressing the matter in a way more conducive to reconciliation. In recent years the Church of God (Cleveland) and the Church of God of Prophecy (the newly formed organization) have moved beyond these issues and have developed a close interdenominational fellowship. The two groups are now working together in many areas of church ministry, meetings, and evangelistic outreach.

The practice of snake handling briefly became a controversy in the denomination in the 1920s after it was endorsed by George W. Hensley, a Church of God minister. Pentecostals believe in exorcisms, speaking in new tongues, and laying hands on the sick; so why not taking up serpents? To the illiterate Tennessee preacher (Hensley), it seemed inconsistent. So when he preached on the Mark passage one Sunday in 1910, he concluded by taking a large rattlesnake out of a box with his bare hands. He handled it for several minutes, then ordered his congregation to handle it too or else be "doomed to eternal hell."

Hensley's fame spread throughout the Appalachian region and soon caught the attention of A. J. Tomlinson, then General Overseer of the Church of God. He ordained Hensley into the denomination. There is no record of Tomlinson handling snakes, though his daughter did. The practice was immediately repudiated by Church of God leadership and Hensley and the small number of congregations practicing it left to become independent congregations generally using the name Church of God with Signs Following. Ironically, Hensley died in 1955 after being bitten by a snake during a church service.

During the latter half of the 20th Century, the Church of God gradually relaxed what they call their "Practical Commitments"; separate from their Declaration of Faith, which are the biblical beliefs of the church. It was in 1986-87 that these practical commitments, the social practices of the church were relaxed. They originally included a dress code, use of cosmetics, ornamental jewelry, mixed swimming, television/movies, dance, and ungodly amusements. The Declaration of Faith has not been modified since its inception.

Church of God doctrine is traditionally and historically Wesleyan-Arminian. The theological teachings of the church have not changed significantly since its foundation, and have been regularly affirmed at the General Assembly of the Church of God, the biennial convention of the denomination.

The legal name is Church of God, determined by a 1953 Supreme Court of Tennessee decision that it alone was entitled to use the simple name "Church of God." A protracted court case involving donations intended for Church of God 28 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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orphanages, received by other groups using the same name, was the point of the case. The group uses Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) in order to distinguish it from other bodies that use the words Church of God in their titles. The Church of God (Cleveland) operates several universities, the oldest of which is Lee University in Cleveland, established in 1918. Other Church of God Universities are in Oakland, CA, as well as International Bible Colleges in Canada, Mexico, and India.

H. Church of God in Christ (COGIC)

The Church of God in Christ, Incorporated (COGIC), is a Pentecostal church that was formed in 1907 by (1866-1961), who was formerly ordained in the Missionary Baptist organization. He was expelled from his Baptist church in the late 19th Century.

Mason associated with Charles Price Jones of Jackson, Mississippi, J. A. Jeter, of Little Rock, Arkansas, and W. S. Pleasant of Hazelhurst, Mississippi during the late 19th Century Holiness Movement. A holiness revival broke out in Jackson, Mississippi, the result of which was a new church being formed, eventually called the Church of God. Around 1906, seeking a name for the new Holiness group, Mason came to believe that the name Church of God in Christ was divinely revealed and biblically supported (1Th.2: 14).

In 1906, Mason, Jeter, and D. J. Young were appointed by C. P. Jones to investigate reports of a revival in Los Angeles, held by William J. Seymour. Mason's visit to the Azusa Street Revival changed the direction of the newly formed COGIC church. Returning to Tennessee from the Azusa Street Revival, Mason began preaching and teaching the Pentecostal, Holiness message.

Mason’s biblical teaching on the baptism of the Holy Spirit brought about a separation from Jeter and C. P. Jones, as they rejected his teaching. Jones continued to lead his COGIC adherents as a Holiness church, with a name change to the Church of Christ, Holiness (USA), in 1915. Mason called a conference in Memphis, Tennessee and reorganized the Church of God in Christ as a Holiness Pentecostal body.

The church is generally acknowledged to be the largest African-American, Pentecostal body in the United States. They have over 6,000,000 members in the U.S. and worldwide membership is estimated to be 8 million in 15,300 churches. The COGIC world headquarters is in Memphis, Tennessee. The church has missionaries and churches in South Africa, Nigeria, Latin America, , , , Philippines, Haiti, India, Liberia, Jamaica, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bahamas, Brazil, Botswana, and Great Britain. They operate the C. H. Mason Bible College and the C. H. Mason Theological Seminary, an 29 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Association of Theological Schools (ATS) accredited institution.

I. Quakers/Society of Friends

While Quakers were not started in the 20th Century, they have continued to have an impact in society, both in the U.S.A. and in the nations. They have what many would call peculiar habits, at least to the North American culture. These peculiar habits included not removing the hat when in the presence of a "superior”, as well as using plain dress and plain speech. "Hat-honor" has disappeared with the recognition that the removal of one's hat was a matter of courtesy. The rigid adherence in the 18th Century to no lapels or buttons did not survive the 19th Century. The "plain speech", including the use of 'thee' and 'thou' and numbers for the days of the week and the months continues into the present century.

"Simplicity", to the Friends, was not a 'hair-shirt' austerity, but the avoidance of extravagance and ostentation. Personal life-styles have been left to the interpretation and consciences of individual Friends.

Quaker work in this Century has been a continuation and development of activities Friends were deeply involved with in the 19th Century. While there have been changes due to the need and opportunity, the motivation has remained to give service where required, regardless of nationality, race or social class. These activities include Peace Activities, Social Responsibility, and Home Service.

Being conscientious objectors, some Friends received exemption from military service on condition of undertaking some approved service by Tribunals. Yet many Friends and Attenders who claimed unconditional exemption suffered long terms of imprisonment by refusing to go to WWI. Greater tolerance was given to those claiming exemption on conscience grounds during WWII, with many Friends granted exemption either absolutely or more frequently on undertaking alternative service.

The corporate action of Friends towards peace and war may be said to have helped in the healing of the hurt done by war and the establishment of a condition of peace. During WWI, three organizations helped meet needs, including: 1) The Emergency Committee (set up in 1914 to counteract mass hysteria and violence directed against 'enemy aliens'); 2) Friends War Victims Relief Committee (originally set up in 1871 and revised to undertake overseas work of relief and reconstruction, including medical work and founding of a maternity hospital in France); 3) The Friends Ambulance Unit (an unofficial body started at a training camp in 1914 under the leadership of Philip Noel-Baker, composed of pacifists, Quaker and non-Quaker).

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J. Wesleyan Church

The Wesleyan Church is active in the U.S. and Canada, associated with the holiness movement and roots in Methodism and the teachings of John Wesley. Mergers took place in 1966 with the Alliance of Reformed Baptists of Canada and in 1968 with the Pilgrim Holiness Church. A deepened experience with God (holiness or sanctification) and heart purity is a central theme. Over time some 25 to 30 small denominations have formed and eventually merged with the Wesleyans.

Wesleyans have 1,731 churches in the U.S. and Canada and some 5,000 total in nearly 100 nations, with 411,000 worshippers (194,000 in North America). The Wesleyan Church World Headquarters is in Fishers, Indiana, about 10 miles northeast of Indianapolis. It has five colleges in North America and a weekly international radio broadcast.

An evangelical holiness church, they are Wesleyan-Arminian in doctrine. Recent General Superintendents are Dr. Earle Wilson, Dr. Thomas Armiger and Dr. Jerry Pence, each with 1/3rd of the church under their care. Wesleyans rank among the top three or four denominations in per-capita giving to charity.

K. Disciples of Christ (Christian Churches) – Churches of Christ

By 1906 the fissure between Disciples of Christ/Christian Churches and the Churches of Christ had become distinct and widespread enough to be recognized in the Census of Religious Bodies. This division began with differences over missionary societies and instrumental music, growing to the point that it involved many other permanently divisive issues. The census of 1906 reported a total membership of 1,088,359 for all of these groups, with 159,658 (14.7%) of that total belonging to Churches of Christ and the remaining 928,701 (85.3%) belonging to Disciples of Christ/Christian Churches. The Churches of Christ, comparatively small in membership at the beginning of the 20th Century, had membership of some 2 million by the last quarter of the century.

Ultra-conservative issues of disagreement involved: 1) teaching methods (being divided into classes, women teachers, class literature parallel to denominational creed books; 2) employment of one preacher by a church, working for a stipulated wage; 3) “one container of fruit” (insisting on one container from which all take communion).

Pre-millennialism was hotly debated, with R.H. Boll as a foremost advocate of the teaching. Other differences came about following WWII, when the questions were: 1) should the churches build and maintain benevolent institutions?; 2) 31 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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should the church sponsor evangelism cooperatively or by the individual church?; 3) should the church become involved in church-supported recreation and secular education?

Churches of Christ were impacted by the discipling movement (Shepherding). In 1972, not long after the authoritarian tone came into the teaching of the leaders of the Movement, Juan Carlos Ortiz came from Argentina to Fort Lauderdale. His messages in Fort Lauderdale had wide reception, including from the Churches of Christ. Ortiz taught, as Watchman Nee, about one congregation to a city, as well as authoritarianism to the point that disciples should be told which individuals they should take home with them for meals.

Bob Buess wrote a book called Discipleship Pro and Con, where he wrote,

“Juan Carlos Ortiz came from Argentina to America and is now traveling in various parts of the world spreading his version of discipleship. . . . The shepherd is treated like an earthly father would be treated. . . . In neo- discipleship groups there is absolute submission to the shepherd. Everyone is submitted in a regimented (army type) authoritarian chain of command. Someone is between you and God at all times.”

In an earlier work, Buess had warned,

"Some pastors and elders set themselves up as little 'Hitlers' over the flock. . . . Some even go so far as to demand submission to themselves, rather than to the Lord. . . . You cannot make a decision for yourself."

The general situation in the Churches of Christ started with a desire to see the Gospel make a greater impact on the university campus. In the late 1960s, a campus ministry organization among Churches of Christ, called "Campus Evangelism", learned from and adapted techniques Bill Bright developed in Campus Crusade.

Jim Bevis, a Campus Evangelism leader, went to California to train with Campus Crusade. Chuck Lucas was actively involved in the activities of Campus Evangelism at that time. Some of the techniques later introduced at Crossroads apparently came from Campus Crusade. Thus, from Campus Crusade, the trail led to Campus Evangelism, on to Crossroads, and on to Churches of Christ.

Late 1960s and early 1970s saw campus ministry utilizing an authoritarian approach. While secular university campuses were basically in anarchy, rebellion, lawlessness, and rejection of all authority, it seemed that Shepherding was the answer to face the times with frontal attacks and militancy. This type 32 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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environment led Campus Evangelism and its successor, Campus Advance, to adopt an aggressive "total commitment" stance. Basically, no one saw fault with the approach Chuck Lucas used, even those who were close to the Gainesville work, until later into the 1970s.

The Crossroads congregation was making many converts on the University of campus. Their heart was for better avenues to keep new converts faithful. At that time the Fort Lauderdale Shepherds, Juan Carlos Ortiz, and Watchman Nee, seem to have influenced the Crossroads work.

L. Church of the Nazarene

The Church of the Nazarene was organized in 1908, a holiness movement, with emphasis on the sanctified life. Two central themes comprise the Nazarene Church story: 1) unity in holiness; 2) a .

John Wesley’s preaching formed the spiritual vision of early Nazarenes, with affirmations that included justification by grace through faith, sanctification, entire sanctification as the believer’s inheritance, and the witness of the Spirit to God's work in human lives. Arising in the 1830’s to promote these doctrines, especially entire sanctification, the movement had splintered by 1900.

P. F. Bresee, C. B. Jernigan, C. W. Ruth, as well as others were committed to unite the holiness factions. In October 1907, the Association of Pentecostal Churches of America and the Church of the Nazarene merged in Chicago, Illinois, at the First General Assembly. April 1908 saw a congregation that was organized in Peniel, Texas draw into the Nazarene movement the key officers of the Holiness Association of Texas.

October 1908 was when the Second General Assembly was held at Pilot Point, Texas, the headquarters of the Holiness Church of Christ. The "year of uniting" ended with the merger of this southern denomination with its northern counterpart. The Pentecostal Church of Scotland and Pentecostal Mission unions in 1915 brought to seven the number of previous denominations that joined the Church of the Nazarene. A majority of the holiness movement’s independent groups have embraced either The Nazarenes or the Wesleyan Church.

In 1908 there were churches in Canada and organized work in India, Cape Verde, and Japan, soon followed by work in Africa, Mexico, and China. The 1915 mergers added congregations in the British Isles and work in Cuba, Central America, and South America. There were congregations in Syria and Palestine by 1922. As General Superintendent H. F. Reynolds advocated "a mission to the world," support for world evangelization became a distinguishing characteristic of Nazarene life. Indigenous holiness churches in Australia and Italy united in the 33 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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1940s, others in Canada and Great Britain in the 1950s, and one in Nigeria in 1988.

Growing more culturally and linguistically diverse, the church committed itself in 1980 to internationalization-a deliberate policy of being one church of congregations and districts worldwide, rather than splitting into national churches like earlier Protestant denominations. By 2001, 42% of the delegates at the General Assembly spoke English as their second language or did not speak it at all. Today over 60% of Nazarenes and 80% of the church's 425 districts are outside the United States.

There is a global network of institutions in the Church of the Nazarene, with three graduate seminaries in North America, Central America, and the Asia-Pacific region; 11 liberal arts colleges in Africa, Canada, Korea, and the United States; and 37 theological schools worldwide.

M. Cumberland Presbyterian Church

By 1900, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was the third largest Presbyterian or Reformed body in the United States and was rapidly growing. The Presbyterian Church (USA), so called "Northern" denomination, proposed reunification with the CPC in 1906, after revisions were made to the Westminster Confession of Faith in 1903. A large number of Cumberland congregations re- entered the PC (USA), causing some antagonistic feelings by those who remained in the Cumberland church. While the bitterness subsided over the years, it has never entirely been forgotten.

The Cumberland Presbyterian Church maintains a four-year college, in McKenzie, Tennessee, a seminary in Memphis, Tennessee, and a Children’s Home in Denton, Texas. Cumberland congregations are found all over the U.S. and Japan, , Colombia, and other nations, but are mostly in the American South and border states, usually in small towns and rural communities. The CPC's constituency and theology mirror the Methodist Church, appealing to long-established families with revivalist religious tastes and generally conservative cultural dispositions. Membership lags behind the larger faith traditions (Southern Baptists and Pentecostals). Finis Ewing, Samuel McAdow, and Samuel King are generally seen as the founders.

N. Foursquare Gospel Church

The term "Foursquare Gospel" came about during an intense revival in the city of Oakland, Calif. in July 1922. Thousands attended Gospel meetings where the evangelist, Aimee Semple McPherson, described a vision God had given her from Ezekiel's vision in the Book of Ezekiel, chapter one. Her vision was of the 34 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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four faces, in which to her, the four faces were the four phases of the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

In the face of the man, she saw Jesus our Savior, the "man of sorrows" (Is.53:3); in the face of the lion, she saw Jesus as the mighty Baptizer with the Holy Spirit and fire. In the face of the ox, she saw Jesus as the Great Burden-bearer, who took our infirmities and carried our sicknesses. In the face of the eagle, she saw Jesus as the Coming King, the Bridegroom who is returning in power for His Bride, the Church. It was a perfect, complete Gospel for the body, soul, spirit and eternity, facing squarely in every direction, and thus the name Foursquare.

A Pentecostal Christian denomination, The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel is now headed by Dr. Jack Hayford, President. Founded in 1927 by Aimee Semple McPherson, Los Angeles was her headquarters with the Angelus Temple, seating 5,300, which opened in 1923. McPherson was a celebrity, participating in parades every Sunday through the streets of L.A., along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the Temple, and L.I.F.E. Bible College next door to it.

An independent film by Richard Rossi, “Aimee Semple McPherson”, was surrounded by controversy in 2006, with the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel issuing a press statement stating they did not endorse the film, though Christianity Today and Charisma magazine articles were positive about it. Other controversies include former President Paul Risser who was forced to resign in 2004 after losing millions of the church’s funds in a pyramid scheme. Too, President John Holland was also removed from office prior to Risser, in a move that was not publicly discussed.

Doctrine is typical orthodox Pentecostal, with belief that the Bible is the inspired Word of God, the Trinity, atoning death of Christ for sinners, salvation through grace by faith in Christ alone, necessity of repentance, the new birth, sanctification, Lord’s Supper, baptism by immersion, baptism in the Holy Spirit, divine healing, imminent return of Christ, and final judgment.

The church has grown to some 1,844 churches, as of 2000, with about 219,000 members in the U.S. Worldwide membership is over 3.5 million in almost 30,000 churches in 123 countries. The Foursquare Church organized the Pentecostal Fellowship of North America in 1948, along with the Assemblies of God, Church of God, Open Bible Standard Churches, and the International Pentecostal Holiness Church. The Fellowship reorganized as the Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America after reconciliation with African Americans, especially the constituency of the Church of God in Christ.

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O. Local Churches

Local Churches was founded upon what Watchman Nee saw as truth in the early 1930s, specifically the practice of one church in one city. Witness Lee, closest co-worker of Nee’s, taught that in addition to its universal, mystical aspect, the church also has its local, practical aspect. With regard to the churches local aspect, Nee and Lee taught that all believers possess oneness which is not only spiritual but practical as well. They are members of one universal church and that the local church is where they are members in their city.

The Local Churches (one-city, one-church) members see themselves as part of God's move to recover lost truths, experiences, and practices from the Bible. A defining feature of the local churches is their adherence to their interpretation that all of the Christians in a city or locality are in a local church and thus a collection of local churches is what the movement consists of. Often those who adhere to this incorporate and refer to themselves only as "The Church in (insert a locality)".

Watchman Nee was imprisoned by the Communist government of China in 1952 for being a "revolutionary"- preaching the Gospel of Jesus Christ, not being tried for his "crimes" until 3 years later. Before imprisonment, Nee asked Witness Lee to go to Taiwan (1948) in the event that the Communists imprisoned him. Witness Lee moved to California in 1962 to carry the on ministry in the U. S. The Local Churches have continued to grow and spread throughout the world, especially in the United States, the , Europe, Russia, South America, Africa and now the .

The Local Churches have deliberately avoided incorporation into a single entity, based on their belief that the Christian Church is not an organization, but rather a living spiritual organism. However, as is likely the case when any group refuses or fails to name itself, the Local Churches have come to be labeled by outsiders as The Local Church, or The Little Flock, though the churches repudiate this and any other name or label applied to them, refusing to take part in anything that appears to be denominationalism. The original "Little Flock" designation stems from a hymnal used by many of the Local Churches in China titled "Hymns for the Little Flock." "Little Flock Movement" is still used today to designate underground congregations in present-day communist China that meet in homes apart from and outside of the state-authorized "church".

Women are accepted in church ministry and to full participation in church worship. Female members can prophesy, pray, testify, sing, and serve communion. Female members do not lead meetings if a male member is present who is qualified for that role. Also, female members do not teach over the 36 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

congregation with authority.

Ecclesiastical polity generally follows in the line of presbytery, except for differences in appointment of elders and their relationships among congregations. Elder appointment is for life, but can be renounced through a formal letter of resignation. Emigration of an elder to another locality is not viewed as automatic appointment to the eldership there. Only apostles appoint elders (a strongly held belief), based upon interpreted beliefs of teachings of the Apostle Paul in the 1st Century.

The beliefs, practices and worship of the group follow the early Puritan form, with many of the turbulences, both positive and negative, being experienced that the Puritans experienced since the Reformation. The group has been influenced mostly from the practice and government of the Plymouth Brethren in style and expression.

P. Potter’s House Christian Fellowship

Also known as the Potter's House Christian Church or simply The Potter's House, it is a fundamentalist Pentecostal church group founded by Pastor Wayman O. Mitchell in Prescott, Arizona in 1970. The first Potter's House on foreign soil opened in Perth, Australia in 1978. Open air preaching, personal witnessing, rock/rap concerts, Christian movies, skits and dramas are used by the group to evangelize non-Christians.

With roots in the Jesus People Movement, Mitchell originally founded churches under the Foursquare organization, until a disagreement came about on ordination requirements. By the mid-1980s, Mitchell had some 100 newly established churches, pastored by men raised up under him and sent to minister without other formal education.

Mitchell’s particular focus was on training and making disciples with an emphasis on building relationships in the church. While the church would be classified as Pentecostal, they do not participate in what is called "counterfeit themes," such as the Blessing or the Pensacola Outpouring. They reject Bible School training as a vehicle for church planting. The Fellowship is not affiliated with The Potter’s House in Dallas Texas that is pastored by T.D. Jakes. Churches that are a part of the Fellowship are located in England, Netherlands, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and Nigeria.

Some criticism has come due to Potter’s House ministers “deprogramming” tactics. They have been accused of being a “mind-control” cult and brainwashing young people, especially against “back-slidden” or non-believing parents. A major exodus from the Fellowship of about 160 churches took place late 2001, 37 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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due to “unhealthy control, and after (members) leave they are afraid to talk about their experiences” (Charisma News). Mitchell responded to accounts of abuse, saying that the media “are not interested in giving honest accounts.” He went on to say that they did not report by “honest, investigative journalism;” but by “interpretive reporting, where they interpret everything you say to support their own wicked bias.” Mitchell also criticized Lee Grady, editor of Charisma Magazine, for not following up with the names of leaders he gave him to check out his story.

Q. Cell Churches

Cell Churches are a phenomenon of the 20th Century. While there similarities to the House Church Movement, revived from previous eras, the Cell Church Movement has been relatively recent in its impact. Many Cell Churches have been started under different formats, but the most famous has been the G-12 format, which Caesar Castellanos is using in Bogota, Colombia.

There are similarities between Cell Churches and House Churches as well as some vast differences. In a Cell Church (or one of its modified derivatives, such as a typical institutional church with cells, and everything in between), there are certain principles that identify it. These identifying patterns mark the growing Cell Churches. These patterns include: 1) dependence on Jesus Christ through prayer; 2) a senior pastor and leadership team giving strong, visionary leadership to the cell ministry; 3) cell ministry promoted as the backbone of the church; 4) a clear definition of a cell group (weekly, outside the church building, evangelistic, pastoral care/discipleship, and a clear goal of multiplication).

While these four patterns are deemed most important, the full extent of these patterns should include: 1) a passion for evangelism and church growth; 2) reproduction of the cells; 3) cell and celebration attendance expected of all; 4) clearly established leadership requirements; 5) cell leadership training required for potential leaders; 6) the cell leadership axiom developed at all levels; 7) a supervisory care structure for each level of leadership (often known as G-12 or 5x5); 8) a follow up system for visitors and new converts; 9) cell lessons from the pastoral staff which promotes unity.

Some have given different thinking as to the successful cell church. The following four principles are designed to bring about connectivity, which is a critical aspect of growing a Cell Church. They are: 1) valuing people; 2) finding common ground; 3) seek to understand first; 4) use the heart to handle others.

El Salvador is the location of a large Cell Church, part of Elim Church, which had 70 full-time pastors on staff in 1996. By 2003 the church was at 117,000 people and 8,600 cells. How did they grow so fast? It boiled down to passion; passion 38 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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for Jesus Christ. While other words do fit, such as servant-hood, evangelism and leadership, passion for the Lord causes all other traits to be amplified.

The church uses G12 principles, but has made some adjustments that have contributed to success of this cell church: 1) recognizing every person’s potential leadership; 2) utilizing the experience and skills of the “mother” cell leader to care for/coach the “daughter” cell leader; 3) having a clear equipping plan that prepares all for ministry; 4) utilizing retreats to ensure freedom from sinful strongholds; 5) emphasizing holiness which causes fruitfulness; 6) making prayer and spirituality keys to future growth.

R. The G-12 System

Cesar Castellanos had pastored for several years, but felt traditional methods of growing the church were not working. He resigned the church under the leading of the Lord to wait on the Lord’s direction. The Lord began to expand his vision in 1983, with the result being the G-12 Vision.

The purposes of adopting the cell structure was to: 1) combat inactivity of church members; 2) remove dependency on full time leaders; 3) bring a new believer to maturity (parenthood); 4) promote multiplication of membership and cells. The G12 is shown to promote the opportunity for everyone to realize their leadership potential and take their place in the priesthood of all believers.

The G-12 vision, also called Groups or 12 or Government of 12, is a controversial strategy, given especially the critics charge of control, which had previously manifested in the Shepherding Movement also. In essence, the G12 idea is to see each person as a mentor who is to raise up 12 disciples in the church, and then each disciple is to mentor 12 other disciples. Castallenos developed the G12 strategy after his visit to Korea in 1986, where he saw the workings of , under the leadership of David (Paul) Yonggi Cho. Cesar implemented at his church, the Misión Carismática Internacional in Bogota, Colombia, according to the revelation the Lord gave him.

Forming his church into groups of 12, his brother-in-law, Cesar Fajardo, also utilized the patter with the youth of the church. The church grew from 70 to 1,200 members in 3 years, 1991 to 1994. In the next five year period, the church grew to 45,000. Since that time the church counts only cell groups.

Church leaders began to go to Bogota to hear about the wonderful increase in membership and to learn how to do so in their churches in the year 2000. In 2001, Castellanos formed an international group of 12. By 2005 several of these leaders had left the G12 vision, including Cesar Fajardo, due to the Movement becoming a centrally controlled entity. These former leaders made their own 39 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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adaptations to the Cell Church format. Adam Hoover and Mark Driscoll, 2 of those who were in the international group, continue to use the G12 format.

The G12 design is to reach out to every member, discipling them and holding them accountable to Christ’s teachings. The goal is to instill Christian values, teachings, prayer and ministry until the disciple is ready to lead their own group. This leads to exponential growth, without losing accountability, even with the problems a large church brings. But, the very uniqueness of growth and accountability also brings the possibility of control, as with Shepherding. There is no magic in the number 12, even if it is prominent in Scripture. While some say that there was no Pentecost until the “12” principle was reinstated by drawing straws with Matthias being the choice, it should be examined further, for nothing is again heard of Matthias. However, the 12th was in the wings, and Saul of Tarsus was most likely that man.

The G-12 vision holds to four parts that all have the specific goal of leading people to Christ and growing the size of the church. These four parts are: 1) Win- new believers added to an “open” cell through friendship and prayer; 2) Consolidate- new believers consolidated in the faith and sent on an encounter; 3) Disciple- the new believer is then sent to the school of leaders; 4) Send- while in stage 3 the believer starts to reach out to others and utilizes the prayer of 3, with the goal of opening their own cell. Homogeneous cells are encouraged since there are issues that need to be addressed of both sexes.

Each new cell leader can stay in their own leader's open cell, or more likely, will join a separate leadership cell under their cell leader. The prayer of three is where three disciples meet and pray for three nonbelievers each for a month before inviting them to a “net” which is an evangelistic event. “Nets” are a monthly event where nonbelievers are invited to attend, with the expectation of a salvation experience.

Encounters are the weekend retreats, generally lasting three days, where teaching and ministry goes on for the purpose of bringing the person to a strong foundation. The teachings generally will cover the basics; prayer, holiness, forgiving, tithing, speaking life, walking in the Spirit, fellowshipping with God, healing the sick, winning souls for Christ, deliverance, having patience and bearing fruit. A strong point of the encounter is to make sure the new believer has a genuine repentance. Pentecostal experiences are also expected during the retreat.

The school for leaders in most Cell Churches is a three section course of nine months where all fundamentals of Christian faith are taught, as well as the principles of G12. Most of the teachers at these schools are graduates of previous schools. 40 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Several concerns have been voiced about the G12 vision, some legitimate and some not. At least under Castellanos, the vision has been enforced rather strictly, leading to disagreements and believers and groups separating from the G12 Vision. Most of the G12 churches in the UK have now left the movement. The greatest criticisms have been; 1) church leaders having to submit to the head church in Bogota; 2) spiritualization of the number 12; 3) creating a Catholic-style hierarchy among Protestants; 4) Castellano’s book "La Revelación de la Cruz" (The Cross Revelation), which some have said mirrors St. Ignatius of Loyola’s; 5) cult-like tactics in recruiting.

Castellanos says the number 12 symbolizes government, which is true. It is also a major place of contention in the way “government” is applied. Spiritualization of the number 12 in the Bible has brought severe criticism. For instance, in the audio cassette series of ICM’s 2002 cell church conference, there was eisegesis (an interpretation of Scripture that expresses the interpreter's own ideas, bias, or the like, rather than the meaning of the text), instead of to justify the primacy of the number twelve. As examples: 1) the idea that Elijah would not have chosen Elisha if he had been plowing with 11 oxen; 2) the idea that the 12 stones Elijah used to rebuild the altar caused the Lord to answer his prayer; 3) the idea that the model of 12 restores the altar that was in ruins. There is no Scripture that shows the disciples looking for 12 to disciple (in Acts), nor is there that idea anywhere else in the Bible, which is required if we are to build a doctrine on it.

Some thought and conversation has been given to “franchising” the G12 model, even as a McDonalds franchise has to follow exact standards. However, this is to say that the Holy Spirit is no longer in charge of how we do church. This idea of “franchising” is attached to a spirit of exclusivicity, which is rooted in pride, vanity, and self-sufficiency. Showing up in ones who have helped others get started in the G-12 strategy, when questions came about the control being exerted, those who were helped will no longer associate with the one who helped them.

No cell church strategy or model is perfect. Many have cells or are full-blown cell churches, including Yongii Cho ( , Korea), Ralph Neighbour ( , TX), Mario Vega (San Salvador , El Salvador), Larry Stockstill (Baker, LA), Dion Robert (Abijan , Ivory Coast), Billy Joe Daugherty (Tulsa , OK), Douglas and Marcia Vergara (Colombia), Jimmy & Elma Dowds (Scotland), Colin Dye (London, England), Vine Church, etc. But, none can be said to have the only true biblical cell church model, including Cesar Castellanos. The pattern, or principle, is cell-celebration. The application of the cell church for today is varied and changes from culture to culture and church to church. Several (if not all) of the above mentioned leaders have backed away from the G12 Vision and adapted as they have seen fit to further grow the church they are responsible for. 41 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

S. Simple House Churches

What do we mean by Simple House Churches or “simple churches?” Different names are used, house churches, organic churches, simple churches. Basically they are rapidly multiplying, simple communities of believers that meet in unorthodox places, such as homes, offices, campuses, or wherever God is moving. This pattern is common to many areas of the globe, and becoming more common in the U.S.

It has been said that where there is proper DNA, there will be church. Jesus said that where there were two or more gathered in His name, there is church. So what is this DNA? “D” = divine truth (loving and serving Jesus). “N” = nurturing relationships (loving and serving each other). “A” = apostolic mission (striving at Jesus’ mission to the world). Others have called it the Divine Nature Applied.

By talking to anyone who is doing Simple House Churches, they will tell you that the institutional way of doing church is inefficient, for they require buildings, programs, and professional clergy, all of which are not essential elements of a church. Speak to another person about it and they will tell you that it is so simple that any believer will respond by saying, "I can do that!" Some say things like, “Simple Church is the church described in the New Testament, constrained by the needs of the extended family and not by structure. It is a church that is attentive to the voice of God, following His leading and being obedient to His commands. It is spiritual parents who raise spiritual sons and daughters, so that they can establish their own families.” All of this can be true.

A Simple Church may or may not meet in a house, but that is the place they most often meet. Paul wrote to his fellow workers, Priscilla and Aquila, saying to greet the church that meets in their house also (Ro.16: 3-4). Some say the term "house church" is a misnomer, asserting that the main issue is how Christians practice their faith; not the house but the type of meeting that takes place. Some use different titles for the movement, such as: "relational church", "primitive church", or "body life".

God works through relationships and genuine relationships seldom ever happen in an hour service on Sunday mornings. To do Simple House Church, it is simply the reversal of what people are doing more than 3 nights a week. It is to bring “family” into the home and share it with them. Because of the evangelistic nature of the groups, each Simple House Church is expected to birth new groups, reaching out in their neighborhood and multiplying ministry beyond a Sunday morning worship experience. Simple House Churches (SHC) are intentionally designed to accommodate newcomers on a regular basis.

42 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Eternal Grace, a new church movement originating in Southern California, founded by Richard Rossi, was an underground house church movement in Los Angeles and Long Beach, California. Today it has hundreds of affiliates that also meet in public buildings as well. The Hollywood churches originally met in private homes to protect celebrity anonymity. Rossi himself was an actor and has been called the "Pastor to the Stars" by ABC’s Entertainment News. The Long Beach churches met in homes due to Rossi's outreach to homosexuals and AIDS patients who were not comfortable (and often not welcome) to attend public church services.

Eternal Grace churches are known for charismatic ministry in the gifts of the Holy Spirit, especially healing. Prevalent is the teaching and practice that every believer is called to heal the sick as Christ did. Participatory gatherings are the rule, with each member being allowed to share, rather than a sermon being given by one speaker (1Co.14: 26). Exact statistics on Eternal Grace are difficult to ascertain; Rossi believes it is braggadocio and a sin to extend attendance or church numbers, citing King David’s numbering of the people and the results. Eternal Grace has been profiled in House2House magazine, a leading periodical on the House Church Movement.

According to George Barna, House Churches have gone from 1% to 9% in a decade (1996-2006). House Churches are part of the post-modern trend in worship by Christian believers, marked by the re-imagining of traditional forms of worship (the institutional church).

Church growth expert Lyle Schaller says the "glue" that is necessary to unite worshippers cannot be maintained when a church grows to over some 40 people. Other experts say an assembly larger than a dozen people creates an environment whereby some will back away from full participation. The institutional church has a history of viewing its members as an “audience” and “worship” as a show. The seating arrangement in most institutional churches is conducive for that thinking. Rather, we should view God as the audience and the people accountable for the performance (worshipping God in Spirit and in Truth).

Institutional forms of "church" can honor God, but the movement toward the institution and human authority tends to accompany hierarchical institutional structure that is not theologically neutral. In the People’s Republic of China, the Simple House Church has grown exponentially, though it is illegal. As with the experience in China, historian Del Birkey's studies cause him to conclude that the house church is the best hope for renewal today.

Our Western culture is trying to change our doctrines so that it can bring us to conformity with the notion of "civil religion" and "political correctness." The Simple House Church gives the believer the way to allow the powerless disciple to: 1) be 43 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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salt and light in a dark world (Mt. 5:13-14); 2) withstand evildoers (Mt. 5:39) by showing God's love even when suffering persecution (Mt. 5:39), foreclosing landlords (Mt. 5:40), and occupying Roman authorities (Mt. 5:41).

Mission work is afforded best by the Simple House Church. Invitations offered to the fellow worker to a home are less threatening. Too, the “damaged” person who does not feel comfortable in the institutional gathering, due to previous bad experiences, will likely feel more at ease in the Simple House Church setting.

On the negative side, with the rejection of any human authority of some except the very real and present rule of Christ, professional clergy tend to be eliminated. Clergy see their role as “priestly” and thus requiring some authority, and the thought of losing livelihood and relevance are real threats. There are also arguments that due to lack of trained clergy, House Churches will follow the examples of Jonestown and Waco. Certainly the New Testament House Churches were a hotbed of heresies.

Several Simple House Church networks are coming into existence. The 75 to 80 million believers in the underground church in China are each part of simple house church networks, though they are not publicized. Other networks that are now in existence include:

1. House2House

Tony, Felicity and Jonathan Dale publish the magazine, House2House, which in one year from the start had a circulation of 30,000. They have a growing network of House Churches.

2. John White

White, living in , leads a growing network of House Churches. He is a House Church coach and regularly sends an e-mail to many who are involved in the House Church Movement.

3. Jonathan Campbell

Campbell is in the area with a network in several states. He has a Ph.D. Fuller on the subject of Simple House Churches.

4. Vineyard Central

In , a traditional Vineyard church has transitioned into an expanding network of House Churches. In one recent year they went from 10 to 20 churches. Kevin Raines and Dave Nixon, along with others, are 44 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

the key leaders in this movement.

5. Apex

Apex is in , as well as in three other states with a network of House Churches. Currently they are near 25 churches and Joe Boyd and Greg Hubbard are leading this network.

6. Summit

This is a network of about 12 House Churches in the Portland area under the leadership of Dan and Jodi Mayhew.

7. Friends Church

In existence for two years, the Friends Church has 20-25 “organic churches” all over the pacific Northwest. Harold Behr is the one facilitating that movement.

8. Robert Fitts

Fitts, from Hawaii, is called by God to cast vision for an expanding House Church Movement. Many are following his simple four step strategy.

9. Southern Baptists

There is a new emerging network in the Dallas and Houston area. Joe Cartwright is starting one. Jim Mellon, Dave Underwood, and others are behind these new churches.

But this is not all. Many are just getting started and have from 4 or 5 House Churches up to 15 or 20 in others.

More than 4,000 Southern Baptist missionaries have signed onto the Simple House Church strategy, and have started thousands of these new House Churches in Latin America, India, and Southeast Asia. Too, there are House Church networks in the United States, in Denver, Dallas, Austin, Cincinnati, San Francisco, and Portland.

The Early Church succeeded so well, without all the things we have today. For instance, they had no church buildings, professionally trained clergy, Bible school, hymnals, overhead projectors, wireless microphones, CD copiers, computers, Sunday School curriculum, youth ministry, worship team, copy machine, choir, TV studio or station to broadcast over, nor even personally 45 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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owned . Yet they made disciples because those things were not required to do so then, and they are not necessary to do so today. In fact, if we would be brutally truthful, they did a better job without all these things than we do with them!

True ministry requires only the things that contribute to the making of disciples (helping them to become like Christ and equipping them for service). Far too many today think that the Simple House Church is not a true church due to not having a dedicated building to worship in. However, Jesus’ declaration still stands, “For where two or three have gathered together in My name, there I am in their midst” (Mt.18:20). Amazingly, to those who think that way, Jesus said nothing about where believers must gather. In fact, He promised to be present if those two or three gather in His name. When Christ’s disciples share a meal in a restaurant and exchange truth, teaching or admonitions, they are actually closer to the New Testament model of church gatherings than what often happens in many church buildings on Sunday mornings.

The Early Church, as we said before, met in homes. The teaching of the church was often interactive and participatory meetings were the norm. The Lord's Supper was held as a full meal, and the church was led by a team of co-equal elders. Some have set out to duplicate these church practices. One group, upon recognizing these principles in Scripture, began to emphasize house meetings during the week. Each participant was encouraged to bring something to edify the rest and a meal was enjoyed together. Too, they began to have a monthly meal where the whole church came together to eat, worship, give and receive mutual exhortation, teachings, songs, readings, and the Lord’s Supper. The format layout was informal, with chairs in a semi-circle so participants could talk directly to each other. With time, these changes began to bring about some healthy body-life changes. Spontaneously the church began to fellowship at local fast food restaurants after Sunday morning church. This was without any directive or encouragement from leadership.

This gives credence to the surveys of the Barna Group and their findings. Published January 8, 2007, the new study sheds light on how these independent, non-denominational churches operate. The most pointed insight in this national study was the level of satisfaction that was found with house church’s attendees versus those who attended a conventional local church. There were four aspects of people’s church experience measured. Those who attended a house church were significantly more likely to be “completely satisfied” with their experience of church in each area examined. The percentages of those “completely satisfied” are as follows:

46 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Area of church experience measured % of house church % conventional church as completely satisfied” attendees agreeing attendees agreeing Leadership of church 68% 49% Faith commitment of those involved 66% 40% Community and connectedness 61% 41% Spiritual depth experienced 59% 46%

A profile was collected that delineates what takes place in the typical house church and who is involved in the activities. The following are those percentages. 80% of the house churches meet every week, 11% on a monthly basis. 27% met on Wednesday, 25% Monday, and 20% varies the days of the week on which they meet. Typically house church meetings last two hours, while 7% meet less than an hour and only 9% go more than three hours. 38% of the house churches have a varied format from week to week. 93% have spoken prayer during a meeting, 90% read from the Bible, 89% spend time serving people outside their group, 87% spend time sharing personal needs or experiences, 85% take time to eat or talk before or after the meeting, 83% discuss the teaching provided, 76% have a formal teaching time, 70% incorporate music or singing, 58% have a prophecy or special word delivered, 52% take an offering from participants that is given to ministries, 51% share communion, and 41% watch a video as part of the learning experience.

Family oriented house churches dominate, as 64% of them have children involved. The children with the adults throughout the meeting in 41% of the churches, while 38% keep them separated for that period of time. The average house church has 20 in attendance, and an average of 7 children under 18 years. About half (54%) of the attendees were participating less than three months. Three-quarters (75%) of the attendees were gathering with others in a house church a year or less. Only 20% of the attendees had been in their house church over three years.

Worshipping in homes rather than church buildings and following group members is new to most Americans. Just 42% of the regular attendees of a house church saw it as their primary “church experience.” A large proportion of the house church attendees had been involved just a few months, checking out the approach before shifting their allegiance, if at all. Many of these could be leaning toward attending a house church, as 57% believe that attending a house church satisfied the biblical command to be part of a spiritual community that follows Christ.

The study also revealed just how lazy, spiritually, most of the church is. Apparently the main deterrent to house church growth is that most are simply

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spiritually complacent. They have little desire to upgrade their spiritual experience. Compared to conventional church attendees, the house church adherents were much more likely to say they have experienced faith-driven transformation, prioritized their relationship with God, and have a desire to participate in a more fulfilling community of faith. Most of the attendees of a conventional church are generally content to just show up and accept whatever is on the agenda. They see their church as responsible for their own spiritual growth. Lest we be too critical, it is true that the intimacy and shared responsibility found in most house churches requires each participant to be more serious about their faith development. Apparently the house church experience is not for everyone.

T. Emergent Church

The emerging, or emergent, church movement is named after the idea that as culture changes, a new church emerges in response to that change. This is a response by various church leaders to post-modernism. Although post- modernism began in the 1950s, the church did not seek to conform to its tenets until the 1990s. To categorize it, post-modernism is the dissolution of "cold, hard fact" in favor of "warm, fuzzy subjectivity." The emerging/emergent church movement can be thought of the same way.

The emerging/emergent church movement falls into line with basic post- modernist thinking, experience over reason, subjectivity over objectivity, spirituality over religion, images over words, outward over inward. These are reactions to modernism. These reactions are thought to be necessary to actively engage contemporary culture. Since the movement is fairly new, there is not yet a standard method of "doing" church amongst the groups that take this post- modern mindset. The real problem is making change to the extent that they fully embrace post-modernist thinking, which eventually will lead to a very liberal, loose translation of the Bible, which leads to liberalized doctrine and theology.

U. Elim Pentecostal Church

Elim Pentecostal Church, founded in 1915 by a Welshman in Monaghan Ireland named George Jeffreys, is now led by Colin Dye, Senior Pastor of Kensington Temple and the leader of London City Church. George Jeffreys, an outstanding evangelist and church planter, had a Welsh Congregational background and was strongly influenced by the Welsh Revival of 1904. He was introduced to Pentecost by an Anglican vicar, Rev Alexander Boddy of Sunderland.

The Movement grew during a dramatic decline in the historic churches, when between 1915 and 1934 Jeffreys conducted some tremendous evangelistic missions. He would commence a mission with a mere handful of people, and by 48 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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the end of the week, thousands would clamor for a seat. Significant miracles of healing took place and large churches were established out of the mission.

Despite the ravages of World War II and other difficulties, Elim established itself as a Pentecostal power in the evangelization of the United Kingdom. Kingsington Temple in London is Elim’s largest church, with over 500 churches in the Kingdom and nearly 9,000 world-wide.

Ministers are trained at the official college (Regents Theological College). The International Missions Board, which operates in 35 countries, with orphanages, hospitals and schools as well as churches, spearheads the international effort.

V. Open Bible Standard Church

The Open Bible Standard Churches are Pentecostal churches in an association with offices in Des Moines, Iowa. The organization is similar in doctrine and practice to the Assemblies of God. Like the Assemblies of God, adherents believe in the modern-day gifts of the Holy Spirit and practice glossolalia as one of the evidences of the gifts being manifested in the believer. Most of the congregations own their own property and call their own pastor.

The organization was formed due to two revival movements: Bible Standard Conference, founded in Eugene, Oregon, in 1919, and Open Bible Evangelistic Association, founded in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1932. The two groups merged in 1935, being similar in doctrine and practice. There are more than 150,000 Open Bible members worldwide.

W. Anglicanism

In 1896 Pope Leo XIII issued his Apostolicae Curae, rejecting the Anglo-Catholic claims of the Oxford Movement, and the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral, such as apostolic succession. In the paper he declared Anglican orders "absolutely null and utterly void." Despite the agreement reached by the Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) on the doctrine of the ministry in their Elucidation of 1979, this judgment was reaffirmed by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, when he asserted Apostolicae Curae as an example of the infallible teaching office of the Catholic Church. While there were attempts at dialogue in 1915, when Pope Benedict XV approved a British Legation to the Vatican, led by an Anglican with a Catholic deputy, the discussion of potential reunion eventually collapsed in 1925.

The Anglican Church (Church of England) came about when disagreement with the Pope and a desire to be independent from Catholicism was affected by a decision by Henry VIII. He brought about the English Reformation which included 49 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

the creation of the Church of England, the dissolution of the monasteries, and establishment of the English monarch as the “Supreme Head of the Church of England. With Henry VIII declaring himself and future English monarchs as “the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England”, the result is that the Anglican Church is essentially a Catholic church without a pope.

Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion has developed a strained dialogue, as well as ordination of those in public same-sex sexual relationships as priests and, in one case, a bishop (Gene Robinson). In addition, progress has not been helped by the Second Vatican Council which declared the Anglican Church and other Protestant denominations as not churches at all. The statement said they are mere "ecclesial communities."

In 1994, the Porvoo Communion was formed, bringing the Anglican churches of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland and the Episcopal churches of Portugal and Spain into full communion with the Lutheran churches of Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, and Lithuania. In 2001, the Anglican Church of Canada and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada achieved full communion, as did the Episcopal Church in the U.S. and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America under the joint document known as the Call to Common Mission. In addition, full communion agreements have been reached between various Ecclesiastical provinces and smaller denominations, such as the Old Catholic Church after the Bonn Agreement of 1931.

Outside the context of the World Council of Churches, direct consultations with Protestant churches, other than Lutherans, have been less fruitful. The issue of apostolic succession (as well as the willingness of some North American dioceses to offer partnership blessings and priestly ordination to people in same- sex sexual relationships), have hindered dialogue between Anglicans and Evangelical Protestant denominations.

X.

The Russian Orthodox Church collaborated with the White Army in the Russian Civil War after the October Revolution (1917), strengthening the Bolshevik hatred against the church. Lenin said a communist regime must show itself to be merciless towards religion. There was no place for the church in Lenin's classless society.

Before and after the October Revolution, there was a movement within the Soviet Union to unite all of the people of the world under Communist rule. This included the Eastern European bloc countries as well as the Balkan States. Some Slavic states tied their ethnic heritage to their ethnic churches and brought about the targeting of both the peoples and their church by the Soviets. While the Soviets' 50 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

official religious stance was "religious freedom or tolerance", the state established atheism was considered the only scientific truth and criticism of atheism was strictly forbidden.

The Soviet Union, the first state to have the ideological objective of eliminating religion, confiscated church property, ridiculed religion, harassed believers, and propagated atheism in the schools. State interests determined what actions were taken, with most organized religions never outlawed. Actions against Orthodox priests and believers were vicious, including: 1) execution; 2) torture; 3) being sent to prison camps, labor camps or mental hospitals. The result was that the Russian Orthodox Church was a persecuted and martyred Church. In the first five years following the Bolshevik revolution, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed, including the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna (a monastic), Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich Romanov, several Princes, and Varvara Yakovleva, a sister from the Grand Duchess Elizabeth's convent. Herded into the forest, they were pushed into an abandoned mineshaft with grenades following.

Nearly the entire clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church, in the 1920s and ‘30s, as well as many believers, were shot or sent to labor camps. Between 1927 and 1940, the number of Orthodox Churches in the Russian Republic fell from 29,584 to less than 500. Between 1917 and 1940, 130,000 Orthodox priests were arrested. Of these, 73% were executed by firing squad.

Seeking help for the war effort after Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, Joseph Stalin revived the Russian Orthodox Church. By 1957 about 22,000 Russian Orthodox churches had become active. Nikita Khrushchev initiated his own campaign in 1959 against the Russian Orthodox Church, closing about 12,000 churches. By 1985 less than 7,000 churches were active, with the church hierarchy jailed or forced out and their positions taken by submissive clergy, many of whom had ties with the KGB (Soviet Secret Police).

In addition to closing and/or destruction of churches, charitable and social work was taken over by the state. Church owned property was confiscated for public use, clergy could not instruct or evangelize to the faithful or its youth, catechism classes, religious schools, study groups, Sunday schools and religious publications were all illegal and/or banned. This persecution continued until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Many Orthodox Christians were dispersed to the West from Russia, as well as the fact that emigration had take place from Greece and the Near East in the last hundred years into Western Europe, North and South America, and Australia. As a result, Orthodoxy's frontiers were modified greatly. Millions of Orthodox are no longer geographically "eastern", living permanently in newly adopted countries in the West. 51 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Y. German Lutheran Church

The German Lutheran Church went through a terrible time during Hitler’s governing of the nation and WWII. Fascism describes certain political regimes in 20th Century Europe, especially Nazi Germany. In his encyclical Non Abbiamo Bisogno, Pope Pius XI declared that Fascist governments had hidden "pagan intentions" and declared the Catholic position as irreconcilable with Fascism, which placed the nation above God, fundamental human rights, and dignity. Many Catholic priests and monastics were persecuted under the Nazi regime, and many Catholics played notable roles in sheltering Jews during the Holocaust. This included Pope Pius XII, who also gave aid to downed Allied airmen. This almost precipitated a Nazi invasion of the Vatican before the liberation of Rome in 1944.

The relationship between Nazism and Protestantism, especially the German Lutheran Church, was very complex in the late 1930s. The majority of Protestant church leaders in Germany made little comment on the Nazis' growing anti- Jewish activities. Dietrich Bohhoeffer, a Lutheran pastor, was strongly opposed to the Nazis. He was later found guilty in the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler and executed.

Z. Roman Catholic

The Roman Catholic Church (Catholic Church) is the world's largest Christian Church, representing fully 50% of all Christians and 17%+ of the world’s population. The Catholic Church is a communion of 23 particular rites. The Western Rite (Latin) and Eastern Catholic Churches comprise 2,782 dioceses. Governed by Pope Benedict XVI currently, he holds supreme authority over the Church in concert with the College of Bishops, of which he is the head.

The church has an ordained ministry and the laity. Members of either group may belong to an organized religious order. The Catholic Church defines its mission as spreading the message of Jesus Christ, administering the Sacraments of the Catholic Church, and exercising charity. It operates social programs and institutions throughout the world, including k-12 schools, universities, hospitals, missions and shelters, and organizations such as Catholic Relief Services and Catholic charities, which help the poor, families, the elderly and the sick.

Through “Apostolic succession”, the Church believes itself to be the continuation of the Christian community founded by Jesus in His consecration of Saint Peter, a view shared by many historians.

Catholic beliefs are based on the Books of the Bible and on sacred tradition 52 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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handed down from the time of the Twelve Apostles, summarized in the Nicene Creed, which forms the central statement of faith for other Christian denominations. The Creed is formally detailed in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Formal worship, termed the liturgy, is regulated by Church authority. The Eucharist, one of seven Church sacraments and the key part of every Catholic Mass, is the center of Catholic worship.

The Roman Catholic Church has over 400,000 parishes and mission and 125,000+ primary and secondary schools. Hospitals number 5,853 and there are 8,695 orphanages. Nearly 14,000 homes for the elderly and handicapped operate around the world.

Over 400,000 diocesan and religious priests serve the faithful. There are 3,475 Bishops, 914 Archbishops, and 183 Cardinals. Some 110,000 are studying for the priesthood.

Church membership in 2007 was 1.131 billion people, a gain of nearly 100% over the 1970 census. The Catholic population increase of 139% outpaced the world population increase of 117% from 1950-2000. The Catholic Church is known for using its transnational ties and organizational strength to bring significant resources to needy situations. It operates the world's largest non-governmental school system. Membership is growing, particularly in Africa and Asia. The Church in Latin America, known for its large parishes where the parishioner to priest ratio is the highest in the world, considers this to be a contributing factor in the rise of Pentecostal and evangelical Christian denominations in the region. Secularism has seen a steady rise in Europe, yet the Catholic presence there remains strong.

With a high number of adult , the Church is growing faster in Africa than anywhere else. Challenges faced in Africa include suppression of non-Islamic religious practices by Muslims in Sudan and a high rate of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Church in Asia is a significant minority among other religions comprising only 3% of all Asians. From 1975 to 2000, total Asian population grew by 61%, while the Asian Catholic population increased of 104%.

Challenges in Asia include oppression in communist countries like and China. Oceania is overwhelmingly Christian with Roman Catholicism as the majority denomination. There, the Church faces challenges in reaching indigenous populations where over 715 different languages are spoken. Of Catholics worldwide, 12% reside in Africa, 50% in the American continents, 10% are in Asia, 27% in Europe and 1% live in Oceania.

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AA. Vineyard Association of Churches

The Association of Vineyard Churches (Vineyard Movement) is a Christian organization of over 1,500 churches worldwide. Observers regard them as a Christian denomination, though Vineyard Church leaders and most laity do not consider the Vineyard a denomination per se or refer to it as such, seeing labels as divisive and so discourage them accordingly.

The Vineyard Movement is rooted both in renewal and church planting. Vineyard leaders and members, over the years, have preferred the term “empowered evangelicals”, rather than the mainstream Charismatic movement label. The “empowered” term was coined by Rich Nathan and Ken Wilson in their book of the same name, reflecting their roots in traditional evangelicalism, as opposed to historic Pentecostalism.

John Wimber was a leading founder and evangelist of the movement, though his Calvary Chapel in Yorba Linda, CA, joined the association in 1982, after the first Vineyard churches had come into existence. A leadership vacuum best describes the Vineyard Movement struggle after Wimber's death on November 16, 1997. Todd Hunter, previously National Coordinator from February 1994, and as acting Director of the Vineyard at the time of Wimber's death, became the National Director in January 1998. He resigned in May 2000. After Hunter's resignation, the National Board of Directors named Bert Waggoner of Sugar Land, Texas, as the new National Director. The Association of Vineyard Churches is now growing around the world due to a strong priority placed on church-planting within the Vineyard mission.

The Vineyard uses a highly decentralized organizational structure, reflecting the church's belief in local and regionally-based management, ministries and outreach. The international headquarters of the Vineyard is currently located in Sugar Land, Texas. The Central Governing Body of the Vineyard in the U.S. is a 12-member Board of Directors. Currently, the National Director of the Vineyard is Bert Waggoner.

The Vineyard also exists in many countries across Latin America, Africa, Europe, Asia and the Far East. As in the U.S., most national Vineyard churches provide their own governance, although some smaller groups exist with the support and oversight of another nation's leadership.

Most of the early period of the Vineyard Movement there was no official statement of faith. It was not due to an absence of a common belief structure. The reason given for this lack is: 1) the demonstrative teaching of John Wimber, who effectively set the tone and doctrinal beliefs of the Movement; 2) A desire to 54 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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reflect the "low-key," "low-pressure" environment of the church that encouraged people to "come as you are"; 3) the deemphasizing of any atmosphere or actions that could be considered patently dogmatic. An effort to bring about a common Statement of Faith started in 1983, but it was 1994 before it was issued. The Vineyard Statement of Faith is generally considered to be a Biblically-based evangelicalism Christian profession of faith, without mention of issues considered to be controversial or divisive.

The Vineyard was criticized early on and accused of promoting heresy due to the sometimes-controversial teachings of John Wimber relating to spiritual gifts and the claims of unusual experiences of the Holy Spirit in the church. These manifestations of the Spirit (shaking, uncontrollable, hysterical laughter), were not essentially different from other Pentecostal/Charismatic groups. However, evangelical, conservative, and fundamentalist leaders criticized some of Wimber’s teachings, particularly his claims of experiential spiritual revelation as equal or more important than Biblically-based teachings. Opponents say the Vineyard movement was denying Sola Scriptura or “the sufficiency of Scripture,” a doctrinal tenet that Protestant churches have held to be incontrovertibly true. Wimber did emphasize clear, accurate teaching and knowledge of the Scripture as critical for every Vineyard church, though he did not expressly state the Scriptures were the final and supreme authority in all matters of faith. While early on Wimber avoided publicly answering his critics, when Vineyard’s influence broadened and misunderstandings were repeated from different sources, Wimber made the decision to respond publicly.

One criticism often leveled at the Vineyard church model was the Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship which was formerly affiliated with the Vineyard. The “Toronto Blessing” phenomenon originated in this church and was the source of much controversy. Claims of heresy and/or apostasy against the Vineyard have waned in the years since the death of John Wimber in 1997.

The Vineyard church model has a strong emphasis on: 1) connecting with God through worship; 2) main Sunday services and small “home-groups”: 3) active nature of spiritual gifts. Main leaders of The Vineyard, past and present, include: John Wimber, Lonnie Frisbee, John Paul Jackson, Jack Deere, Bob Dylan, Larry Norman, Kenn Gulliksen, and Keith Green.

BB. Every Nations Church

Every Nation Churches was birthed out of the Charismatic Movement. From 1994 to 2004, it was known as Morning star International (MSI). The new name speaks of its goal of reaching “every nation” with the Gospel in this generation. Every Nation carries out, essentially, the functions of a denomination. It does emphasize relational ministry ties and prefers terms that align it with a Movement 55 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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or a family. Brentwood, Tennessee is its headquarters, with international offices in , Philippines.

Rice Broocks, Steve Murrell, and Phil Bonasso formed Morning Star International. These three men had been active in Maranatha Campus Ministries, but rejected excesses they saw in that organization, and formed MSI as an umbrella organization for their ministries in 1994. In 2001, they merged MSI with His People network of churches in Europe and Africa. His People is led by Bill Bennot and Paul Daniel. At the July 2004 conference, MSI announced the change of names. It was at this conference that the groups chief “prophet”, Jim Laffoon, said the name had been revealed to him in a message from God. Too, a name change was good, as there was confusion with other ministries using “Morningstar” or other variations.

Several churches left the EN group in 2005-2007. Included in this move was the entire network of EN churches in in 2006. EN still claims 400 member churches, though about 10% total of both American and Austrian churches have left. EN states that it "provides spiritual leadership for approximately 400 member churches worldwide." Additionally, the churches are said to receive direction in: 1) maintaining doctrinal orthodoxy; 2) mediating leadership conflicts; 3) assisting in the event of moral failure of a local church pastor or elder; 4) helping with leadership transition in the event of the death or incapacity of the senior pastor; 5) encouraging member churches to uphold the vision, values and standards of Every Nation. Every Nation member churches are responsible for the governance and direction of their individual local churches.

Every Nation has a mission statement which is "To honor God and advance His Kingdom through church planting, campus ministry and world missions." Every Nation emphasizes church planting, and actively recruits among existing churches. The goal of the 2010 Initiative of Every Nation is for every local EN church to establish or “plant” at least one new church every three years, that hundreds of churches might be established all over the world. EN has missionaries in several nations historically resistant to the Gospel, including: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, Turkey, Vietnam, and some nations of the Middle East.

Broocks, Murrell, Bonasso and several other Every Nation pastors have significant past ties to Maranatha Campus Ministries which were previously known for its Shepherding beliefs and practices. The Every Nation group has publicly renounced Maranatha’s more controversial teachings and “unequivocally rejects” the “controlling discipleship, authoritarian leadership, and theological mysticism” that was prevalent in Maranatha.

A 2005 complaint regarding a chapter of Victory Club, EN’s outreach to high 56 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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school students at Hillsboro High School in Nashville brought a lawsuit against the group. Parents of two students felt that their daughters were psychologically damaged by leadership of the club. In 2006 the suit was dropped with prejudice as both parties agreed to settle it.

Missiologist C. Peter Wagner says Every Nation is a part of the New Apostolic Reformation. Rice Broocks did author a chapter about Every Nation in Wagner's The New Apostolic Churches, a key book about the movement. Every Nation does not consider itself part of the New Apostolic Reformation, as well as having no official ties with Wagner. But, Rice Brooks and Paul Daniel were members of Wagners "New Apostolic Roundtable" and Jim Laffoon was part of the "Apostolic Council of Prophetic Elders" until approximately 2003. Wagner has also taught in the MSI/EN ministry school and at conferences.

CC. Mormonism (Latter Day Saints)

There are many schism organizations who regard themselves as a part of the Latter Day Saint movement, though most do not acknowledge any others as valid and regard their own tradition as the only Authorized Version. Most of these organizations are small. The vast majority of Latter-day Saints belong to the largest denomination, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with more than 12.5 million members worldwide. The 2nd largest denomination is the more ecumenical Community of Christ which reports over 250,000 members. The 3rd largest is The Church of Jesus Christ, led by Sidney Rigdon and William Bickerton after the Succession crisis (Mormonism).

Mormon is a term used to describe the adherents, practitioners, followers or constituents of Mormonism. The term most often refers to a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), commonly called the Mormon Church. The LDS Church believes that "Mormon" should properly be applied only to its members. The term is used broadly to describe those who believe in the Book of Mormon and other Latter Day Saints groups.

The term "Mormon" is a reference to the Book of Mormon, which supposedly chronicles a history of three civilizations in the Americas (2700 BC through 420 AD), written by their prophets and followers of Jesus Christ. Mormons say the Book of Mormon is another witness of Jesus Christ, comparable to the Bible (which they believe to be the Word of God, “as far as it is translated correctly”).

The term Mormon is also used to refer to fundamentalist groups that yet practice plural marriage, a practice that the LDS Church officially abandoned in 1890. While these groups are much smaller than the LDS Church, they continue to use the term "Mormon" and claim to represent "true Mormonism" as taught and practiced by Joseph Smith and Brigham Young. This claim is rejected by 57 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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members of the LDS Church. These offshoots differ in teachings from the LDS church in order to follow what they believe was taught by the same early leaders.

According to the Book of Mormon, a man named Mormon brought together some 1,000 years of writings, as well as chronicling events during his lifetime. The text of the Book of Mormon thus consists of this compilation, plus some additional writings. For his work, the book is named after him.

DD. Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS)

This small sect and offshoot of the LDS church is led by Warren Steed Jeffs. It is a controversial Mormon fundamentalist polygamist sect. Jeffs was charged with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution. The charge came from a previous effort to avoid facing a charge of sexual misconduct with a minor, conspiracy to commit sexual conduct with a minor, and rape as an accomplice. He was arrested on near Las Vegas, Nevada, on August 28, 2006.

Jeffs was seen as the absolute ruler of the FLDS Church. Followers considered him to be a prophet and a direct blood descendent of Jesus Christ and Joseph Smith, Jr. Jeffs was placed on the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted List for unlawful flight in May, 2006. In July 2007, the State of Arizona charged Jeffs with eight additional counts. He was found guilty of two counts of rape and faces possible life imprisonment.

Jeffs' official title in the FLDS Church was "President and Prophet, Seer and Revelator", as well as "President of the Priesthood." Rulon Jeffs, his father, was in these leadership positions until his death in 2002. After Rulon’s death, Warren succeeded him and required that his father’s wives to live as if his father were still alive. After gaining leadership positions in the church, Jeffs continued to marry more women, claiming his additional marriages preserved sacred bloodlines.

Jeffs instituted rules that isolate FLDS Church members from news and society. He alone could officiate marriages, assign wives to husbands, and could punish men by reassigning their wives and children to other men. Since the FLDS Church owned essentially all of the homes and real estate in the areas where its members reside, members obey the rules or face being cast out of the society.

Jeffs had such control that in January 2004, he expelled 20 men from Colorado City, including the mayor, and reassigned their wives and children to other men. He taught that a man had to have three wives minimum to get into heaven, and the more wives man had, the closer he was to heaven. Jeffs himself had 70 wives, according to former church members (Egan, 2005).

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A racist, according to statements by the Southern Poverty Law Center in 2005, Jeffs had said things like: 1) "The black race is the people through which the devil has always been able to bring evil unto the earth"; 2) "[Cain was] cursed with a black skin and he is the father of the Negro people. He has great power, can appear and disappear. He is used by the devil, as a mortal man, to do great evils"; 3) "Today you can see a black man with a white woman, et cetera. A great evil has happened on this land because the devil knows that if all the people have Negro blood, there will be nobody worthy to have the priesthood"; 4) "If you marry a person who has connections with a Negro, you become cursed."

In July 2004, Brent Jeffs, nephew of Warren Jeffs, filed a lawsuit against his uncle, claiming that in the late 1980s his uncle sodomized him. Brent Jeffs was approximately 6 years old at the time, and Warren Jeffs' brothers, also named in the lawsuit, were said to have watched and participated in the abuse. Two of Warren Jeffs' other nephews claimed they were similarly abused.

In June 2005, Warren Jeffs was charged with sexual assault on a minor and with conspiracy to commit sexual misconduct with a minor for allegedly arranging, in 2002, a marriage between a 14-year-old girl and a 19-year-old man who was already married.

Besides the sexual allegations, there were also problems with the FLDS’ trust fund. Bruce Wisan, the court appointed accountant for the trust fund, filed charges on May 27, 2006, claiming that Jeffs was fleecing the trust’s assets. On September 11, 2007, Jeffs' trial began in St. George, Utah before Judge James L. Shumate. Jeffs was found guilty on two counts of being an accomplice to rape, in that trial on September 25, 2007.

The mainstream Mormon Church (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), renounced polygamy more than a century ago, excommunicates members who engage in the practice, and disavows connection to the FLDS church.

EE. Mega-churches

While this group is not a denomination, some of the churches belong to denominations, though several are independent churches. Mega-churches are a class of churches based on attendance, having 2,000 or more worshippers for the typical weekly service. In 1963 in America, only 93 churches in America had more than 1,000. Today, there are over 6,000 churches that run over 1,000 in America and about 750 churches that run over 2,000. In 1970 there were just ten mega-churches. In 1990, 250 fit that description, and today, there are 740. The average number of worshippers is 3,646, up 4% from the year previous.

Globally, these large congregations are a significant development in Protestant 59 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Christianity, challenging the roles of Christian denominations as the primary sources of religious ministry and ministerial training. As of 2007, the five largest Protestant churches are all in . Most mega-churches tend to be evangelical or Pentecostal.

All of the largest churches in the world are outside of America. William Kumuyi's church in Lagos, Nigeria, has 120,000 members; Cesar Castellano's church has 250,000 members. Castellano’s group is now building a stadium that seats 250,000. Ten of the 11 largest churches in the world are in Seoul, South Korea, with the largest Baptist, largest Methodist, largest Presbyterian, and largest Pentecostal churches there.

Large churches have existed throughout history; as in the examples of Baptist Metropolitan Tabernacle, London, England in the late 1800s, pastored by Charles Spurgeon, with 5,000 in attendance weekly. Televangelist Aimee Semple McPherson's Angelus Temple in Los Angeles was similarly large. The widespread mega-church movement began in the 1950s.

More than half of these large churches are non-denominational churches with no ties to a larger body and several are part of the Southern Baptist Convention, which accounts for about 20% of the mega-churches. The Assemblies of God has approximately 10% of them. Another 10% of the churches with congregations large enough to be included are associated with historically African-American denominations.

There is great controversy over the Mega-church or Church Growth Movement. There are two ways mega-churches get to their size: 1) by transferred growth; 2) by conversion. A mega-church that grows instantly is usually a church that is growing by transfer growth. The transferred growth is not good, for it saps small churches, and does not meet the final end of what church is about- reaching the lost. It is not legitimate growth, as it all comes from believers moving from one location to another.

Often mega-churches are launched by a single gifted pastor who combines flamboyant sermons with organizational skills that are required to turn weekly worship into a production number. Some of these churches have grown using the cell church principle, as with David (Paul) Yonggi Cho in South Korea. A cult of personality is sometimes within these mega-churches, often leading to divisions and organizational difficulties when the founder retires, dies, or in a few cases, resigns under some failure or cloud of suspicion. Some mega-churches have been able to weather these difficulties (, the largest Mega- church in America, survived the death of its founder), though that is not always the case, as with Robert Tilton’s church and others.

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The "seeker-friendly" movement, usually associated with mega-churches, has been the subject of much debate. Critics say these churches are more interested in catering to people's self-centered "wants" than their real "need"- Jesus Christ. Ingrid Schlueter, prominent Christian radio host said, "Of all the trends I've observed, the explosion of the seeker-centered mega-churches is one of the most disturbing," citing the extensive use of entertainment and performance in church services. Studies have shown that seeker-sensitive churches have a tendency to: 1) replace verse-by-verse exposition with messages that focus on the common needs of their audience, 2) downplay God's judgment, holiness, and righteousness, 3) focus almost exclusively on God's paternal love, 4) and try to make every sermon relevant to the felt needs of their audience.

Other criticisms of the mega-church (Church Growth Movement) and of the leading proponents of it), are: 1) the "seeker" or sinner-friendly church growth movement theology suggests that the Church needs to be conformed to the image of the world (Romans 12:2); 2) religious words are to be removed from our vocabulary in order to reach the community (He.1:3); 3) we must become a “contagious” Christian (tolerant- 2Co.2:14-16; Re.12:11).

Along with the growth of the Korean Protestant population, there are many large and mega-churches in Korea (see chart following). In 1999, the estimation was that there were 15 mega-churches in South Korea- most of them in the center of Seoul or the surrounding metropolitan areas. Typically these mega-churches have several other sanctuaries where people attend services by closed-circuit television. Many of these churches have five to seven services on Sunday. Most members attend once each Sunday and some attend twice. These mega- churches usually have many departments, focusing on: 1) mission; 2) education; 3) social work; 4) home-cell meetings; 5) parish systems, etc. They all own their buildings and most operate church buses to provide transportation to services.

There are several systematized programs in the mega-churches that are contributory to attracting people, such as prayer or evangelism. The Myung Sung Church is renowned for its special dawn prayer services. Using special themes, these prayer events are held four times a year for one to two weeks each. Most members attend these meetings (e.g., 19,000 out of 22,000 adult members in 1995), experiencing answers to their prayers. Expecting to gain benefits from joining a mega-church, people participate in programs, such as the times of healing prayer, which enhances the expectation of the people who attend these (mostly) Charismatic mega-churches.

The mega-churches dynamic is kept in spite of bureaucratic systems due to the effective use of small groups. Scholars had believed increases in group size caused a decrease in satisfaction and group cohesiveness, but actually, any decreases were due to poor communication and hierarchical command 61 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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structures. The organization and effective development of the small-group system has contributed to the formation of cohesiveness and group identity within the congregation, bringing good growth to the mega-churches.

Rev. Cho Yong-Gi, now senior pastor of the Yoido Full Gospel Church (YFGC), has the largest local congregation in the world. It has gained its growth because of effective use of small group strategies. Church groups were divided into homogeneous cells of five to ten members who had common orientations or occupations, living within close geographical areas. As most successful cell- driven churches, these Korean mega-churches feature the pyramidal structure of neighborhood leaders, pastors and sub-pastors, all under the authority of the senior pastor. Yet, there is allowed sufficient lateral openness through the system of cells so that their growth in number does not necessarily threaten bureaucratic stagnation. In fact, expansion in the religious market seems to promise an almost formidable growth of adherents.

Korean mega-churches effectively use modern technology for preaching the Gospel. Mass media had a powerful effect on the congregations in these churches. They focused on preaching through radio and the use of television in church services, projecting the main points of the sermons and church news onto very large screens (as do many in the U.S.). Fervent prayer life characterizes Korean mega-churches, with many members testifying to their healing miracles. At Yoido Full Gospel Church, healing miracles are broadcast on the screen in Sunday services, as well as spiritual drama, produced by the church’s own television and radio department that portrays Cho and the church’s ministry activities, along with Cho’s sermon. Many mega-churches are using internet broadcasting so that worshippers can attend services on line, usually available in several languages.

South Korean society has gone through rapid modernization and industrialization, but the culturally dominant mind-set of Koreans is religious. These new religious movements are the effect of the move of the Spirit in South Korea, not rationalization or secularization, though socially prevalent. What happened is the modern condition of uncertainty. South Korea has been looking down the business end of a gun-barrel for years, namely North Korea’s, and it has caused a searching for reality and security. Anxiety and doubts are hard to bear for many. The Christian churches promise certainty and are seen as safe harbors in an unsafe world.

Growth or decline is linked to the vitality of a member’s meaningful religious experience, which provide access to the sacred and give life to a church culture. Pastors who encourage these meaningful religious experiences within their congregation are providing ways for Christians to have an access to divine power, giving Korean churches the impetus to grow in the modern social context. 62 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Making demands is a necessary condition for organizational strength. A demanding church with highly committed members is a "strong church". Strictness in some cultures ensures that members will be committed, and communicates to others that they are part of a serious church. In Korea’s instance, strictness results in church growth. Some are now arguing that mainline denominations in America have become insufficiently strict, losing their capacity to create meaning and to generate commitment.

South Korean Mega-churches- 2002

Church Established Founder or Current Denomination Location Estimated Year Pastor (installation Adult year) worshippers Youngnak 1945 Han, Kyong-jik Presbyterian, Tong- Seoul 13,000 (Yi, Chul-sin, Hap 1997) Myungsung 1980 Kim, Sam-hwan Presbyterian, Tong- Seoul 24,000 Hap Ju-an 1955 Na, Kyum-il Presbyterian Tong- Inchon 15,000 (1978) Hap Somang 1977 Kwak, Sun-hee Presbyterian, Tong- Seoul 22,000 Hap Onnuri 1985 Ha, Yong-jo Presbyterian Tong- Seoul 17,000 hap Chunghyun 1953 Kim, Chang-in, Presbyterian, Hap- Seoul 13,000 (Kim Sung-kwan, Tong 1997) Sarang-eui 1978 Ok, Han-heum Presbyterian, Hap- Seoul 18,000 Dong Kwanglim 1953 Kim, Sun-do, Methodist Seoul 25,000 (1971) Soong-eui 1917 Yi, Ho-moon Methodist Inchon 13,000 (1973) Kumnan 1957 Kim, Hong-do Methodist Seoul 25,000 (1971) Yoido Full 1958 Cho, Yong-gi Assemblies of God Seoul 230,000 Gospel Full Gospel 1983 Choi, Sung-kyu Assemblies of God Inchon 11,000 Inchon Eunhye (Ûnhye) 1981 Cho,Yong-mok Assemblies of God Anyang 50,000 wa Chilli Sungnak 1969 Kim, Ki-dong Southern Baptist Seoul 23,000 Man Min 1982 Yi, Jae-rok Unification Holiness Seoul 12,000 Choon-ang

In a mega-church in America, the pastor often acts as a chief executive, using business tactics to grow the congregations. This entrepreneurial approach has contributed to the explosive growth of mega-churches. Lakewood, New Birth, The Potter’s House and World Changers, four of the largest, have all

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experienced significant, recent membership gains.

Churches in the U.S. are exempt from income taxes. Some do pay an unrelated business income tax on activities not substantially related to the church’s religious, educational or charitable purposes. Churches do pay payroll, sales and, often, property taxes. There are several U.S. legislature members who would like to see that changed, especially in the conditions of mid-to-late 2008. Following is a chart of the 2003 attendance data of the largest mega-churches in the U.S.

2003 Mega-church Attendance Data

Church Attendance* City, State Pastor Lakewood Church 25,060 Houston, Tex. World Changers 23,093 College Park, Ga. Creflo Dollar Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa 20,000 Santa Ana, Calif. Chuck Smith The Potter’s House 18,500 Dallas, Tex. T.D. Jakes H. Edwin Second Baptist Church 18,000 Houston, Tex. Young Southeast Christian Church 17,863 Louisville, Ky. Bob Russell Tommy First Assembly of God 17,532 Phoenix, Ariz. Barnett Willow Creek Community 17,115 S. Barrington, Ill. Bill Hybels Church Calvary Chapel of Ft. 17,000 Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Bob Coy Lauderdale Saddleback Valley Community 15,030 Lake Forest, Calif. Rick Warren Church *Catholic churches are not tracked for this study. This is all 2003 attendance data and represents total weekend attendance for each congregation. Source: Dr. John N. Vaughan, Church Growth Today

There is some criticism of “market-driven” church efforts in the mega-churches, such as with Willow Creek. Bill Hybels and members of his student ministry went door to door, in 1975, surveying the communities desires in a church. He gave it to them, and the Barrington, Ill.-based Willow Creek Community Church took off from there. Hybels tailored the services of the church to address their concerns. In doing so, he became one of the first pastors to use video, drama and contemporary music in church, and a more casual dress code.

There has been an increase in the number of African American Mega-churches, 64 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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as well as those that are typically considered white congregations. T.D. Jakes, Eddie Long, Creflo Dollar, Charles Blake, and others are African Americans who pastor mega-churches. Many African American preachers look toward these churches as models of where they wish to be. James Massey brought forth a possible problem in some of these churches by saying:

“The problem is their lack of attention, publicly at least, to a biblical or doctrinal foundation in what they publish and what they preach…I have been disappointed with the neglect of central truths of the Christian faith, such as: who Jesus is, why Jesus came, why Jesus died, what salvation means, the problem of sin, and the importance of conversion.”

V. UNDERSTANDING TERMS OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Several terms of the 20th Century, and some from the previous centuries, we need to clarify, and with some give the current changed meaning, so that we can fully understand some of the statements made in this course.

A. Fundamentalism

Fundamentalism originally referred to a movement in North American Protestantism arising early 20th Century in reaction to modernism, stressing that the Bible is literally inerrant, not only in matters of faith and morals but also as a literal historical record. Original "fundamentalism" says the Christian faith has five fundamental doctrines: 1) the inerrancy of the Bible; 2) the Virgin birth; 3) physical resurrection; 4) atonement by the sacrificial death of Christ; 5) the Second Coming.

The American Heritage Dictionary says of fundamentalism: "usually a religious movement or point of view characterized by a return to fundamental principles, by rigid adherence to those principles, and often by intolerance of other views and opposition to secularism." Fundamentalism today is closely linked with the historical and cultural contexts of 1920’s U.S. Protestantism (e.g. the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy in the Presbyterian Church).

Fundamentalism, as a movement, started among conservative Presbyterian academics and theologians at Princeton Theological Seminary, early in the 20th Century. It spread from there to conservatives among the Baptists and other denominations during and immediately after WWI. The purpose of the movement was to reaffirm orthodox Protestant Christianity and to defend it zealously against the challenges of: 1) liberal theology; 2) German higher criticism; 3) Darwinism; 4) other "-isms" it regarded as harmful to Christianity and/or would undermine the Bible’s authority.

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Fundamentalism has gone through various phases of expression while maintaining its central commitment to orthodoxy. The earliest phase involved identifying the fundamentals of Christianity and initiating a battle to expel those who were espousing beliefs contrary to orthodox Protestantism from the ranks of the churches.

The term "fundamentalist", first used in 1920s, applied to those who believed and actively defended those doctrines of Christianity. The Baptist John Roach Straton called his newspaper The Fundamentalist in the 1920’s. The Presbyterian scholar J. Gresham Machen disliked the word, hesitating to use it to describe himself, because the name sounded like a new religion.

Through the 1920s in the United States, the fundamentalists and modernists struggled for control of the large northern denominations. Fundamentalists saw the struggle as a fight for true, historical Christianity against a new non-Christian religion. In his 1923 book Christianity and Liberalism, Machen called the new naturalistic religion "liberalism" but later followed others by calling it "modernism".

Fundamentalists felt that professed Christians, such as Harry Emerson Fosdick and other non-fundamentalists, could not be regarded as believers since they denied the traditional formulations of the doctrines of Christianity, creating modern naturalistic statements of the doctrines. The issue then was really a struggle over a view of the identity of Christianity, as much as it was over a method of doing theology and a view of history. Fundamentalists believed the ways the doctrines were formulated in earlier eras were true and modern attempts to reformulate them were false (thus the fundamentals were unchanging).

The greatest church struggles with the question took place in the Northern Presbyterian and Northern Baptist denominations, though there were problems in other groups also. The battles focused upon the seminaries, mission boards, and the ordination of clergy. The real strongholds of the Fundamentalists were the Southern Baptists and the countless new independent churches that spread across America’s South and Midwest, as well as the East and West.

Fundamentalists failed to expel the modernists from any denomination in the 1920s. Orthodox Protestants still numerically dominated all the denominations, but also struggled amongst themselves. During the Depression of the 1930’s, the term "fundamentalist" shifted in meaning to apply to only one party among those who believed the traditional fundamentals of the faith. These embraced a policy of separation, since they could not remove modernists from the Church. So, they removed themselves from the churches where the modernists were. Meanwhile, neo-orthodoxy, associated with Karl Barth’s critique of modernism, found adherents in America as well as Europe. 66 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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To maintain the fundamentals of the faith, these separatist fundamentalists split off from modernist mainline churches, forming various new orthodox denominations. They also identified themselves with what they believed was pure in personal morality and American culture. At this point the term "fundamentalist" became those orthodox Protestants outside the large Northeastern denominations.

In the 1940s, a split occurred among these separatist fundamentalists over the issue of separatism. Persistent separatists continued to identify themselves as "fundamentalists", but others saw the term as undesirable. They wished to regain fellowship with the orthodox Protestants who still constituted the vast majority of the clergy and laity in the large Northeastern denominations. So, they began calling themselves "evangelicals" rather than "fundamentalists", of whom were Carl F. H. Henry, Kenneth Kantzer, and later Billy Graham.

In the late 1970s and ‘80s, discouraged by the changing social conditions, many separatist fundamentalists also rethought their withdrawal from society and became politically active. These separatist fundamentalists were now described as neo-fundamentalists. They formed coalitions with other conservative Christians, of which some leaders were Jerry Falwell, Tim LaHaye, and Pat Robertson.

The pattern of conflict between Fundamentalism and Modernism in Western Protestant Christianity has parallels in other religious communities. In its use as a description of these corresponding aspects, in diverse religious movements, the term "fundamentalist" has become more than a term either of self-description or of derogatory contempt. Fundamentalism is now a movement where the adherents are trying to rescue religious identity from absorption into modern Western culture. Having made progress in the wider religious community, it necessitates the assertion of a separate identity based upon the fundamental or founding principles of the religion. As a part of this, many fundamentalists accept only the King James Version translation of the Bible and study tools based on it, such as the Scofield Reference Bible.

In the late 20th Century there was an influential and controversial study of fundamentalism, The Fundamentalism Project. The five volumes say fundamentalism is primarily the militant rejection of secular modernity. In the Project, fundamentalism is seen as not just traditional religiosity, but a political phenomenon that is sometimes dormant. The editors, Marty and Appleby, contend that fundamentalism is inherently totalitarian, insofar as it seeks to remake all aspects of society and government on religious principles.

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B. Liberal/Conservative Christianity

Conservative Christianity (also Traditional Christianity) describes a number of Protestant and Roman Catholic groups or movements. These are typically part of conservative Christianity, which gives priority to traditional values, beliefs, and practices. Sometimes called conservative theology, it is an umbrella term covering several movements within Christianity, describing views of Scripture of both denominations and personal understandings. They may be Protestants, Roman Catholics, or independents, and are contrasted most often with Liberal Christianity.

Most groups share a distinctive ideology or theology, identity, values, norms, and a common culture. Each group or Christian denomination falls somewhere on a scale that is usually labeled "conservative" (or “right”) and "liberal" (or “left”) at the extremes. The "moderate" or "centrist" person or group is somewhere near the midpoint. These are relative terms, so there are overlaps in what some consider "conservative" and what another considers "liberal". These stereotypical descriptions are generalizations and not accurate of "all" who say they are either Conservative Christians or Liberal Christians.

Some have said Conservative Christianity and Liberal Christianity are polar opposites, but liberal Christians mostly do not agree with that thought, though it is agreed that their biblical hermeneutics are different.

General beliefs of Conservatives are:1) a "higher" view of Scripture as the authoritative "Word" of God; 2) belief in the authority of the Bible as God the Father's revelation to humanity; 3) Bible prophecy and biblical inerrancy are often affirmed (the Bible as final authority in matters on which it speaks-requiring a literal interpretation); 4) the provisional nature of science (and usually a skeptical approach to current scientific community consensus); 5) doctrine of original sin; 6) resurrection of Christ as the most important actual event in the history; 7) encouragement of evangelism; 8) literal heaven and hell.

Liberal Christianity (aka Liberal Theology), is an umbrella term covering diverse, philosophically-informed religious movements and moods, starting in the 18th and continuing through 20th Century. The word "liberal" does not refer to a leftist political agenda or beliefs, but to the freedom of the dialectic (pertaining to the nature of logical argumentation) process associated with continental philosophy and other philosophical and religious paradigms developed during the Age of Enlightenment.

The theology of Liberal Christianity was prominent in biblical criticism of the 19th and 20th Centuries. Bible hermeneutics within liberal theology is often 68 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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characterized as non-propositional in style. As such, the Bible is not considered as making factual statements, but simply documents the human authors' beliefs and feelings about God, within his historic/cultural context. Liberal Christian theologians do not seek to discover truth propositions, but rather seek to create religious models and concepts that reflect the class, gender, social, and political contexts from which they emerge. Liberal Christianity says the Bible is a collection of narratives that explain, epitomize, or symbolize the essence and significance of Christian understanding.

Liberal Christianity influenced greatly the mainline Protestant churches in the early 20th Century, when advocates said it would bring good change to the Christian church. Despite optimism, Liberal Christianity’s influence declined in the wake of WWII in mainline churches. At that point the more moderate alternative of neo-orthodoxy (and later post-liberalism) began to supplant the earlier modernism. Other theological movements included political liberation theology, philosophical forms of post-modern Christianity such as Christian existentialism, and conservative movements such as neo-evangelism and paleo-orthodoxy.

Liberal Protestant Christian theologians and authors included: Martin Luther King, Henry Ward Beecher, William Sloane Coffin, Charles Fillmore, Ralph Waldo Emmerson, Myrtle Fillmore, Rudolf Bultmann, Harry Emerson Fosdick, John A.T. Robinson, Paul Tillich, and Leslie Weatherhead. Catholic liberal theologians included: Leonardo Boff, Yves Congar, Joan Chittister, John Dominic Crossan, Hans Kung, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.

C.

Restorationism or Restorationists refers to various unaffiliated movements that consider contemporary Christianity in all forms to be deviant from the true, original Christianity. These groups then attempt to "Reconstruct," often using the Acts of the Apostles as a guide. Restorationism developed out of the Second Great Awakening and is historically connected to the Protestant Reformation. However, it differs in that Restorationists do not describe themselves as "reforming" the Christian Church that continuously existed from Jesus day, but as restoring the Church that they believe was lost at some point. The name Restoration is used to describe certain churches which follow this thinking, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) and the Jehovah Witnesses.

The Charismatic Restoration Movement has origins associated with the Charismatic Movement of the 1960s, although the Movement predates the Charismatic Movement with an agenda that goes beyond it. The Charismatic Movement focused on the transformation of individuals, but restorationism (like Brethrenism, Baptists, Anabaptists and the Stone-Campbell Movement) focused 69 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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also on the nature of the church. A distinctive view was shared by all that through them something important to do with church order was being restored to the whole church. British Charismatic Restorationists especially, since 1970, have focused on the renewal of the five-fold ministries, particularly apostles, which for some resembles a charismatically ordained episcopate.

British Restorationism, a part of the British New Church Movement (BNCM), has two major aspects: 1) churches relating together in "streams"; 2) independent charismatic churches where they generally do not relate together (although Vineyard and Ichthus are contrary cases). Churches in the “streams” account for some 40% of the BNCM, which has grown to several hundred networks of churches throughout the world.

D. Dominionism

Dominion Theology is used by some social scientists and journalists to describe a theological form of political ideology which they claim has influenced the Christian Right in the U.S., Canada, and Europe within Protestant Christian Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism. It is associated in these writers' investigations with a broader movement they call dominionism. It is described as a more ideologically aggressive and theologically coherent form of that movement.

Dominion Theology was influenced by post-millennialism (an end times view which believes godliness will pervade secular society at some point). Some so- called "Golden Age postmillennialists" believe the present age will culminate in a literal one-thousand-year period of virtual heaven on earth (a Millennialism), before Jesus returns in His Second Coming.

Several mainline Christian denominations, as well as most evangelicals and fundamentalists, reject Dominion Theology. But, there are participants in the Christian Right in the United States that are classified by critics as a "soft" form of dominionism, involving both pre- and post-millennialism, as well as others who are in a coalition that seeks political power. Dominionism flows out of a form of triumphalism (where a specific religion assumes it is the only legitimate religion).

Contemporary Dominion Theology, though arising in the 1970s in religious movements reasserting aspects of Christian nationalism, is not the first to accept the Dominion concept, which has existed within mainstream Christianity since the 3rd Century. Christian reconstructionism is an example of dominionism in reformed theology. It is believed that postmillennial Christian reconstructionism played a major role in pushing the primarily pre-millennial Christian Right to adopt a more aggressive dominionist stance.

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Kinism is a movement within Reconstructionism that stresses a love for one's ethnicity and race. It is vehemently opposed to inter-racial marriage, and most kinists are supporters of the Confederate States of America and secession efforts. Some favor traditionalism and monarchy, some are more republican and constitutional, others stress conspiracies related to Zionism and the New World Order that are considered a threat to the white race. All kinists are united in their commitment to Reformed theology, while most reconstructionists are not kinists.

Kingdom Now theology is another example of Dominion Theology, according to some writers. The Kingdom Now Movement appears to belong to a very different, somewhat antithetical theological stream, compared to Christian reconstructionism. Kingdom Now theology typically embraces the belief that secular or non-Christian society will never succeed, since the only valid legislation, social theory, spiritual beliefs, and economic theory are those derived from the Bible. Hence, Kingdom Now opposes a separation of Church and state and freedom of religion (non-Christian religions).

Political groups and individuals that worry about how, and to what extent, dominionism influences the Christian Right include People for the American Way, Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Interfaith Alliance, and the Freedom from Religion foundation. These are all typically anti-American Constitution and the freedoms of U.S. citizens, though their organizational names imply otherwise. In their report Funding the Culture Wars the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy lists the Family research Council, the Christian Coalition of America, and Focus on the Family as prominent organizations that fund the activities of the Christian Right.

The movement emerged in the late 1970s and 1980s, sparked in part by a series of books and films featuring Francis Schaeffer, a Bible Presbyterian Church pastor and evangelist, popular Evangelical apologist, and founder of L’Abri, a Christian community in Switzerland. Touring Christian colleges and churches in the early 1980s, along with C. Everett Koop, co-author of “What Ever Happened to the Human Race”, raised an alarm that, through Christian inattention, Western Civilization had declined from its Judeo-Christian foundation, and had come under the sway of a secular civil religion that Schaeffer called "Secular Humanism". The landmark 1972 Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, was Schaeffer's point on the radical cheapening of human life. He predicted this was a cultural shift that would produce increasingly a people bent on self-destruction.

Dominionists typically have three characteristics, according to Frederick Clarkson: 1) they celebrate Christian nationalism, in that they believe the United States was, and should once again be a Christian nation; 2) they promote religious supremacy, usually not respecting the equality of other religions or other versions of Christianity; 3) they endorse theocratic visions, insofar as they 71 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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believe that the Ten Commandments, or "biblical law," should be the foundation of American law, and that the U.S. Constitution should be seen as a vehicle for implementing Biblical principles."

Stanley Kurtz, in the National Review online, complained that discussion about dominionism (at a conference in New York and in articles in Harper’s Magazine) often linked average Christian evangelicals with extremism, such as views found at the fringes of the very small movement known as Christian reconstructionism:

“The notion that conservative Christians want to reinstitute slavery and rule by genocide is not just crazy, it’s downright dangerous. The most disturbing part of the Harper’s cover story (by Chris Hedges) was the attempt to link Christian conservatives with Hitler and Facism. Once we acknowledge the similarity between conservative Christians and fascists, Hedges appears to suggest, we can confront Christian evil by setting aside 'the old polite rules of democracy.' So wild conspiracy theories and visions of genocide are really excuses for the Left to disregard the rules of democracy and defeat conservative Christians — by any means necessary.”

E. Evangelicalism

The word “evangelicalism” refers to a collection of religious beliefs, practices, and traditions found among Protestant Christians and some Catholics. It is typified by an emphasis on evangelism, a personal experience of conversion, biblically oriented faith and a belief in the relevance of Christian faith to some cultural issues. Historically, the movement began early 18th Century as a response to Enlightenment thinking. It stressed a more personal relationship with God, plus activism based upon one's biblically based beliefs.

Current media usage of the term is often synonymous with conservative Protestant Christians, though that is only partly accurate. The movement embraces a wide range of expressions of faith around the four core characteristics.

The Bible is accepted by evangelicals as the ultimate authority in matters of faith and practice. The Protestant Reformation doctrines of sola scriptura and sola fide are primary. The historicity of the miracles of Jesus and the virgin birth, crucifixion, resurrection, and Second Coming are asserted, although there are a variety of understandings of eschatology.

John C. Green, director of the Ray C. Bliss Institute of Applied Politics at the University of Akron, found in the 2004 American Religious Landscape Report that despite many variations, evangelicals in the United States generally adhere to 72 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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four core beliefs: 1) biblical inerrancy; 2) personal trust in Christ for salvation; 3) all commissioned to evangelize; 4) public baptism as confession of faith.

In Western cultural usage, “Evangelical” has generally referred to Protestantism, with intended contrast to Roman Catholicism. At different times, the name has developed nuances according to the controversies of the age, although many Catholics consider themselves "Evangelical" in the sense that they must spread the Gospel message.

In the late 20th Century and early 21st Century, such conservative Protestant Christians, and their churches and social movements, are often called evangelical to distinguish them from Protestants that have a tendency towards more Liberal Christianity.

Some Evangelicals work within their own denominations, while others pay little attention to denominations and others still are from locally based independent churches. They often give practical assistance in needy areas, expecting to influence society by means other than preaching the Gospel. Some attempt social improvement by political means. Activism can be expressed in many ways, all undertaking relief to people who are in tough situations.

The movement represents a range of Protestant understandings of the Bible, liturgical forms, and church traditions – both traditional and some very non- traditional. Evangelicals are usually in favor of a relatively more simple, casual and participatory form of worship, rather than a highly structured liturgy. The 2004 survey of religion and politics in the United States identified the Evangelical percentage of the population at 26.3%; while Catholics are 22% and mainline Protestants make up 16%.

F. Evangelical Left

“Evangelical left” is a term used to describe those who are part of the Christian evangelical movement in the USA but who generally function on the left wing of that movement, either politically or theologically, or both. While the evangelical left movement is related to the better known Christian left, those who are part of the latter movement are not always viewed as evangelical.

Members of the evangelical left usually affirm the primary tenets of evangelical theology, such as the doctrines of incarnation, atonement, and resurrection. They also see the Bible as the primary authority for the Church. Unlike many evangelicals, however, the evangelical left supports what are often considered "liberal" or "left wing" political policies. Often they oppose capital punishment and support gun control. In many cases, they are pacifist or pacifist-oriented. They also often support and utilize modern biblical criticism, whereas some other 73 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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evangelicals reject it. Members of the evangelical left chiefly reside in mainline denominations and are often influenced by the Anabaptist social tradition.

G. Pentecostalism

Pentecostalism is made up of two major groups, those who are Trinitarian and those who are Oneness. Of the world’s 2 billion Christians, fully 25% are Pentecostals or Charismatics. Charismatics, as differentiated from Pentecostals, are of a later era in the 20th Century, when truths previously preached began to be emphasized, such as seeking an ecstatic religious experience, including speaking in tongues and instantaneous healing.

Pentecostalism is sometimes referred to as the "third force of Christianity." A large majority of Pentecostals are to be found in developing countries, though most international leadership is still in North America. The Assemblies of God, the largest Pentecostal denomination, has some 295,000 churches world wide, with approximately 57 million adherents. David (Paul) Yonggi Cho pastors the largest single Pentecostal church, with 780,000 members (2003). It was founded in 1958.

The largest U.S. Pentecostal denomination is the Church of God in Christ (COGIC). Other Pentecostal groups headquartered in the U.S. with an international presence of varying impact, include: 1) New Testament Church; 2) Church of God (Cleveland); 3) International Circle of Faith; 4) Pentecostal Assemblies of the World; 5) Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ; 6) the United Pentecostal Church; 7) the United Gospel Tabernacles. According to Church History (1998), there were about 11,000 different Pentecostal or charismatic denominations worldwide. Pentecostalism in the U.S. is estimated at more than 20 million, with about 4% of the Hispanic-American population being affiliated.

Many nations have a strong Pentecostal presence, including Australia. The largest Australian Pentecostal church is Hillsong, led by Brian Huston, which impacts the world by songs written there and sung in many Pentecostal and denominational churches.

India, though being less than 5% Christian, has been impacted greatly by charismatic denominations, including the Apostolic Church of Pentecost, Apostolic Pentecostal Church, Assemblies of Christ Church, Assemblies of God, Bible Pattern Church, Church of God (Full Gospel), Church of God of Prophecy, Church of the Apostolic Faith, Elim Church, Nagaland Christian Revival Church, ICOF India, New Life Fellowship, International Circle of Faith, The Pentecostal Mission, Open Bible Church of God, Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church, International Pentecostal Holiness Church, Pentecostal Mission, United Pentecostal Church in India, and India Pentecostal Church of God. Traveling the 74 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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other direction, the Sharon Fellowship Church, Kerala, India, founded by Pastor Thomachayan, has planted numerous churches throughout the world.

Growth is rapid in Pentecostal and Charismatic churches in many parts of the world. Jeffrey K. Hadden of the Department of Sociology at the University of Virginia, collected statistics from the various large Pentecostal organizations and from the work by David Stoll, demonstrating that the Pentecostals are experiencing very rapid growth.[

The global South is where the greatest growth is taking place, especially in Africa, Latin America, and most of Asia. Christianity Today says Pentecostalism is "a vibrant faith among the poor; it reaches into the daily lives of believers, offering not only hope but a new way of living." According to a 1999 U.N. report, "Pentecostal churches have been the most successful at recruiting its members from the poorest of the poor." Brazilian Pentecostals talk of Jesus as someone real and close to them and doing things for them including providing food and shelter.

Geographical distribution of Pentecostal/Charismatic believers, of more than 1 million, includes:1) Nigeria- 13 million; 2) Kenya- 4.1 million; 3) South Africa- 4.4 million; 4) Ethiopia- 2.6 million; 5) Ghana- 1.76 million; 6) United States- 80.0 million (including Charismatics and Neo-Charismatics); 7) Brazil- 15.0 million; 8) Argentina- 3.5 million; 9) Mexico- 2.7 million; 10) Guatemala- 2.0 million; 11) Chile- 1.8 million; 12) Canada- 1.3 million; 13) South Korea- 5.35 million; 14) China- (unknown, though probably a large percentage of the est. 80+ million); 15) Philippines- 9.0 million; 16) Indonesia- 7.0 million; 17) India- 5.2 million; 18) United Kingdom- 1.7 million; 19) Russia- 1.0 million.

Early leaders of the Pentecostal movement include William Boardman, John Alexander Dowie, Edward Irving, and Albert B. Simpson. In the early history of Pentecostalism, names like Maria Woodworth-Etter, Smith Wigglesworth, Mary Magdalena Lewis Tate (“Mother of Holiness”), Charles Fox Parham (“Father of Modern Pentecostalism”), William J. Seymour (Azusa Street Mission founder), Bishop R.A.R. Johnson (founder of House of God, The House of Prayer for All People), George Jeffreys (founder of Elim Foursquare Gospel Alliance and Bible- Pattern Church Fellowship [Britain]), Aimee Semple McPherson (International Church of the Foursquare Gospel), Joseph Ayo Babalola (founder of Christ Apostolic Church), David du Plessis (South African Pentecostal church leader), (female evangelist), William M. Branham (healing evangelist), Jack Coe (healing tent evangelist), Charles Harrison Mason (founder of the Church of God in Christ), A.A. Allen (healing tent evangelist), Oral Roberts (healing tent evangelist and televangelist), and (first successful TV evangelist).

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H.

Faith healing, also called divine healing or spiritual healing, is the use of spiritual means in treating disease, sometimes accompanied with the refusal of modern medicine techniques. Some say that the supposed results of faith healing have never been substantiated and think it is reason to be the subject of controversy.

The term is sometimes used in reference to the belief of some Christians who hold that God heals people through the power of the Holy Spirit, often involving the "laying on of hands". Those who hold to this belief do not usually use the term "faith healing" in reference to the practice; that expression is more often used descriptively by commentators outside of the faith movement in reference to the belief and practice.

Faith healing has been also reported by the Catholic Church as the result of intercessory prayer of a saint or a person with the gift of healing. An example of a person reported to have the gift of healing is Andre Besette, a Holy Cross Brother known as the "Miracle Man of ". The Catholic Church requires one or two miracles for the canonization of a saint, depending on the case. These are most often cases of faith healing reported as resulting from that person's intercession.

In the U.S.A, faith healing is popular in circles of Pentecostalism. In the 1920s and 1930s Aimee Semple McPherson was a faith healer of growing popularity during the Great Depression. By the late 1940s Oral Roberts was well known and continued with faith healing until the 1980s. A friend of Roberts was another popular faith healer- Kathryn Kuhlman- who gained fame in the 1950s and had a television program on CBS. Also in this era, Jack Coe and A.A. Allen were faith healers with large followings, who traveled with large tents to hold mobile, open air crusades. In contrast , a faith healer from Akron, Ohio made his fame on television.

It is commonly held that whatever can be performed on demand as an ordinary event can no longer be viewed as miraculous, for by its consistent and repeatable nature it becomes an expected facet of natural science. Thus faith- healing is often not considered a system of healthcare, but a sign of divine visitation. Just as Jesus did not condemn the use of medicine, He used healing through God's power as a sign of His coming. According to the Gospels of the New Testament, He cleansed lepers, returned sight to the blind, returned hearing to the deaf, and restored strength and mobility to the lame and paralyzed. These were the signs He told John the Baptist’s disciples that should confirm who He was to John. He also said that those who believed would do the same thing (Jn.14:12).

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Some present-day Christians believe these signs of healing through the direct application of God's power ought to, and do, continue. Today, there are doctors who say that they see from their patients a correlation between faith and the recovery from disease, though this is not publicized by the secular media. Obviously, without faith, we do not see healing from the Lord.

I. Adventism

This practice is referred to as Sabbatarianism, the time frame for which corresponds with the Jewish Sabbath- Friday sunset to Saturday sunset. Churches that hold to this day of worship include several groups: Biblical Church of God; Body of Christ Church of God; Christian Biblical Church of God; Church of God, an International Community; Church of God (Anadarko); Church of God (Jesus Christ the Head) (UNICO); Church of God (Jerusalem); Church of God (O'Beirn- based in Cleveland, Ohio); Church of God ( Era); Church of God (Reinersten); Church of God (Sabbatarian); Church of God (Seventh Day, Salem, West Virginia); Church of God Evangelical Association. The Seventh Day Churches of God are not connected with the Adventist churches, but believe that the Sabbath is the sanctified day of weekly worship.

J. Branhamism

Branhamism refers to the controversial and distinctive doctrines of William M Branham (1909-1965). Branham, faith-healer and preacher into the mid 20th Century, spawned several doctrines that were considered unorthodox. Adherents generally dislike the term “Branhamites” and prefer to call themselves 'Message Believers' or simply “Christians” and to William Branham's teachings as “The Message of the Hour.” Message believers can be found around the world, though most are without formal affiliation or governance. As such, these groups can be comparatively orthodox, all the way to some that could be defined as cults.

Branham was claimed as the final major Prophet to the Christian Church as a fulfillment of Malachi 4:5. According to the “Believers,” he had a divinely appointed ministry of restoring the “true apostolic faith” to the church which had been lost by “denominationalism”. His controversial doctrine concerning the Godhead, The Baptismal formula, the serpent's seed doctrine, and attitude toward women and divorce, and eschatology are some things he taught that are not considered orthodox. He is generally recognized as the one God used to start the .

Information concerning the distinctive doctrines comes from the recorded sermons of William Branham (some 1,000 plus). Most sermons have been put into book form, with many groups of Branham's followers saying these sermons are of equal authority to the Bible, though others regard them as of generally 77 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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lesser authority except when Branham explicitly claimed to be speaking "Thus Saith the Lord". Those statements are seen as divinely inspired. Branham claimed authorship of the 1965 book “An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages” as completely “thus saith the Lord.” Believers say his most important contribution in the Message is the Revelation of the Seven Seals that Branham delivered in a series of sermons during February and March 1963.

Most distinctive of Branham’s doctrinal teachings is rejection of the Trinitarian view and Oneness views of the Godhead. Trinitarians understood Branham to teach a version of modalism and Oneness groups understood him to teach trinitarianism. But Branham continued to say both were wrong, claiming the truth was in the middle of what each believed.

Essentially his teaching was that: 1) there is but One God who is Holy; 2) God Himself is Spirit and thus the Holy Spirit; 3) this God Who was the Father of Jesus, indwelt Jesus at the River Jordan and left Jesus in Gethsemane so that he could go to the cross as a mortal to bleed and die for the salvation of man; 4) every son has a beginning, so the Son of God also must have a beginning (negating Trinitarian belief in a co-eternity between Father, Son and Holy Ghost).

The serpent’s seed doctrine Branham taught was that the fall of mankind resulted from Eve having sexual intercourse with an upright 'Serpent' (at that stage not a snake but the 'missing link' between apes and man, with the serpent's current form as a result of God's in Genesis 3:14). From this relationship, Branham says that Cain was conceived and produced. The serpent's seed doctrine, sometimes in altered form, appears in a number of sects and cults, notably the “Christian Identity Movement”, where it is used as a justification for racism. In conjunction with this doctrine, Branham identified the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil as being Satan, and the Tree of Life being God himself. Branham’s further evidence for the Serpent’s Seed doctrine was that Cain and his descendants showed characteristics of Satan while none was shown by Abel, Seth and his descendants.

Branham was gifted with words of knowledge, often by taking a person’s left hand in his and receiving detailed information from the Lord that he had no way of knowing, including the diagnoses of diseases. Those so ministered to received their healing, including such dreaded diseases as cancer. Such clarity did Branham hear from the Spirit that William Hollenweger (1927- ), who interpreted for him in Europe, said that he never knew of a time that Branham missed it, even with often detailed information.

An unofficial estimate by David Branham (grandson of William Branham) in 1986, based upon literature distribution, gave the figure at 300,000 adherents worldwide, though Adherents claim that the figure is much larger today. 78 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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VI. MOVEMENTS BIRTHED/ACTIVE IN THE 20th CENTURY CHURCH

Many movements came into existence during the 20th Century, while others of great impact continued from the previous century. We do not list all here. Some of these ministers/ministries have negative events or failings that indicate flawed foundations, or flawed vessels that did not follow after the Spirit of God in all their ways. The Holy Spirit can use even the marred vessel (Je.18:3-4; 2Ti.2:20-21; 2Co.4:7). Each of these ministries/ministers God used to advance His plan. When there was a failure, it was not God, but the man or woman who failed to listen to the correction of the Spirit and then repent.

A. Gideon’s International

Gideon’s International is dedicated to the distribution of copies of the Bible in some 180 countries of the world to people who might not encounter the Word, especially in hotel and motel rooms. Founded in 1899 in Boscobel, Wisconsin as a para-church organization, it was dedicated to evangelism. The first Bible placed in a hotel was in the Superior Hotel, Superior, Montana, 1908.

The organization’s name comes from the biblical character, Gideon, who chose to do what God wanted him to, no matter his own judgment as to the plans or results. With these attributes sought in prospective members, they must be either a Protestant or Congregational Church member in good standing. A pastor’s recommendation is required and they must be a professional.

The Gideons also distribute New Testaments (with Psalms and Proverbs) to the military in various countries, as well as to hospitals, nursing homes, prisons and also to students. The cover colors of their New Testaments determine which group the Testament is meant for:

1. Red- distribution to students 2. Orange- sidewalk distribution to Middle/High school students 3. Digital Camouflage/Desert Camouflage- Military 4. Dark blue- Law Enforcement Personnel/Firefighters/EMTs 5. Light green- College/University students 6. White- Medical professionals (distributed by Auxiliary only) 7. Brown- Personal worker's Testaments (for witnessing by Gideons) 8. Light blue- Personal worker's Testaments (for witnessing by the Auxiliary)

A typical Gideon Bible or New Testament will contain: 1) a short preface; 2) Bible verses suggested for assistance in various types of problems; 3) translation of John 3: 16 in a variety of languages; 4) the Bible text itself (usually KJV); 5) a 79 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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short description of biblical salvation with biblical quotations; 6) a place for the reader to sign and date his confession of Jesus.

Gideon’s International has more than 250,000 members and continues to serve as an extended missionary arm of the church to the 2,000,000 new readers born weekly. This is a large challenge to Christians to fill the void by making available God's Word, a primary function of The Gideons. Gideon’s International places or distributes more than 63,000,000 Scriptures worldwide annually, an average of more than 1,000,000 copies of the Word of God every six days.

B. Short Term Missions

Short Term Mission trips are a phenomenon that came into existence late in the 20th Century. Because of changes in transportation available, jet airplanes in particular, there has been a proliferation of churches and ministries that make trips of ten days to a month into countries for the various ministry purposes. These purposes include: 1) evangelism; 2) church-planting; 3) medical missions; 4) setting up Bible Colleges; 5) church-building projects; 6) setting up feeding projects; 7) disaster relief; 8) youth mission orientation; 9) other.

These projects can be carried out in the short term by those who have a heart for the Kingdom, but may not be called to full time ministry. Others who are in full time ministry may devote vacation time to the effort. Still others are full time ministry people who God has called to go to the nations for just such short-term efforts, often to help missionaries, pastors, and ministries in the nations.

According to Short Term Missions, there were some 920 opportunities to partake in missions of 1 week to 3 years, with some 86 organizations, as of the writing of this course. These are being offered as opportunities to individuals, groups, and just about every age group that can be responsible for themselves. Besides the groups, there are literally hundreds of non-clergy, members of churches in the West that are regularly taking short-term trips for the benefit of churches in the nations.

American Mission Teams, the parent organization of Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology, has been an advocate of short term mission trips for the purpose of planting Bible Colleges. They have helped ministries and churches in over 100 nations to plant a school for the purpose of training the native people to better reach their nation with the Gospel. Dr. Eddy Brown, Dr. Verda Thompson, Dr. Roger Price, Dr. Sally Shepard, Dr. Keith Hershey, and many others have helped or been involved in this process. The fruit of this effort is the planting of churches and winning of souls by Bible College graduates all over the world.

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C. Jesus Movement

“Jesus Movement” and “Jesus People” are terms to describe those who were a part of a broader hippie movement, but wanted to change the cultural content to reflect their new-found faith. Duane Pederson, writing for the Hollywood Free Paper, coined the terms. A sister term, “Jesus Freak”, was originally a pejorative label imposed non-Christian hippies, but members of the Jesus Movement reclaimed that phrase as a self-identifier. The Jesus Movement was considered part of the “4th Great Awakening”, one of several periodic shifts in religious activity that have occurred throughout American history.

Disenchanted with the status quo, those in the Jesus Movement were originally a part of the reaction against the culture of the day and become hippies. Disenchanted with the lifestyle, they became Jesus People, though they often kept many of the mannerisms and styles of the hip generation, but with a change in the cultural content.

Many of this movements adherents were hippies; former drug-users, drinkers, prostitutes, witches, music enthusiasts and about every other kind of bohemian lifestyle which needed mutual love and acceptance. They mingled well with the straighter, short-haired church goers for a long time. The movement was characterized by a resurgence of brotherly love and kindness, in an era where society was being torn apart by anti-war factions, venereal disease and other social maladies.

Strong evangelism was a keynote of the Movement, with their theology rejecting any middle ground. They made up for their lack of theological depth with zeal for Christ and love for others. A communal approach was used in most groups, with the group being more important than the individual. Sharing of possessions was the norm. Coffee houses also were a part of the impact of the Movement, as well as a resurgence of contemporary Christian music. There was no single leader in the Jesus Movement. When society and the culture changed, the Jesus Movement did not adapt. It was primarily a reaction to the hippie counterculture, so with the hippie movement dying, the Jesus Movement lost its relevance.

D. Word of Faith Movement

There has been much debate over Word of Faith theology, its roots and the claimed heresy of it. While the Charismatic Movement has struggled for an ecclesiastic identity amid many diverse churches and ministries, it has surged in growth since WWII, with or without agreement about its theology.

Under the leadership of those seeking more of God who were dissatisfied with 81 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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the established denominational Pentecostalism, as well as those who had come into the baptism of the Holy Spirit in denominational settings, the self-imposed separation from traditional denominational structures brought about an opportunity for theological innovations. No independent charismatic church or ministry exists that has not been exposed to the Word of Faith Movement to a degree.

The Movement’s growth, over some 40+ years period, has been opposed by critics from reformed, evangelical, and classic Pentecostal backgrounds. Also, some within the independent charismatic tradition itself have criticized the excesses and non-biblical avenues taken by some. This has been somewhat a one-sided debate, as most Word of Faith proponents do not respond to the critics (2Ti.2: 14). If the Word of Faith theology was not orthodox, indeed a different Gospel, we should apply Paul’s charge to declare it so.

Some have claimed that the Word of Faith Movement is rooted in metaphysical cults. They function under the premises that: 1) a bad historical root equals bad theological fruit; 2) faith theology has a bad root; 3) faith theology is bad theological fruit. D.R. McConnell, an Oral Roberts University student presented a thesis in 1982 charging a metaphysical cultic root in the Movement, which was eventually published as a book by Hendrickson Publishing in 1988. McConnell’s premise is that E.W. Kenyon, a 19th Century New Thought movement proponent, taught much of what Kenneth Hagin, Sr. taught. He says that Kenyon is the true “father” of the Word of Faith Movement through Hagin, Sr’s. books and tapes.

McConnell’s analysis had serious flaws: 1) a misconstrued history of Kenyon’s relationship with the New Thought movement; 2) a misunderstanding of Kenyon’s theology; 3) the lack of emphasis on non-Kenyon influences on Hagin. Following is a synopsis of McConnell’s flawed analysis:

1. New Thought

Kenyon did indeed enroll in Emerson College of Oratory in 1892. It was a hub of New Thought ideas and doctrines, but not in 1892. It was some years after 1892 that Emerson’s professors began to teach New Thought doctrines. Ralph Waldo Trine, a professor at Emerson College, taught while Kenyon was a student. Emerson historians say that Trine did not begin teaching New Thought doctrines until after Kenyon left the school in 1894, and did not publish his New Thought ideas until 1897.

2. Evaluating Kenyon’s theology

Thus a critical bias underlies McConnell’s evaluation of Kenyon’s theology. Actually, those who have observed Kenyon and made these 82 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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charges were looking at metaphysical elements in his theology because their view of history dictates that the heretical elements “must exist” in Kenyon’s writings, rather than they “might exist.”

Kenyon’s writings lack theological sophistication, reveal some departure from sound hermeneutical principles, but his teachings fall within what is seen as orthodox Christianity. One fringe teaching Kenyon made, deemed heretical, is his doctrine of the descent of Christ into hell. However, John Calvin taught a similar doctrine due to the Apostle’s Creed. He writes:

“Nothing had been done if Christ had only endured corporeal death. In order to interpose between us and God's anger, and satisfy his righteous judgment, it was necessary that he should feel the weight of divine vengeance. Whence also it was necessary that he should engage, as it were, at close quarters with the powers of hell and the horrors of eternal death.”

The doctrine, showing some theological pitfalls, is hotly debated. While Calvin and Kenyon hold the minority opinion, the opinion itself does not place Kenyon in heresy.

3. Deism

McConnell claimed Kenyon taught the “central dogma of metaphysics.” This is a false interpretation of Kenyon’s writings, reflecting a less than accurate reading of Kenyon’s work. Kenyon wrote (accurately):

“Sin Consciousness has given us a wrong picture of God and a wrong picture of the New Creation. It has made us see God as a holy, just, austere and unapproachable Being who is ever on the alert to discover sin in us and condemn us. That conception has made us afraid and caused us to shrink from Him. The conception is wrong: He is a Father God. John 14:23 says that He will make His home with us….When we know Him as a loving, tender Father who longs for our fellowship and longs to live with us, the whole picture is changed.”

This is far from the “deity of deism” claim of McConnell.

4. Dualism

Another claim McConnell made was that Kenyon taught dualism. This charge came from Kenyon’s phrase “God breaking into the sense realm.” Actually, Kenyon’s phrase is consistent with Ladd’s theology of the 83 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Kingdom, the in-breaking of God’s Kingly rule into history, rather than metaphysical dualism.

5. Revelation knowledge

Another claim McConnell made was that Kenyon’s doctrine of “revelation knowledge” is gnostic spirit-matter dualism. The allegation is that Kenyon held knowledge conveyed by spiritual means, creates an epistemology whereby “the physical senses are of no value in understanding it or using it.” Kenyon actually embraced the integrity of biblical revelation as the cornerstone of a faith-relationship with God (Mt.16:17; Jn.14:17, 26). Kenyon taught that “revelation knowledge” comes from the Word of God to renew the mind and enlighten the spiritual component of a person (Ro.12:2). This is simply the acknowledgement of a spiritual reality that can only be revealed by Scripture, with Holy Spirit as the teacher, and not by the power of the mind.

6. Nature impartation

McConnell claimed Kenyon promoted deification by teaching that God imparts His nature into the human spirit. For example Kenyon wrote, “By a new creation, we are partakers of His very nature. We have become heirs of God, joint heirs with Jesus Christ. We are the next of kin to the Son of God.” While his language choice can create difficulty in an orthodox explanation to his teaching, Kenyon’s biblical precedent was from Second Peter 1: 4. The best statement would likely be the phrase “partakers of His nature”, which he used often in his writings. As to McConnell’s claim, nowhere did Kenyon state that the union between the human and Divine nature produced a fused entity so as to indicate human-godhood. He was describing “partakers of the divine nature” as to the spiritual partnership between a person and God, the Holy Spirit. Kenyon wrote:

“One stands mute in the presence of a fact like this, that we have in us God’s nature. The thing that hurts is that we have never given that nature sway. We have held His nature in bondage. God has been a prisoner in us. Paul was no more a prisoner in Rome than the Holy Spirit has been a prisoner in us.”

7. Non-Kenyon influences

McConnell’s greatest flaw of analysis is a failure to emphasize the non- Kenyon influences on Kenneth E. Hagin. Certainly Hagin was influenced by Kenyon’s writings. Hagin’s word-for-word incorporation of passages from Kenyon appears to be plagiarism. However, the Pentecostal and 84 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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holiness influences on Hagin are severely underestimated. Dennis Hollinger writes in his assessment of the historical development of the faith movement:

“The contemporary health and wealth movement flows historically from two primary tributaries: Pentecostal healing revivalism and the influences of E. W. Kenyon… McConnell’s “A Different Gospel” attempts to undermine the Pentecostal influence, giving primacy to the “Kenyon Connection.” My own conclusion, however, is that we cannot minimize the role of the healing revivalist tradition.”

It is true that leaders in the Faith Movement (Hagin, Copeland, Winston, Hinn, Capps, McClendon, Cho, Price, Savelle, Duplantis, Hickey, Moore, Parsley, Schamback, Osborn, Brim, Hemry, Dollar, et.al.), have doctrines that rely heavily on Kenyon. But, the major doctrines of Faith theology include biblical authority, evangelism, soteriological-based healing, prosperity, Pentecostal pneumatology, spiritual warfare, and positive confession. Kenyon’s influence shows up in only a few of those. Even doctrines such a “sensory denial through positive confession”, which often is credited to Kenyon’s influence, can be seen in the Holiness/Pentecostal tradition. A.B. Simpson wrote concerning positive confession with regard to healing:

“We believe that God is healing before any evidence is given. It is to be believed as a present reality, and then ventured on. We are to act as if it were already true.” Why would this well-educated man advocate faith contrary to sensory evidence? Because he believed that the Bible, a higher authority than the senses, teaches healing.”

Many pre-Pentecostals (Wesley, Finney, Whitefield, Cartwright and Dowie), laid the groundwork that would form faith theology as taught by Kenneth Hagin. Charles Farah says the true root of faith theology is in the theology of Charles Finney. He wrote:

“Historically, the roots of their theology (faith theology) go back to the thought of Charles Finney . . . (whose) contribution to present day faith-formula teaching was indirect; rather than direct.”

Faith theology also has a strong root in Pentecostalism. Smith Wigglesworth, an early Pentecostal pioneer, had a substantial impact on Hagin and his theology. Wigglesworth writes in Ever Increasing Faith,

“It is a blessed thing to learn that God’s word can never fail. Never harken to human plans. God can work mightily when you persist in 85 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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believing Him in spite of discouragements from the human standpoint…I am not moved by what I see. I am moved only by what I believe. No man considers how he feels if he believes. The man who believes God has it” (emphasis his).

Hagin cited Wigglesworth’s teaching in The Believer’s Authority concerning discouragement during spiritual warfare. Hagin wrote:

“Faith is involved in exercising spiritual authority. Yes, there are times when evil spirits come out immediately, but if they don’t when you speak the word of faith, don’t get disturbed about it. I base my faith on what the Word says. Some people’s faith is not based on the Bible, however, it’s based on a manifestation…. As Smith Wigglesworth often said, “I’m not moved by what I feel. I’m moved only by what I believe.” So stand your ground.”

The Word of Faith Movement’s theology actually exalts biblical authority. Faith theology is built upon a spirituality that values the Holy Spirit illumination of biblical authority. Bruce Barron says:

“In general, it is unfair to equate faith teaching with Christian Science, since faith teaching shows much more respect for biblical authority and the person of Jesus than do the ingenious but indefensible interpretations of Christian Science founder Mary Baker Eddy.”

It is hard to say what all Word of Faith proponents believe on all points of doctrine, since not all have taught on all points. But to say that the following are at least taught by the majority is valid. Since the Word of Faith Movement is a movement and not a denomination, there is no single document that delineates what they all believe.

a. Holy Spirit revelation of truth

The Word of Faith Movement teaches the fact of Holy Spirit revelation of truth. It gives place to the Holy Spirit in illuminating Scripture and its meaning to the believer. This is because faith teachers believe Holy Spirit is the one who: 1) gives insight and meaning to God’s Word; 2) speaks directly to the believer to enable them to understand (Jn.16: 13). This is revelation knowledge (Ep.1: 17-18; 2Co.3: 6; Ro.16: 25; 1Co.14: 26; Co.1: 9-10; 1Pe.1: 13; Re.1:1).

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b. Reliance on a faithful God

The Word of Faith Movement relies on the Faithful God. God is a Covenant-keeping God. He is sovereign over all. But He does not overrule man whom He made a co-ruler with Him (Ge.1: 26-28; Ps.8: 5-6; Lk.10: 17-20; Ro.5: 17; Ep.2: 6). God has sovereignly allowed man to influence Him by his actions. With a hyper-Calvinist view of God’s sovereignty, it is denied that the actions of men have an effect on God, despite the Bible’s teaching that He desires to have reciprocal relationships with man (Ex.32: 9-14; 2Kg.20: 1-7; Is.1: 18-20; 43: 25-26; Je.18: 7-10; Mi.6: 2; Mt.7: 7-11; Mk.11: 25- 26; Ja.1: 5; 4: 2, 8). Since God sovereignly made this choice of reciprocal relationships with men, He gave Covenant promises to man and actually expects man to lay claim to them (1Co.1: 20; He.6: 12; 11: 33; 2Pe.1: 3-4). These Covenant promises are available to man, dependent upon man’s faith and prayer (2Ch.7: 14; Ezk.36: 37; Mt.7: 7-11; 21: 21-22; Mk.9: 23; 11: 24; He.11: 6; Ja.1: 5-7; 5: 16-18; 1Jn.5: 14-15).

c. Full redemptive work of Christ and His sacrifice

The Word of Faith Movement accepts the full redemptive work of Christ and His blood sacrifice. That Jesus died spiritually is a contended doctrine by the anti-Word of Faith group. Word of Faith teachers were not the first to teach the doctrine. Martin Luther said that Jesus “. . . actually and in truth offered Himself to the eternal Father to be consigned to eternal damnation for us.” Other historical church leaders, including some Evangelical leaders embrace certain facets of “Jesus died spiritually.” Christ died on the cross as we deserved to, became sin and bore the curse for us (1Co.15: 3; 2Co.5: 21; Ga.3: 13). The Bible is clear He descended into Hades (Mt.12: 40; Ep.4: 8-10). Scripture gives some indication that He suffered there (Ac.2: 24-31), while other passages speak of Him preaching to the spirits that were there (1Pe.3: 18-19). Christ rose from the dead for our justification (Ro.4: 25). Without Christ’ resurrection from the dead for us, there is no basis for salvation (Ro.10: 9-10).

There are some that also teach, due to Christ having become sin for us, that he also had to undergo a new birth (Ac.13: 33; Ro.8: 29; Co.1: 18; 1Pe.3: 18-19). Christ ascended into heaven, sprinkled the articles in the Holy of Holies to cleanse them and presented His blood to the Father as a propitiation for the Father’s righteous anger 87 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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at sin, thus sealing our eternal redemption (He.9: 12-24). Thus, the Word of Faith teachers believe that our salvation is a blood-bought fact.

d. Union with Christ in the New Birth

In the New Birth, we are brought into vital union with Jesus Christ. Most people think they have forgiveness of sins in the new birth, but not more. They do not know about being in union with God. We are sons and children of God. We are born of God and in union with God. Christ is the Head; we are the Body. We are one with Christ, joined with Him in a living union. Jesus Himself says our relationship is more than Master to servant – it is also friendship with Him (Jn.15:13-15). Concerning our position in “Heavenly places,” the following comment by Martin Luther is very interesting:

Observe, what great transcendent comfort we have in that God awakens in us also the same power he exercises in Christ, and bestows upon us equal authority. As He made Him sit in heavenly places, above all power and might, and everything that can be named; so has He invested us also with the same power, that those who believe have all power over heaven and earth.”

Luther used language similar to Word of Faith teacher Hagin in describing a principle of Scripture. Other Scriptures that make this point are: (Ro.8: 16-17, 29; 1Co.3: 9; He.2: 11; Co.2: 10-12; Mt.21: 21-22; Jn.14: 12).

e. God made man a significant being

Scripture makes clear distinction between those born of Him and those born of Satan. Humans possess the nature of the one who has birthed them. In the new birth we received God’s very nature. Bible expositor, R. A. Torrey, wrote, “The New birth is the impartation of a new nature, even God's own nature, to the one who is begotten again.... In the new birth God imparts to us His own wise and holy nature.... ” This is made clear in 2 Peter 1:4. Through God’s promises we “might be partakers of the divine nature.” The New Testament in Modern English by J. B. Phillips renders this as, “to share in God's essential nature.”

Hagin does not say that Adam or his posterity were/is deity. Hagin writes, “We’re not , but we’ve been given the right to use 88 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Jesus’ Name and to act on His behalf.” Others have made reference to Adam as a “little god.” Differing from Hagin, Myles Munroe says, “He has created us to be His offspring. Therefore, He calls us ‘little gods.’” Munroe based his statement on Psalm 82:6. Further, Munroe clarifies his teaching: “Faith makes of us lords, and love makes of us servants. Indeed, by faith we become gods and partakers of the divine nature and name, as is said in Psalms 82,6: ‘I said, Ye are gods, and all of you sons of the Most High.’"

f. Restoration of man’s delegated authority

The Word of Faith Movement teaches restoration of man’s delegated authority. The Bible describes Satan as “the god of this world” (2Co.4: 4), the prince, or, ruler of this world (Jn.12: 31; 14: 30; 16: 11), and that the whole world is under his control (1Jn.5: 18- 19). The Bible teaches that Satan usurped this position (Lk.4:5-6):

Sin opens the door for Satan and gives him a foothold in our lives (Ep.4: 22-27; Ge.4: 7; 1Jn.3: 12). By his sin and rebellion against God, man handed authority of the kingdoms of the earth to the devil. Scripture teaches that man was God's “under ruler”. Made in God's image and likeness, man was given reign over God's creation (Ps.8: 5-6). Man in his rebellion placed himself under Satan’s authority (Co.1: 13-14; Ep.2: 1-5).

Christ is the “last Adam” (1Co.15: 45) and has won the victory over the devil on our behalf (Ge.3: 15; Ac.26: 18; 2Co.2: 14; Co.1: 12- 14; 2: 15; He.2: 14; 1Jn.3: 8; Re.12: 9-11), and restored authority to the Believer through His redemptive work (Lk.10: 17-20; Mt.28: 18- 20; Mk.16: 15-20; Ep.2: 6; 4: 27; 6: 10-18; Ja.4: 7; 1Pe.5: 8-10; 1Jn.5: 18). Christ said we could exercise the same dominion He had while He was on earth (Mt.21: 18-22; Jn.14: 12-14). Scriptures teach this aspect of redemption and so do the faith teachers, in spite of the protests of their critics.

g. Triumphant return of Christ

The Word of Faith Movement promotes the triumphant return of Christ. These teachers believe that all things (sickness, poverty, demons, etc.), whether in heaven, on earth, or under the earth, must bow their knees to Jesus now (Ph.2: 8-11), and further that we were given delegated authority to use that Name (Mk.16: 15-20; Le.10: 17-20; Jn.14: 12-14; 16: 23). One known as the “prince of 89 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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preachers” (C. H. Spurgeon), said, “All things in heaven and earth and under the earth answer to the command of prayer.

Word of Faith teachers agree with the requirement of preaching the Gospel in all the world for a witness, prerequisite to the Lord’s return. Their “can-do” attitude comes from the Christ which strengthens them (Ph.4: 13). Since this mandate requires an abundance of finances, and much of the finances for spreading of the Gospel is, at least partially, in the world’s system, they believe that “the wealth of the sinner is laid up for the just” (Pr.13: 22). In their understanding of this passage, God will transfer the wealth of the world to the Church to enable them to preach the Gospel of the Kingdom to every part of the world. Many other texts agree (Pr.28: 8; Ec.2: 26; Is.60: 5; 6: 11; 6: 6, 66: 12).

h. Confident expectation and the language of faith

The Word of Faith Movement teaches confident expectation in prayer and the language of faith. While charged with “putting spin” on it, the Word of Faith doctrine of “positive confession” is in line with the Word. Some have limited “confession” to the acknowledgment of sin (1Jn.1: 9; Pr.28: 13). When we confess our sins to God, we are agreeing with Him. The faith teachers simply stand on utilizing the positive side to confession, expressing faith in God’s Word and promises (De.26: 3-15; Ps.107: 2; Ro.10: 9-10; 15: 9; 1Ti.6: 12-13; He.3: 1; 4: 14; 10: 23). A positive confession, according to these Scriptures, is simply acknowledging God’s promises back to Him in prayer.

E. W. Kenyon taught that, “Real prayer is taking His Word into the Throne Room and letting His Word speak through your lips to Him on the Throne, calling attention to His own promises.” This form of prayer is supported by the Scriptures (Ja.5: 15-18; 1Kg.18: 1; Ge.28: 12-15; 32: 11-12; Ex.32: 13-14; Nu.14: 17-20; 2Sa.7: 24-29; 2Ch.20: 9; Ezk.36: 37; Jn.15: 7; 1Co.1: 20). Praying includes a positive confession of God’s Word and is used to remind God of His promises (Is.43: 25-26).

God is not pleased outside of faith (He.11: 6) and doubt will certainly prevent a person from receiving from Him (Ja.1: 5-7; Mt.21: 21-22). Our spoken words indicate what is in our heart (Mt.12: 34-37). Word of Faith theology says that confession does not replace prayer, but is vital to confident praying.

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In conjunction with this, the Bible teaches us that faith releases God’s power:

And how unlimited is his power to us who have faith, as is seen in the working of the strength of his power, (Eph. 1:19; BBE- emphasis added)

Jesus said unto him, If thou canst believe, all things are possible to him that believeth. (Mark 9:23- emphasis added)

i. God’s Word has power to change circumstances

The Word of Faith Movement agrees with God’s Word that it has power to change circumstances that contradict it: “we walk by faith and not by sight” (2Co.5: 7). This understanding of faith’s operations has numerous supporting passages of Scripture. The main thing about faith is that it believes before it sees the desired result it wants:

Jesus saith unto her, Said I not unto thee, that, if thou wouldest believe, thou shouldest see the glory of God? (Jn.11: 40- emphasis added)

Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed. (Jn.20: 29- emphasis added)

Jesus requires a faith that believes before it sees the reality of the thing promised. The above statement contains a literal meaning of faith- believing before seeing). Furthermore, faith takes possession of the thing it desires from God before it actually has it in visible form. Concerning the Israelites, God said, “Every place that the sole of your foot shall tread upon, that have I given unto you, as I said unto Moses” (Jo.1: 3- emphasis added).

Faith teachers, as well as many before the Movement, understand the principle of taking possession of God’s promises by faith. They believe God’s Word and faith in it is sufficient to declare ownership of the promised object. Faith in God’s Word guarantees that God’s promise already is theirs. Scripture supports this understanding. A foundational passage is Hebrews 11:1, which tells us that faith is the “warranty deed” of things we expect from God: 91 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Now faith is the title deed of things hoped for, the proof of things which are not being seen (He.11: 1; The New Testament: An Expanded Translation by Kenneth S. Wuest)

Some have said that the Word of Faith teachers deny sin and sickness, but it is a false accusation. Faith teachers simply believe that healing of the body and victory over sin belong to us already, whether yet manifested or not (Mt.8: 16-17; 1Pe.2: 24; Ro.6: 11- 18). They believe that we take possession of them by faith now. The following statements prove the premise:

I do not deny the existence of the circumstances, but what I do is deny their right to rule my life. (Frederick K. C. Price)

We do not deny pains and other symptoms, for they are very real. Instead, we look beyond them to God's promises. (Kenneth E. Hagin Sr.)

Don’t deny the facts, but allow God’s Word to transform and change those facts! (Kenneth Hagin Jr.)

I don't deny the existence of disease. I deny the right of that disease to exist in this body, because I'm the body of Christ. (Charles Capps)

j. Meeting the needs of others

The Word of Faith Movement focuses on meeting the needs of others. The fact that many Christians have lacked faith to live victoriously in this life is basically due to a lack of Bible knowledge (Ho.4: 6). Faith teachers have essentially spoken to do what the Bible speaks to do. The Bible puts more emphasis on this life, so faith teachers are simply following the emphasis God Himself has placed it. God’s promises are primarily for our present life (Ga.2: 20; 1Pe.3: 10; 2Pe.1: 3-4). Paul spoke to this, saying the Father has great concern for both our present life and the after life. He wrote:

For bodily exercise profiteth little: but godliness is profitable unto all things, having promise of the life

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that now is, and of that which is to come. (1Ti.4: 8; see also Ps.84: 11).

All born-again Believers have assurance of Heaven today, but they still must deal with everyday life until they leave this life for the future life. Scripture does not teach us to neglect this life for concentration of the after-life. We are told not to become entangled with the affairs of this life (2Ti.2: 4).

Concerning true prosperity, Copeland writes,

“True prosperity is the ability to look a man in the eye in his moment of impossibility and take his needs as your own.”

Besides Copeland, Dr. Frederick K. C. Price wrote:

“If you will learn how to operate by the power that works in you, you can begin to flow in God’s financial plan of prosperity. No, it is not for you to squander and waste on your own lusts, but to be a blessing to the Church and a channel of blessing to other people.”

E. 24/7 Prayer Movement

Groups of Christians, now around the world, are praying and worshipping 24 hours a day, seven days a week, interceding for the accomplishment of God’s Plan. Many “24/7 Prayer Towers” have been set up based on the International House of Prayer (IHOP) pattern in Kansas City, MO. 24/7 prayer has started up in several places in Jerusalem, such as Succat Hallel. Without any coordinating, 24/7 prayer and worship groups have moved into place in the north, south, west and east of the old city.

In the year 2006 there was an outbreak of prayer and miracles on the UCLA campus. It is one of the cities where a 24/7 prayer tower has been established. More than 80 such prayer towers, since January of 2007, were established on major university campuses in the USA. A prayer tower for 24/7 prayer even exists in Indonesia at Banda Aceh, the point of the tsunami that struck on December 26, 2003. Indonesian believers who have been setting up the towers say that Indonesia will be 50% Christian by 2025, due to the prayer towers effectiveness in activating evangelism.

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F. Latter Rain Movement

The Latter Rain Movement started post-WWII and is still controversial to some and in some of its elements today. This movement took place after the Latter Rain Revival of 1947-1952, having the greatest impact from 1952 into the1960s.

An evangelical awakening started with Billy Graham as well as the Healing Revival with Oral Roberts, Jack Coe, and William Branham (though Branham was never part of the Latter Rain). A Branham meeting has been said to have actually triggered the start of the Latter Rain Movement. A vision for a deeper dimension of Christianity came to several Pentecostal leaders at North Battleford, Saskatchewan (Sharon Bible College), and they began to fast and pray for it. Later that year, revival events occurred with the news sweeping the U.S. and Canada. Due to the revival coming from the grassroots and having no structured nature, we do not know the full impact of its influence. With the revival dying down, various groups formed which came to be known as "The Latter Rain Movement".

Founding leaders included Reg Layzell, George Warnock, George Hawtin, Ern Hawtin, A Earl Lee, Dick Iverson, Kevin Conner, Violet Kitely, David Schoch, Wade Taylor, Glen Ewing, Robert Ewing, and Jim Laffoon. Contemporary figures impacted by the movement include Bill Hamon, Dr. Kelley Varner, Charles Schmitt, and many others in the Pentecostal and Charismatic ranks.

Many in the above list are considered orthodox in belief and teaching. But, some branches of the movement led to cult-like groups, some parts remained orthodox and also true to Latter Rain ideal, and other parts moderated the doctrine and ultimately had positive effects on the Charismatic and Pentecostal churches at large.

The Assemblies of God were particularly critics of the Latter Rain Movement and its Manifest Sons of God theology. Leaders there were concerned that it glorified men among other things and pointed to the "ye are Gods" doctrine (Ps.82:6). This was seen as severe theological error. Too, the eschatological emphasis of the Movement troubled them, among other things. The Assemblies of God condemned the doctrine of the 'Latter Rain Movement' as heresy in 1949. Actually there was a real dearth of spiritual activity from 1935 to 1947. With the start of this movement, the hungry flooded there to receive a refreshing. With the emphasis of laying on hands to receive spiritual gifts, recognition of apostles and prophets, the gift of prophecy for directing and commissioning ministerial candidates, and proper church government, the movement was rejected by most Pentecostal denominations. This caused many to leave their denomination and work independently or in loose fellowships. 94 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Hamon holds to an extreme view of the Latter Rain Movement, as in the Manifested Sons of God doctrine. This says there will be no rapture, but people will be changed into eternal beings, on earth, to fight and overcome the devil.

“At that time the sons of God will be fully manifested on the earth. Widespread spiritual warfare will result with the sons of God doing battle with Satan and company, the non-Christian nations of this world will also be defeated. Once the earth has been subdued, Jesus will come back to earth and be given the Kingdom that has been won for Him by this “manchild company.” The Manifested Sons of God doctrine teaches that these sons will be equal to Jesus Christ: immortal, sinless, perfected sons who have partaken of the divine nature. They will have every right to be called gods and will be called gods.” (quote from Bill Hamon)

Today criticism of the Latter Rain is primarily among Fundamentalists, evidenced by various websites critical of the movement. Such sites use association with the Latter Rain as a way of discrediting modern Charismatics. The modern Charismatic Movement, certainly influenced by some Latter Rain ideals such as the five-fold ministry and laying on of hands, generally rejects the more extreme elements of Latter Rain theology.

The Latter Rain Movement emphasized the spiritual elements of Christianity including: 1) personal prophecy; 2) typological interpretation of Scripture; 3) restoration of the 5-fold ministry; 4) teaching of no pre-tribulational rapture.

The Latter Rain goes farther than reference to doctrine only, because its most distinctive element is its spiritual atmosphere. Understanding this point, it is easy to identify within the Pentecostal movement when a person has been impacted by the Latter Rain. Latter Rain advocates saw Pentecostalism in danger of slipping into a dry formalism like many evangelical peers, post-WWII.

The term “Latter Rain” comes from Jeremiah 3:3 and 5: 23-25; Joel 2: 23; Hosea 6: 3; Zechariah 10:1, and James 5: 7. The idea of a "Latter Rain" was present from the earliest days of Pentecostalism. Many Pentecostals believed that return of speaking in tongues and the Baptism of the Holy Spirit marked the "Latter Rain" of God's Spirit, near the end of history. The outpouring of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost was the "former rain" (Joel 2:23), that established the Church, while the current move of the Spirit they identified as the "latter rain" which would complete the Church's work, culminating in the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. This doctrine had been taught since the time of Parham and the early Pentecostals, but the Latter Rain broke with the dispensationalism which had become entrenched in the ranks of Pentecostalism. Instead of a pessimistic pre- millennialism (escape from the troubles of this world); the Latter Rain 95 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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emphasized victory all the way to the end. This led to an emphasis that the Church, as an overcoming and victorious group, would come into "full stature" as taught by Apostle Paul. This shift was significant and is prominent in most of the Charismatic movement.

Typically, the Latter Rain brought several changes in mindset from dry Pentecostalism, demonstrated by: 1) The Sacrifice of Praise- (a major emphasis on worship, the Tabernacle of David and its restoration; dancing, lifting of hands and spontaneous praise); 2) Christian Unity- (unity among the believers, in the church service, in the geographic region, and at large; the church organized along geographical lines as in the Book of Acts); 3) Laying on of hands- (teaching that Holy Spirit baptism did not take prolonged tarrying, but was immediately available by laying on of hands); 4) The five-fold ministry- (teaching a restoration of the five-fold ministry mentioned in Ephesians 4:11 with apostles and prophets being recognized, as well as the normally evident evangelists, pastors, and teachers); 5) The Manifest(ed) Sons of God- (teaching that as the end of the age approached, "over-comers" would arise within the Church, having the full stature of Jesus, in order to complete the work of God to restore man to his rightful position as spoken of in Genesis, thus ushering in the reign of Christ. This teaching is generally refuted, at its extreme, by Colossians and Second Thessalonians (Co.3:4; 2Th.1:7-10).

G. Full Gospel Businessmen’s Fellowship International

Demos Shakarian (1913-1993), a Christian businessman of Armenian origin from Los Angeles, founded the Full Gospel Business Men’s Fellowship International. Named after his grandfather who left Armenia for America due to the 1855 prophecy of the Molokan (Jumpers and Leapers sect) "Boy Prophet", Efim Gerasemovitch Klubniken, that an unspeakable tragedy was to soon come upon Armenia, the family and many other Pentecostal Christian Armenians moved to Los Angeles, some years prior to the Azusa Street Revival.

Demos', a farmer who built a large milk herd (largest in the world at the time), used his organizational abilities to facilitate evangelistic campaigns and started a prayer group that eventually grew to be the FGBMFI. The organization has chapters in 132 countries. Voice Magazine, the official organ, had a circulation of 800,000 and its television programs are watched by over four million people weekly.

The Full Gospel Business Men’s Fellowship International first small chapter was organized in Los Angeles, California in 1951. A book was written delineating the FGBMFI story, The Happiest People on Earth, by Demos Shakarian, co-authored by John and Elizabeth Sherrill. Typically a meeting consisted of a meal, time of fellowship, as well as outreach and personal ministry. The movement still has 96 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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constituents in several nations.

H. Shepherding Movement

The Shepherding Movement (modern Discipling Movement) has its first roots in the Roman Catholic Spiritual Directors of the 5th Century. The Spiritual Director system was used in monasteries and convents for centuries. The ones being trained were told to reveal their most secret thoughts to their Spiritual Director, submitting themselves totally to their director's decisions (essentially what is now called a "discipling relationship").

A 2nd root of the Shepherding Movement came from Pietism/Wesleyanism. There, men such as Spener, Franke, and Zinzendorf wanted to breathe new life into the ice cold state churches. John Wesley established Methodist societies within Anglican churches due to being impressed by Spener's use of small groups. The small group was believed to bri9ng about higher levels of spirituality than experienced by Christians who were not in such groups. The result of Wesley’s societies was to break with the Anglicans and become a separate denomination.

The 3rd root of the authoritarian approach to discipling came from the writings and influence of Watchman Nee. He briefly associated with Plymouth Brethren and came under the influence of Pietism. Nee came to the point of advocating a strong role for those with "delegated authority." Being a prolific writer and leader of the Little Flock, he had made a strong plea for the need for Christians to obey delegated authority in the church.

The 4th root of the Shepherding Movement came from certain para-church organizations. These evangelical organizations, with no church affiliation or sponsorship, such as the Navigators and Campus Crusade, helped shape the Shepherding Movement. Dawson Trotman was a strong leader and evangelistic entrepreneur, whose leadership was to use an authoritarian and dogmatic style. He was often confrontational and abrupt with those who worked under him. His one-on-one follow-up after conversion approach was very similar to the discipling approach practiced by the Boston Church of Christ and other discipling churches. Too, Campus Crusade’s Bill Bright was an authoritarian leader with a chain of command placing himself clearly at the top as leader of Campus Crusade.

The 5th root of the Shepherding Movement, as it has appeared among churches of Christ, came from the Charismatic Movement. Developing outside traditional denominational structures, the Neo-Pentecostal Charismatic Movement had no initial structure. Five leaders (Basham, Baxter, Mumford, Prince, and Simpson), who formed the "Holy Spirit Teaching Mission," later renamed "Christian Growth Ministries," along with a monthly magazine called New Wine, fostered the 97 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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relational conditions that led to the Shepherding Movement that was prevalent in some churches of Christ.

When that group of the Movement's oneness in the Spirit was badly strained by a disagreement on the nature and methods of discipleship training between Bob Mumford of Christian Growth Ministries, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and a variety of charismatic VIPs....Mumford was charged with constructing an overly rigid, denomination-like hierarchy of "shepherds" whose spiritual authority over their charges is called a threat to . . . the interdenominational character of the Charismatic Movement itself. When the four well-known Charismatic teachers, Bob Mumford, Derek Prince, Charles Simpson, and Don Basham, responded to a moral failure in a charismatic ministry in South Florida, they felt mutually vulnerable to failure without greater accountability structures. Feeling also that the Charismatic Movement was in some of the same danger, due to becoming individualistic and subjective, they chose to mutually submit their lives and ministries to one another. Ern Baxter was later added to leadership of the group which became known as the "Fort Lauderdale Five."

Their relationships and the doctrines they began to emphasize gained wide approval. They were addressing a strongly felt need of many in charismatic circles for: 1) greater accountability; 2) character development; 3) deeper relationships. Soon other charismatic ministers submitted to the authority of the core group, with the relationships coming to be known theologically as "covenant relationships". A network of cell groups was formed, with members required to be submitted to a "shepherd", who in turn was submitted to the Five or their representatives. An estimated 100,000 adherents across the US were involved in these “covenant relationship” networks.

While some early leaders came out of Campus Crusade for Christ, the Crusade itself did not embrace it. Several movements were influenced by the Shepherding doctrine, including: 1) International Churches of Christ; 2) Maranatha Campus Ministries; 3) Great Commission International (today known as Great Commission Ministries/Great Commission Association of Churches).

The Movement emphasized the importance of a network of accountability, within a church’s members, which led to many individuals acting as personal pastors to others. Often the shepherding relationships existed outside of individual churches, leading to the situation that a church member might not be accountable to someone in their own church.

Control and abusive behavior became the reputation of the Movement, since much emphasis was placed upon obedience to one's own “shepherd.” In extreme cases, disobeying one's shepherd was considered the same as disobeying God. While some criticisms were exaggerated, many lives were damaged. 98 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Many charismatic leaders, particularly Pat Robertson and Demos Shakarian, criticized the Movement. There was a 1975 meeting, dubbed "the shoot-out at the Curtis Hotel", to resolve the dispute. The “Five” parted company. Derek Prince and Bob Mumford publicly distanced themselves from the teachings, with Mumford issuing a 1990 "Formal Repentance Statement to the Body of Christ", in which he said, "Discipleship was wrong. I repent. I ask forgiveness."

Shepherding continues under leadership of Charles Simpson, based in Mobile, Alabama, which he prefers to call the "Covenant Movement." Simpson, in a book he wrote said:

“When the biblical qualifications for making disciples are ignored, bad things can happen. The Jim Joneses of history, the introverted cultic groups, the groups that produce serious perversions of the faith are not the results of true spiritual authority but of perverted authority. The qualifications for making disciples and the proper kind of accountability in the ongoing leadership of God's people are necessary to healthy discipleship. In 1985, I published a public apology through New Wine magazine because I felt that my teachings had been misused on some occasions. I felt I had not sufficiently guarded the truths of authority and that abuses had occurred. Disciple-making without accountability and a corporate mentality should be considered intolerable in the church for biblical and historical reasons.”

Then Simpson added this important warning,

“The discipling relationship is not static. Hopefully, both the leader and the disciple are growing and maturing. Any possessiveness by the leader stifles this process. As I have said, it is easy for the leader to become possessive of a disciple. He may even use the phrase, ‘My disciple.’ The terminology may have a biblical basis, but it is loaded with poor connotations. A disciple belongs to the Lord. A leader only serves as a steward to help a disciple grow and mature in the Lord.”

I. Kansas City Prophets

The “Kansas City Prophets” are a group of men who minister in prophecy. Mike Bickle, Bob Jones, Paul Cain, John Paul Jackson, and , among others, have been known for their prophecy meetings.

Bob Jones claims to "pick up" by the pin prickly feeling in his hand. He has what they call "golden senses," in which 20-30 different signs show up in his physical body to help him divine the spiritual realm. 99 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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A controversy surrounded them in the late 1980's and very early 1990's, which died down some after John Wimber came forward to offer them a "covering" through affiliation with the Vineyard Movement. But apparently the problems were not completely resolved, as erroneous teaching in the ministry of Paul Cain, especially, as well as others, has been promoted and circulated through the Body of Christ in the years since Vineyard has been their covering. Bob Jones was exposed, not as a false prophet, but for an ethical/moral failure. His prophecies were cited as valid at Toronto Airport Vineyard.

Criticism has been particularly about their Manifested Sons, Latter Rain, “last- days super church”, and the church as “man-child” teachings.

Mike Bickle was a pastor originally in St. Louis, MO. In the early 1980s, when the church in Kansas City was started, it was named Kansas City Fellowship. Later the church became known as Metro Vineyard of Kansas City, with Bickel as the pastor. In June of 1982, a man named Augustine prophesied by “the spirit of truth” to Bickles’ congregation. In September of that same year, Mike Bickle heard an audible voice speak to him, while on a trip in Cairo, Egypt, directing him to raise up a “work that will touch the ends of the earth.”

Shortly after this, Bickle began a new work in Kansas City, Missouri. The church grew rapidly in a very short time, and in 1986, Bickle, with his elders, formed an organization called Grace Ministries. Their description of the ministry was, "A ministry team of men committed to seeing the church fully restored to the glory described in God's Word." Grace Ministries and KCF are two distinct organizations. Grace Ministries has been described as a para-church organization that represents several men who engage in itinerant, prophetic, ministries. The seven facets to Grace Ministries includes: 1) Apostolic teams; 2) City churches; 3) The House of Prayer; 4) The Joseph Company; 5) The Mandate; 6) A Ministry training center; 7) Shiloh Ministries.

The “City churches” aspect of the ministry comes from Watchman Nee and Witness Lee’s teaching that every city has one church, which can have several congregations, but should come under one, citywide, eldership. Many pastors in Kansas City felt threatened by what was perceived as an attempt to swallow other churches under another banner. Bickle admits that "The way we used terminology created fear, division, and suspicion."

Shiloh Ministries, a later addition/name change, was the development of a prophetic community where prophets could: 1) live together; 2) convene prophetic conferences; 3) share Insights; 4) train up other prophets. The senior prophetic authority recognized over Shiloh, was to be Paul Cain, a former associate of William Branham. Bickle at one point was very hesitant to designate 100 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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somebody as being a prophet. It appears, if anything, he has promoted those who called themselves prophets, showing a lack of discernment, and as later shown, at least not disagreeing with those who say that they are some 60-70% accurate in their prophesying, which of course immediately disqualifies a person from being a prophet, according to scriptural standards (De.13:1-5; Je.28:9).

Bob Jones was described publicly as a "resident seer." Jones came through a terrible life of sin, eventually landing in a mental institution, where he says he was visited by demons who would hold conversations with him. Just before his conversion, he says “Jesus Himself” told him in order to get his mind back, to either kill or forgive twelve people he hated (obviously Jesus does not tell us to kill people). Jones also recounted how he received a visit from an angelic guide named "Dominus." "Dominus", he says, eventually turned out to be the Lord Jesus Christ Himself. In an “out of body experience” he and “Dominus” sat above the KCF "in the Spirit," on rocking chairs holding hands. To confirm Jones' "ministry" to Mike Bickle and his brother in law and associate pastor Bob Scott, “Dominus” revealed to Jones that he would visit the two men in their dreams. Each man subsequently had a dream in which a friend they knew named "Don" appeared (two separate Don's).

Other extra-biblical or demonic influences include Bob Jones' “White Talking Horse” that speaks to Jones in his vision; the “35 Super Apostles” like unto Paul that “were men that had hold of the ark upon their shoulders”. Jones says he received revelation concerning prophetic accuracy, whereby God revealed to him that the “rhema (spoken word) would be 2/3rd accurate in the days to come” and that “if the “words given were 100% accurate, we would have Ananias and Sapphirras everywhere”, including the statement that “God told him “I am loading the guns, I am putting the blanks in.” Jones complained about people trying to “make us Old Testament prophets” (holding to the standards of Deuteronomy chapter 18- truth that has not passed away).

It is a serious matter to claim to “see the Lord face to face” and have “five or six visions and revelations per day.” It is also a serious matter to prophesy that there is a generation coming that will be the “generation that’s raised up to put death itself underneath their feet.” Christ defeated death for us, and we put the enemy underneath Christ’ feet when we overcome the enemy, but to put death under our feet is to say we are God, a great deception. Heresy should be renounced and rejected, not just put “backstage”.

Paul Cain’s ministry was prominent and well received at KCF. The people of KCF and Grace Ministries have held Cain in the highest regard, though some troubling things have occurred, to say the least. Cain has been described in the tape “Visions and Revelations”, as the “most anointed prophet that's in the world today" and that he has the "fear mantle on him" and that the ministry team at 101 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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KCF are assured that "the enemy would love to take him out before he [Cain] anoints this next generation, before he writes upon your mind...before he imparts his anointing into thousands of you." This is quite likely an exaggeration, for all examples of impartation of the anointing show a definite link of relationship between the imparter and the receiver. If we follow Scripture, seldom did a large number have the anointing “imparted to them” from one man (except Jesus), let alone thousands.

The idea of a “new breed” of believer in whom the great last-days church will accomplish the whole plan of God has been called “Joel’s Army.” Cain says these will “take the world for Christ, are in perfect unity, are invincible, even divine in a sense.” A Joel's army of invincible saints, executing judgment, is an expression of the Latter Rain/Manifested Sons of God teachers.

Paul Cain was a proponent of the Manifested Sons of God doctrine, though he did have a problem with people trying to manifest their son-ship presumptuously. John Wimber said that what Cain is seeing is a type of "Joel's Army" that will overcome all opposition to the Gospel and eventually subdue the nations. This teaching, a part of "dominion theology," teaches that an elite army of over- comers will either destroy or subdue all the enemies of Christ until they eventually gain power and authority throughout the world. According to the teaching, they are the ones who will have all the secular authorities, governments, princes and kings finally submit to them, and then Christ will return and they will present the Kingdom to Him. It is a theology that emphasizes man in place of Christ.

Mike Bickle told Charisma magazine that he learned four lessons from the experience at KCF: 1) "We had an elite spirit. That's become more and more real to me -- it's so repulsive"; 2) "We promoted mystical experience in a disproportionate way and it was disastrous"; 3) "We were careless in the way we communicated prophetic words. This was hurtful in a lot of cases"; 4) "We were wrong in the way we promoted the city church concept. I still believe in it, but now I believe it's a unity based on friendship." KCF and Vineyard Church did release a list of errors they had discovered and were correcting.

Things we should learn from what has taken place includes: 1) There should never be men called “prophets” by other men, as God is the only one who can call to an office; 2) There should be accountability for prophecies that do not come true or do not bear witness to the person receiving the ministry; 3) There should never be prophetic ministers establishing doctrine or practice by revelation alone, apart from clear biblical support; 4) There should not be dogmatic assertions in the delivery of prophetic words; 5) There should never be a negative personal prophetic word delivered publicly without first confronting the individual; 6) There should never be prophetic words given that affect a 102 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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movement or church without that word being first delivered to only the upper level of authority; 7) There should never be the use of prophetic gifting for controlling purposes; 8) There should never be the manifesting of an attitude of superiority through the possession of a secret body of information.

Ezekiel warns us in chapter 13, verses 1-9:

And the word of the Lord came unto me, saying, Son of man, prophesy against the prophets of Israel that prophesy, and say thou unto them that prophesy out of their own hearts. Hear ye the word of the Lord; Thus said the Lord God; Woe unto the foolish prophets, that follow their own spirit, and have seen nothing! O Israel, thy prophets are like the foxes in the deserts. Ye have not gone up into the gaps, neither made up the hedge for the house of Israel to stand in the battle in the day of the Lord. They have seen vanity and lying , saying, The Lord saith: and the Lord hath not sent them: and they have made others to hope that they would confirm the word. Have ye not seen a vain vision, and have ye not spoke a lying divination, whereas ye say, The Lord saith it; albeit I have not spoken? Therefore thus saith the Lord God; Because ye have spoken vanity, and seen lies, therefore, behold, I am against you, saith the Lord God. And mine hand shall be upon the prophets that see vanity, and that divine lies: they shall not be in the assembly of my people, neither shall they be written in the writing of the house of the Israel, neither shall they enter into the land of Israel; and ye shall know that I am the Lord God.

The following apology to the Body of Christ for a lack of discernment was issued by the men who signed it at the bottom, after the events and situations mentioned above.

Kansas City Prophet's Homosexuality Exposed “Paul Cain has been used mightily by the Lord to touch many lives in our times. He is esteemed by many around the world as a major prophetic voice and as a spiritual father. It would be hard to estimate the number who have been healed, delivered, or saved through his ministry. We have especially benefited from his friendship and ministry in too many ways to count. It is therefore with great sorrow that we publish the following.

In February 2004, we were made aware that Paul had become an alcoholic. In April 2004, we confronted Paul with evidence that he had recently been involved in homosexual activity. Paul admitted to these sinful practices and was placed under discipline, agreeing to a process of restoration which the three of us would oversee. However, Paul has resisted this process and has continued in his sin. Therefore, after having exhausted the first two steps of Matthew 18:15-17, we now have a 103 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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responsibility to bring this before the church.

Our sincere hope remains to see Paul restored. We are deeply committed to Galatians 6:1, which states, "Brethren, even if anyone is caught in any trespass, you who are spiritual, restore such a one in a spirit of gentleness; each one looking to yourself, lest you too be tempted."

We do not believe that Paul has committed anything that places him beyond the grace of God. We are hopeful that there are those who are more spiritual and wiser than we have been who can help Paul through a process of restoration in which we failed. We also remain open and desirous of helping Paul with his restoration process in any way we can. If restored, we believe that Paul can once again have an extraordinary ministry and be a significant blessing to the body of Christ.

We apologize to the body of Christ for our lack of discernment in promoting Paul's ministry while he had these significant strongholds in his life. We failed to see them until this year.

It is also a mistake to assume that others who were close to Paul or worked with him shared these same problems.

We also do not feel that this should in any way negate or reduce the great benefit that Paul's ministry has been to so many in the past. We hope that Paul can yet be restored and used again for the glory of God in the wonderful way that so many of us have been blessed to see in the past.

With our deepest regrets and sincerity, Rick Joyner Jack Deere Mike Bickle “

VII. MINISTERS OF IMPACT- EARLY TO MID-20TH CENTURY

While we certainly will not list all ministers or ministries of impact in this Century, we list here prominent ones that many will recognize and what it is that they do/did up to the present date. Some of these ministers will have negative things in their short mention. It is not our intent to denigrate them, but to point out that the Holy Spirit can use even the marred vessel (2Ti.2:20; 2Co.4:7). Each of these ministers God used to advance His plan. When a minister sinned, it was not God that “marred” the vessel, but the man or woman who failed to listen to the correction of the Spirit and repent. Some repented later, and for some, the sin cost them their lives and the failure of the ministry the Lord had given them.

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A. John Alexander Dowie (1847-1907)

Dowie was born in Scotland, moved to Australia as a boy, but was educated in Scotland. Dowie pastored in Australia a church that he could not stir and resigned, seeing the effort as fruitless. In 1875, he began pastoring a much larger group of believers in Newton, when a disastrous plague ravaged the area. Within weeks Dowie presided over 40 funerals in his congregation alone. One night he heard a loud knock at his door, with two messengers bidding him come quickly to pray for a girl who was dying. Dowie rushed to her house and found her grinding her teeth and groaning in agony. Something in him snapped and he began to cry out to God. Suddenly she lay still. Her fever was gone and she lived. From that point the plague had lost its power and no more members of his congregation died. Dowie’s healing ministry began, but he faced opposition in Australia as well as in the U.S. for his message of divine healing.

A colorful and controversial minister, he came to the United States in 1888 and spoke at a religious conference in San Francisco regarding the Christian faith as he preached it and belief in faith healing. The message was well received and by 1895 Dowie was based in Chicago where he founded the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church, with himself as the First Apostle. As part of the ministry he established a printing firm to publish the weekly paper "Leaves of Healing". In conjunction with his teaching, he ran 13 healing homes (half-way houses) and instituted a worldwide mission program.

Dowie, who was reviled by the press, attacked by mobs, criticized by leaders of many established churches, and loved by believing multitudes was catapulted to a place of national and world prominence in a very short span of time. From the conflict and controversy in Chicago, Dowie decided he should establish a private community where church membership could worship and live in a Christian environment. He purchased 6,800 acres of farmland in Lake County, some 40 miles north of Chicago, and the City of Zion was founded in 1890.

The city was developed, as well as the church and its authority, between 1900 and Dowie's death in March of 1907. Church leadership coordinated all of the economic, social, political, educational and religious activities of the community. Dowie’s following was at about 6,000 by 1901. Recruiting men with managerial skills to oversee the city, the population grew to the point that there was worldwide distribution of the "Leaves of Healing". The publication gave testimonies of people miraculously healed in Dowie’s meetings. When the Postmaster General of Chicago was offended, he revoked Dowie’s second-class mailing privileges, forcing the price for mailing up 14 times its normal rate. Dowie solicited his readers to write Washington and he was granted an immediate audience with the Postmaster General of Washington, who not only reinstated his mailing privileges, but made sure the U.S. government publicly denounced 105 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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the Chicago newspaper and its editor, one of Dowie’s greatest persecutors. In Chicago Dowie was increasingly successful as an evangelist and healer and won every one of over 90 lawsuits brought against him by doctors and clergymen who opposed his practices.

Dowie was a visionary, seeking to bring manufacturing to Zion. He bought the Zion Lace Factory from Nottingham, England, and faced the labor unions and the U.S. Government in court so that he could bring the lace workers and their families to the U.S. The Zion Cookie Factory was established which manufactured fig bar cookies, as well as candy from the Zion Candy Factory, of which both were shipped around the world. Zion Hospice, which was later known as the Zion Hotel, was built to house workers involved in the developing the city. The Zion Bank and the Zion Land Investments issued stock and land was leased to the newcomers while being held in trust by the church.

The city of Zion had fully planned streets, boulevards, alleys, parks, a golf course, and open spaces for children. Dowie had designed a full marina on the waterfront with manufacturing and recreation. Seeing the uniqueness of the land and harbor areas, Dowie hoped to develop permanent ideas for Zion's future. Other business ventures included the establishment of a lumber mill, brick kiln factory, and electric plant, the general store and even Zion's own postage stamps. Education was not left out, as Dowie created a parochial school system including a four year college.

It appears that success went to Dowie’s head, as he announced, in June 1901, that he was indeed Elijah the Restorer. This claim was immediately challenged and denounced by most religious leaders. He received counsel from no one, and some charged that he ruled Zion totally. He allowed personal pride to separate him from the will of God. The city of Zion could not make it financially, so Dowie attempted to escape his woes by world travel. When out of the country, the city of Zion voted Dowie out of leadership. He fought the decision, but lost it and was allowed to retire to his home, where he died of a stroke on March 9, 1907.

B. John G. Lake (1870 - 1935)

Lake’s ministry was marked by the situation in his family, as he had seen eight of his fifteen siblings die from illness, and yet had experienced his own miraculous healing of childhood rheumatoid arthritis, as well as a sister’s cancer and a brother’s blood disease under the ministry of John Alexander Dowie. When his 34 year old sister lay dying, he telegraphed Dowie with a plea for prayer. Dowie’s reply by telegraph said, “Hold on to God. I am praying. She will live.” That declaration caused Lake to wage a spiritual attack on the power of death and his sister was completely healed in an hour.

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Lake had his next opportunity to battle the enemy over a family member when his wife of five years, Jenny, lay dying, struggling for breath in 1898. Lake decided to stand against the enemy again, refusing to allow her to be stolen from him and his children. At 9:30 AM, standing on what the Lord had revealed to him from the Word, he contended for her life and she rose up healed, praising God in a loud voice. News of Jennie’s miraculous healing spread and Lake was sought after for the power of his healing anointing. Lake compared the anointing of God’s Spirit to the power of electricity. As men had learned the laws of electricity, Lake discovered the laws of the Spirit.

Lake moved to Zion, Illinois in 1901 to study divine healing under John Alexander Dowie. With Dowie’s increasing financial problems in 1904, and with other problems surfacing, Lake distanced himself, relocating to Chicago. The failures of his investments in Zion properties left him near financial ruin at Dowie’s death in 1907. Purchasing a seat on the Chicago Board of Trade, he accumulated about $220,000 in assets in a year. This accomplishment brought about the opportunity to form a trust with some top business executives for the nation’s three largest insurance companies. Lake’s guaranteed salary was $50,000 a year and he was now a top business consultant and made money on the side through commissions as well. Lake was making a fortune.

While he was successful in business, he also was able to detach himself from the course of life and maintain an attitude of communion with God. He yielded to the call of God to full time ministry, sold their holdings, and he and Jenny began to travel in ministry. In January of 1908 they began praying for the finances to take their team to Africa. In April of that year they and their seven children left for Africa, with only the money for passage. They believed that the Lord would give them what was needed to be admitted to the country and finances while there as provision. A miraculous housing offer presented itself before they had even left the dock and they settled into a furnished home in Johannesburg.

A few days after arrival, Lake was asked to fill in for a South African pastor who was taking a leave of absence. Over five hundred Zulus were in attendance that first service and revival broke out. In a few weeks multitudes had been saved, healed and baptized in the Holy Spirit. Lake wrote home that it was like a “spiritual cyclone” had struck. In less than a year he had started over 100 churches.

Lake came home on December 22, 1908 to find Jennie dead of physical exhaustion and malnutrition. Devastated, he returned to the States to recuperate early in 1909, as well as to raise support and recruit new workers. January of 1910 saw him headed back to Africa where a plague was raging. Not many besides Lake ministered to the sick and dying. At this time he proved to local physicians that germs would not live on his body due to the Holy Spirit in Him, 107 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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verifying it by a microscope that showed the germs dying on contact. Lake gave glory to God, saying that: “It is the law of the Spirit of Life in Christ Jesus. I believe that just as long as I keep my soul in contact with the living God so that His Spirit is flowing into my soul and body, that no germ will ever attach itself to me, for the Spirit of God will kill it.”

By 1912, having spent five years ministering in Africa, some 1,250 preachers, 625 congregations, and 100,000 converts had been produced. Lake returned to the U.S., married Florence Switzer, and they settled in Spokane, Washington. There they founded the Spokane Healing Home and the Apostolic Church, drawing thousands from around the world for ministry and healing. In 1920 the Lakes moved to Portland, Oregon and established a similar church and healing ministry to the one in Spokane.

By 1924, Lake had established 40 churches in the U.S. and Canada. In 1924 Gordon Lindsey, founder of Christ for the Nations in Dallas, Texas, was converted while hearing Lake preach. He considered Lake to be a mentor. When Lindsey later contracted deadly ptomaine poisoning, he was totally healed once he was able to get to Lake’s home.

C. Essek William Kenyon (1867 - 1948)

Kenyon was an evangelist, pastor, president of a Bible Institute, author, songwriter and poet. Best known for his numerous books, his writings dramatically unfold glorious truths from the revelation given to the Apostle Paul in simple, concise language. He wrote for the spirit man, addressing the heart more than the head. Kenyon taught the Believer to come out of traditional unbelief and into the rich treasures of our redemption in Christ.

Kenyon followed the pattern modeled by George Muller in trusting God for everything. Within a few months after marriage, he was ordained and pastored a Free Will Baptist church. Early 20th Century he opened the Bethel Bible Institute, with well-educated Bible teachers joining him in training young people. Missionaries were trained and sent from the Institute around the world and across the U. S.

Kenyon relocated to Southern California in 1923 and pastored a work in Los Angeles which grew to about a thousand members. Relocating a third time to the Northwest and eventually to Seattle, he resumed radio ministry that he had begun in Los Angeles. Public meetings soon birthed a church (New Covenant Baptist Church), as well as Seattle Bible Institute and The Herald of Life publication. Kenyon’s writing flourished in his Northwest years, with his daughter Ruth finishing two near-completed books after his death.

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D. Smith Wigglesworth (1859-1947)

Smith Wigglesworth was from the UK and an important part of the early history of Pentecostalism. Nominally a Methodist, he was born again at eight years of age. He married Polly Featherstone, a preacher with the Salvation Army. Wigglesworth worked as plumber, but abandoned the trade for work as an evangelist. He received the baptism in the Holy Spirit while visiting Alexander Boddy during the Sunderland Revival.

Smith believed healing came by faith and he was flexible concerning methods used. If forbidden by authorities to lay hands on audience members, as in Sweden, he simply had those in attendance lay hands on themselves. Smith ministered in other countries, including the U.S., Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, India, Ceylon, and several countries of Europe.

He was an influential evangelist in the early history of Pentecostalism and continued to minister up until the time of his death. He claimed to have raised 14 persons from the dead, including Polly (three times).

E. Kenneth Spooner ( – 1937)

Kenneth E.M. Spooner, originally from the British West Indies, established 60 churches in South Africa from 1913 until his death in 1937. His wife, Mrs. Geraldine M. Spooner, a native of Central American, remained in Africa until her passing in her 90s.

F. A. G. Garr

A. G. Garr and Lillian, his wife, traveled to California to pastor an independent church after graduation from Asbury College. Garr, was one of the first to go to the meetings at Azusa Street. Garr was first white pastor of any denomination to receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit in Los Angeles in 1906. His church board disagreed with him going to the meetings, but he locked the church and sent all the people there.

Receiving the baptism after making things right with a fellow minister, God baptized him in the Spirit when he obeyed the words, “Open your mouth and I will fill it.” After several hours of speaking with tongues, a British Indian came into the building and asked him, “How did you learn my mother tongue?” Of course Garr did not know that tongue. Tongues set off contention in the home, with Lillian threatening to take the baby and leave. Braced for the worst, he asked her to just go to one meeting. With her bags packed, she went to the service. The power of God was manifested greatly and lifting her hands, she received the baptism of the Holy Spirit. One week later God called them to India. No finances or support, 109 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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but as soon as Garr announced God’s calling, a man jumped up and gave $500.00 for the work, a lady gave $200.00, another declared a $100.00, and in 15 minutes there was enough to send the party of five to India. Three weeks later he and the family were headed for India.

A. G. and Lillian Garr were Apostolic Missionaries to India and part of the Burning Bush organization. Garr also founded a church in Charlotte, North Carolina after the stint in India.

G. Ambrose J. Tomlinson (1865 – 1943)

A. J. Tomlinson was the first General Overseer of the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee). His openness toward racial inclusion greatly influenced the Church of God and later the Church of God of Prophecy and his influence continues to this day.

Tomlinson, originating from the Quakers, started out as an itinerant preacher. Following conversion in 1892, he sought out locations where special visitations of the Holy Spirit were occurring, with a goal of finding the true "Church of God" where the preaching of the Word was being confirmed by miracles, signs, and wonders, together with gifts of the Holy Spirit according to the pattern of Acts. In 1901, Tomlinson had visited Frank W. Sandford’s Shiloh near Durham, Maine, studied at Sandford’s “Holy Ghost and Us” Bible school, and joined Sandford’s organization, which saw itself as the restoration of God’s church at the end of the Gentile age.

Both Tomlinson and Parham left Shiloh and formed their own Pentecostal higher lines Christian ministries; Parham at Topeka in 1901, and Tomlinson in Tennessee in 1903, where he led a congregation named the Holiness Church at Camp Creek.

"In June of that year he claimed to have a vision that the true church of Jesus Christ was restored in his Holiness Church. Tomlinson believed the true church was lost in A.D. 325 and that it was restored in layers, beginning with the 16th- Century Protestant Reformation and culminating with the founding of the Church of God in 1903."

To Tomlinson the group he was associated with was the only true and valid Christian communion 'this side of the Dark Ages'". Tomlinson later became affiliated with holiness group in Western North Carolina, which ultimately became the Church of God (Cleveland, Tenn.); a group which had originally formed in 1886 as the Christian Union.

Tomlinson became affiliated with B.H. Irwin, who initiated several "Fire-Baptized" 110 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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organizations in Tennessee, and recorded his schedule in The Way of Faith. In 1906 Tomlinson described his role at the First Church of God Assembly as "ruling elder." Tomlinson was involved at Camp Creek, where there was considerable persecution. There the message of holiness was preached with conviction and fervor, but a lack of organization along with the fanatical elements of the Fire-Baptized movement prevented much growth among those at Camp Creek. In May of 1902, the local church was organized among Camp Creek believers (Holiness Church at Camp Creek).

With no growth among the congregation, it was the following June when Tomlinson and four others joined them. Tomlinson had originally traveled to that region as a Bible salesman for the American Bible Society and the American Tract Society in 1896. During this time at Camp Creek, he met such leaders as D. L. Moody and A. B. Simpson.

After years of searching and seeking God, Tomlinson convinced the church at Camp Creek that they were the Church of God of the Bible. When Tomlinson covenanted with the Holiness Church at Camp Creek, the small congregation already knew and loved Tomlinson. Selecting him as their pastor, 14 new members were won during Tomlinson’s first year there.

Tomlinson’s vision reached beyond Camp Creek. In December 1904, he purchased a home about fifty miles from Camp Creek in Cleveland, Tennessee, because of its location on the railroad. Along with travel by foot and by horseback, the railroad gave Tomlinson additional means to spread the Gospel. Soon he had established new congregations in Union Grove and Drygo, Tennessee as well as Jones, Georgia. Growth brought new possibilities and new challenges. Tomlinson then began to speak of a general meeting “to consider questions of importance and to search the Bible for additional light and knowledge.” The outcome was the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee).

H. Aimee Semple McPherson (1890-1944)

"Sister Aimee", an evangelist and the founder of the Foursquare Church, was born in Ontario, Canada. Aimee’s mother was an orphan who was raised by a couple who worked with the Salvation Army. As a teen, she became an avowed agnostic and defended evolution in letters to the newspaper at 13 years of age.

She married Robert James Semple, in 1908, a Pentecostal missionary from Ireland. They embarked on an evangelistic tour to Europe, then to China and arrived in June 1910. Disembarking in Hong Kong, they both contracted dysentery and Robert died from it. She returned to the States in late August. She met and married her second husband, Harold Stewart McPherson, an accountant. During some serious health issues, and bedridden, she recommitted 111 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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herself to the Lord and her health improved. In June of 1915 she embarked upon a preaching career with large crowds attended her meetings. Once in , police had to come and control the crowd of some 30,00 who waited hours for the next service to get a seat.

Harold McPherson initially tried to join her in her religious travels, but became frustrated and filed for separation, with an eventual divorce in 1921, citing abandonment. Aimee spent from 1918 to 1922 as an itinerant Pentecostal preacher, but eventually settled in Los Angeles. Raising money from private donors, she built the Angelus Temple, dedicated in 1923, with seating for 5,300 and was debt free when opened. It was filled to capacity three times a day, seven days a week. The church evolved into the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel.

McPherson was the first woman to preach a radio sermon, and with the opening of Foursquare Gospel-owned KFSG in 1924, she also was the first woman granted a broadcast license by the Federal Radio Commission (which became the FCC in 1934).

May 18, 1926, McPherson went with her secretary to Ocean Park Beach, to go swimming. Soon after arrival, she disappeared and it was assumed she had drowned. Since she was scheduled to hold a service that day her mother appeared and preached in her place. At the end she announced, "Sister is with Jesus", creating an uproar and several commotion sparked days-long media coverage of the “tragedy.” Parishioners held day-and-night seaside vigils and a search for the body resulted in a parishioner drowning and another diver dying from exposure.

At about the same time, Kenneth G. Ormiston, an engineer for KFSG, also disappeared. Some believed McPherson and Ormiston, a married man with whom McPherson had been said to be having an affair, had run off together. About a month after the disappearance, McPherson's mother, Minnie Kennedy, received a ransom note, signed by "The Avengers", which demanded a half million dollars to not sell McPherson into "white slavery". Kennedy later said she tossed the letter away, believing her daughter to be dead. Thirty-five days later, McPherson stumbled out of the desert in Agua Prieta, a Mexican town across the border from Douglas, Arizona. She claimed to have been kidnapped, drugged, tortured, and held for ransom in a shack in Mexico. She said she had escaped and walked through the desert for about 13 hours to freedom. However, there was considerable problem with the story, as her clothes denied her story.

Several witnesses came forward saying McPherson and Ormiston were seen at various hotels over the 32-day period. A grand jury took up the issue on August 3, received further testimony, and saw documents from hotels in McPherson's 112 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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handwriting. McPherson stuck to her story, but did not answer regarding her relationship with Ormiston. Judge Samuel Blake charged McPherson and her mother with obstruction of justice on November 3, though the L.A. district attorney dropped all charges on January 10, 1927, citing lack of evidence. Restarting the ministry, the publicity was now mostly bad, and power struggles with her mother and daughter helped bring on a nervous breakdown in August 1930.

September, 1931, McPherson married again to actor and musician, David Hutton. Two days after the wedding, Hutton was sued for alienation of affection by a woman he claimed never to have met. Settling the case by paying $5,000 to the woman, there was also an uproar in the church, with McPherson violating the tenents she set up herself (no one ministering was to marry while their previous spouse was still alive- Harold McPherson was still alive). McPherson and Hutton separated in 1933, and divorced on March 1, 1934. McPherson was found dead on September 27, 1944, shortly after delivering a sermon, in her hotel room in Oakland, California, from an overdose of barbiturates. Rumors flew, but the coroner’s report stated the overdose was accidental.

I. A. B. Simpson (1843-1919)

Simpson was a Canadian preacher and founder of the Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA), which placed emphasis on global evangelism. Simpson was raised in a strict Calvinistic Scottish Presbyterian and Puritan tradition. , a visiting evangelist from Ireland, influenced him to Christ. Ordained in 1865 in the Canadian Presbyterian Church, he left Canada and took the pulpit of the largest Presbyterian Church in Louisville, Kentucky in 1873. In 1880 Simpson moved to the Thirteenth Street Presbyterian Church in New York City, where he immediately began reaching out to the world with the Gospel. Simpson published several magazines during his tenure in New York City, but resigned in 1882 to begin an independent Gospel ministry to the new immigrants and neglected masses of New York City. He moved into a new church home in 1889 at 44th St. and 8th Av. called the New York Tabernacle.

Simpson came to his special emphases in ministry through his absolute Christ- centeredness in doctrine and experience. Plagued by illness much of his life since childhood, he experienced divine healing upon revelation that it was part of the blessing of abiding in Christ. Simpson’s heart for evangelism became the driving force behind the creation of the C&MA. Originally organized as a movement of world evangelism, today the C&MA plays a leadership role in global evangelism.

During the beginning of the 20th Century, Simpson became closely involved with the growing Pentecostal movement. Many Pentecostal pastors and missionaries 113 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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received their training at the Missionary Training Institute (now Nyack College, Nyack NY), that Simpson founded. Simpson and the C&MA had a great influence on Pentecostalism, in particular the Assemblies of God and the International Foursquare Gospel Church.

J. Alfred Bessette (1845-1937)

Brother André (Blessed Brother Andre, -French:Frère André) was a Congregation of Holy Cross religious figure, credited with thousands of reported miracles and faith healings.

Bessette was born in Saint-Grégoire d'Iberville, Quebec, emigrated to the U.S. to work in the mills of New England, and returned to Canada in 1867. Given the task of doorkeeper at Notre Dame College in Quebec, he did this and other odd jobs for about 40 years. His pastor, Fr. André Provençal, noticed the devotion and generosity of the young man and recommended him to the congregation in Montreal. Initially rejected by the order due to frail health, Archbishop Ignace Bourget of Montreal intervened and in 1872, Alfred was accepted, made his temporary vows, and became known as Brother André. He made his final vows in 1874, at the age of 28.

Bessette is credited for hundreds of cures (healings), including Giuseppe Carlo Audino, who suffered from cancer, as well as other terminal illnesses. He steadfastly refused to take any credit for these cures was known to become enraged at those who suggested that he possessed any healing powers.

K. John Wilbur Chapman (1859-1918)

Chapman was a Presbyterian evangelist of the late 19th Century. Growing up in Quaker Day School and a Methodist Sunday School, he declared his faith at age 17. Ordained in the Presbyterian Church, he pastored, evangelized with D. L. Moody in 1893, and led many evangelistic events of his own. was one of Chapman’s disciples on the circuit.

In late 1895, Chapman was appointed Corresponding Secretary of the Presbyterian General Assembly’s Committee on Evangelism and began overseeing the activities of 51 evangelists in 470 cities. Chapman began work on an evangelistic campaign to maximize the efforts of his field evangelists in 1904. Testing his theories in and then Syracuse, New York, there was a satisfactory level of success. Though he was successful, John H. Converse, a wealthy Presbyterian philanthropist, offered to underwrite Chapman's expenses if he would re-enter the evangelistic field full time, which he did in 1905. Joining forces in 1907 with a popular Gospel singer, Charles McCallon Alexander, they took to the streets first in Philadelphia in March of 1908, with teams of 114 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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evangelists and singers, with good results.

The first Chapman-Alexander worldwide campaign left , British Columbia in 1909, stopping along the way in Australia, the Philippines, China, Korea, and Japan. Chapman's "mass evangelism" technique went out of favor in 1910 in evangelistic circles, with Chapman and Alexander returning to large meeting revivals by 1912. Their final revival tour was conducted early 1918. In May of 1918, Chapman was elected Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly. With the high level of stress in that position he developed a serious enough case of gall stones to need emergency surgery and died from complications on Christmas day, 1918.

L. Smith Wigglesworth (1859 – 1947)

Wigglesworth was a British minister and an important figure in the early history of Pentecostalism. Wigglesworth was a nominal Methodist, born again at age eight, but attended both Anglican and Methodist churches on occasion.

Marrying Polly Featherstone, a preacher in the Salvation Army, she taught Wigglesworth to read. Wigglesworth, a plumber by trade, visited Alexander Boddy in 1907, during the Sunderland Revival, receiving the baptism in the Holy Spirit when Alexander's wife laid hands on him and prayer. He worked with the Assemblies of God, though he never joined any denomination.

Wigglesworth, attributing ill-health to demons, performed exorcisms at many churches throughout Yorkshire. Wigglesworth was said to have raised several persons from the dead, including his own wife on three separate occasions. He prophesied that no man belonging to Bethesda would fall in battle in WWII in 1939 and none did. His ministry reached to the U.S., Australia, New Zealand, India, Ceylon, the Pacific Islands, and several countries in Europe. He is considered a very influential Pentecostal evangelist and brought the movement a large audience.

M. William Joseph Seymour (1870-1922)

William Seymour learned about tongues and its attesting the baptism in the Holy Spirit at Bible School that Parham conducted in Houston, Texas in 1905. After moving to Houston from Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was deeply impacted by Martin Wells Knapp’s God’s Revivalist movement and Daniel S. Warner’s Church of God Reformation movement (Evening Light Saints), Seymour attended a local African-American holiness congregation pastored by Lucy F. Farrow, a former governess in the household of Charles F. Parham. Parham led the Midwestern Apostolic Faith movement, (original name of the Pentecostal movement), that had begun in his Bethel Bible School in Topeka, Kansas, in January 1901. By 115 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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1905, relocating to the Houston area, he conducted revivals and started another Bible school. Farrow arranged for Seymour to attend classes, though due to the “Jim Crow” segregation laws, Seymour had to listen to Parham’s lectures while sitting apart from the other students. Though Seymour did not receive the baptism at the school, he accepted it as truth.

Seymour was so hungry for God that he was praying five and a half hours a day. He got to Los Angeles and the hunger was greater. He asked the Lord what to do and the Lord said, “Pray more.” He increased it to seven and a half hours a day for some year and a half. It was in the Asberry’s home, where he was invited to stay when locked out of the mission, that he received the baptism, as well as Richard Asberry, his host.

Neeley Terry, an African-American and member of the new congregation led by Hutchinson in Los Angeles, visited Houston in 1905. Hearing Seymour preach and being impressed with what she heard, she recommended him to Hutchinson for the pastorate of a Black Holiness church. Seymour accepted the invitation and with financial assistance from Parham, had traveled to Los Angeles, February 1906. Seymour encountered resistance after 2 days, when he preached to his new congregation that speaking in tongues was biblical evidence of the baptism in the Holy Spirit. He was locked out the next Sunday, March 4, as well as being condemned by the Holiness Church Association of Southern California. Not all were troubled by Seymour’s teaching, and church member Edward S. Lee asked him to hold Bible studies and prayer meetings in his home. Five weeks later Lee was speaking in tongues. As Seymour shared Lee’s testimony at a gathering on North Bonnie Brae Street, others began to speak in tongues.

Seymour then utilized a former African Methodist Episcopal (AME) building that had been also a livery stable in April, 1906, at 312 Azusa Street in downtown Los Angeles. Azusa Street Mission had three services a day, every day, for over three years, as thousands received the baptism with speaking in tongues as evidence. Word of revival spread abroad (in a day without television), through The Apostolic Faith, a paper Seymour sent free of charge to 50,000 subscribers. From Azusa Street, Pentecostalism spread rapidly around the world, headed to its place as the major force in Christendom, even as it was in the Early Church.

Services at Azusa took on the worship style that had developed from the days of slavery in the South. Expressive worship and praise, including shouting and dancing, had been common among Appalachian Whites as well as Southern Blacks. The interracial aspects of the movement were striking in exception to the racism and segregation of the times. Frank Bartleman, a White Azusa participant, said of Azusa Street, "The color line was washed away in the blood." People from all the ethnic minorities of Los Angeles were represented at Azusa Street. 116 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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William Seymour is considered by Sidney Ahlstrom, noted church historian from Yale University, as "the most influential black leader in American religious history." Seymour, along with Charles Parham, could well be called the "co- founders" of world Pentecostalism.

N. Maria Woodworth-Etter ( -1924)

Etter spoke to as many as 25,000 people in 1885 without a public address system. Signs and wonders occurred as she preached. Etter shook denominational religion and rocked the secular world with life-altering displays of God’s power. Some came to condemn and harass, and they seemed most likely to fall out in a trance-like state. The more opposition she faced the more she stood strong through tenacious prayer.

Thinking she should obtain an education and marry a missionary, her father died in a farming accident and she shouldered the burden of helping support her family. P.H. Woodworth courted her after his return from the Civil War and they married. Yet Maria was frustrated in raising a family and the demands of a farm life. She lost five of her six children to illness and P.H. never recovered. Studying her Bible, and especially in the prophecy of Joel, she felt her inadequacy. Having a vision in which angels visited her and took her to the West, she saw herself begin to preach and the stalks of grain began to fall like sheaves. The Lord was clearly calling her and she asked the Lord to anoint her for ministry.

First speaking to small groups, then churches invited her and a deep conviction would come upon the crowds, with many falling to the floor weeping. She traveled westward, starting two churches, with memberships of over 100 each. It was in western Ohio that she saw the truth of the vision of the sheaves of wheat, where people fell into trances, men and women falling like dead ones, while others ran to the altar screaming for mercy. From that meeting her ministry became marked with hundreds miraculously healed and hundreds coming to Christ. The meetings became so spectacular that F.F. Bosworth described the meetings in Dallas, Texas, from July through December, as the hub of the Pentecostal revival.

Great pressures and persecution came also, especially at a controversial crusade in Oakland, California, where she decided to leave her unfaithful husband after his infidelity had been exposed. P.H. then publicly slandered Maria’s character after divorcing her, and he died in 1892 of Typhoid Fever. Marrying Samuel Etter in 1902, they labored together till his death 12 years later.

Etter has been called the grandmother of the Pentecostal movement. She shed light on the convicting power of the Holy Spirit, women’s role in ministry, and the 117 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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power of miracle crusades to revive a nation. Too, she brought insight on how to effectively administrate massive miracle crusades, build sustainable ministry centers and manage opposition in the public arena. Her commitment and dedication personally influenced such great heroes of the faith as Smith Wigglesworth, Aimee Semple McPherson, John Alexander Dowie, John G. Lake, E.W. Kenyon, F.F. Bosworth, and Kathryn Kuhlman. She finished her last six years of ministry at the Tabernacle built in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1924 as she went on to be with her Lord.

O. William Ashley Sunday (1862-1935)

Sunday was an athlete and religious figure who, after being a popular outfielder in baseball's National League during the 1880s and having exceptional base- running speed, became the most celebrated and influential American evangelist during the first two decades of the 20th Century.

On a Sunday afternoon in 1886(7?), Sunday and his teammates had drunk a few beers and were wandering the streets of Chicago on a day off when they happened upon a Pacific Garden Mission preaching team. Attracted to the old Gospel songs he had heard from his mother, he attended services at the mission, received Christ and immediately changed his lifestyle. Soon Sunday was speaking in churches and at the YMCA, which Sunday worked at starting spring 1881, remaining there three years in training. Sunday was then full-time assistant to John Wilbur Chapman, scheduling his preaching events, organizing prayer meetings and choirs, and taking care of other details. Chapman was a benefit to Sunday homiletically, theologically and spiritually.

When Chapman returned to a pastorate, Sunday set out on his own and preached in some 70 small to medium sized communities in Iowa and Illinois over the next 12 years. Sunday used tents during this time, but did not hire an advance man until 1905. Many towns built a wooden tabernacle for Sunday to preach in and then tore it down and resold the lumber after the meetings. Nell, his wife, took over the administration of the ministry in 1908. Her help grew the ministry and soon they were able to hire help that would hold daytime meetings at schools and shops to encourage attendance at the night meetings.

Sunday was graphic in his messages, especially to men only, which drew him criticism. He was graphic and some religious and social leaders criticized his exaggerated gestures, slang and colloquialisms, though audiences clearly enjoyed them. Holding evangelistic campaigns in America’s largest cities, he was the impetus of more than a million converts, probably preaching to more people than any other of his time. A strong advocate of prohibition, he preaching played a significant role in the adoption of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1919. 118 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Sunday conducted meetings of a month duration in small cities, such as Youngstown, Wilkes-Barre, South Bend, and Denver by 1910. In 1915-1917 he was in major cities such as Philadelphia, Syracuse, Kansas City, Detroit, Boston, Buffalo, and New York City. Front page news stories often reprinted in full his message in major newspapers. It is believed Sunday probably preached to over 100 million people, through the 20 times a week messages, without amplification.

Raising considerable amounts of money, he also gave away large amounts. In Chicago, where the offering was $58,000.00, he donated it to Pacific Garden Mission. The more than $120 thousand offering in New York he donated to war charities. But he did earn over a million dollars between 1908 and 1920, while the average worker of that period earned some $14,000. Sunday was a soft touch with money, gave away much of his earnings, and neither he nor Nell were extravagant spenders. Sunday was a stalwart booster of Conservative Christianity. Sunday never received a high school diploma, but was better educated by 1880 than most Americans of his day.

P. Robert Reynolds Jones, Sr. (1883-1968)

Robert Reynolds Jones Sr. was a fundamentalist Christian evangelist, pioneer religious broadcaster, and founder and first president of Bob Jones University. Speaking gifts of Jones were noticed by Dr. Charles Jefferson Hammitt, a Methodist missionary who heard Jones defense of the Populist Party in front of a Dothan, Alabama drug store. Jones boarded with the Hammitt family, graduating from Southern College (Birmingham-Southern College) at Greensboro, and supported himself by his preaching.

Jones's mother was a Primitive Baptist and his father an “immersed” Methodist. Jones, at age 12 was made Sunday school superintendent and held his first revival meeting at his home church with 60 conversions in a single week. At 13, he built a "brush arbor" shelter and brought together a congregation of 54 members. By age 15, Jones was Methodist circuit preacher. At 16, called to a circuit of five churches, people flocked to hear him and the buildings could not hold the crowds. Jones’ meetings were frequently front-page news where he held meetings. By the 1920s, he may have been the best-known evangelist in the United States, except for Billy Sunday. His campaign results were remarkable. For instance, in Zanesville, Ohio, a town of 22,000 in 1917, he had 3,384 converts, of which 2,200 joined churches on Easter Sunday. By age 40, Jones had preached to more than 15 million people face-to-face, with tens of thousands of conversions.

During the fundamentalist-modernist controversy (1920s), Jones was concerned with the secularization of higher education. In 1924, at a Bible conference in 119 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Winona Lake, Indiana, William Jennings Bryan said to him that, "If schools and colleges do not quit teaching evolution as a fact, we are going to become a nation of atheists." In that light, Jones and his wife were driving in south Florida (1926) and talking about the need for an orthodox Christian college. It was “just as a clap of thunder out of a clear sky” that he was to found such a school.

Ground was broken December 1, 1926 for the school on St. Andrews Bay near Lynn Haven, Florida. The college opened in September, 1927 with 88 students. The school faced hard times, with the Florida land boom over and a hurricane hitting in September, 1926, which further reduced land values. Then there was the Great Depression. Bob Jones College barely survived bankruptcy, moving to Cleveland, Tennessee in 1933. The reputation of the school and its founder caused it to grow to the extent that a new location was built in Greenville, South Carolina, now named Bob Jones University, with Bob Jr. taking oversight of day to day operations. Floods of students came in the 1950s and ‘60s.

While radio and movies helped end the era of city-wide evangelism (as with Billy Sunday), Jones stepped into radio broadcasts in the early 1920s. The 1925 Bob Jones evangelistic meetings (Pittsburgh) were the first known remote-controlled religious broadcasts in the world and the first broadcasts from an evangelistic crusade.

Billy Graham briefly attended Bob Jones College, with the University conferring an honorary degree on him in 1948. Jones and Graham developed something of a father-son relationship, though during the 1950s Graham distanced himself from the older fundamentalist. In 1957, Graham sought broad ecumenical sponsorship for his New York Crusade, but Jones said members of Graham’s campaign committee had rejected tenets of orthodox Christianity, (the virgin birth, deity of Christ) and Jones would not support it. The notoriety of the Graham- Jones split sparked a division among Bible-believers into smaller fundamentalist and larger evangelical factions.

Q. Charles Fox Parham (1873-1929)

Parham was a controversial American preacher who is considered by many to be the "founder” or “co-founder” of modern Pentecostalism. Parham coordinated independent services at the age of 15, where he was affiliated with the Methodist and Holiness Movements. He disagreed with the Methodist churches hierarchy and criticized their worship style. He broke with the Methodists in 1895 and established his own ministry. In 1898 he moved his ministry to Topeka, Kansas. Quaker Sarah Thistlewaite was his bride in the late 1890s. It was at a New Years Eve service, 1901, at Bethel Bible College in Topeka that was run by Parham, that Agnes Ozman spoke in tongues.

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Parham was criticized for alleged racism. He reportedly said, when visiting Seymour, the African-American who took the revival from Topeka to Los Angeles that the meetings at Azusa Street were “darky meetings” and "God is sick at His stomach!" While some written records say Parham became a member of the Klan during 1910, this is hotly debated by supporters of Parham. It appears more likely that Parham was concerned about the purity of each race (Indian, Black, Spanish, etc) more than he was racist. He befriended and moved among several outside of “whites” and seemed to be at ease with them.

In October of 1906, Charles Parham was invited to speak for a series of revival meetings and was quickly uninvited. The reasons were likely multiple: 1) remarks that gave a racism claim- fuming against the very African-American style of loose enthusiasm which was the norm for even Azusa's whites; 2) personality conflicts- the idea that he wanted to be the chief authority figure at Azusa; 3) sexual deviancy rumors- a charge that Parham was committing sodomy with young males, which he was charged with and then charges were dropped in 1907.

Parham likely was not long connected with Azusa, in order that the Lord could take him to the place He desired him, Dowie’s Zion City. A request for him to come to Zion came and by mid-September he went with a small team to the City. Dowie’s dream was in shambles at this time, with the courts assigning a receiver to oversee the finances of the City and Wilbur Voliva, a lieutenant of Dowies, gaining control in an election to oversee the City. Confusion, bitterness, and strife flooded the investors and inhabitants of the City when Parham arrived.

Setting up meetings in the basement of the Elijah Hospice, Zion’s impressive hotel, there was soon a contention between Voliva and Parham, as the meetings were effective from the first night. Phoning Parham, Voliva asked how long Parham would be in Zion, to which he answered, “Till Kingdom come.” Voliva promptly threw Parham’s meetings out of the hotel, and then proceeded to rent all auditoriums available to stop his work. Parham simply set up meetings in homes, ministering five times an evening in five different homes. Crowds increased, yards were filled with chairs to hear the sermons and partake of the move of God’s Spirit. The September 28 The Daily Sun edition (Waukegan) said that thousands were attending the meetings. Hundreds were being released from the spirit of anger and bitterness, being baptized in the Spirit. The two doctrines of divine healing and Spirit baptism were welded together at Zion.

Hundreds were sent forth to minister the Word of God and the baptism of the Holy Spirit from these meetings. F.F. Bosworth, John G. Lake, and many others were energized to accomplish God’s plan as they were touched at Zion. While the meetings were not as publicized as Azusa, the results were far beyond what could be imagined.

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R. Fred Francis Bosworth (1877-1958)

While one article indicates Bosworth was a Presbyterian minister, the book Joybringer Bosworth indicates he was raised in a Methodist home. Several years after his conversion he attended Alexander Dowie's church in Zion, Illinois, then he came into Pentecost and attended Pentecostal services. Having an intense desire to preach the Gospel, he left his business pursuits and stepped out in faith for his subsistence. Within a few years he started and pastored a Pentecostal church in Texas which initially had an affiliation with the Assemblies of God. After a disagreement on the initial evidence of the baptism of the Holy Ghost, he withdrew from that affiliation. His revival meetings in the 1920s were sponsored by the Christian and Missionary Alliance church. During the 1920s he was known for his "big tent revival" and large auditorium meetings. His advocacy of Faith Healing touched people of all denominations. He is best known for his book Christ the Healer which went through 7 editions in his lifetime and now has over 500,000 copies in print.

According to Christ the Healer, as a young man he became terminally ill with tuberculosis. He went home not long after his diagnosis and arrived in a near- death state. Not long before he was expected to die, Bosworth was approached by an older Methodist "Bible woman" who "used to walk the hills of Georgia and the Carolinas selling Bibles and preaching the Gospel." "She prayed for him, he got up, and was instantly healed."

Bosworth embraced Pentecostalism in meetings with Pentecostal pioneer, Charles Parham. About 1910 he started an first Assemblies of God church in Dallas, Texas. He quietly withdrew from the Assemblies over the controversial statement that the initial evidence of the Baptism with the Holy Ghost was speaking in tongues (1918).

He started a Christian and Missionary Alliance church then in Dallas. His first edition of Christ the Healer was in 1924. Bosworth became a pioneer of radio evangelism, establishing "The National Radio Revival Missionary Crusaders" in Illinois, over WJJD. He conducted also many healing campaigns over North America. Retiring to Florida, Bosworth thought his ministry was over, but then he joined up with young William Branham’s ministry, which had begun a new revival in 1947, in which he working with Branham through the end of 1956.

S. J. Gresham Machen (1881-1937)

Machen was a lifelong bachelor and part of the Presbyterian Church in Baltimore. He became an instructor at Princeton seminary, teaching Greek, exegesis, and Introductory New Testament in 1906. He was ordained in 1914 and was a part of several controversies in the Presbyterian denomination. 122 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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The major controversy of the time was the fundamentalist-modernist controversy, or as some said, the conflict between the naturalism of theological liberalism and the supernaturalism of both confessionalists and revivalists. Others called it the Old School Theology (biblical Christianity) versus 20th Century Barthianism and modernism. Machen opposed a liberal group of Presbyterian churches to merge with conservative Presbyterian churches, since it would bring about a compromised denomination with significant theological differences. Included in this potential problem was the impact on the direction of Princeton.

One of the addresses Machen used against the liberal bent of the Ruling Elders Association in 1921 was named, "Present Attack against the Fundamentals of our Christian Faith, from the Point of View of Colleges and Seminaries."

Princeton Seminary, in 1929, was the scene of the battle between moderates and liberals on one side and conservatives on the other. Machen described the assembly as "probably the most disastrous meeting, from the point of view of evangelical Christianity that has been held in the whole history of our Church." If the proposed reorganization occurred, he believed Princeton Seminary would be "destroyed" and a "new institution of an entirely different type would replace it."

Prior to 1929 Princeton Seminary had been run by two boards. The board responsible for the "spiritual" concerns of the school was basically conservative and agreed with Machen and his allies against the merger. The majority of the board of trustees, responsible for property and physical activities, were moderates and sympathetic to the merger of the groups.

Princeton Seminary was reorganized in 1929, combining the board of directors to form a single board with the moderates-liberals gaining majority control. Stevenson, President of the board, wanted Princeton Seminary to "become a school reflecting the theological pluralism of the northern Presbyterian denomination", a complete shift in the orientation of the seminary. Several professors, including Oswald T. Allis, Machen, Cornelius Van Til, and Robert Dick Wilson, refused to teach under the authority of the new board, while Clarence E. Macartney, a conservative, declined to serve on it. The result of this shift to liberalism caused Machen and other like-minded individuals to found Westminster Seminary in 1929, designed to carry on the "Old Princeton" tradition, and train a generation to "defend the faith."

With the problem in the General Assembly that precipitated the change in the board of Princeton, Machen and others, just four weeks after the General Assembly in 1933, formed the Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions for promoting "truly Biblical and Presbyterian mission work." The Independent Board was declared unconstitutional in 1934. In 1935 Machen was 123 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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put on trial and found guilty of disobeying a previous mandate. With the verdict upheld by the General Assembly in 1936, it was just ten days later that the Presbyterian Church in America was formed.

Machen stood for integrity, principle, and the orthodox faith, in the tradition of Charles Hodge and B.B. Warfield. Some have seen Machen "as a twentieth- century Martin Luther standing up for the faith or as a crank." Machen's point was not that liberals did not have a right to their views, but that they did not have the right to espouse these views in the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. because ministers and elders had pledged to be faithful to the Bible and to the Westminster Confession.

T. Jack Coe (1918-1956)

Coe was an early tent evangelist after WWII. Ordained in the Assemblies of God in 1944, after receiving a miraculous healing, he was a leading proponent of divine healing and held many tent revivals. He contracted bulbar polio and succumbed in late 1956.

Due to his father’s addictions to alcohol and gambling, Coe was placed in a orphanage from age 9 until age 17. Coe’s own alcohol consumption brought a warning from his doctor about dying at a young age, but he continued to drink and wander between California and Texas. During a drinking binge, he heard the Lord say it was his “last chance” and he shook off alcohol, becoming a devout Christian. He attended Southwestern Bible Institute, but left school for the Army. Ordained in 1944, he contracted malaria and experienced divine healing. He began then to travel the country with his wife in an old truck, hauling a used tent, carrying the message of healing.

He was acquainted with Oral Roberts and amazed at the size of his tent. Measuring it, he ordered a larger one (220 by 440 feet) which would seat 22,000 people. Coe opened a children’s orphanage at Waxahachie, Texas and built the Dallas Revival Center which became a large church in Dallas by 1954. Coe ministered on healing, setting himself on not taking medicine or going to the doctor. He even taught that consulting a doctor was connected with the mark of the beast. The Assemblies expelled Coe in 1953 on grounds that he was misleading the public.

Coe was arrested in , Florida, in 1956 on charges of practicing medicine without a license. The arrest came from an incident when Coe prayed for a boy (George Clark), who was afflicted with polio. He told the mother of Clark, "If you believe Jesus heals the child, take the braces off, and leave them off." She removed the braces from the boy's legs, but as he attempted to take a step, he collapsed to the floor. She did not immediately put the braces back on her son, 124 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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and the boy's legs began to swell, so she took him to a doctor. The doctor counseled her to put the braces on the boy, but she wrote Coe a letter. When Coe did not answer her letter, she contacted the police. Coe’s arrest, short jail stay, and trial brought national attention, but the short trial that ensued was dismissed by the judge.

In December, 1956, Coe was hospitalized after he fell ill while holding a revival at Hot Springs, Arkansas. Thinking it was fatigue and exhaustion caused by his demanding schedule, the disease was actually bulbar polio. He died at Dallas Parkland Hospital on December 16, 1956. After his death, A.A. Allen bought his tent and continued with the large tent meetings, as did Oral Roberts. Coe is seen as a pioneer and trailblazer in the faith and healing movement.

U. Kathryn Johanna Kuhlman (1907-1976)

Kuhlman was a faith healer, believing in miracles and deliverance by the power of the Holy Spirit. She was born again at 14 years of age in a Methodist Church in Missouri, and began preaching at age 15. She founded Denver Tabernacle. Inviting Burroughs A. Waltrip to preach there, Waltrip later divorced his wife and married Kuhlman, Oct.1938. Kuhlman’s ministry declined and so they traveled together in ministry, with Kuhlman leaving Waltrip in 1944 and him divorcing her in 1948. Kuhlman moved to Venango County, Pennsylvania and presented herself as Miss Kuhlman from then on.

Traveling extensively in the U.S. and other countries, holding healing crusades between the 1940s and 1970s, she started a weekly TV program in the 1960s that ran into the 1970s, called “I Believe In Miracles.” Dino Kartsonakis, noted pianist worked with Kuhlman on the program and in live crusades.

Dr. Robert Nolen conducted a study of 23 people who claimed to have been cured during Kuhlman’s services and turned up no cures, according to Nolen. Also, there was one woman who, at Kuhlman’s command and after a back brace was removed, who ran across the stage even though she supposedly had spinal cancer. The next day, according to Nolen, she collapsed and died 4 months later. There were others who criticized Kuhlman’s ministry, saying she used nothing more than stage magic, misdirection, and showmanship. However, this writer is personally acquainted with people who were healed in her meetings.

Kuhlman was a catalyst for Benny Hinn’s ministry in 1973. Kuhlman was careful about giving the credit for the healings to God and not to herself.

VIII. MINISTERS OF IMPACT- MID 20TH CENTURY

In these ministers and ministries of impact in the last half of the 20th Century, we list 125 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology prominent ones that nearly all will recognize, up to the present date. Some of these have negative things in their short mention. With the Internet and Super Information Highway, more information is available about people than ever before. However, man is not any different, having the same tendencies to temptation, and perhaps more so than ever before. As in the first half of this Century, we do not intend to denigrate, but to point out that the Holy Spirit can use the marred vessel (2Ti.2:20; 2Co.4:7). Each of these ministers God used to advance His plan in some way. While we may not agree with tactics and some teachings, those listed have advanced the Gospel in some way.

A Donald A. McGavran (1897-1990)

McGavran was dean emeritus and former senior professor of mission, church growth, and South Asian studies at the School of World Mission, Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. McGavran was the son of missionaries in India, and later a missionary himself. His efforts, for much of his life, were in trying to overcome social barriers to Christian conversion.

McGavran's work, Understanding Church Growth, is influential because of essays and lectures at missionary conferences in which he identified differences of caste and economic social position as major barriers to the spread of Christianity. He substantially changed the methods of missionaries to identify and prioritize groups of persons for stimulating the Church Growth Movement.

McGavran’s church growth principles came about after rejecting the popular view that mission was ‘philanthropy, education, medicine, famine relief, evangelism, and world friendship’. He was convinced that good deeds could never replace the essential task of mission, discipling the peoples of the earth.

B. James Gordon Lindsay (1906-1973)

Lindsay’s parents were disciples of John Alexander Dowie, the father of healing revivalism in America. As a young boy he was influenced by John G. Lake and converted by Charles G. Parham. At 18 he began his ministry as a traveling evangelist conducting meetings in Assemblies of God churches as well as other Pentecostal groups.

Lindsay took a call to pastor in Oregon, soon after the start of WWII, which he resigned in 1947 to become William Branham’s manager. Lindsay's publication, The Voice of Healing, appeared in 1948 to cover Branham’s meetings, who promptly left the revival circuit. But, revivals and coverage of other evangelists began to appear in the magazine as it circulated nationwide.

The first convention of healing evangelists took place in Dallas, Texas in 1949, which began to function as a loose fellowship of ministers called Voice of 126 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Healing. Lindsay's work moved in the direction of missions and he sponsored missions programs in several foreign countries and started a radio ministry. The Voice of Healing magazine changed names briefly to World-Wide Revival in 1968, and then to Christ for the Nations. A Bible training institute opened in Dallas, Christ for the Nations Institute in 1970, which has trained thousands of students from around the world.

C. Lester Sumrall (1913-1996)

Sumrall, as with many of the active ministers, was healed of tuberculosis in 1930. Having joined with the wrong crowd, he dropped out of school at 16 and shortly after that began to spit up blood. Diagnosed with tuberculosis, a veritable death sentence at that time, he dropped to 93 pounds and was bedridden. His mother called prayer warriors to pray for him. At 17, a doctor declared him about to die, but God gave him a vision with the choice of either preaching the Gospel or dying that night. Choosing to preach the Gospel, he was healed and ate for the first time in a long time. In three weeks he left home to preach the Gospel.

God connected Lester with Howard Carter, an internationally known bible teacher and they began to travel the world together, including Australia, , Hong Kong, Java, the Dutch East Indies, Tibet, Manchuria, Japan, Korea, Germany, Brazil, Bolivia, France, Spain, Portugal, and England. They would go to an area and Howard would go to one place to preach and Sumrall to another. Some remarkable healings and deliverance began to occur in Lester's meetings, as people were being healed and saved by the thousands.

He is most well-known for the formation of the LeSEA broadcast network. Mentored by Smith Wigglesworth, he formed Lester Sumrall Evangelistic Association in 1957 and went on the airwaves with WHME in 1968. Dr. Sumrall is considered by some as the “father” of Christian television, as he secured the 1st FCC license to broadcast in Noblesville, Indiana in 1973. He was a prolific writer, penning over 130 books. His goal was to win one million souls to the Lord.

D. John Robert Stevens (1919-1983)

Stevens was a proponent of the ongoing restoration of the Church to the Early Churches’ purity and power. He founded the Living Word Fellowship after being released from the Assemblies of God for his belief. Stevens had some dramatic experiences with the Lord, including a miraculous healing in the late 1920s when he had hands laid on him to receive healing from a mastoid infection. Prompted by this healing, his father attended Bible School at the Angelus Temple. The Stevens family moved to Southern California in 1929 so he could attend the school.

127 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Stevens moved back to Iowa in the spring of 1933 with his family, where they started the Christian Tabernacle church in the town of Washington. Stevens had attended many of the Angelus Temple classes with his father and subsequently taught the children's Bible study and helped prepare his father's sermons in Iowa.

Late 1933, Stevens, in an all-night prayer session received the baptism in the Holy Spirit and a vision of himself speaking to many people in many languages and nations. Commissioned and anointed at age 14, Stevens started his first church in Gladwyn, Iowa in 1934, while still attending high school. He was ordained by the Assemblies of God in 1937. Married in 1939; he had two daughters and several grandchildren, though his marriage ended in divorce.

Moving permanently to Los Angeles area in 1946, he became the pastor of the Lynnwood, California, Assembly of God church. Having another vision in 1949, he saw a continuing restoration of the purity and power of the 1st Century Apostolic Church, but did not find denominational acceptance and was dismissed from the pastorate in March 1950.

Stevens established Grace Chapel of South Gate, California, in June 1951, which was later known as The Living Word Fellowship. In 1955, Stevens, while seeking the Lord intently, was given instructions on how to pattern churches after New Testament Scripture, as well as receiving many of the gifts of the Holy Spirit that he would impart to others during his ministry.

Stevens' fourth dramatic experience with the Lord, 1963, established his ministry as an “apostle” who would “supply the multitudes with living water.” Through the late 1970s he kept a regular schedule of some 11 services a week preaching among three churches in Southern California. Stevens developed a network of about 94 churches. As with others who stepped out in faith, Stevens was criticized for his work.

E. T.L. Osborn

Osborn was a world missionary evangelist, statesman, teacher, author, publisher, linguist, designer, pianist, and administrator. His ministry was a mass- miracle ministry to millions. Headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning in 1949, he and his wife Daisy proclaimed the Gospel in 78 nations. His ministry proclamation included praying for miracles as proof that Christ was indeed alive.

The Osborn National Missionary Assistance Program has sponsored over 30,000 national men and women as full time Missionaries to nearly 140,000 non- evangelized tribes, villages and areas. Over 400 new churches have been established. A prolific writer, Osborn’s books today stimulates worldwide miracle- evangelism and soul-winning in the developing nations. 128 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Unknown by many in the West, Osborn preached to untold millions in the nations. Without mass media, Osborn preached to estimated crowds upwards of 500,000 at a time. Besides preaching crusades, Osborn prayed for the masses without laying hands on anyone, yet saw countless miracles take place, including the healing of leprosy, blindness, crippled legs, while others received deliverance from demon possession, and uneven limbs grew out to the proper length.

Uncommon to the Western evangelist, Osborn and family conducted their ministry with no fanfare or conformity to the “personality-driven” culture of the American church. They saw their lives as seeds to plant for the Gospel, in spite of the often awful travel conditions they experienced.

Pawnee County, Oklahoma is an unknown place, even to Oklahomans. A nondescript farming community, Osborn was born there, the 7th of 13 children. His father a non-practicing Baptist, Osborn attended a Pentecostal church, playing piano and accordion in the services. Invited by a neighboring evangelist to join him in his national travels, he left home, though a bit reluctant and scared to ask his father, as he was the last boy to help his father on the farm. Marrying Daisy in 1942, they took the pastorate of a Pentecostal Church of God of America. But they heard a female missionary from India talk about that nation and felt a strong tug toward international outreach. Traveling to India, they found, after 10 months, that it was not easy converting Hindus and Muslims to Jesus. Brokenhearted and ashamed, they returned to the U.S. Soon the Osborns learned about miracle-working evangelists ministering in the U.S., and after being in a Hattie Hammond meeting, they began to have hope of reaching the nations.

Hammond made a statement that left Osborn curious; "If you ever see Jesus, you'll never be the same." According to Osborn’s words,

"The next morning at 6 o'clock, Jesus Christ walked in our room. I saw Him like I see you. He didn't walk on the floor. He walked on the air. I'll never forget it. And I laid there. It was like I was dead. I couldn't move a finger or a toe. I finally laid on my face on the floor until 2 o'clock in the afternoon. It changed my life. I was totally, totally bathed in a new life. That's the best way to describe it."

A second distinct revelation of Christ came when Osborn encountered the ministry of Gordon Lindsay, a Kentucky native who founded Christ for the Nations.

"I was dumbfounded when I saw him preach in a simple way, and when he made an invitation to accept Christ, lots of people came. Then, when he prayed for the sick, they were instantly healed. It shocked me. It 129 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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profoundly affected me, and it seemed to me like a thousand voices swirled over my head saying: 'You can do that. That's what Jesus did. That's the way Peter did it. That's the way Paul did it. That proves the Bible is true today. You can do that.'"

Their third revelation came when, divinely directed, they read the Gospels to see Jesus in His Word. T.L. and Daisy pledged then to do what Jesus told them to do and whatever Jesus said He would do, they would expect Him to do it. It revolutionized their ministry, as they held meetings in Portland and got results, with many saved and healed.

Expecting to now raise money and go back to India with the goods to change the nation, they had no support and so selling what they had, they got as far as Jamaica, where in 13 weeks they had 135 deaf-mutes healed, 90 blind people receive their sight and hundreds of crippled people walk away on their own two legs. Traveling to South America, to Java and then to Japan, they landed in India again. Since those days, Osborn or others in his family have traveled to more than 90 countries. Throughout Osborn’s years in ministry, countless pastors, teachers, missionaries and major world evangelists have been birthed from his far-reaching influence. These include men like David (Paul) Yonggi Cho, Reinhard Bonnke, R.W. Schambach and Sunday Adelaja.

LaDonna Osborn, T.L. and Daisy’s daughter, continues her father's evangelistic legacy. She was raised on the mission field from 9 months of age. She preached her first sermon in Ghana when she was ten years of age. In addition to traveling, LaDonna Osborn serves as the vice president and CEO for Osborn International. She founded International Gospel Center Fellowship of Churches and Ministries (IGCFCM), for which she oversees 61 ministries and more than 600 churches in 20 countries. She is also the founder and president of Women's International Network (WIN).

F. A. A. Allen (1911-1970)

Allen was born in Arkansas and was originally a Methodist. Later joining the Spirit baptized, Allen’s life and methods were controversial and he was criticized and underwent much personal scrutiny. Converted at the Onward Methodist Church in Miller, Missouri, he received the baptism in his home and sensed the call to preach, joined the Assemblies of God and was ordained in 1936.

Allen attended an Oral Roberts tent meeting in Dallas in 1949 and was convinced a great revival was ahead. He later testified that as he left that meeting he was filled with great conviction that the lost should receive God's miracle-working power. When he asked his church board to allow him to start a radio program, they refused; he resigned and started his Healing Revival Campaigns. Allen 130 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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purchased a tent for $8,700 in 1955 that seated over 10,000 and was soon a major healing evangelist on the revival circuit. His revival meetings were similar to men like Jack Coe, Oral Roberts, and William Branham, with his meetings open to all races.

Allen was arrested for suspicion of drunk driving in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1955 and was kicked out of the Assemblies of God. Allen re-ordained himself and founded the "Miracle Revival Fellowship". He continued on the revival circuit, purchasing a tent in 1958 that could seat over 22,000 (Jack Coe’s tent up to his death in 1956). Allen believed in God's ability to perform miracles financially. At the height of his ministry, Allen had over 350,000 subscribers to his Miracle Magazine.

In 1958, Urbane Leiendecker, a recent convert, approached Allen and offered him 1280 acres of “the finest land in Arizona," deeded to “A.A.Allen Revivals, Inc.” With the property Allen founded a Bible School in Miracle Valley. His teachings on prosperity were a major theme in his meetings during the 1960s, and he sold "prosperity cloths" for $100 and $1000 dollar donations.

Allen died at the Jack Tar Hotel in San Francisco, California on June 11, 1970 at the age of 59. The coroner's report recorded his death to liver failure due to acute alcoholism. Police found his body in a "room strewn with pills and empty liquor bottles."

Allen’s influence upon the mid 20th century’s revival movement weathered the storm of 1955 and his falling out from the Assemblies of God. He was one of the first to develop a national television ministry. At his peak, he appeared on 58 radio stations daily, as well as on 43 TV stations.

G. William (Billy) Franklin Graham, Jr. (1918- )

Graham Jr., (born November 7, 1918) better known as Billy Graham, was an evangelist and Evangelical Christian. He was a spiritual adviser to multiple Presidents of the United States and was number seven on the Gallup Organizations list of Widely Admired People for the 20th Century. He was ordained by the Southern Baptist Convention and was a leading spokesman for .

Graham preached, in person, to more people (arguably), around the world than any Protestant who has ever lived. As of 1993, some 2.5 million came forward to receive salvation through Jesus Christ in his crusades. As of 2002, Graham's lifetime audience, including radio and television broadcasts, topped two billion.

Graham was raised in the Reformed Presbyterian Church. Converted in 1934 131 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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during revival meetings led by Mordecai Ham, Graham was turned down for membership in a local youth group for being “too worldly.” He was persuaded to go to Ham’s meetings at the urging of a local African-American who worked at the Graham farm.

Graham was influenced by Charley Young, pastor at Eastport Bible Church around 1936. Attending Bob Jones University, Jones Sr. warned him not to throw his life away: "At best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks... You have a voice that pulls. God can use that voice of yours. He can use it mightily." Due to the confining creed at Jones University, in 1937 Graham transferred to the Florida Bible Institute (now Trinity College (Florida) and later to Wheaton College.

Graham wrote in his autobiography that he "received his calling on the 18th green of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club", Temple Terrace, Florida. Graham graduated from Wheaton College in Illinois with a degree in Anthropology, in 1943. It was during his time at Wheaton that Graham decided to take the Bible as the infallible Word of God. Henrietta Mears of the First Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) of Hollywood, Los Angeles, California was instrumental in helping Graham settle the issue.

Marrying Ruth, his Wheaton classmate in 1943, Graham spoke of seeing her coming toward him on campus and just knew he had to marry her. Ruth’s parents were Presbyterian missionaries in the People’s Republic of China, where her father, L. Bell, was a general surgeon. Ruth died on June 14, 2007, at age 87, leaving Billy and five children. Franklin, born 1952, was the elder Grahams successor as president of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association in 2000, as well as administers an international relief organization called Samaritan’s Purse.

Before Graham’s graduation from Wheaton College, he became pastor of the United Gospel Tabernacle, serving as pastor of the Village Church in Western Springs, Illinois, not far from Wheaton a few months also. With his churches agreement, Graham undertook the financially strapped radio program of Torrey Johnson, pastor of the Midwest Bible Church in Chicago, called "Songs in the Night". Graham recruited George Beverly Shea as his director of radio ministry and took over the program the first of January, 1944. Graham served as president of Northwestern College (Minnesota) in 1948, and at age 30 was the youngest person to serve as a sitting college president.

While Graham intended to become a chaplain in the armed forces, he was turned down due to a severe case of mumps. After recuperation in Florida, Graham went on to cofound Youth for Christ with evangelist Charles Templeton. He traveled for the group in the United States, Canada, and Europe, speaking at 132 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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crusades and organizing YFC chapters, though he had little formal theological training.

Graham scheduled a series of revival meetings in Los Angeles in 1949 which were to propel him into the spotlight of evangelism in the U.S. Erecting a series of tents in a parking lot, the meetings ran for eight weeks, though scheduled for only three, as William Randolph Hearst helped ignite interest. During these Los Angeles revival meetings, news mogul William Randolph Hearst, who was concerned with socialism overtaking the U.S. and knowing Graham's patriotism, sent a telegraph to his newspaper editors reading "Puff Graham". The result of this increased media exposure, both from Hearst's newspaper chain and national magazines, caused the crusade event to run five weeks longer than planned.

Graham’s popularity was such that he was offered a five-year, $5 million contract from NBC to appear on television opposite Arthur Godfrey, who was garnering the television audience during that time slot. Graham turned the offer down.

Life, Time, Look, and Newsweek magazines put Graham on their covers a dozen times. Advertising experts gave Graham awards two years in a row for being the most publicized person in America. It was in this time frame that Graham had some of his greatest meetings, such as in London, which lasted 12 weeks and a New York City mission in Madison Square Garden in 1957 which ran nightly for 16 weeks. He also led his first crusade in Australia in 1959.

Graham served as the president of Northwestern College in Minnesota from 1948 to 1952. He founded the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) in 1950, headquartered in Minneapolis. The Association relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina in 2003. BGEA Ministries have included: 1) Hour of Decision- a weekly radio program broadcast for over 50 years; 2) Mission television specials in prime time in the U.S. and Canada; 3) A newspaper column, My Answer, carried across the U.S.; 4) Decision magazine, the ministries official publication; 5) Founded Christianity Today with Carl F.H. Henry in 1956; 6) other print and picture ventures.

Graham strongly opposed segregation and refused to speak to segregated auditoriums, once dramatically tearing down the ropes that organizers had erected to separate the audience in 1960. Graham said, "There is no scriptural basis for segregation. ... The ground at the foot of the cross is level, and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross." Graham paid the bail money to secure the release of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. from jail during the 1960s African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968). Graham invited King to join him in the pulpit at his 16- week revival in New York City in 1957, where Graham was heard by 2.3 million listeners in 16 weeks in Madison Square Garden, Yankee Stadium and Times 133 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Square. King and Graham became strong friends, with Graham becoming one of the few whites allowed to call King by his birth name "Mike."

Graham was the first noted evangelist to speak behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, addressing large crowds in countries throughout Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union. During South Africa’s struggle with apartheid, Graham consistently refused to visit the country until its government finally allowed attending audiences to sit desegregated. His first crusade there was in 1973, during which he openly denounced apartheid. Graham’s simple message was enormously appealing, as demonstrated by the massive turnouts for the crusades, as well as the fact of great administration in working with local churches to accomplish the plan of God.

At one revival in Seoul, South Korea, Graham attracted an audience of one million to a single service. He appeared in China in 1988 with Ruth, which was a homecoming, since she had been born in China to missionary parents. He held a crusade in North Korea in 1992.

Graham has had a personal audience with every sitting President of the United States since Harry S. Truman, and was close friends with Nixon and Eisenhower. The only president he did not apparently counsel was John F. Kennedy (of Catholic background), though he did play golf with him.

While several American evangelists fell during the 1980s, Graham remained a symbol of moral integrity. His numerous writings include Peace with God (1953), The Secret of Happiness (1955), World Aflame (1965), Angels: God’s Secret Angels (1975), A Biblical Standard for Evangelists (1984), and Hope for the Troubled Heart (1991).

H. Peter Derek Vaughan Prince (1915-2003)

Prince was an internationally recognized Bible teacher whose daily radio program, Today with Derek Prince (also called Keys to Successful Living) broadcast to half the population of the world in nine languages. Most noted for his teachings about demons and Christian Zionism, his teaching was distinctly non-denominational.

Prince was born in India of British parents and was a scholar of Greek and Latin. He was a conscientious objector in WWII, serving instead by joining an ambulance unit. He attended a Scarborough, New York Pentecostal Church and was born again. From this encounter he was convinced that Jesus Christ is alive and that the Bible is a true, relevant, up-to-date book.

In 1962 the Princes moved from Canada to pastor the Peoples Church in 134 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Minneapolis. Becoming citizens of the U.S., they moved to Seattle to pastor and it was there that Prince became widely known through cassette-tape Bible lectures, as well as being involved with Full Gospel Businessmen’s Fellowship International.

His beliefs included saying that Christians could attack Christians, contrary to the usual Pentecostal thought. Prince believed that the State of Israel was fulfillment of Bible prophecy and that the collapse of the British Empire resulted from their failure to support Israel in 1948. He saw Islam as demonically inspired and shortly before he died said he feared the UK would become an Islamic state.

Christian Growth Ministries was formed by Prince and others in 1974 to curb what was seen as excesses within the Charismatic movement by emphasizing the authority of a few shepherds over their “sheep” (Shepherding Movement).

I. Kenneth Erwin Hagin (1917-2003)

Hagin was an influential Pentecostal minister and is called the "father" (or "grandaddy"- “Dad Hagin”), of the Word of Faith Movement. Hagin was not formally trained in theology, but did receive an Honorary Degree from Oral Roberts University.

Born sickly, he was generally bed-ridden until standing on the Word of God, he was healed completely. A congenital heart defect and what was said to be an incurable blood disease had sent him to bed at age 15, when he began to believe. He was said to have died 3 times in ten minutes, seeing the horrors of hell and then coming to life again. Revelation of God’s Word brought faith and he was healed in 1934, preaching his 1st sermons as pastor at a small church in Roland, Texas.

Hagin was prolific in memorization of Scripture and other materials. While there was controversy over what Hagin taught, his friends spoke of his love for people. Mark 11:23 was his favorite Scripture, and the basis of what faith did for him. Establishing a ministry in 1949, Hagin became involved in FGBNFI in 1951 and was a part of the healing revival in the 1940s and ‘50s with Oral Roberts and T.L. Osborn. Moving to Tulsa in 1966, he began to teach on radio with the program, Faith Seminar of the Air. His son, Kenneth Jr. is also heard on the program today. His Faith Library Publications has about 65 million books in print, and the monthly magazine, “The Word of Faith” is sent to about 250,000 subscribers monthly.

In 1947, Hagin founded the RHEMA Prayer and Healing Center and RHEMA Bible Training Center, USA, which has now training centers in 14 countries and 23,000 alumni (1979). 135 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Hagin was a dynamic preacher, teacher, and prophet, known for preaching divine healing and prosperity through searching God's Word and believing God for financial gifts and then claiming and receiving them by faith. His Bible teaching focused mainly on faith and the victorious life of a Christian. Hagin’s teachings were largely impacted by E.W. Kenyon. Some have claimed that Hagin plagiarized Kenyon’s works, sometimes using the same names of published works. While the plagiarism appears to be true, Hagin may have simply failed to give credit, as many preachers take up phrases that other preachers use, and most of Hagin’s publications were from sermons that were put into print. Too, Hagin had given credit to other writers, including Dr. Lillian B. Yeomans, Smith Wigglesworth, Corrie ten Boom, Ethan O. Allen, and others.

J. Granville Oral Roberts (1918- )

Roberts was a leader of the Charismatic Movement and founder of Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma (1963). Roberts was an early tent evangelist, radio preacher and one of the forerunners on television who attracted a vast audience. He conducted over 300 evangelistic and healing crusades on six continents.

While a pastor with the Pentecostal Holiness Church at Enid, Oklahoma, during a seven month period of fasting and prayer, God spoke to him that it was time to fulfill his call to a healing ministry that the Lord had spoken to him of when He healed him of tuberculosis in 1935. He resigned his duties in 1947 to found Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association. By 1950 Roberts was known as the leader in the healing revival. Roberts had a vision from Jesus who told him to build the City of Faith Medical and Research Center in 1977. It opened in 1981, the largest health facility of its kind, which sought to merge prayer and medicine in the healing process. It closed in 1989 after eight years, though the Orthopedic Hospital of Oklahoma operates on its premises. Roberts started to reemphasize faith healing in 1987.

ORU, based in Tulsa, Oklahoma, is the largest Charismatic Christian University in the world, with some 4,000 students from every state and several foreign countries. Besides theology, it has undergraduate programs in music, communication arts, modern languages, engineering, history, physics, government, humanities, nursing, and also has a Seminary, a graduate program in education and business.

K. Kevin Conner (1927- )

Kevin Conner is a theologian, former senior minister of Waverley Christian Fellowship (now City Life Church) in , Australia, and the author of 60 books. He has taught nationally and internationally at churches, conferences and 136 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Bible colleges.

Serving in the Salvation Army from age 21, he moved to Portland, Oregon In 1972 to serve with Dick Iverson at Bible Temple. He returned to Australia in 1981, and from 1986-1995, pastored Waverley Christian Fellowship. He was a leader of the Latter Rain Movement.

Conner's contributions to theology and teaching are recognized by missions and teaching organizations and has written textbooks that have gone into over 80 countries as resources for ministers, teachers, preachers and Bible college students.

L. R. W. Schambach

Famous for the statement, “You don’t have any trouble, all you need is faith in God,” his statement is still the same. Shambach’s classic Gospel message of faith and power makes a lasting impact wherever he goes. Schambach’s preaching of the Gospel has produced signs and wonders which its truth. Mass conversions and New Testament miracles have accompanied his meetings in over 200 nations of the world.

Serving in World War II in the Navy, he apprenticed along side A.A. Allen, a well- known miracle evangelist of the 1940’s and 50’s. Schambach used tents that seated from 2,000 to 8,000 to minister in every major city in the U. S. Many drug addicts, prostitutes, homeless people, alcoholics, and backsliders found deliverance through Jesus Christ under the tent. Schambach also worked with helping agencies to bring truckloads of food into several cities for the impoverished, demonstrating a special love for and commitment to the people of the inner cities.

Schambach’s ministry touched Europe, Russia, India, Asia, the Philippines, Africa, the West Indies, Central America, and South America, and continues to partner financially for establishment of churches and Bible schools in Russia and China. Schambach has ministered some 60 years.

M. Gwen Shaw

Her family came from Mennonite background, where they knew the persecutions of , and later Russia. When the prophecy came about great persecution coming in Russia, her family as with many others, emigrated to Canada (as did others to the U.S.).

Shaw is the President/Founder of End-Time handmaidens. She went to China in 1947, and has ministered in over 100 nations. With the Communists taking over 137 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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China, she fulfilled her burden for the Chinese people by ministering in Hong Kong and Taiwan. In 1963, after completing 16 years of missionary service, God touched her with His anointing and power, after a time of seeking God day and night in fasting and prayers. The fresh anointing and power propelled her into an overwhelming vision for the nations. Her first trips were to Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia.

India became a great love to Gwen, and she preached to many Indians, especially in North India. Argentina was next, where she felt the heartbeat of God for Spanish-speaking people. In Argentina she saw great miracles. In , in a large Assemblies of God church, angels were seen and many miracles took place, especially healings. It was in Argentina that the dream of raising up others to do the same thing took place, in 1966.

After her marriage had fallen apart, she went on a 21 day fast to get the will of the Lord. God sent a prophet who said that she should start calling out the End- Time Handmaidens of the Lord, as there were many who were standing “idle in the market place, whom no one had hired". These were waiting to hear the call to go out and serve Him in the harvest fields of the world. Gwen began to call and handmaidens began to respond. At nearly 80, others are springing up to take up the call to mission.

N. Marion Gordon “Pat” Robertson (1930- )

Robertson is a televangelist and founder of many organizations, including the American Center for Law and Justice (ACLJ), Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), Christian Coalition, Flying Hospital, International Family Entertainment, Operation Blessing International Relief and Development Corporation, and Regent University. He is host of The 700 Club, which airs on CBN affiliates worldwide as well as on channels in the U.S.

Robertson is a staunch supporter of the Republican Party and campaigned in the 1988 presidential primary unsuccessfully. A Southern Baptist, he was an ordained minister for many years, though his theology is charismatic in nature. He remains a strong voice for conservative Christianity in the U.S. Converted in 1956, he was impacted by a Dutch missionary, Cornelius Vanderbreggen. Not much later he “spoke in tongues” the first time and was ordained as a minister in 1961 (Southern Baptist Convention).

Establishing CBT in Virginia Beach, Virginia in 1960, he promoted the station, located in Portsmouth and later one he purchased in Hampton Roads, calling it CBN. Now seen in 180 countries and 71 languages, the CBN Cable Network was renamed the CBN Family Channel in 1988. When the channel became too profitable to the CBN umbrella, it was sold to News Corporation in 1997 and 138 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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renamed Fox Family. It does still, however, broadcast the 700 Club program. Disney now owns the channel and runs it as ABC Family.

Robertson founded CBN University in 1977 and renamed it Regent University in 1989. As founder and president of the ACLJ, the public interest law firm defends Christians whose 1st Amendment rights have allegedly been violated. The law firm’s focus is pro-family, pro-liberty and pro-life cases nationwide.

The Christian Coalition, a 1-1/2 million strong Christian Right organization campaigned successfully for conservative candidates and became one of the most influential organizations in American politics.

In connection with Robertson’s broadcasting, he has made several unadvised statements concerning situations that have brought criticism, such as with Hugo Chavez, president of Venezuela, Ariel Sharon, Israel’s Prime Minister, and the former Prime Minister of Israel, Yitzhak Rabin. While these comments may have been true, he was chastised by Richard Land who was at that time president of the Southern Baptist Convention’s Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, as well as many others. Robertson did apologize in a letter to Omri, Ariel Sharon’s son. Other comments that have drawn criticism is his stand against militant Islam.

O. David Wilkerson (1931- )

Wilkerson was born in Hammond, Indiana. Married to Gwen Carosso, he served pastorates in Scottsdale and Phillipsburg, Pennsylvania, until he saw a photograph in “Life” magazine that caught his attention and caused compassion to arise in him. The picture was of New York City teenagers who were charged with murder. Drawn to the city in February 1959, it was the beginning of street ministry to a generation of addicted and often violent youth.

Preaching, teaching and writing have occupied Wilkerson for over four decades. In conjunction with his heart for troubled and addicted people, Wilkerson founded Teen Challenge ministries in , New York, which ministers to those with life-controlling problems worldwide, through its 490 centers. Using a biblically based recovery program for drug addicts, it is one of the most effective efforts of its kind. Teen Challenge is a 15-month program for the purpose of changing the lives of drug addicts, alcoholics, gang members and prostitutes, as well as those with other life-controlling problems.

Teen Challenge has claimed a 70-86% cure rate for the drug addicts graduating from their program. Gaining the attention of the Federal Government in 1973, who saw most secular drug rehabilitation programs experiencing a cure rate of 1- 15% of their graduates, a study was funded by The National Institute on Drug 139 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Abuse (NIDA), (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare), to evaluate the long term results of the Teen Challenge program. Utilizing students from the class of 1968, a follow-up study of these same students was done in 1975. The results from the survey, developed at the University of Chicago, which set up and conducted the survey, located the participants, conducted personal interviews, and obtained a urine sample to test for drugs. The results were that the 186 persons interviewed for the project clearly indicated the success of the Teen Challenge program for addiction rehabilitation.

Wilkerson founded Times Square Church in 1987, as an interdenominational, multicultural church, at 51st and Broadway in Manhattan, New York. Some 8,000 gather to worship there from over 100 nationalities each week. Homeless feeding in the city and an orphanage (in South Africa) are staffed by volunteers. As from the start, a major emphasis at Times Square Church is giving aid to the disadvantaged. Meeting now in the purchased Mark Hellinger theatre, some have criticized a church being there but the church does not intend to move, having purchased the building for $16 million in 1989. The three Sunday services today have been entrusted to Senior pastor, Carter Conlon.

P. Frederick K.C. Price (1932- )

Dr. Price is the founder of Crenshaw Christian Center and is married to Dr. Betty (Scott) Price who ministers with him. He is the author of many books on faith, the Holy Spirit, divine healing and prosperity.

Born again during a week of old-fashioned tent revivals put on by a group of Los Angeles churches, Price and his wife soon joined a local Baptist congregation, where he heard the "call" to minister. For the next 17 years Price was dissatisfied with his progress spiritually. He joined four different denominations, pastoring in three of them, all the while searching the Scriptures for answers. He discovered that the power of the Holy Spirit was missing from his life from time spent in the Bible. "The Holy Spirit -- The Missing Ingredient" tells of the impact of the words of Jesus in John 14:12, which left him longing to experience those works. Only by two ministers, Kathryn Kuhlman and Oral Roberts, did he see these works taking place. Adding to the problems of frustration was the death of Price's eight-year- old son, Frederick III, in 1962.

While pastoring for the Christian and Missionary Alliance at West Washington Community Church, Price read Kathryn Kuhlman's book, "God Can Do It Again." He received that missing dimension, the demonstration of the power of the Spirit of God on February 28, 1970. He was then influenced by books and tapes by Kenneth E. Hagin of Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Crenshaw Christian Center was established in 1973 in Inglewood , CA. 140 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Outgrowing that facility in 1984, they purchased the former Pepperdine University Los Angeles campus. The Center is now housed at the Faith Dome with over 10,000 seats. Finished in 1989 and dedicated on January 21, 1990, the church membership now totals over 22,000.

Dr. Price's is now establishing an East Coast church in Manhattan, New York and a Spanish church on the Ministry grounds in Los Angeles. Other efforts are the Christian school at Crenshaw Christian Center, and the Ever Increasing Faith TV, radio and tape ministry, which reaches some 15 million homes in the 15 largest markets of the U.S.

Q. Dr. Jack Williams Hayford (1934- )

Dr. Hayford is president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel (since 2004) and pastor of the Church on the Way in Van Nuys, California (Los Angeles). He began pastoring the church in 1969 with 19 people and is today one of the largest churches in Southern California. Dr. Hayford was an advocate of the Promise Keepers movement, founder and chancellor of The King’s College and Seminary, and author of nearly 50 books and 600 hymns and choruses.

Dr. Hayford is known as a pastor to pastors, and along with the church elders, transferred the senior pastor role at The Church on the Way to Rev. Jim Tolle. In addition to other ministry roles, he serves as President of The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, a movement with 38,000 churches and 49,000 pastors in 136 nations, and a constituency of nearly five million.

R. Charles Capps

Charles Capps is a major figure in the Word of Faith movement, having a great influence on the Movement through his books. He was a farmer and land developer before entering full-time ministry. Capps, primarily a seminar speaker, founded Concepts of Faith and has a radio program and television program. Capps often speaks on issues related to Biblical prophecy.

Capps’ books are an invaluable resource to students of the Word of Faith Movement. In his numerous books, Capps has laid out systematically the Word of Faith theology. While Kenneth E. Hagin's books (actually transcribed sermons), are dominated by personal anecdote, Capps tends to concentrate on systematic exposition of the doctrines of the Word of Faith Movement. His books focus on the core doctrines of the Movement, avoiding sensationalism and hype. Capps’s most important books about the Word of Faith beliefs are: The Tongue: A Creative Force, Authority in Three Worlds, Releasing The Ability of God Through Prayer.

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S. John Osteen

Osteen started Lakewood Church on Mother’s Day in 1959 in an abandoned feed store. His theme was “No Limits” which impacted the unreached and untold with the Gospel to many nations through missionary support. Osteen was considered a “pastor’s pastor” by thousands of pastors, evangelists and church leaders. Ordained a Southern Baptist, he received the baptism in the Holy Spirit in 1958, which revolutionized his ministry into a worldwide outreach for Jesus Christ. He hosted a weekly television show for 16 years. His church was at one time the most mission minded church in the West, supporting hundreds of missionaries.

Osteen received the baptism in the Holy Spirit after being faced with what doctors called an impossible situation. His daughter was born with a cerebral palsy-like condition, for which doctors said there was no hope. Their advice was to institutionalize her. Some ministry brethren, when questioned on whether God could or would still heal, said “absolutely not.” They likened the situation to a “thorn in the flesh” and said “God gave your daughter this disease and there is nothing you can do about it.” Not satisfied, Osteen went to the Assemblies of God office and from there he was directed to a pastor in Pasadena. Their answer was different, saying that God would heal his baby. They ministered the Holy Ghost to him, which revolutionized his ministry.

T. Ernest Angley (1921- )

Angley is an internationally known evangelist based in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Raised Baptist, at 18 years he had a life changing experience with Jesus. He traveled with his wife in the early 1950s with a tent and ministered in healing and salvation. He has a television ministry and holds crusades. Royalty fees of books and songs he has written are directed to take the Gospel around the world.

The ministry has a television station (WBNX-TV 55) in Cleveland. His weekly TV show is aired in the Caribbean, North America, Africa, India, China, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia and the United Kingdom. His ministry complex is what was formerly owned by Rex Humbard (Cathedral of Tomorrow). WBNX operates as a secular TV station (other than Angley’s talk show), and is consistently a top 15 WB affiliate.

U. Rex Humbard (1919- )

Humbard was a well-known American television evangelist whose Cathedral of Tomorrow show was shown on over 600 TV stations at the peak of its popularity. Humbard’s ministry was one of the first to build a ministry utilizing radio and television programming (1952). His church in Cuyahoga Falls seated 5,000 and was designed to do live broadcasts. Most of the ministry complex was purchased 142 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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by Ernest Angley, along with an FCC broadcasting license, which became WBNX-TV. Humbard’s program was especially popular in Brazil in the late 1970s and 1980s, where he packed a giant soccer stadium in Sao Paulo for weeks of meetings.

V. Timothy F. LaHaye (1926- )

LaHaye, an American conservative evangelical minister, author and speaker, is best known for the Left Behind series, apocalyptic fiction, co-written by Jerry B. Jenkins. He pastored Shadow Mountain Community Church, located in San Diego, California, from 1958 to 1983. He founded San Diego Christian College in 1971. He was involved in politics with the Christian Voice in the 1970s and ‘80s, the Council for National Policy, a conservative lobby group, and founded the American Coalition for Traditional Values and Coalition for Religious Freedom in the 1980s. He also founded the Pre-Tribulation Research Center, along with Thomas Ice, in 1998, which produces material that supports a dispensationist, pre-tribulational interpretation of the Bible.

LaHaye’s “Left Behind” book series has been criticized for a "pseudo- psychological” temperament theory and mixing in theology. This theory, that people have temperaments that can be described as sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic, goes back to Hippocrates, with a common temperament theory being the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Too, LaHaye believes that the Illuminati is a secret society of liberals that seeks to undermine "true Christianity" through the media and government.

W. Robert Harold Schuller (1926- )

Schuller is an American televangelist and pastor, best known for his weekly television broadcast, The Hour of Power. Of Dutch ancestry, he was ordained in the Reformed Church in America and started the Garden Grove Community Church in 1955 in the Orange Drive-In Theatre, rented for $500.00. The church was renamed Crystal Cathedral in 1980 and is the denomination’s largest congregation.

Influenced by Norman Vincent Peale, Schuller focuses teachings on the positive aspects of Christianity, encouraging believers to achieve great things through God, as well as using positive thinking. Criticism is the result from some conservative Evangelicals, as well as from his own denomination.

Bill Hybels and Rick Warren, pastors of “seeker sensitive” mega-churches, consider Schuller as having had the most influence on their ministries. The Church Leadership Institute was where both Hybels and Warren found a great passion to pursue their ministries. 143 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Schuller has authored several Christian and self-help books. His son, Robert Anthony, took over the senior pastor position in 2006.

X. Sam Fife ( -1979)

Fife was a Baptist preacher, turned non-denominational Charismatic who started The Move of the Spirit (or Move of God) in the 1960s. Associated with the Pentecostal-Charismatic Latter Rain Movement, the members live in commune- type farms, which are in operation (or were), in several countries (U.S., Canada, Spain, Ireland, Scotland, Great Britain, Australia, Japan, Guatemala, Colombia, and Peru). Too there were some non-communal congregations, called "city bodies", which met in Hong Kong, , Singapore, Sri Lanka, Ecuador, Venezuela, Kenya and South Africa.

Starting in the early 1960s through Sam Fife's ministry at his church in and prayer group in Miami, Fife drew together other ministries who caught his vision of the role of the church in the end times. He began to preach a "Wilderness Message" in the fall of 1971, and in a few years his followers had moved to a number of communal farms, mostly in Canada, Colombia and Alaska.

Following Fife's death, C.E. "Buddy" Cobb, and others carried the message. The Move's traveling ministry is now called the International Ministerial Association (IMA). Fife's vision and teaching on what he called Divine Order took on the form of rules, such as: 1) separation from the world; 2) women wore only dresses; 3) men kept short hair and no beards or moustaches; 4) those interested in marrying had to have permission of their local Elders and “walked it out a year”, similar to courtship. Rules varied from communal farm to communal farm. The Move was criticized due to the doctrine of sinless perfection (perceived as bringing glory to self), with a focus that was on a cycle of sin and guilt rather than on relationship with God and grace.

Y. Harold Lee (Hal) Lindsey (1929- )

Lindsey is an American evangelist and Christian writer, prominent Christian Zionist and dispensationalist author who resides in Palm Springs, California. Converted due to a Gideon New Testament’s placement, he became an avid reader of Scripture. He worked with Campus Crusade for Christ until 1969, when he began work with a mission in southern California until 1976. His first book The Late, Great Planet Earth, was published in 1970 and became one of the best selling works of non-fiction in that decade. It has been published in 54 languages.

Lindsey has broadcast a news program on Trinity Broadcasting Network since 1994, called the International Intelligence Briefing. It was removed for the month 144 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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of December in 2005, considered too inflammatory as it was pro-Israel and anti- Muslim. TBN, at first, said the pre-emption was due to Christmas programming, but later said a secondary reason was placing Arabs in a negative light. Lindsey resigned from TBN January 1, 2006. His new program, The Hal Lindsey Report, is Bible prophecy focused and is carried on Angel One and DayStar networks. January 2007 saw Lindsey returning with his program to TBN, under his own financing.

Z. Paul Cain (1929- )

Cain was associated with the Kansas City Prophets starting in 1987. His meetings were marked by detailed personal prophecy and words that brought supernatural healing. Born in Garland Texas to a mother sick with cancer and tuberculosis, Cain says an angelic visitation to his mother had raised her up, along with fervent family prayers. Youngest of the prominent healing revivalists of the 1940s and ‘50s, his ministry consisted of a large tent as with several other faith healers.

Cain, whose gifting brought notoriety and financial success, became disgusted with corruption he saw that violated what was once a pure movement. He claimed to be challenged by the Lord concerning such excesses in leaders in that movement and he suddenly disappeared from public view. When he reappeared, most healing revivalists were gone as some had died and others moved into retirement. Cain began again to travel, preaching the Gospel while calling the Church back to purity and holiness. Cain’s ministry was interrupted when ministry associate Rick Joyner published a bulletin stating Cain was involved with alcohol and homosexual activity in October, 2004. Submitting to a restoration process and being treated for adrenal cancer and a heart condition, in January of 2007 a report from the restoration group stated that he was progressing and had begun to travel some, but only with a full time member of the restoration team.

AA. Morris Cerullo (1931 - )

Cerullo is an Jewish-Italian born evangelist based in San Diego, California. He was raised in an orthodox Jewish orphanage in Clifton, New Jersey. Having a vision from God, witnessing people suffering in hell, he began to preach at age 16. Many claims of healings are reported by people that had serious medical conditions by the power of prayer. Cerullo conducted Schools of Ministry in Mexico, Brazil, The Philippines, Korea, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Indonesia, The Netherlands, and many others.

During these schools, open air crusades would be held, with many salvations and healings taking place. Cerullo would have the school of ministry students test the genuineness of the reports from the people's testimonies. After these large 145 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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meetings, he would charge the "SOM" students to reach out to their countryman with the same message. Cerullo often stated he was not the healer, but encouraged faith in "the written and the living Word of God." He has been married to his wife, Theresa, for over 50 years. Cerullo still travels as a missionary.

Cerullo purchased Heritage USA from the U.S. Federal Bankruptcy Court in South Carolina in 1990 (former PTL Club), in conjunction with MUI Group from Malaysia. After a dispute over discounts, the Malaysian group bought out Cerullo’s interest. The PTL cable television network remained Cerullo’s and had its name changed to The Inspiration Network, which is run by Cerullo’s son, David (President and CEO). Criticized for his style of fund raising, he was indicted by a Grand Jury for IRS fraud, but no charges were brought. The U.S. District Court, Southern District of California ordered the indictment dismissed as a consequence of the prosecutor’s inaccurate explanation of the Commissioner v. Duberstein ruling to the jury.

Many ministers and pastors from all over the world give thanks to Cerullo for coming to their country and exhorting them into Christian ministry. He is viewed as an apostolic style ministry.

BB. David (Paul) Yonggi Cho (1936- )

Cho, the first born of nine children, was greatly influenced by and trained in , Confucianism and Eastern studies while growing up. His father failed in an elected office, which forced Cho to attend a technical high school to gain skills for a job he would need. Making friends with American soldiers at the base near his school, he learned English and became so proficient that he became an interpreter for the principal of his school and the chief commander at the army base.

At 17 years of age, Cho contracted tuberculosis and almost died. His sister's Christian friend visited him and led Cho to the Lord. Going to his hometown to continue receiving treatment for the disease, he attended a crusade in Pusan that was led by missionary Ken Tize and received healing from God. Cho felt he was called by God to study theology and went to Seoul in 1956 and entered Full Gospel Bible College on a scholarship.

Starting a house church in May of 1958, the home church grew and had a membership of 50 when he put up a tent in the yard. At night, even in winter, church members prayed all night. Growing quickly, the church had some 400 people after three years. Following a short stint in the army and his discharge, a 1,500 seat auditorium was constructed on a plot of ground and opened in November, 1961, only to be outgrown by 1964, with some 3,000 in attendance. 146 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Collapsing under the load of the work in 1965, Cho divided the city of Seoul into 20 zones or cells and began training leaders for each cell to lead worship and Bible study in their homes during the week. Cell leaders then trained assistants and continued to invite in more people, especially their non-believing neighbors. When cell membership grew, it would be split off under the assistant leader and multiply again.

By 1968 the church had grown to 8,000 members. A larger property was purchased and Yoido church began to come into existence, opened in 1973 as a 10,000 seat auditorium. In 1973, Prayer Mountain was instituted, where believers would come and lock themselves into small cubicles for prayer and fasting. It was expanded in 1982 to accommodate 10,000 prayers. It is also now visited by some one million people a year. The church continued its growth, reaching 400,000 in 1984, 700,000 in 1992. The church now establishes satellite churches in other parts of the city, with the goal of planting 5,000 satellite churches and 500 prayer houses. Today Cho’s church, Yoido Full Gospel Church, said to be the largest in the world, numbers somewhere above 850,000 members. While there are many detractors about his teaching and worship practices, they do not appear to be much different from many Charismatic churches, except perhaps more intense.

CC. John Wimber (1934-1997

Wimber was an active part of a Friends Church (Quakers) after his conversion. During this time, he led hundreds of others to convert to Christianity. By 1970, he was leading 11 different Bible study groups that involved more than 500 people. Early on Wimber rejected the "charismatic gifts" as viable for today. He taught at the Fuller Institute of Church Growth for a while and in 1978 he returned to the pastorate at one of the branch churches of Calvary Chapel. He began praying in the 1st year of that pastorate for supernatural healing of his people, with the first occurrence about ten months later. This was the beginning of a "signs and wonders movement." Wimber's church broke from Calvary Chapel in 1982 and joined a small group of churches started by Kenn Gulliksen, known as Vineyard Christian Fellowships.

Wimber joined with C. Peter Wagner to follow an approach called the Third Wave of the Holy Spirit. The Third Wave differed from classic Pentecostalism and the Charismatic movement in their approach to speaking in tongues. Wimber emphasized that tongues was just one of many spiritual gifts taught in the Bible. This teaching revolutionized what was a major theological stumbling block to some mainstream Evangelicals- the demonstration of "signs and wonders" expressed in the present-day world in a form alleged to be like those of the days of the First Century Apostles. Wimber also differed from contemporaries in 147 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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rejection of the Word of Faith movement, and the associated doctrines and showiness. Pursuit of authenticity was core to Wimber's idea of church, reflected in the worship as well.

DD. Anthony (Tony) Campolo (1935- )

Campolo is an American pastor, author, and public speaker who challenges Christians on how their faith can answer complexities in the world. He functions from a liberal political and social attitude. He is a major proponent for progressive thought and reform in the evangelical community, and is a leader of the Christian Left (Evangelical Left).

Campolo is an ordained Baptist minister, who serves as pastor of Mount Carmel Baptist Church in Philadelphia. He was a professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and spiritual adviser to President Bill Clinton during the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Associated with the Democratic Party, he does still oppose abortion and same-sex marriage. Campolo’s wife, Peggy, is a gay rights advocate. On this subject, Campolo says gay people living together in a committed, sexually active relationship, is morally preferable to less than monogamous relationships. Peggy Campolo argues that as an Evangelical, the church's traditional teaching on homosexuality is mistaken.

EE. Jimmy Lee Swaggart (1935- )

Swaggart, 1st cousin to musician/singers Jerry Lee Lewis and Mickey Gilley, are the sons of three sisters and all play the piano. Swaggart, a much watched televangelist in the 1980s, is the son of Pentecostal evangelists. Jimmy preached on the streets and led singing at age nine.

Swaggart became a full-time traveling preacher in 1958 and developed a large revival-meeting following throughout the south. Swaggart began recording gospel music record albums in 1960, played largely on Christian-themed radio stations. By 1969, his radio program, “The Camp Meeting Hour,” was being aired in the Bible Belt over numerous radio stations.

Ordained in the Assemblies of God during the 1970s, Swaggart began to use television as his primary preaching medium and by 1980 was a very popular television preacher, with some 200 stations broadcasting his program; “The Jimmy Swaggart Telecast.” The local congregation Swaggart pastored was some 4,000 strong, along with a printing and mailing production plant, television production facility, recording studio, and at a later date a Bible college.

As with , a sex scandal brought Swaggart down. Swaggart exposed fellow Assemblies of God minister Marvin Gorman in 1986 for an affair with a 148 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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parishoner. The following year, Swaggart exposed Jim Bakker’s sexual indiscretions and appeared on the Larry King Live TV show, extremely critical of Bakker. Gorman then retaliated by hiring a private detective, who followed Swaggart to a Lake Charles, Louisiana motel where he was with a prostitute, Debra Murphree. The private detective took pictures as proof and then Gorman tried to blackmail Swaggart with the photos, though Swaggart refused to pay. Gorman then exposed Swaggart by presenting the pictures to the presbytery leadership of the Assemblies of God. The AOG leadership decided Swaggart should be suspended from broadcasting his television program for three months.

Swaggart tearfully spoke on television to his family, congregation, and audience, saying, "I have sinned against You, my Lord, and I would ask that Your precious blood would wash and cleanse every stain until it is in the seas of God's forgiveness" on February 21, 1988. Four days later, Murprhee, on a New Orleans morning news show, stated that Swaggart was a regular customer, but they had never engaged in intercourse.

Swaggart returned to his television pulpit before the AOG-imposed three-month suspension expired. Believing Swaggart was not genuinely repentant, the AOG immediately removed Swaggart’s credentials and ministerial license. October 11, 1991, Swaggart was found in the company of another prostitute, Rosemary Garcia, by the California Highway Patrol in Indio, California. When Swaggart was back at his church, he simply told his flock that "The Lord told me it's flat none of your business." Donnie, son of Jimmy and Francis, announced that his father would be temporarily stepping down as head of Jimmy Swaggart Ministries for "a time of healing and counseling."

While it was a world-wide multi-million-dollar ministry, Jimmy Swaggart Ministries today is basically the The Jimmy Swaggart Telecast, a radio program called A Study in the Word, SonLife Radio Network, and a relatively small congregation at Family Worship Center in Baton Rouge.

FF. Kenneth Copeland (1936- )

Copeland is founder of Kenneth Copeland Ministries, and a televangelist. Copeland was converted in 1962 and turned his life over to Christian ministry work. He was a pilot for Oral Roberts during the time he attended Oral Roberts University, though he did not finish school. Studying then under Kenneth E. Hagin at Rhema Bible College, his ministry began to grow and in 1979 the Believer’s Voice of Victory had its first television broadcast.

The ministry has offices in Newark, Texas and International Offices in Australia, Africa, Canada, Europe, and the Ukraine. Kenneth and Gloria, his wife, regularly travel and speak at churches and conventions, including their own annual 149 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Believer’s Conventions near Fort Worth, and in other areas of the US and some international locations. The ministry is also involved in reaching prison inmates in 23 countries.

A Word of Faith preacher, the Copelands have impacted many other ministries and churches around the world with the message of faith. They are also heavily involved in supporting other ministries in the nations.

GG. William (Bill) S. Winston

Winston was born in Alabama and attended the Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University). Spending six years as a fighter pilot in the U.S. Air Force, he joined IBM Corporation as a marketing representative. He resigned in 1985 to enter full time ministry.

Today he is Founder and Pastor of Living Word Christian Center, a 15,000- member church located in Forest Park, Illinois. The church has a Bible Training Center, School of Ministry and Missions, the Joseph Business School, Forest Park Plaza shopping mall, and Living Word Christian Academy. Winston hosts the Believer’s Walk of Faith television and radio broadcast, reaching some 80 million households nation-wide and overseas. He is basically a Word of Faith teacher who impacts poor, downtrodden peoples socially, financially, and spiritually.

Pastor Winston is also the Founder and Chairman of The Joseph Center® for Business Development, Chairman of the Board of New Covenant Community Bank, and President of New Covenant Community Development Corporation whose mission is to revitalize communities spiritually and economically.

HH. Zola Levitt (1938 – 2006)

Levitt was a Messianic Jewish preacher who led a strong pro-Israel ministry. Levitt published more than 50 books in several languages and acted as a lecturer and tour host on 80 plus trips to Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Turkey, and the areas of the “Seven Churches”, as well as Mediterranean islands and European capitals.

Levitt’s book, the Seven Feasts of Israel, opened up understanding to the New Covenant Hebrew Feasts and their fulfillment by the death, burial, and resurrection of Messiah, the coming of the Holy Spirit, and the restoration of all Israel at the end of the age. Levitt still has a national TV program, “Zola Levitt Presents”, broadcast on INSP and DayStar networks.

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II. Nicky Cruz (1938- )

Cruz, a Puerto Rican native, was the leader of the Mau-Maus in New York City, when converted during a David Wilkerson crusade at the St. Nicholas Boxing Arena. Cruz was raised in witchcraft and spiritism by his father who was a witch doctor. Always in trouble, he was sent to live with a brother in New York City at age 15. Joining a gang, he quickly became its “warlord” and moved up to president at age 18. David Wilkerson was in Cruz’s neighborhood preaching and Cruz ran into him, exchanged words, and Cruz threatened to kill Wilkerson. Later that day Cruz slapped Wilkerson when he showed up at the gang’s headquarters. Two weeks later, at the Arena, Cruz came under conviction and asked God and Wilkerson to forgive him.

Cruz went the next day to the police and turned in his weapons. Studying the Bible, Cruz became a preacher and went back to his neighborhood, converting some Mau-Maus, including Israel Narvaez, who was the gang’s leader. A book by David Wilkerson and then the 1970s movie, The Cross and the Switchblade, tells Cruz story. Cruz founded a program which helps teens with troubled lives, named Nicky Cruz Outreach, with branches in the U.S., Latin America, and Europe, as well as halfway houses to help rehabilitate drug addicts. Cruz lives in Colorado and continues to minister in several nations.

JJ. James Orsen Bakker (1940- )

Bakker was a former Assemblies of God minister, televangelist, and host with his first wife, Tammy Faye, of the PTL Club. A sex scandal led to his resignation from the ministry and a later accounting fraud brought about imprisonment and divorce.

Originally working with Pat Robertson at Christian Broadcasting Network, the Bakkers contributed greatly to the network and helped The 700 Club to become one of the most successful programs ever. The Bakkers left CBN mid-1970s.

Teaming with Paul and Jan Crouch, the Bakkers created the Praise the Lord show for the then new, Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN). Staying only a year at TBN, the Bakkers then traveled to Charlotte, North Carolina, where they began their own show, The PTL Club. Quickly growing to 100 stations and viewership over 12 million, they established their own network, the PTL Television Network (now Inspiration).

In the early 1980s the Bakkers built Heritage USA in Fort Mill, S. Carolina, a very successful theme park. Contributions from viewers exceeded a million dollars a 151 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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week, with proceeds to expand the theme park and mission of PTL. After the fall of Bakker, Jerry Falwell took control of the PTL.

The Bakkers received salaries (1984 to 1987) of $200,000 each annually with Jim awarding himself over $4,000,000 in bonuses. Assets included expensive houses in Palm Springs, four condos in California. Other extravagances included the spending of $100,000 to fly their clothes cross country. In March of 1987, with threats of the revelation of a payoff to former secretary Jessica Hahn, ($265,000), to keep secret the allegation that Bakker had raped her, Jim Bakker resigned from PTL. Jerry Falwell especially criticized Bakker, calling him a liar, embezzler, sexual deviant, and scab and cancer on the face of Christianity.

Financial irregularities led to another scandal, as Bakker and PTL associates had sold “lifetime memberships, from 1984 to 1987, for $1000.00 or more that entitled the buyers to a three-night stay annually at the luxury hotel at Heritage U.S.A. According to the prosecution at a fraud trial, tens of thousands of memberships had been sold for a 500 room hotel and that Bakker had raised more than twice the money to build the actual hotel. Of this money raised, some went into Heritage USA’s operating expenses and some of the money, $3,700,000, Bakker kept for himself. Two sets of books were kept to conceal the accounting irregularities.

Bakker was indicted for fraud, tax evasion, and racketeering. In 1989, after the trial, a judge sentenced Bakker to 45 years in federal prison. Richard Dortch, senior VP of PTL, associate pastor of Heritage Village Church, and former Illinois State Superintendent of the Assemblies of God, also went to prison. Other televangelists, Jimmy Swaggart, Peter Popoff, and Robert Tilton were affected in reputation and other scandals were also uncovered. Dortch has said that pride, arrogance, and secrets led to the scandals. While most people never face temptations on the same scale, he said, the ingredients are the same as in seemingly smaller failures. Dortch said the men in PTL's leadership felt they were above accountability, that they felt specially called by God and accountable only to Him. He said they did not plan the scandal, but that it was the natural result of living for oneself rather than for God.

A federal appeals court uphold Bakker's conviction on the fraud and conspiracy charges, but voided Bakker's long sentence, as well as the $500,000 fine, ordering a new sentencing hearing be held in 1991. At that hearing, Bakker was sentenced to 18 years in prison. Bakker was granted parole for good behavior in 1993, after serving almost five years. While some found themselves still critical, in 1995 Bakker addressed a Christian leadership conference where 10,000 clergymen cheered and gave him a 15-minute standing ovation, much to the surprise of Bakker, who thought they would “spit” on him.

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In January 2003, Bakker began broadcasting from Branson, Missouri as the New Jim Bakker Show at Studio City Café with his second wife, Lori Graham Bakker. He denounced his past teachings on prosperity, saying they were wrong. Inhis book, I Was Wrong, he revealed that in reading the Bible all the way through (the first time), he realized he had taken certain passages out of context to back up his prosperity theology teachings.

KK. Reinhard Willi Gottfried Bonnke (1940- )

Born in East Germany, Bonnke and his wife went to Maseru, Lesotho, South Africa, to serve as missionaries in 1969. Spending seven years in Maseru, Bonnke felt the call to evangelism strong and with repeated miracles and moves of the Spirit, literally millions have come to Christ through his ministry. Having a vision of a “blood washed Africa,” he took hold of the vision and began to speak and live it out. Forming Christ for all Nations (CfaN) in 1974, a harvest of souls began to take place.

Following the Word from the Lord, Bonnke rented a stadium in Gaberone, Botswana, for a city-wide Gospel Crusade. He trusted God for a miracle in finances, but many churches declined to participate. With only one small fellowship participating, the first meeting had only 100 people there. Preaching as if to a full crowd, suddenly a man jumped to his feet and hollered, “I’ve just been healed.” Others began to shout out the same thing and joyous praise burst forth. News that God was doing miracles spread across the city and by the last meeting Bonnke was preaching to a packed stadium. Thousands repented, hundreds were healed and thousands were baptized in the Holy Spirit.

Soon Bonnke was using a yellow tent and the ministry grew. Before long a larger tent, seating 34,000 was purchased, with thousands coming to Christ in the meetings. At Blantyre, Malawi, the big tent could not begin to hold the 150,000 that attended a single meeting. Over 28,000,000 souls came to Christ in that era, documented by decision cards which were given to churches for follow up.

With no tent large enough, open-air crusades became the way meetings were held. At one such meeting in Lagos, Nigeria, over 1.6 million people came with some six million in five days of services. The ministry has touched people in Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, India, and several crusades in South America. .

LL. Ruth Ward Heflin (1940 - 2000)

Heflin was a Christian minister in the nations for nearly 40 years. In 1997 she returned to the United States due to some revival movements. She pastored Calvary Pentecostal Campground in Ashland, Virginia, as well as Mount Zion 153 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Fellowship in Jerusalem, an international prayer ministry in Jerusalem, which celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1997. Heflin was criticized for supporting Silvania Machado, who supposedly shed gold dust (actually plastic film/glitter without gold content), and fragrant oil. She was also involved with the “gold teeth” replacements in the 1990s.

Heflin was recognized for a prophetic anointing, revelation and the ability to teach and lead people into spontaneous worship. She ministered to heads of state and leaders throughout the world, hosting Prayer Breakfasts for two U.S. Presidential Inaugurations, attended by many members of Congress as well as international ambassadors and leaders. She was a gospel songwriter. Four of her books are being used as handbooks for revival.

MM. John C. Hagee (1940- )

Hagee is senior pastor of Cornerstone Church in San Antonio, Texas which has some 18,000 members. Head of John Hagee Ministries, he broadcasts on national radio and television to some 99 million homes weekly. His broadcasts are also seen in Canada, as well as Africa, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and most developing nations.

Hagee received his theological training at the Assemblies of God school in Waxahachie. He received an Honorary Doctorate from Oral Roberts University and another from Netanya Academic College in Israel. He serves also on the Board of Regents at ORU. He has been a strong supporter of Israel, founding Christians United for Israel in 2006, which has legal standing to lobby Congress for support for Israel.

The 5,000 seat Cornerstone Church was dedicated on October 4, 1987, by Dr. W.A. Criswell of Dallas, Texas. Hagee, as a proponent of support of Israel, ministers on the truth concerning the Palestinian people, whom he says have no claim to the land they have been trying to take away from Israel since Israel became a nation again in May of 1948. Hagee supports a preemptive strike by Israel against her enemies. He denounces abortion and stopped giving money to Israel’s Hadassah hospital when they began performing abortions. Hagee is founder and Executive Director of “A Night to Honor Israel”, an event to express Christian/Jews solidarity on behalf of Jerusalem, Israel, and the U.S. Besides his radio and television work and pastoring the church, he is a prolific writer.

NN. Jerry Savelle

Savelle is pastor, with his wife Carolyn, of Heritage of Faith Christian Center in Crowley, Texas. He is known for “talking people into winning,” and is the founder 154 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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of Jerry Savelle Ministries International. Since 1969 Savelle has been motivating people to not give up. He has ministered in more than 3000 churches and 26 nations, and has overseas offices in Botswana, South Africa, Tanzania, United Kingdom, Singapore, Australia, Canada, with his USA headquarters in Crowley, Texas. Savelle is author of more than 40 books, including his bestsellers, If Satan Can’t Steal Your Joy, He Can’t Keep Your Goods. He heads up a ministry to bikers, Thunder Over Texas.

OO. Pauline Joyce Meyer (1943 - )

Meyer is an internationally known Charismatic author, television and radio speaker who lives with her husband Dave in Fenton, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. Meyer was molested by her father, soon after he returned from WWII. Graduating from O’Fallon Technical High School, she married a part-time care salesman. Her husband frequently cheated on her and persuaded her to steal payroll checks from her employer. After divorcing her husband, she met current husband Dave, and they have been married some 40 years.

Praying intensely while driving to work one morning in 1976, she heard God call her name. Drunk on the love of God, she spoke in tongues that day and began leading an early-morning Bible class at a local cafeteria and became active in Life Christian Center, a Charismatic church in Fenton. Within a few years, Meyer was the church's associate pastor. She resigned in 1985 and founded her own ministry, initially called "Life in the Word." She began airing her radio show on six other stations from Chicago to Kansas City. Dave suggested they start a television ministry in 1993, which initially aired on Superstation WGN-TV in Chicago. Her program, now called "Enjoying Everyday Life," reaches a large audience.

In late 2000, she opened the "St. Louis Dream Center," a social service outreach and ministry in the O'Fallon Park section of St. Louis. Time magazine listed Meyer in their 25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America, ranking her as 17th in 2005. Meyer teaching frequently is about overcoming obstacles and finding strength to deal with difficult circumstances. She shares her views on how to deal with everyday life situations, often drawing on her own experiences. Speaking candidly and with a sense of humor, she shares her own shortcomings and takes playful jabs at stereotypical church behavior. Meyer has been criticized for a lavish lifestyle and private jet, as with several other Word of Faith proponents. She says she does not have to defend her spending habits because "there’s no need for us to apologize for being blessed."

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch wrote some disparaging articles about Meyer, which were challenged by the ministry. After considerable discussion, the paper wrote a 577 word correction of the articles. The primary facts of the report have not been 155 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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disputed. This report became the basis for a Senate investigation of Meyer and other "prosperity gospel" preachers by Sen. Charles Grassley, R-Iowa.

Senator Grassley announced an investigation by the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. He asked for the ministry to divulge financial information to determine if Meyer made any personal profit from financial donations, citing such expenses as a $23,000 commode, a $30,000 conference table and requested that Meyer's ministry make the information available by December 6, 2007. Meyer’s has explained the gross misrepresentation of the commode and conference talbe when a selling agent placed the value of 68 pieces of furniture on the two items. Annual reports showed that 82% of expenses were for “outreach and program services toward reaching people with the Gospel of Jesus Christ, as attested by independent accounting firm Stanfield & O'Dell, LLP."

The investigation was seen as a “fishing expedition”, as the committee also aimed to scrutinize five other televangelists: Benny Hinn, Kenneth Copeland, Eddie L. Long, Paula White, and Creflo Dollar. An October 10, 2007 letter from the Internal Revenue Service stated, "We determined that you [Joyce Meyer Ministries] continue to qualify as an organization exempt from Federal income tax under IRC section 501(c)(3)."

PP. Gerald Coates (1944- )

Coates was born in Woking, Surrey and had a nominal Anglican upbringing. Born again at an early age, it was at 17 that he had a severe motorcycle accident that resulted in his rededication to the Lord. He joined the Plymouth Brethren church in Cobham, and had a Pentecostal experience while riding his bicycle at age 23.

The Pentecostal experience was too much for the Brethren and they asked Coates and his bride Anona to leave. A spontaneous gathering started in their home which 35 years later is the church in the Cobham/Leatherhead area, based in The Theatre, Leatherhead, Surrey as a base for the arts, Christian networks and community. This Pioneer network has spawned about 100 Charismatic evangelical New Churches and hundreds more around the world. The New Church Movement, has planted nearly 2,500 churches in the UK in those years, numbering around 250,000. Around 20% of all evangelicals are now in New Churches.

QQ. Mike Murdock (1946 - )

Dr. Murdock, founder of the Mike Murdock Evangelistic Association, founded in 1973 at Lake Charles, Louisiana, has traveled and spoken in 36 countries. His weekly television program, “Wisdom Keys with Mike Murdock”, is seen on about 50 stations from to Hawaii, with a potential of 72 million viewing 156 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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households.

Murdock is a motivational speaker and is controversial for his perceived over- emphasis on money. He preaches a “seed-faith theology” (Word-Faith), teaching which claims that for someone to receive anything at all from God, her or she must first donate money, known as a seed-faith offering.

RR. Rick Joyner

Joyner heads MorningStar Ministries, co-founded with his wife Julie in 1985, as well as being the pastor of MorningStar Fellowship Church in Fort Mill, South Carolina. Equipping future leaders and work in relationship with current leaders to prepare and strengthen the church for the last days, as well as the Great Commission of Matthew 28 are the focus of the ministry. Many of the 30+ books he has written are focused on the prophetic ministry of the modern church. MorningStar purchased part of the Heritage USA complex, including the Heritage Hotel, for a conference and ministry center. He was formerly involved with the Kansas City Prophets movement.

SS. Jesse Duplantis (1949- )

Duplantis is the Senior Pastor of Covenant Church and founder of Jesse Duplantis Ministries in Destrehan, Louisiana. A Cajun, he played in a back-up rock band before being born again, Labor Day weekend in 1974. Duplantis has traveled throughout the world as an itinerant evangelist since 1978. The ministry has offices in the United Kingdom and Australia. He has TV programs on TBN, Daystar, and LeSEA, in addition to ABC, NBC, and CBS.

Duplantis' books have been translated into thirteen languages, including Braille, and are distributed and sold worldwide. The ministry is an evangelistic ministry dedicated to reaching people and changing lives with the Gospel. Jesse is known for his humor in delivery of the Gospel message.

TT. Lonnie Frisbee (1950- )

Frisbee was of the “hip” (late 1960s-‘70s) generation, a hippy preacher and was influential in both Calvary Chapels and Vineyards. While some have said that he practiced homosexuality and died of aids, much of his contribution has been devalued. Frisbee was influenced by Kathryn Kuhlman.

UU. Bob Weimer

Bob Weimer was instrumental in the Maranatha Christian Movement, and was criticized in the 1970s and ‘80s, mostly due to a highly authoritarian structure, 157 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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with some accusations that MCM was a cult. This was due to some former members reporting behavior similar to cults that recruited college students during that time. Maranatha began in 1971 at Murray State University in Kentucky as the "Maranatha House," an outreach of a California-based ministry called "Global Missions."

In November, 1989, with some years of private conflict about the governance structure of the movement, Maranatha's board decided to disband the organization. Officially the board said they were uncomfortable with the group's denomination-like structure, though there had been intense criticism from the secular and Christian press, as well as former members and college administrators. Members were freed to be independent entirely or to voluntarily associate with whomever they chose. Local churches were told they were free to continue independently and a few survived, changing their names for their new identities.

The Weimers founded Maranatha Churches and Campus Ministries, which now has locations on 150 campuses in 20 nations. In the last 10 years, they trained some 50,000 youth in Russia for ministry, covering all training expenses. Through this phase of ministry, God has saved hundreds of thousands of youth, and established churches and cell groups by the thousands. In China, Maranatha has placed over 3 million Bibles and recruited over 100 American missionaries to serve Chinese college students as teachers of English and to reach Chinese youth. In India, Maranatha held a huge congress for students, with over 100,000 applications, with 12,400 accepted. Eight thousand students were filled with the Holy Spirit and 6,000 committed to full time ministry after graduation.

VV. Rick Renner

Renner Ministries actually started in a high school hallway, where a Spirit-filled young man of only 14 would preach to his classmates on the way to the next class. With many salvations, a Bible study was formed with Renner teaching them to be bold in sharing their faith. He went to the University of Oklahoma after high school graduation, studying Ancient Greek, Journalism, and Mass Communication. It was a vision in 1974 that directed him in his study choices.

In April of 1977, he used the Greek language and Greek tools to teach the Word of God in a public setting. Receiving illumination from the Spirit on Bible words and truths, he used these truths from the Greek New Testament to minister widely in the U.S. before committing to plant a church in Red Square, the heart of Moscow, in 1991. Finding favor at every turn, the church is grew quickly and the TV broadcast of services is seen in Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Georgia, and large parts of Russia, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Lithuania, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Siberia. Rick Renner 158 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Ministries now has offices in Tulsa, Oklahoma; Oxford, England; Moscow, Russia; and Kiev, Ukraine.

Renner founded the Riga Good News Church and is founder and Senior Pastor of the Moscow Good News Church, one of the largest and fastest-growing Protestant churches in Moscow and throughout Russia. He is also founder and President of the Good News Association of Churches and Ministries for Russia, Latvia, and the Ukraine, as well as founder and President of the Moscow Good News Seminary. A humanitarian effort is ongoing with Renner’s ministry in distributing vitamins monthly to thousands of pensioners in Moscow and is also involved in prison ministry, in orphanages, and in feeding the hungry.

IX. MINISTERS WHO IMPACTED- LATE 20TH CENTURY

It is hard to draw a dividing line between mid and late 20th Century ministries, as some fit very nicely into those measurements, while others are/were viable late into the 20th Century, and started before the middle of it. What we have done here is to simply divide out, based roughly on the birth date of 1950, for our purposes of communicating ministers and ministries that had impact of a later time.

Again, not all ministers or ministries of impact in this Century will be listed. As with the previous time frames, some of these ministers will have negative things in their short mention. We do not put down these ministers, but point out that the Holy Spirit uses whom He will (2Ti.2:20; 2Co.4:7). Each of these ministers God used to advance His plan.

A. Tofik Benedictus "Benny" Hinn (born 1952- )

Hinn is a televangelist, best known for his regular "Miracle Crusades" (faith healing summits), that are usually held in large stadiums in major cities. Benny Hinn was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, to a Grecian father and Armenian mother. He was raised within the Eastern Orthodox Church. Hinn was socially isolated and handicapped by a severe stammer, but was nonetheless a first-class student. His attendance of a Kathryn Kuhlman service in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1973 and he cited her as a great influence in his life. He founded the Orlando Christian Center in 1983, which had some 10,000 in attendance at its peak. He set Clint Brown in the pastorate in 1999 and moved to Grapevine, Texas.

Hinn is flamboyant, theatrical and sometimes controversial in ministry, with miracle crusade events seeing congregations slain in the Spirit en masse, with healings of various diseases, some of which are known to be incurable by medical knowledge. These crusades are often seen as he hosts his “This is Your Day” program on various Christian television networks, including Trinity Broadcasting Network, Daystar Television Network, Revelation TV, Vision TV, 159 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Inspiration Network, and The God Channel. These meetings often have attendance reaching over 100,000. His teaching at these meetings is basically Word of Faith, with an emphasis on healing. Besides the television ministry and crusades, Hinn is a prolific writer.

In March 2005, a group called Ministry Watch (evangelical organization which reviews Christian ministries for financial transparency and efficiency) advised that "the reported exorbitant spending of the Hinn family reveals that BHM has far more money than it needs to carry out its ministry" and advised Christians to "prayerfully consider withholding contributions to Benny Hinn" and to pray for his restoration and repentance.

The charges came due to the expensive home Hinn has (estimated value $8.5 million) in Dana Point, California. Too, his ministry’s ownership and use of a private jet and use of hotel rooms said to be in excess of $3,000 per night. However, the criticism of having a jet is leveled at several Word of Faith teachers. Though Benny Hinn Ministries is not a member of the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability, it is audited by a private CPA firm and meets all the requirements of the Internal Revenue Service of the U.S.

B. Bill Hybels (1952- )

Hybels is the founding senior pastor of Willow Creek Community Church in South Barrington, Illinois. Numerous ministries have made it one of the most attended and followed churches in America, with average attendance of 17,115 per week, as of 2003.

Hybels instituted the Willow Creek Association of seeker sensitive churches, and is an author of many leadership books. Hybels start in the seeker sensitive mode came from a vision of an Acts-2 based church. Starting a youth group at Park Ridge’s South Park Church with his friend, Dave Holmbo, they used skits, music, and multimedia with Bible studies that communicated with young people to grow the group from 25 to 1,200 in three years (1974). Surveying the community, they used answers to shape the groups approach to a new church.

October 12, 1975 was the first service with 125 in attendance. Within two years the church had brown to 2,000. In 1981 the church moved to its current location. By the year 2000, some 15,000 are in attendance weekly. In 1991 the concern about losing community led to adoption of a cell group approach. There are at this writing some 2,600 groups focused on a broad range of needs. The church now has four weekend services that are seeker-sensitive and a midweek service to provide teaching for believers. Gene Appel is now the lead pastor of the church.

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The Willow Creek Association (seeker sensitive churches) has grown to 11,000 worldwide, which is where Hybels places his emphasis. A “market driven philosophy” with similarities to that of Walmart has been debated considerably. The emphasis is on unconventional worship styles and peoples felt needs.

Hybels started the Global Leadership Summit in 1995 to provide training for church, ministry and other leaders to sharpen their skills. Unconventional (for church conferences) speakers have included Bono (lead UW singer), Ken Blanchard (of One Minute Manager fame), Marcus Buckingham (StrengthFinders), Jim Collins (Great to Great), and Mike Singletary (of National Football’s Chicago Bears fame).

C. Kent Hovind (1953- )

Hovind is an evangelist and Young Earth creationist. His creation science seminars use humor and aim to convince listeners to believe in creation and reject evolution. Scientists and even some Young Earth creationist organizations criticize him for using discredited or false arguments. Hovind is currently serving a ten-year term in Federal Corrections for tax offenses, obstructing federal agents and related charges.

In 1975 Hovind became an assistant pastor and teacher at three private Baptist schools and in 1980 he opened a Baptist school and started his Creation Science Evangelism with no academic background in science. He spoke to hundreds of churches, private schools, and other venues. Besides his public speaking he did a show that ran on HBO and other ventures, such as Dinosaur Adventure Land started in 2001. The IRS said Hovind derived what were substantial revenues personally and accordingly charged him with tax evasion, based upon deposits to bank accounts in excess of one million dollars a year.

D. John Arnott

Arnott is the pastor of the Airport Vineyard that experienced an outpouring of the Spirit, beginning January 20, 1994. Arnott and his wife had been seeking the Lord for a fresh anointing. They had been impacted by the ministry of Kathryn Kuhlman, John Wimber, and Benny Hinn, but wanted something besides mountain-top experiences. About a year before the outpouring, the Arnotts were at Rodney Howard-Browne meetings, but was looking for healing and salvation, not just some manifestations. Late 1993, they traveled to Argentina where the meetings conducted by Claudio Freidzon were experiencing the presence of God. It seemed there was a “click” of faith there.

Arnott decided to start a monthly healing meeting in their church. The first meeting, scheduled for January 30, 1994, was preempted by the Holy Spirit, 161 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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when Randy Clark, who was scheduled for 4 meetings starting January 20, came and the "the Lord fell on us powerfully there," with meetings continuing for months.

Many pastors and other people on the verge of giving up have been refreshed by the move of the Spirit in Toronto. People fell in love with the Lord all over again, and the whole church seemed to be catching fire. The Arnotts had once been at a meeting in which the speaker, Paul Cain, said he had a word for "a John and Carol from Canada." Through the word shared John realized that his mind had been offended by the things of the Spirit. They had been making general rules at their church which were hindering the Spirit of God. These rules were their attempt to keep things tidy and presentable.

Speaking of the move of the Spirit at Airport Vineyard in Toronto, Arnott testified that "when some of these things first came to our church, it sort of shut down our office. For the first three days, our receptionist could not talk. Then, after that, she could only speak in tongues. But she got so filled, the joy of the Lord just transformed her and her husband John, our sound man, and their kids. He just got so drunk, drunk, drunk.

E. Larry Stockstill (1953 - )

Stockstill is the pastor of Bethany World Prayer Center, a mega-church located in a Baton Rouge, Louisiana suburb, since 1983. His father, Roy Stockstill, founded the church in 1963.

Stockstill attended Oral Roberts University and then he and his wife, Melanie, moved to West Africa and served as missionaries in Nigeria and Ghana. Returning to the U.S. in 1978, they joined the pastoral staff at Bethany. He became the pastor in 1983 when the elder Stockstill retired. Under Larry Stockstill, the church increased from 2,000 to 5,500 members two years later. Bethany continues to grow, with other branch churches active in the Baton Rouge area. Mission was a cornerstone of the church from its establishment. Each year the giving to mission increased and some three million dollars were given in support of missionaries/mission works in 2003. Bethany supports over 50 ministries and 2 local nonprofit organizations, and has planted 800 churches around the world through the Global 12 Project in 2003 alone, and over 1,200 churches in 35 nations since the beginning of the project in 2001.

Bethany emphasizes small group involvement for its 10,000+ members, transitioning in 1993 from a program-based church to a cell church. Members now meet weekly in small groups in homes throughout the city and surrounding area. The cell group ministry began with 54 cells and now has 1,371 cell groups with 6,142 members. 162 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Pastor Stockstill is president of Heartbeat of Louisiana, a coalition of pro-life ministers and serves on the board of directors of Global Strategy Missions Association, a fellowship of missions-oriented local churches linked together for the purpose of world evangelization. He is also on the board of directors for Church Growth International in Seoul, Korea. Stockstill hosts two television programs: “Lifeline with Larry Stockstill” and “Encounter with Larry Stockstill.”

Stockstill was head of a Pastoral oversight board of disgraced pastor Ted Haggard, the former pastor of New Life Church in Colorado. Haggard confessed to sexual immorality, though he claimed he is not gay and did not engage in homosexual conduct, according to the Pastoral oversight board. In a news conference after the service, the head of the oversight board, Pastor Stockstill said Haggard's admission that he received a massage from a gay man was enough grounds for the board to remove him.

F. Mike Bickle

Bickle resigned from his successful Metro Christian Fellowship (3,000 membership- founded in 1982), in May of 1999 to start the International House of Prayer. IHOP was untried and unproven, but today it is an ongoing, 24-hour-a- day prayer ministry. Recruitment of people to pray is by challenging people to raise their own support, change their occupation, and spend time, day and night, with fasting, in worship and prayer to change cities and nations. Each participant worships some 50 hours a week, some playing an instrument and leading intercessory worship for hours at a time. It is an effort to change the failure to emphasize prayer in the American Protestant church.

The style is unorthodox, as far as worship or intercession is concerned. In a 200- seat prayer room, there are musicians playing, singers singing, prayers praying, and others partaking in quiet activities. Psalms are often the basis of the singing, with readers who read and then singers who sing back the verse(s). Dry-erase boards hold a host of personal needs up to world problems. Worship and singing ebbs and flows, with from 20 to 200 people in prayer or worship at the same time. One session transitions into the next, with instrumentalists, singers, prayer leaders and prayer emphasis changing, but not the worship and intercession. The focus of the intercession is not warring against negatives, but connecting with God through worship in agreement with His Kingdom purposes. Leaders in other cities have been inspired to set up like works, namely in San Diego, Dallas and Chicago.

G. Peter Youngren (1955- )

Youngren is a Christian evangelist whose ministry is frequently associated with 163 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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miraculous healings. He moved to North America in his late teen years. For some 30 years Youngren has led evangelistic festivals in North America and in 85 countries of the world. Forming World Impact Ministries in 1976, an organization that carries out mission work, crowds of up to 600,000 have attended single services, with over 5 million responding for salvation. Too, some 235,000 pastors and leaders have attended Youngren’s leadership seminars.

Youngren is president and founder of World Impact Bible Institute in Ontario, and Niagara Celebration Church, started in 1990 as Word of Life Church. Youngren also started Toronto International Celebration Church in 2000.

H. Rod Parsley (1957- )

Parsley is a televangelist and pastor of World Harvest Church, a Pentecostal mega-church in Columbus, Ohio. Parsley also founded and is president of The Center for Moral Clarity. His "Breakthrough" telecast is seen on TBN, DayStar, INSP, and other Christian stations and cable outlets. He is a social conservative and frequent critic of liberal positions on social issues.

Parsley started Sunset Chapel in 1977 with a 17-person Bible study, which later became Word of Life Church in Canal Winchester, Ohio. World Harvest Church has grown extensively and has a 400-person staff. Parsley also founded World Harvest Bible College, which studies in the church's first facility that was built in 1979.

I. Marilyn Hickey

Hickey was born-again while a teenager. A public high school teacher, she was challenged in her commitment by her to-be husband, Wallace, who led her toward the Pentecostal experience. They pastored the Orchard Road Christian Center in Denver. Some say that the Hickeys are at the conservative end of the prosperity Gospel. They do present a strong born-again salvation message and are not outlandish in their living.

Hickey’s television program, "Today With Marilyn" is seen regularly on the Trinity Broadcasting Network, the Black Entertainment Television network, and other various local channels around the world. Hickey has offices near Denver, Colorado, as well as in England, South Africa and Australia. Founder of the Word to the World College, (formerly known as the "Marilyn Hickey Bible College"), she is on the board of directors at David (Paul) Yonggi Cho’s ministry and the chairman of the Board of Regents of Oral Roberts University.

164 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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J. Kim Clement (1956- )

Clement was born in South Africa and while strung out on drugs, stabbed in the chest and dying, was converted to Christianity. From 1976 to 1978 he was pastor of music and youth ministry pastor at various churches. He was also a counselor at a drug rehab center. He also worked with mentally handicapped children. Kim worked in South Africa, co-founding and building the first non-racial church, The Lyric Christian Center, in a nation that had been torn by aparteid. This church, established with Dr. Fred Roberts, welcomed all races to worship God together.

Attending Christ for the Nations school in 1981, he traveled the U.S. ministering there as well as returning to the Durban Christian Center in South Africa, 5 times, to assist in that church. Kim now lives in Detroit, Michigan with his family and there began “The Warriors of the New Millennium” which reaches out to wounded people within the city and the U.S. He is also considered a prophet by some.

K. Richard D. Warren (1954- )

Warren is the founding and senior pastor of Saddleback Church, founded in 1980 with some 22,000 weekly attendees today. He is author of many Christian books, including the best selling (other than the Bible) hardback book of all time; over 25 million copies have been sold. His The Purpose Driven Life book is a manual for the accomplishment of God’s plan to reach the world using the ordinary believer. Forbes magazine called it, “The best book on entrepreneurship, management, and leadership in print.” His six books are said to explain theology in layman’s language and have been translated into more than 50 languages.

Warren has an earned Doctorate and several honorary Doctorates. He has lectured in several Universities and has spoken to many foreign councils, including the United Nations. Named one of America’s Top 25 Leaders in 2005 by U.S. News and World Report and was elected by TIME magazine as one of 15 World Leaders Who Matter Most in 2004. Newsweek called him one of “15 People Who Make America Great.”

Warren and his wife Kay donate 90% of their income through three foundations: Acts of Mercy, Equipping the Church, and The Global P.E.A.C.E. Fund, each of which are efforts to change the situation for thousands of people.

More than 400,000 pastors and church leaders around the world have attended seminars or conferences where Warren and other pastors have shared their practices to be more effective in fulfilling the Great Commission and the Great Commandment. The term “Purpose Driven” refers to these pastors' attempt to 165 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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balance the five purposes of Worship, Fellowship, Discipleship, Ministry, and Evangelism in their churches. Christian leaders in 162 countries have or are using materials from this movement.

In 2005, Warren was asked by Rwandan President Paul Kagame to help his country become a "Purpose-Driven nation". Saddleback church members went in small groups to initiate a national strategy, along with some 600 Rwandan churches, as well as leaders in parliament and business leaders of the nation.

Warren's books have been criticized by some Christian groups, citing 1) distortion of the Gospel; 2) employing questionable tactics (New Age teachings); 3) accuracy of the Gospel presentation; 4) accuracy of biblical exegesis; 5) various unbiblical teachings. However a significant majority of evangelical teachers agree with Warren’s presentation. Some of the criticism comes from the fact that Warren is inclusive beyond his Southern Baptist roots, welcoming all into his training programs. Warren says he sticks to the essentials of the faith and focuses on loving people into the Kingdom of God. Warren has had no problem being associated with Word of Faith teachers and preachers.

L. Brian Houston (1954- )

Houston is currently the Senior Pastor of Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia, Australia's largest congregation with a current membership of over 21,000 people. He is also the National President of Australian Christian Churches, the largest Pentecostal denomination in Australia. The denomination is the Australian organization of the Assemblies of God.

Born in , New Zealand, to Salvation Army officers “ his parents joined the Assemblies of God in New Zealand and began pastoring an AOG church in Lower Hutt, near Wellington, New Zealand. After moving to Sydney, Australia in 1978, Houston served at the Sydney Christian Life Centre in Darlinghurst, where he was assistant pastor to his father, Frank. In 1980 he started a church on the Central Coast (New South Wales) and revived a church in Liverpool, New South Wales in 1981. In 1983 Houston saw a need in Sydney's north-western suburbs and started a new church in the hired Baulkham Hills Public School named the Hills Christian Life Centre. Started in August of 1983 with an initial congregation of 45 people, some 21,000 are members today of Hillsong Church.

Houston has written 21 books and has churches in London, Kiev and . The Hillsong Television program is broadcast in over 180 nations, featuring Hillsong Music and teaching by Brian Houston. Hillsong Music Australia has produced live praise and worship albums that are sung in churches around the world. Hillsong's Worship Pastor, Darlene Zschech and other members of the worship team, have become internationally renowned for their songwriting and anointed worship 166 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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leading.

M. Jay Alan Sekulow (1956- )

Sekulow is the Chief Counsel for the American Center for Law and Justice (ACLJ), an international public interest law firm and educational organization. His legal work for Jews for Jesus brought about his first appearance before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1987. The victory won the right for the organization to distribute pamphlets in airports.

Becoming director of ACLJ in 1990, the organization was founded by Pat Robertson to counterbalance the American Civil Liberties Union, a leftist organization that attempts to stop religious groups/individuals from exercising their rights as believers in the U.S.

Landmark cases won by Sekulow: 1) cleared the way for public school students to form Bible clubs and religious organizations on their school campuses; 2) defended the free speech rights of religious groups, ensuring that they be treated equally with respect to the use of public facilities; 3) ensured the constitutional rights of young people, guaranteeing minors can participate in political campaigns.

Outside of the 20th Century, (April, 2007) the Supreme Court handed Sekulow another win in the Partial Birth Abortion cases, ruling 5-4 that the Congressional ban on the Partial Birth Abortion procedure was constitutional.

N. Tommy Tenney (1956- )

Tenney grew in popularity in recent years, particularly because of his book, "The God Chasers." Filled with the Spirit at age 16 in the United Pentecostal Church, he spent some ten years pastoring before leaving the UPC in 1992, citing their strict stance on holiness codes and condemnatory attitude towards those who do not adhere to all of the holiness code. Too, he disagreed with the rule that disallows pastors from owning television stations. Some claim that he left over the Oneness versus Trinity teaching.

A significant moment came in Tenney’s life in 1996. He was a guest speaker at Christian Tabernacle in Houston. The pastor, Richard Heard, had taken the stage and Tenney had retreated to the back of the auditorium, sensing something about to happen. Without warning, “a loud cracking sound jolted the audience. At that same instant the church’s acrylic pulpit split in half and fell on the carpet with a thud”, with Pastor Heard thrown several feet backward. The acrylic pulpit’s condition was remarkable, and there was, in the words of J. Lee Grady (Charisma Magazine editor), “no logical explanation for what happened . . .” The 167 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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company that manufactured the pulpit said it was made of a polymer material that isn’t supposed to crack even under hundreds of pounds of pressure.”

Tenney said there was a “tangible presence of God” after the event, which traumatized him so much that he said, “it messes me up when I talk about it. I cry for days after I do, so that’s why I decided to write about it”, thus bringing into existence the “God Chasers” book.

O. Ted Arthur Haggard (1956- )

Haggard was born again in a meeting where Bill Bright ministered, in Dallas, Texas, and subsequently attended ORU in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He became associate pastor at Bethany World Prayer Center in 1984, later moving to Colorado Springs, to start a church in his basement. Growing into rented space in strip malls and then into a large facility, the church was reported to have some 14,000 members at the time of Haggard’s removal from the pastorate of New Life Church.

Haggard, former pastor of New Life Church in Colorado Springs, Colorado, resigned in November, 2006, under allegations of homosexual connections and drug abuse. He was exposed by Mike Jones, a former male prostitute. Haggard initially denied knowing Jones, but after a media investigation, he acknowledged some allegations, such as the purchase of methamphetamines, and later added sexual immorality to his confession.

Haggard developed ministry efforts towards homosexuals early in his Colorado Springs ministry. He frequented gay bars and invited men to his congregation. After the scandal was known, Haggard spent three weeks in intensive counseling, overseen by four ministers, including Pastors Tommy Barnett and Jack Hayford. Pronounced completely heterosexual, he was still removed from the pastorate, and moved to Phoenix, Arizona, where he attends Barnett’s church.

P. Brian D. McLaren (1956- )

McLaren is a controversial voice in the emerging church movement and is recognized as one of Time Magazines "25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America." Founding pastor of Cedar Ridge Community Church in Spencerville, Maryland, he is also a musician and songwriter. He taught English and consulted in higher education, but left academia in 1986 to found a nondenominational church in the Baltimore area.

McLaren has been active in networking and mentoring church planters and pastors since mid-1980's, assisting in development of several new churches. In 168 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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spite of intense criticism by Evangelical leaders, he is a popular speaker for campus groups and retreats and a frequent guest lecturer at seminaries and conferences, nationally and internationally. McLaren is on the international steering team and board of directors for Emergent Village; a growing, generative friendship among Missional Christian leaders, and serves as a board member for Sojourners and "Orientacion Cristiana".

McLaren has authored several books, including "A New Kind of Christian" trilogy, which deals with Christianity from the context of the cultural shift towards postmodernism. A proponent of the Emergent Church Movement, which rejects what emerging Christians perceive to be the influence of Modernism in the Evangelical church, his epistemology allows him to approach faith from a more Jewish perspective. This perspective allows faith to exist without objective, propositional truth to believe in. He also creates an antithesis between personal trust in God and belief in his propositions. He says that "I believe people are saved not by objective truth, but by Jesus. Their faith isn’t in their knowledge, but in God." A statement which irritates the evangelical church is: “I don’t believe making disciples must equal making adherents to the Christian religion. It may be advisable in many (not all!) circumstances to help people become followers of Jesus and remain within their Buddhist, Hindu or Jewish contexts … rather than resolving the paradox via pronouncements on the eternal destiny of people more convinced by or loyal to other religions than ours, we simply move on … “

Often McLaren's postmodern approach prompts him to take a less judgmental approach towards issues such as homosexuality and political conservatism. Conservative Emergents and Evangelicals have protested that McLaren's philosophical posture has led him to entertain and even embrace doctrinal positions that conservatives consider unorthodox. One example cited by some critics is Brian's equating the traditional understanding of the Gospel with "justification by grace through faith in the finished atoning work of Christ on the cross," suggesting instead that the definition of the Gospel is directly related to the understanding of the Kingdom of God. Other critics of McLaren’s approach are Mark Driscoll, John MacArthur, Albert Mohler, Michael Horton, Millard Erickson, Douglas Groothuis, Norman Geisler, R. Scott Smith and D.A. Carson. Carson has been very critical of McLaren's doctrinal views, saying "I have to say, as kindly but as forcefully as I can, that to my mind, if words mean anything, both McLaren and [Steve] Chalke have largely abandoned the Gospel."

Q. T. D. Jakes (1957- )

Jakes, a televangelist who originally pastored in Cross Lanes, West Virginia, is pastor of The Potter’s House in Dallas Texas. From a Oneness Pentecostal background, Jakes church services are broadcast on TBN and The Word Network. Pastor of a primarily African-American non-denominational mega- 169 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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church, Jakes ministers an annual revival called “Megafest”, an annual woman’s conference called “Woman, Thou Art Loosed", as well as Gospel music recordings.

Founded in 1996, with 50 families who relocated from the former congregation to Dallas, The Potter’s House had 28,000 members in late 2002. The Potter's House church is not related to the Potter’s House Christian Fellowship. Jakes' ministry is rated "F" for financial transparency by Ministry Watch. The churches outreach to down and out African Americans is of great importance in the ministry to the Dallas area.

R. John Bevere (1959- )

Bevere is a best selling author, evangelist and Bible teacher. His ministry is Messenger International. He started in ministry at Orlando, Florida under Benny Hinn as a youth pastor from the mid-1980s to 1990 s and then as personal assistant. He and his wife Lisa have been in ministry together since 1990 and currently life in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

S. Rodney Howard-Browne (1961- )

Howard-Browne is a South African charismatic Christian preacher, evangelist, and pastor of The River church at Tampa Bay, Florida, founded in 1996. As a young boy in South Africa, Browne says he was called by God to the mission field. He and his newlywed Adonica went immediately into full-time traveling ministry. Starting a church in 1983 in the Northeastern Cape, they pastored there for two years and felt a strong calling to the mission field of the United States of America.

Browne says he had a growing spiritual hunger in the year 1979, at 18 years of age. At an interdenominational prayer meeting he cried out to the Lord, "God, either you come down here tonight and touch me, or I'm going to die and come up there and touch you." He began shouting, for some 20 minutes, "God, I want your fire." He says the experience was as if someone had taken gasoline and put a lighted match to it, with the fire of God seeming to immerse him in the liquid fire of the Holy Spirit. He became completely drunk in the Holy Ghost, laughed uncontrollably, wept, spoke in tongues, and some four days later the Holy Spirit was still upon him. At this point he asked God to lift it. He said that these things became the basis of his later ministry, though not really evident until some ten years later.

Arriving in the U.S. without money, he began to minister at various locations, until the day in 1989 when he ministered in upstate New York and revival broke out. Since this revival meeting, he has held meetings in North America, Central 170 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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America, South America, various locations in Africa, the United Kingdom, Europe, Scandinavia, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines and Israel. Referring to himself as the “Holy Ghost bartender,” many supernatural manifestations take place in his meetings.

T. Perry Stone

Stone is a 4th generation minister, directing one of the fast growing ministries in the U.S., The Voice of Evangelism. Television, revival meetings audio/video media, printed materials and missionary sponsorship are a part of the ministry. Preaching his first sermons at 16 years of age, he entered full-time ministry at 18 and by his 20’s, was conducting revival meetings lasting as long as 11 weeks.

Stone earned degrees from Covenant Life Christian College and St. Thomas Christian College. He holds an honorary Doctor of Philosophy in Christian Study from the St. Thomas of Becket Episcopal Synod and an honorary Doctor of Laws and Letters (LL.D) from the Wesley Synod. He continues to conduct domestic and international crusades, reaching thousands of people annually. His weekly telecast, Manna Fest, started in 2000 and can be viewed nationwide on satellite and Christian TV stations. Stone is considered an expert on Bible Prophecy, being invited to nationally recognized Christian television programs and Prophecy Conferences.

U. Joel Scott Hayley Osteen (1963- )

Osteen is pastor of Lakewood Church in Houston, the largest in the U.S., averaging some 42,000 in attendance each week. The television broadcast from Lakewood is the most watched inspirational program in America. Osteen became the Senior Pastor when his father, founder of the church, passed suddenly as a complication of heart problems. The elder Osteen, John and his wife Dodie, started the church in 1959 and grew the church to some 6,000 members through television, crusades, conferences, food distribution, and extensive missionary support.

The younger Osteen is not seminary trained, though he did attend Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma for a semester. Osteen worked producing the television programs until October of 1999 when the elder Osteen passed away. Besides the typical criticisms of a Word of Faith minister and the Prosperity Gospel typically preached, Osteen has received criticism over an interview on Larry King Live (June 2005), in which he refused to say that Jesus Christ was the only way to heaven. His words in reply to King’s question were that “Only God can look at somebody's heart." Late 2006 (December 22 airing), Osteen was on the program again and choosing to clarify his previous statement, says he believes a personal relationship with Christ is the only way to heaven. Further, he 171 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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said he chooses to teach about the goodness of God rather than sin. This is a common complaint in Christian circles about the “seeker friendly” churches.

V. Richard Rossi (1963- )

Rossi is an American filmmaker, actor, producer, musician, and healing evangelist. As a teen, his father was put into an institution due to a bipolar disease, which affected Rossi to the point that he turned to Christianity. He toured as a rock and roll preacher, playing a unique type of Gospel rock. Attending Liberty University, he started his first church, “The Fellowship,” in 1984. The church was controversial for the University, due to faith healings, exorcisms, and speaking in tongues.

His second church was called "Matthew's Party", from the biblical story about Jesus eating with tax collectors and sinners at the home of Matthew, the Gospel writer. In 1986, Rossi started First Love, a charismatic church. Renting movie theaters and showing films as an evangelistic outreach, dramatic faith healings occurred. Being unconventional in approach with church and music, criticism of his brand of Christianity came in 1990.

Rossi’s wife claimed he nearly beat her to death in 1994, as she was having an extramarital affair. Rossi claimed a “demonic doppelganger” was the culprit, due to his work as an exorcist. Mrs. Rossi recanted her story (possibly due to family and congregation pressure) and the trial of Rossi’s charge of attempted murder resulted in a hung jury. Rossi pled no contest to second-degree aggravated assault and served 96 days in jail. In 1996, Sherrie Rossi published Assault of Justice: The Richard Rossi Mystery, which proclaimed her husband’s innocence.

Rossi did a role in the 1998 short film “Jesus 2000”, and in 1998 appeared in a stage version of Elmer Gantry. He started house churches for actors and celebrities, under the name Eternal Grace. He wrote and directed a short documentary film, Saving Sister Aimee, about the evangelist Aimee McPherson.

W. T. B. Joshua (1964- )

Joshua, the Nigerian founder of The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations (SCOAN), located in Lagos, Nigeria, is a faith healer. His Christian broadcasts are via SCOAN's Christian television station, Emmanuel TV. Joshua demonstrated love for the Word while attending St. Stephen’s Anglican Primary School, and was known as the “small pastor.” He is said to have prophesied things to come in his community.

In 1987, Joshua spent 40 days and nights at a “prayer mountain” to seek God. He experienced a heavenly vision there, received divine anointing and a 172 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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covenant from God to start his ministry. He described the experience, saying that “… I saw a hand that pointed a Bible to my heart. The Bible entered my heart and my former heart seemed to immerse with the Bible immediately… I heard a voice saying, ‘I am your God. I am giving you a divine commission to go and carry out the work of the Heavenly Father… I would show you the wonderful ways I would reveal myself through you in teaching, preaching, miracles, signs and wonders for the salvation of souls…’ ”

Starting a church with a handful of members, it has grown to more than 15,000 in attendance in the weekly Sunday service, plus many visitors from the nations. From the first service in 1987 to the present day, reports of miracles, signs, and wonders occur every week. Videos have been produced, documenting the healing of incurable sicknesses, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, and paralysis. The demon possessed are delivered and the mentally ill, some who have suffered up to 14 years, have been restored to health and returned to their families. The church has started branches in Ghana, United Kingdom, Austria and Greece.

Several prophecies of world events and disasters have been given by Joshua, including the disastrous cyclone in Myanmar, rescue of Ingrid Betancourt from the Colombian jungle, and the death of Zambian President Levy Mwanawasa, as well as prophetic words to individuals who attend the churches services.

Charitable efforts of the humanitarian arm of The SCOAN ministers to the needs of widows, dwarves, elderly, those physically challenged, orphans, and the destitute. Accommodation, food and a sense of belonging to the lonely and lowly in society is given, scholarships to orphans and children of the underprivileged with educational support promised, and a rehabilitation program for armed robbers and prostitutes, are among the efforts to help hurting society.

Joshua is a strong advocate of families, utilizing efforts and activities to reunite the families who have long been separated due to false accusations of witchcraft within the home (common practice in parts of Africa).

The Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria (PFN) refused admission to the Synagogue Church, denouncing Joshua as an imposter due to the large number of miracles reportedly taking place in his meetings. Chris Okotie, pastor and popular televangelist in Nigeria, accuses Joshua of "shamanist practices". Others have criticized Joshua's unorthodox methods as being not confirmed in the Bible.

X. Adelaja Sunday (1968 - )

The Embassy of God, the largest Evangelical Charismatic church in all of Europe, was founded by Senior Pastor Sunday Adelaja in 1993 (Embassy of the Blessed Kingdom of God for all Nations). Sunday’s passion and dedication for 173 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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God impacts leaders under him, as well as members of churches around the world. Sunday has an international ministry that reaches to over 30 countries, including the USA, Canada, England, Germany, Russia, Singapore, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Holland, Indonesia, Spain, South Africa, Latvia, Israel, Sweden, Estonia, Norway, S. Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Denmark, and others. Sunday is married to Bose and they have three children.

Sunday’s ministry has planted over 300 churches in over 30 countries, and had over one million salvations in the first eight years of ministry. There are 30 services weekly in various auditoriums in Keiv, Ukraine. His congregation of 25,000, mostly white Europeans includes some 3,000 set free from alcohol and drug addiction. Stephania Soup Kitchen feeds some 1,500 daily and a home for street or abandoned children has ministered to many, with over 500 restored to their families. Thousands of Mafia members have come to the Lord through the ministry of the Embassy of God. They are now building an auditorium which will seat some 15,000+.

Y. Christian Harfouche

Harfouche was raised in Beirut Lebanon. He came to the U.S. and was saved, with the call to preach coming in 1979. Luke 4:18 was the Scripture the Lord gave him concerning his call. Today he travels internationally with some 250 invitations a year coming from many nations. Christian Harfouche Ministries conducts national miracle crusades as well as School of Signs and Wonders. Teaching of the Word and demonstrations of the Holy Spirit are his focus. He and his wife, Robin, have ministered to millions via TBN and CBN.

Dr. Harfouche and his wife, Dr. Robin are committed to training and equipping people to proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ at International Miracle Institute, a school that helps students learn to walk in the power and authority of Jesus Christ to carry revival wherever they go. As a ministry of the local church, IMI draws students from around the globe.

Z. Cindy Jacobs

Dr. Jacobs is President and Co-Founder, with her husband Mike, of Generals of Intercession, a missionary organization devoted to training in prayer and spiritual warfare. She is the author of three best-selling books, including Possessing the Gates of the Enemy, the Voice of God, and Women of Destiny. The global head- quarters for Generals of Intercession is located in Colorado Springs, CO, where Mike and Cindy currently reside.

Jacobs is an ordained minister and was granted an honorary Doctorate of Divinity from Christian International Seminary in Florida, founded by Bishop Bill 174 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Hamon.

Cindy's call to prophetic intercession came during an extended season of seeking God at 20 years of age. Cindy spent much time in her prayer closet before stepping into public ministry. “Intercession is a training ground for the prophetic gifts”, Cindy wrote in her book the Voice of God. In 1996, Cindy was asked by C. Peter Wagner to coordinate the Spiritual Warfare Network for the United States. Since then, Cindy has established state coordinators throughout the nation to help mobilize strategic level intercession

AA. Bishop Clarence E. McClendon, Ph.D.

McClendon is the Senior Pastor of Church of the Harvest International, a multi- ethnic congregation of 12,000 attendees per week. McClendon is the founder and President of Siloam Bible College & Clarence E. McClendon Leadership Institute (SBC & CEMLI), a Bible College that is an interactive student-centered, apostolic institute.

Raised in Decatur, Illinois, McClendon started preaching at age 15. He assumed his first pastorate at age 19. Weekly national and international broadcasts and international ministry crusades currently are available to more than 160 million homes throughout North America, Europe, Africa, South America and the Middle East. Bishop McClendon also hosts an annual conference that draws in excess of 40,000 people to Los Angeles each summer.

There has been considerable criticism of McClendon, as well as a host of others who participate in the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN) telethons. It has been said that he is part Word of Faith, part Latter Rain/Dominionist, and part ecumenist. During the TBN telethons, money and how to get it seems to be a major part of those who are criticized on their preaching subjects. Obviously the telethons are for the purpose of raising money, but the efforts by McClendon and others border on some of the “Name It and Claim It” charges.

McClendon’s church, Full Harvest International Church was a part of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel (ICFG) when McClendon became the pastor in 1991. In 2003, he withdrew his church from that denomination. His stated reasons were, “politics, real estate and systematic racism” as the reasons. ICFG officials denied that there was any problem with African Americans being in the denomination and that they were represented at all levels of leadership in the group.

McClendon announced his divorce from wife Tammera, of 16 years, with the following statement to Charisma New Service

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“McClendon said that he had married at 18 ‘for all the wrong reasons.’ He added: ‘The only reason [it] lasted as long as it did was because we both loved God. [Tammy] just made a decision about what she wanted to do with the rest of her life. I'm sad to say we are completely divorced.’ Further, he said, ‘I have a calling to preach, not to be married. My calling is between my heavenly Father and myself. It doesn't affect my ministry.’"

However, just seven days after his divorce was final, he and Pricilla Delgado of Los Angeles were married in a ceremony performed by Bishop Earl Paulk, a supposed counseler to McClendon at the time. McClendons ex wife sees it a different way. Tammera says her husband wanted out of the marriage for some five years.

"’I didn't want a divorce,’ Tammera told Charisma. ‘When I finally said yes to Clarence, he asked me to file because it would look bad if he divorced me- which could hurt his ministry.’"

She also denied that racism played a part in the split from ICFG.

"’Clarence shared everything with me before we had marital problems, and he never once said that Foursquare was racist toward him,’ she said.”

The Foursquare denomination had a policy requiring newly divorced ministers to step down from pulpit ministry for six months minimum and undergo a review by the denomination's Ethics Committee. McClendon claimed this policy had nothing to do with his decision to withdraw.

X. MINISTRIES OF NOTE- LATE 20TH CENTURY

These ministries are the ones that made a significant difference, without a noted leader as far as the church at large knows.

A. Wycliffe Bible Translators

William Cameron Townsend founded Wycliffe in 1942. Townsend was a missionary to the Cakchiquel Indians of Guatemala, when he caught the vision for translation after the people group he was trying to reach expressed concern and surprise that God did not speak their language. The name came from the Reformation hero, , who translated the Bible into English. Forming Camp Wycliffe in 1934, a training school, the group now has two affiliate organizations, Wycliffe Bible Translators and the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). More than 600 translations have been completed, with hundreds more in process.

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B. Campus Crusade for Christ

Campus Crusade for Christ, an interdenominational Christian organization, focuses on evangelism and discipleship in over 190 countries of the world. "To win people to Christ, build them in their faith, and send them out to win, build and send others" is their mission.

Started in 1951 by Bill Bright, Campus Crusade originally was a ministry to college students at the University of California, Los Angeles. Today, Campus Crusade has expanded its focus to include adult professionals, priority associates, families, athletes, high school students and more. World Headquarters is located in Orlando Florida, and the current president of the organization is Steve Douglass.

Campus Crusade owns worldwide distribution rights for the 1979 film, The Jesus Film, which has been translated into more than 900 languages. Employing over 27,000 full-time staff, they have trained 225,000 volunteers in 190 countries. They are composed of over 60 different ministries, including Athletes in Action, Campus Ministry, Family Life, Student Venture, and The Jesus Film.

They are also the publishers of the Four Spiritual Laws, also known as the "Knowing God Personally” booklet. In many parts of Europe, Campus Crusade is known as Agape Europe. The collegiate ministry is known in some parts of the world as Student Life (Poland, New Zealand, and Australia) or LIFE Ministry (southeast Africa).

Christian Embassy is a Campus Crusade international ministry. Its United Nations office is accredited as a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO). An office in Washington, D.C. is geared towards the needs of the diplomatic community, including presidential employees, members and the staff of Congress, and workers in Pentagon. It has been noted that Campus Crusade has influenced the military and national politics, which has attracted attention from the media.

Campus Crusade took in their first six staff members in 1952, formed a ministry in South Korea in 1958, and has never looked back. By 1959, Campus Crusade was active on 40 University Campuses in the U.S. and in three other countries.

C. Christ for the Nations Institute (CFNI)

Christ for the Nations Institute (CFNI) is an international, interdenominational three year Christian Bible Institute in Dallas, Texas. The Bible based curriculum is taught from a Charismatic Movement perspective. There are five ministry schools specializing in pastoral and leadership, children and families, missions, 177 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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worship and technical arts, and youth. CFNI also holds Youth For the Nations (YFN), a summer youth camp.

There is also a Spanish Institute for students wishing to work in the Latino/Hispanic world. All the schools specialize in teaching students how to provide resources for completing church buildings, caring for orphans, supporting the nation of Israel, providing humanitarian relief, establishing and strengthening international Bible schools, and the distribution of Christian literature. The late Gordon Lindsay and his wife Freda founded Christ For The Nations Institute in 1970. Mrs. Lindsay and family continued the ministry after Gordon's passing in 1973. The organization claims to have trained more than 28,000 students, reached 120 nations, and assisted native congregations in building more than 11,000 churches all over the world.

D. Trinity Broadcasting Network

Trinity Broadcasting Network is the largest Christian network in the world, headquartered in Costa Mesa, California, with studios in Texas and Tennessee. Founded by Paul and Jan Crouch and Jim and Tammy (deceased) Bakker, it is the 9th largest broadcaster in the U.S. Thousands of cable television systems carry the TBN programming, as well as it being broadcast in 75 countries, where programs are translated into 11 languages. TBN also owns 23 full-power television and 252 low power rural stations in the U.S.

TBN was formed in 1973 when the Crouches and the Bakker’s rented air time on a local UHF station in Santa Ana, California. The network was so small that it almost went bankrupt the second day in existence. Utilizing telethons, TBN spread from UHF stations to cable and then satellite distribution. The Bakkers left TBN after a disagreement to start the PTL network in Charlotte, North Carolina.

TBN began purchasing independent television stations to gain cable carriage, due to FCC “Must Carry” rules. TBN was available to 95% of the homes in the U.S. by 2005. TBN has 61 regular power stations, several hundred low power affiliates, and utilizes 48 satellites to reach nearly 100 million homes globally.

Paul Crouch is TBN’s president and chairman and Jan Crouch is its vice- president and director of programming. Due to poor health and age, Paul Crouch Jr. and Matthew Crouch, their sons, handle most of the management and are also popular personalities on the network as hosts of the networks programs called Praise The Lord and Behind The Scenes.

TBN generates nearly $190 million in revenue annually (2006). Raising donation revenues of $120 million per year, it utilizes two week-long fundraising telethons as well as numerous other solicitation drives for that income. Several criticisms 178 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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have come about the tactics of fundraising, with what appears to be far-out claims of resurrections and blessings to come to those who contribute. While these events are Scriptural, there is what could be termed strong-arm tactics taken by the various persons who are preaching.

In 2004, the Los Angeles Times, a liberal newspaper, characterized the Crouch’s personal lifestyle as a "life of luxury" on their estimated combined annual income of $850,000. There was a settlement of $450,000 paid by Paul Sr., out of court, to Enoch Lonnie Ford, for “an unjust dismissal” as employee of TBN, with allegations of homosexual activity, though the terms of settlement require Ford to be silent.

E. Daystar Television NetworK

Daystar, 2nd largest Christian television network in the world, is headquartered near the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex in Bedford, Texas. Marcus Lamb and his wife, Joni, founded the station. Several affiliate stations are located in mostly the south of the U.S. Religious broadcasts are the programming, available 24/7. Charismatic/Pentecostal ministries are the main part of its programming, as with TBN. Marcus Lamb (1957- ) and his wife Joni, host a daily television talk show on their network called “Celebration.”

F. Heritage USA

Heritage USA is the defunct 2,300 acre Christian theme park and residential complex at Fort Mill, South Carolina. PTL Club founders, Jim and Tammy (deceased) Bakker opened it in 1978 and by 1986 it had become a favorite vacation destination, third behind Walt Disney World and Disneyland. It attracted nearly 6 million visitors annually until Jim Bakker's legal and personal troubles, closing then in 1987.

Bakker had arranged for Jerry Falwell to take over PTL in March previous, to avoid a "hostile takeover" of the television ministry, who threatened to expose his sexual encounter seven years previous with church secretary Jessica Hahn. With Heritage USA at its high point, earning $126 million a year, the IRS revoked the tax exemption. Attendance dropped soon after Bakker's federal indictment and public condemnation over his sexual affair.

In 1991, the Heritage property was bought by Morris Cerullo, in partnership with a Malaysian investment group (Malayan United Industries Berhad — MUI Corporation). Renamed "New" Heritage USA, the partnership ended after a disagreement over Cerullo's issuance of discount cards. MUI bought out Cerullo’s interest, renaming the property Regent Park Carolinas.

179 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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The complex was operated in the 1990s for a short time under a management agreement with Radisson Hotels but was unsuccessful as a secular venture, closed and fell into disrepair. December 2004 saw the remainder of the Heritage USA property sold to Coulston Enterprises, which sold portions of the property formerly housing the PTL Ministry to MorningStar Ministries of North Carolina, and Flames-of-Fire Ministries of Fort Mill, South Carolina.

Rick Joyner, of MorningStar Ministries, one of the Kansas City Prophets, is restoring the facilities for a conference center and retreat, as well as a church. The hotel complex is to be reworked for a hospice and assisted living facility/retirement home. A 24 hour prayer ministry began in 2006 (IHOP).

G. The God Channel

The GOD Channel is the flagship channel of global Christian broadcaster GOD TV, available on 15 different satellites in over 200 nations and territories, reaching a potential audience of 387 million people. Rory and Wendy Alec founded the TV ministry in the United Kingdom in 1995, originally as the Christian Channel Europe. .

H. Vision TV

Dr. David Reagan, a Christian Bible scholar, hosts a weekly show on DayStar Network. A native Texan, he is the Senior Evangelist for Lamb & Lion Ministries, an inter-denominational, evangelical ministry devoted to the proclamation of the soon return of Jesus, founded in 1980.

He is the author of many religious essays, as well as eight books. Dr. Reagan conducted prophecy conferences in Russia, Poland, , Austria, the Czech Republic, Belaruss, Israel, South Africa, India, Mexico, China, the Philippines, and England (including Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland).

A weekly television program is broadcast over the DayStar Television Network, the Inspiration Network, and the FaithTV Network reaching over 70 million homes in the U.S., where Dr. Reagan hosts a program that deals

XI. THREATS TO THE 20th CENTURY CHURCH

Attempting to accomplish more for the Lord, we see that the enemy deceived and led believers in detrimental directions, often to great extremes, during the 20th Century. The following are the threats and dangers we saw that reared their ugly heads in the Church in the 20th Century, and were allowed to continue to move forward to the damage of some believers and movements. We would also say that those who have promoted these things are truly sincere about what they believe, but according to orthodox belief 180 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology and the Scriptures, wrong. The truth is in the Scripture, rightly divided, and we do not castigate the perpetrators, but pray that their eyes will be opened to truth. Too, we must recognize that if the Lord does not return soon, these threats may increase in the 21st Century.

A. Spiritual Mapping

Spiritual mapping (Strategic-Level Spiritual Warfare [SLSW] is the belief that deliverance has to do with naming demons, classifying and waging aggressive efforts to free people or groups of people from their influence and control. Grievous detrimental effects from these practices have impacted Christian leaders, communities and families. These ideas were around in the 1950s and ‘60s, but came to the forefront and were promoted, beginning in the 1970s.

We should notice that where Scripture is silent, we should be silent. Therefore, notice the following: 1) Paul does not discuss the origin of the demons; 2) Paul does not reconstruct spirit hierarchies; 3) Paul does not affirm territorial jurisdiction; 4) Paul does not name the powers; 5) Paul does not list the functions of various spirits; 6) Paul does not teach techniques for thwarting demons. These tactics are used by the SLSW followers.

Wherever Paul was silent, the movement of SLSW speaks, which of course is not how we should function. There is no power in dependence upon technique and methods. The power and work of the Holy Spirit are what we are to depend upon. Further, we should remember that Jesus simply cast the demons out, and that is what we should do. Jesus did not cast out all demons, just the ones He saw His Father cast out, and that is how we should function.

B. New Age Movement

The New Age Movement (New Age Spirituality) is a decentralized Western culture social movement that seeks universal truth and the attainment of the highest individual human potential, outside of God. Cosmology, astrology, esotericism, alternative medicine, religion, collectivism, nature, and environmentalism are various streams of New Age. It is an individualized approach to spirituality, rejecting religious doctrine and dogma.

Appearing in the 1960s and 1970s, elements were seen in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Gaining momentum during the ‘80s, the “harmonic convergence” event of 1987 and practiced learning methods brought about a universe of diverse individuals throughout the world. Included are elements of older spiritual and religious traditions, such as: 1) atheism; 2) monotheism; 3) classical pantheism; 4) naturalistic pantheism; 5) panentheism; 6) polytheism; 7) ecology; 8) science; 9) ecology; 10) environmentalism; 11) Gaia hypothesis; 12) 181 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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psychology. Along with these philosophies come thoughts from the major religious groups, such as Buddhism, Chinese , Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Sufism, the eastern Asian religions, Gnosticism, neo-paganism, New Thought, Spiritism, Universalism, and Western esotericism. New Age stores have a wide array of literature as well as music, crafts, and services in alternative medicine. With such a conglomeration, who could study it and come up with truth?

The first known writers who popularized the Movement include D.H. Lawrence and William Butler Yeats. The first known use of New Age was spoken of in Madame Blavatsky’s book, The Secret Doctrine, published in 1888. Some other historical figures who were involved include H.G. Wells, George Bernard Shaw, William Butler, and Harry Houdini. Alice Bailey was a British writer who wrote about New Age spirituality as early as 1944. Edgar Cayce, a strong influence in the New Age Movement, practiced channeling (mediumistic). Rudolph Steiner was a major influence upon the Germans for New Age, while Allan Kardec blended New Age spirituality with Africanized folk traditions of Candombl and Umbanda.

Alice Bailey started the Arcane School. Its web site gives the following understanding of what it is all about:

There is a Way by which men and women may achieve knowledge and understanding of the light, love and purpose of divinity, and learn to wield these spiritual energies in the service of humanity to speed the progress of human evolution. Many have trodden the Way before us, leaving for our guidance the laws and rules of the Road, graded according to the need and spiritual status of the student and aspirant. Training for new age discipleship is provided by the Arcane School. The principles of the Ageless Wisdom are presented through esoteric meditation, study and service as a way of life.

Meditation offers an alternative to the purely materialistic values of modern life. It is a means of harmonising or resolving the apparent conflict between the spiritual and material aspects of living. The Arcane School Conference is held in the three centres - New York, Geneva and London - at the higher interlude of the year: the three spiritual festivals. The dates for the conference in 2009 will be published soon...

Alice Bailey’s “Tibetan” Master Djwhal Khul, gave her information for her 24 books, which combined with the Beacon magazine, Triangles, and the Arcane School, indoctrinate students into what Bailey describes as the "Ageless Wisdom" teachings. The Arcane School, founded in 1922, boasted 20,000 graduates by 1954. This occult university is still active and continues to be the 182 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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main training ground for New Age disciples.

The 1960s counterculture environment lent speed to the New Age growth, with thousands of small metaphysical book and gift stores redefining themselves as New Age bookstores. New Age magazines cropped up too, including: 1) Psychic Guide Magazine (now Body, Mind & Spirit); 2) Yoga Journal; 3) New Age Voice; 4) New Age Retailer; 5) NaPRA ReView ("New Age Publishing and Retailers Association"); 6) and others.

Later writers included James Redfield, Neale Donald Walsch, Eckhart Tolle, Barbara Marx Hubbard, Marianne Williamson, Deepak Chopra, John Holland, Gary Zukav, Wayne Dyer, and Esther Hicks, among others. Many of these authors claim that their inspiration to write was from an “infinite intelligence”, variously called “The Source, Great Masters of the Universe, ,” and others. Eckhart Tolle, one of the most recent writers, has taken in Oprah Winfrey, of The Oprah Winfrey Show on network television, as a disciple and she is promoting his book and religious system, though she was raised as a Christian. Many other stars of movies and television have been taken in by one form or the other of New Age Spirituality.

One of the “Masters” noted above is supposedly “Lord Maitreya, The World Teacher.” Christians are looking for Christ, Muslims the Imam Mahdi, Hindus a reincarnation of Krushna, and the Jews the Messiah. Those who study esoteric tradition know these as different names for the same individual, the “Lord Maitreya,” the head of the Spiritual Hierarchy of Masters (except for Jesus the Christ, who is the hope of the Christians and Jews).

Supposedly in July, 1977, Maitreya emerged from the Himalayas and has lived in London as an ordinary man, concerned with modern problems; political, economic and social. Then too he is said to have, since March 1978, been emerging as a spokesman in the Pakistani-Indian community. Esoteric teaching says Maitreya manifested Himself 2,000 years ago in Palestine by overshadowing His disciple Jesus. Too, since late 1991, Maitreya has been carrying out a series of appearances, like the one in Nairobi, Kenya. There he appeared miraculously at an open-air prayer/healing meeting, speaking in Swahili, and was photographed, on June 11, 1988. Benjamin Crème, apparently the spokesperson for Maitreya, and chief editor of the magazine Share International, has been talking about him since 1974. Crème’s training for this work, under a “Master of Wisdom”, began in 1959. However, as Christ told us, there will be those who come and claim to be Him (Mt.24:24; 2Pe.2:1).

Among the New Agers, there is no unified belief system, though practices and philosophies are often common in New Age Spirituality. Stonehenge and other ancient sites are revered by practioners, thinking “special energy” is there. The 183 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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natural forces of this world are believed to be energized by energy (esotericism) that exists in varying degrees in all things.

According to New Age belief, consciousness persists after death as life in different forms, with further learning taking place by spirit reincarnation and/or “near death experiences. There is no typical belief in hell or eternal damnation. The Universalist views of the afterlife are common.

C. “New Prophets & Apostles”

A group of believers have come to believe that the church is to be guided by apostles and prophets in this end time. This sounds okay. C. Peter Wagner, in an interview on CBN said,

“I believe that the government of the church is finally coming into place and that is, the scripture teaches in Eph. 2 that the foundation of the church is apostles and prophets, previous to this decade of the 80’s and the 90’s we practically ignored prophets and apostles and now were seeing, that I believe is a major reason were going to new levels in prayer were going to new levels in spiritual warfare, we’re going to new levels in healing and miracles, we’re going to new levels of deliverance, of demonic deliverance and so that’s so this is the new era we are going into, I don’t know if its coincidental or what but its just as we are moving into the new millennium.” (Quoted from C. Peter Wagner)

These statements are not new, but the premise of the Latter Rain movement from the late 1940s and ‘50s. The theory is that the work of the Holy Spirit now is to bring in new methods and worship expressions, with the work established on the Apostles and Prophets. This change is to bring together “apostolic government” that is functioning “in our cities by October 2003 if we are to see the transformations that God wants to release.” This new paradigm promises a great move of God, but seems to fall short of the promise. The prophetic movement that is being promoted seems to bring disaster into lives rather than build up the church. This comes from the fact that some of the proponents have even admitted that they are about 60% to 70% accurate, which of course is ludicrous, considering that in the Old Testament, if a “prophet” prophesied and it did not come to pass, he was to be stoned.

“There is a prophet named Bob Jones who was told that the general level of prophetic revelation in the church was about 65% accurate at this time. Some are only about 10% accurate, a very few of the most mature prophets are approaching 85% to 95% accuracy. Prophecy is increasing in purity, but there is a still a long way to go for those who walk in this ministry” (quoted from Rick Joyner). 184 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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One of the greatest hazards affecting maturing prophets is the erroneous interpretation of the Old Testament exhortation that if a prophet ever predicted something which did not come to pass he was no longer to be considered a true prophet (see Deut. 18:20-22). The warning was that if this happened, the prophet had been presumptuous and the people were not to fear him. If one predicts something in the name of the Lord, and it does not come to pass, he has probably spoken presumptuously and needs to be repented of, but that does not make him a false prophet. No one could step out in the faith required to walk in his calling if he knew that a single mistake would ruin him for life. (quoted from Rick Joyner)

The end does not justify the means in spiritual work. If it is not biblical, it ought not to be practiced, even if it produces a result that appears good. Yet Wagner says:

“We ought to see clearly that the end DOES justify the means. What else possible could justify the means? If the method I am using accomplishes the goal I am aiming at, it is for that reason a good method. If, on the other hand, my method is not accomplishing the goal, how can I be justified in continuing to use it?” (quoted from C. Peter Wagner)

The modern church faces a problem in pursuing new methods of how to do evangelism, prayer etc. In the new prophet movement, we are being told that God is bringing new revelation and information not found in the Scripture, but should be accepted as if it is. Thus the church is being led toward a “new program” for the 21st Century. Wagner says:

“Prophets are critical to the equation. All I ask is that you remain open to hear from God regarding how you fit into the emerging Divine order. You must be willing to take steps to team yourself with men of this caliber”.

This is simply further promotion of a statement by William Branham, who said of himself “it will take a prophet to get the revelation because God has no other way of bringing out His Scriptural revelations except by a prophet. The Word always came by a prophet and always will” (William Branham excerpt from Exposition of The Seven Church Ages). Yet Scripture says that we all are to meditate and receive revelation (Jo.1:8; Ps.1:2). Paul prayed that we would receive a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of Christ (Ep.1:17-18)

No prophet is needed to understand the Scripture, nor even where God is taking the Church. John says “But ye have an unction (anointing) from the Holy One, and ye know all things.” (Jn.2:20). Holy Spirit is the believer’s helper and guide to all truth (Jn.14:26). No prophet’s words are above the Word of God, and only are 185 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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good if they match Scripture. Too, rhema words do not supersede logos words (Ps.119:89; Lk.21:33)

The words of the “prophets” today have become like the tradition of the elders of Jesus’ day. Many people listen more carefully to their “new words” than God’s word, making God’s Word of no effect. If these “words” by “prophets” are required to move the Church into Her position in the 21st Century, then that teaching infers that Jesus is less than enough and Holy Spirit is not getting the job done. The Word is enough, for we have today a more sure word of prophecy (2Pe.1:19-20).

Bill Hamon says that a manual was developed to minister spiritual gifts, to teach, train, activate, mentor and mature and now,

“. . . we have trained over thirty eight thousand individuals in six continents of the world, nine thousand leaders and over a thousand prophets and prophetic ministers have been raised up and are now prophesying and flowing like a river”. (Quoted from Bill Hamon)

God calls prophets. In the Old Testament He brought them to office Himself, so they did not have to be “taught” how to prophesy (Elijah and Elisha)

When a prophet speaks in the name of the LORD, if the thing does not come about or come true, that is the thing which the LORD has not spoken. The prophet has spoken it presumptuously; you shall not be afraid of him (De.18:22).

Beware of the false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly are ravenous wolves. You will know them by their fruits (Mt.7:15- 16).

For the time will come when men will not put up with sound doctrine. Instead, to suit their own desires, they will gather around them a great number of teachers to say what their itching ears want to hear. They will turn their ears away from the truth and turn aside to myths. (2Ti.4:3-4, NIV).

Let the “buyer beware”, for perhaps those who call themselves “prophets” are as Moses warned under the second giving of the Law, “not to be feared”.

D. Abortion

In recent years, the term "anti-abortion" has been used to identify individuals and groups which employ violence and murder to attain their political ends. They are 186 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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differentiated from the vastly larger "pro-life" movement which rejects violence against persons and property. Both the pro-life and anti-abortion movements are motivated by one concept: that life begins at the instant of conception. From this principle, it naturally follows that a newly fertilized ovum, an embryo and a fetus are all human persons who should be granted the same rights, privileges and protections as a child or adult. Because of this belief, some view an abortion clinic as the ethical equivalent of a Nazi death camp.

One source reported in late 1996, that there has been "over $13 million in damage caused by violent anti-abortion groups since 1982 in over 150 arson attacks, bombings, and shootings." The National Abortion Federation reports "Incidents of Violence and Disruption Against Abortion Providers" in the U.S. and Canada. Their data for the past several years shows that from 1989 through 2004, the violent actions of invasion, assault and battery, vandalism, death threats, burglary and stalking in connect with abortion providers, peaked in 2001, with 790 incidents.

Another classification of violence, including hate mail, harassing phone calls and bomb threats, for the same years, peaked in 1997, with the second and third highest number of incidents happening in 1999 and 2000. But, the number of incidents of picketing peaked in 2003 and fell dramatically in 2004. It appears that those with violent intent are reducing their number of incidents. The most prevalent method of protest for the “church” has been picketing, which is on the decline. This shows apathy for the not-yet-born. As history has shown us, in Germany from 1939-1944, it is only a short step from the most helpless to the 2nd most helpless, the aged and infirm. An apathetic church gave rise to Nazism and its atrocities and the Western Church is not far from that today.

Thou dost not murder. (Ex 20:13, YLT); You must not murder (TLB).

E. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

The ACLU is led by Anthony Romero, of Puerto Rican descent. Raised in the Bronx, he studied International Affairs, became executive director in 2001, and is the first openly gay and Hispanic to lead the group. The ACLU opposes the President’s execution of the campaign against international terrorism. Time magazine named him "The Champion of Civil Rights."

A major non-profit organization, the ACLU’s stated goal is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the US Constitution and laws of the United States." It works through litigation, legislation, and community education. The ACLU lobbies elected officials and political activists, and has been critical of elected officials and policies of both major parties, though Republicans consistently rank lower than 187 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Democrats in supporting ACLU goals. An apathetic church, not being involved in the civil actions of the nation, are fair game for suppression of their rights (and others rights as well), to the benefit of “minorities” and “abused groups” like homosexuals who want the right to marry, illegal aliens, combatants who are being held off-shore in prison camps due to activities against the U.S. who were captured, and various others who have either violated the civil law or are of a nature to flaunt their activities before society as if it is their right.

Funding comes from several foundations, along with dues from members and gifts. Too, the ACLU periodically receives court awarded attorney’s fees, though a Public Expression of Religion Act of 2005, which seeks to alter civil rights legislation to prevent monetary judgments in case of violations of church-state separation. One of the particular efforts of the ACLU is to remove all displays of the Ten Commandments that are on county property, such as court houses, etc.

The ACLU is actually being largely funded by the financial judgments against these counties, with one in Georgia paying $150,000, another $74,462, one in Tennessee paid $50,000, one in Alabama paid $175,000, and in Kentucky, $121,500. These displays, on public property, were deemed as violating the church-state separation idea. These efforts extend to public schools, the press, reproductive rights and abortion, lesbians, homosexuals, bisexuals, and transgender persons who have received government benefits equal to those provided to heterosexual persons. Too the ACLU is trying to get “recreational drug use” decriminalized, and is challenging “unconstitutional” laws and practices against illegal immigrants.

In other actions, talk show host Bill O'Reilly, of the FOX network, has charged that the ACLU wants to stop any effort to stop pedophillia. The common denominator for the ACLU seems to be an effort to defend what the ACLU sees as the civil rights of the various groups or individuals. They are also against laws that require sex offenders to register with the police, as well as opposing capital punishment.

F. Entertainment as Church

Western culture has an entertainment mentality. Our attention span is very limited by television (mostly entertainment), as well as sports events. If we are not entertained with something, the tendency is to move away from it. The church is a hospital for the sick, not a stage for entertainment. Too often the church has allowed entertainment to become its focus. For instance, Gospel singings are wonderful, but what about the move of God’s Spirit? What about the groups that sing good songs, but there is no move of the Spirit when they sing. Is something wrong? We think so. Every time the believers come together, Paul said what each should have: 188 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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How is it then, brethren? when ye come together, every one of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a tongue, hath a revelation, hath an interpretation. Let all things be done unto edifying. (1Co.14:26)

Paul’s directive for the church service was to have singing, doctrine, tongues, revelation and interpretation. And then, as if to clarify when we did not understand, he said to let all things be done unto edifying. Please understand that we are not against Gospel singing. But, we are against the lack of the move of the Spirit when the church body comes together, no matter if it is in a building dedicated to His worship, a stadium or arena, or the home location where a small group meets. We could name other things that are at times substitutes for “church,” but let it suffice to say that anything that falls short of the criteria given in Scripture has to be suspect as to its fulfillment of God’s intent.

G. Compromise

To compromise is to come to a “settlement of differences by mutual concessions; an agreement reached by adjustment of conflicting or opposing claims, principles, etc., by reciprocal modification of demands.” Too, it is an “endangering, especially of reputation; an exposure to danger or suspicion, and a compromise of one's integrity.” Also, it is to “expose or make vulnerable to danger, suspicion, scandal” as in “a military oversight that compromised the nation's defenses.”

But we are talking about dangers to the Church. Compromised messages and actions or failures to act are growing, in the fact that the Church has not taken Her stand against the evils of our day. While the word compromise, as understood above, talks about a “mutual concession”, the world is not conceding anything, while the Church is allowing concessions on every hand.

Too often, ministers of the Gospel see their paycheck as coming from the church they pastor/minister in, not from God. Their thinking is often that they cannot address the social ills, for someone will be offended. That is just the point. Jesus offended many. He came to set “. . . a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother, and the daughter in law against her mother in law.” He said, “He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me” (Mt.10:35, 37).

We need men who call nations back to God. We need men like Wesley, Booth, Stoddard, Edwards, McGready, Stone, Dwight, Cartwright, Rice, and others, as we did in the 18th and 19th Centuries. There is complacency and the Church is asleep, even as Jonah was asleep in the hold of the “world of commerce’s” ship, not realizing that a great storm was brewing and soon to destroy things. Jonah 189 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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chose the wrong direction. Such is the condition of much of the Church today, compromising with the world system, to Her great detriment.

H. Political Correctness

Political correctness (abbreviated to PC), is the language, ideas, policies, or behavior seen as seeking to minimize offense to gender, racial, cultural, disabled, aged or other identity groups. Thus conversely, to be "politically incorrect" is to use what may cause offense or is unconstrained by orthodoxy. Ruth Perry says the term comes from Mao’s Little Red Book, which was adopted by the radical left in the 1960s, as a self-criticism of dogma attitudes. The design of it was to stop the mouth of criticism. The terms associated with radical politics in the 1990s and Communist political censorship was used by the political right in the U.S. to discredit the Old and New Left. The term "political correctness" is used almost exclusively today in a pejorative sense, while "politically incorrect" is commonly used as an implicitly positive self-description, as in the series of "The Politically Incorrect Guide", produced by Conservative publisher Regnery and the talk show “Politically Incorrect.”

In Marxism-Leninism and Trotskyist vocabulary, the term "correct" was commonly used to describe the appropriate party line politics, often called the "correct line". Former U.S. President George H.W. Bush spoke against a "movement" that would "declare certain topics off-limits, certain expressions off-limits, even certain gestures off-limits".

There are people and movements that do not want the Church to clarify or speak clearly in the terms of which they should be spoken of. For instance, pressure is now on to not speak about homosexuals (sodomites) in any manner except “gay.” There is nothing gay about them, but they do not want to face the truth. Just so is the Church faced with other attempts at suppression of the truth in order that conviction will not come upon certain people. These attempts at suppression of the truth come in the form of lawsuits, harassment, editorials, picketing, badgering, and other forms of disapproval to change the message of the Church. Even sin is not an acceptable terminology, and some churches, particularly but not exclusively the “seeker-friendly” churches, have tended to succumb to the pressure. This avenue is to leave out what Jesus said we had to repent of (Jn.8:34; 15:22-24; 16:8-9; 3:17-18; Lk.13:3).

I. Greedy/Apostate Ministers

Not all ministers made a positive impact on the people they ministered to. Peter Popoff, born in 1946, was a German born televangelist who claimed to minister healing by faith. While some healings may have taken place, he was exposed as using a radio transmitter with his wife Elizabeth and aides Volmer Thrane and 190 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Reeford Sherrill, who fed him names and home addresses of audience members through his earpiece, which names he knew supposedly by divine revelation. His fraud was exposed in the 1980s and his ministry went bankrupt in 1987 when he was exposed. Popoff listened to the promptings with his in-ear receiver and then repeated it for the crowd. The purpose of the deception appears to be to gain income from the duped audience. Too, adults were brought on stage from the audience who were supposedly healed of their disease, but Popoff was actually seating people who were able to walk in the wheelchairs, using them later for deception. Tapes of the transmissions were played on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson and the ministry declined quickly.

In 2007 Popoff was selling “Miracle Spring Water” which would be the “point of contact for divine healing.” Instead of the promised "Miracle Water", the package included a tiny plastic "Golden Tablet" and a "Miracle Band" (cardboard bracelet), marked simply with "JIREH". Popoff says the "Golden Tablet" was made by God and intended to create immense wealth for the subscriber. Popoff told the subscriber to wear the "Miracle Band" and send him a check for $28.30 to receive further instructions on how to use the "Golden Tablet". As of 2007, Popoff's program was broadcast on Network Ten in Australia.

While God is in the business of healing and making His people prosperous, He is not in the business of deceiving people. Some have charged TBN ministers as using similar tactics. God has placed large amounts of money into His people’s hands, but it is for the purpose of accomplishing the Gospel message around the world, to every tribe and tongue and nation (Mt.28:18-20). But when it is used for personal things, rather than the Gospel, we must question motives. This does not include all televangelists, as many of them, such as Creflo Dollar and T.D.Jakes were businessmen and gained wealth outside of the Church. Also, there are others who have spent and been expended to further the Gospel by support of other, less well endowed ministries, such as the ones run by Kenneth Copeland, Jack Van Impe, Lester Sumrall, and many others.

Today’s believer must have their ears tuned toward Heaven and the Holy Spirit’s direction before they give into a ministry. Those that are begging have a reason they are begging. God’s ministry never lacks and so we should wonder what is happening when a minister has to beg. It is the responsibility of every believer to give to support the Gospel going into all the world. Too, it is the givers responsibility to know that it is good ground they are sowing into (Mk.4:20).

J. Inclusion Gospel

The Inclusion Gospel is a false doctrine held by a growing number of Christians, with the term coming from the belief that the love of God will allow no person to ultimately spend eternity in hell. Carlton Pearson, Bishop of the Azusa 191 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Conference and Pastor of Higher Dimensions Family Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma, coined the term. Some have also called it “Universalism" or "Universal Reconciliation".

Inclusion believes all people will eventually be reunited with God, which sets it apart from all orthodox Christian religions and denominations. Orthodoxy says that while salvation is available to all, not all will choose it (2Pe.3:9; Lk.16:20-31). The Inclusion Gospel rejects the orthodox view of hell for two main reasons: 1) it is said to be out of character with what they know about God; 2) the orthodox version of hell is said to have originated with pagan religions, including Zorasterism and Greek mythology.

Primitive Baptist Universalists are of the same general thinking. They exist basically in the central Appalachian region of the U.S. Their theology includes teaching that: 1) Christ's atonement was for all humankind, and at Resurrection all humankind will be reunited with Christ for an eternity in heaven; 2) Hell is a factor of the temporal world, where temporal sins will be punished by an increased separation from God; 3) Satan is an entity solely of the temporal world, existing only as "natural man" warring against "spiritual man"; 4) Sin, punishment, and death are factors only of the temporal world, thus ceasing to exist after Resurrection, and sin is punished in the temporal world by a separation from God; 5) The joy of righteousness is its own reward, so retribution and reward are needed only for the here and now.

There is a Universalist Church of America, a U.S. religious denomination plus affiliated churches in other parts of the world. Early 1866 saw the group as the Universalist General Convention, but the name was changed to the Universalist Church of America in 1942. In 1961, it merged with the American Unitarian Association to form the Unitarian Universalist Association. Except for the idea most Universalists have that hell is a temporary holding area, until those that have died un-reconciled to God eventually come to salvation, they otherwise follow orthodox Christian doctrine.

American Universalism developed from the influence of various Pietist and Anabaptist movements in Europe. Pietists emphasized individual piety and zeal and a "religion of the heart."

K. Christian Identity

The Christian Identity movements come under several names, including: 1) Anglo-Israelism; 2) British-Israelism; 3) some white supremacists; 4) some anti-Semitics; 5) some other hate groups.

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1. Anglo-Israelism (aka British-Israelism)

A theological belief that the Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Scandinavian, Germanic and associated cultures are the racial descendents of the tribes of Israel, which by extension, includes Americans and Canadians. These peoples are supposedly composed of the descendents of the ancient Israelites of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament).

2. Racist, Christian-based faith groups

A number of small, extremely conservative Fundamentalist Christian denominations which have accepted Anglo-Israelism, but have connected it to racist, sexist, anti-communist and homophobic beliefs. These groups see Jewish people as descendants of Satan. Their followers tend to be involved in political movements that oppose gun control, equal rights to gays and lesbians, and militia movements. The second meaning has become dominant in the U.S. and Canada.

Using the second meaning above, the Christian Identity Movement contains many of the extremely conservative Christian churches and religious organizations, extreme right wing political and survival groups (both independent and those loosely interconnected). Professor Michael Barkun, an expert in the Christian Identity Movement says, "This virulent racist and anti-Semitic theology, which is practiced by over 50,000 people in the United States alone, is prevalent among many right wing extremist groups and has been called the 'glue' of the racist right."

The largest and best known Christian Identity movement has been the Ku Klux Klan, reorganized by William Simmons, a pastor, in 1915. The film The Birth of a Nation, inspired him. It portrayed the KKK as a champion of white civilization. The KKK has been up and down, going into obscurity by WWII, but revitalized in the mid 1950's as a reaction to enforced racial integration in the southern US.

The FBI says, of Christian Identity and on domestic terrorism:

"Wesley Swift is considered the single most significant figure in the early years of the Christian Identity movement in the United States. He popularized it in the right-wing by 'combining British-Israelism, a demonic anti-Semitism, and political extremism.' He founded his own church in California in the mid 1940s where he could preach this ideology. In addition, he had a daily radio broadcast in California during the 1950s and 60s, through which he was able to proclaim his ideology to a large audience. With Swift’s efforts, the message of his church spread, leading 193 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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to the creation of similar churches throughout the country. In 1957, the name of his church was changed to The Church of Jesus Christ Christian, which is used today by Aryan Nations (AN) churches.”

William Potter Gale, a Swift associate, being more militant than Swift, brought a new element to Christian Identity churches. He became a leading figure in the anti-tax and paramilitary movements of the 1970s and 80s. There are numerous Christian Identity churches preaching like messages, some espousing more violent rhetoric than others. All hold fast to the belief that Aryans are God’s chosen race.

Other current organizations which follow Christian Identity beliefs are: American Nazi Party; Aryan Nations; Church of Jesus Christ Christian, Aryan Nations; Confederate Hammerskins; Jubilee, National Association for the Advancement of White People; The Order; radical modern offshoots of the original Posse Comitatus; Scriptures for America, White Aryan Resistance (WAR) and White Separatist Banner. Many other small groups fade in and out of existence frequently.

The FBI has said that Christian Identity believes in the inevitability of the end of the world and the Second Coming of Christ (a true belief). But the variance is that these events are part of a cleansing process that is needed before Christ’s Kingdom can be established on earth (as with Manifest Sons of God belief). They say that Jews and their allies will attempt to destroy the white race using any means available, resulting in a violent and bloody war. Some also say that this will be tied to the coming of the new millennium (now past).

The leadership of the more radical "CI" groups advocate, but do not themselves engage in violence against Jews, Blacks, and Homosexuals now, rather than waiting for Armageddon to begin. Thus the use of false doctrines justifies these “believers” actions against other humans, denigrating the true Christian message.

L. Islam

Islam is the religion of most of the Arab nations, founded by Mohammed, and followed by both radicals and moderates. The radicals are pro-jihad (annihilation of all who do not bow the knee to Allah, the god of Islam). This is to come about by the sword as the tool of enforcement. Islam uses immigration and refusal to assimilate into their adopted countries culture, and when the numbers are strong enough, they pressure that society to allow Shariah Law to govern them and eventually the nation. They will use force if necessary to bring it about.

Radical Islamic terrorists were behind the Twin Towers destruction of more than 194 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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3,000 Americans in 2001, the London subway bombings (2007), and the train bombings in , Spain (2006). Individual atrocities number in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions. Their goal is to bring the world under the domination of Islam- by force if necessary. Their efforts are especially pronounced against Israel, the United States, Canada, The Netherlands, The United Kingdom, Spain, France, Sweden, Australia, and Germany (the predominant “Christian” nations). Some of these, particularly France and Spain, with the United Kingdom not far behind, are in severe struggles with “tolerance” and the implementation of Shariah Law.

M. Martyrdom

We do not mention martyrdom as a danger to The Church, but the threat of it to an individual. Obviously, the quickest way to go into the presence of the Lord is to be murdered for our faith. However, the weak and not-yet-fully-persuaded (Ro.4:20-21), may find that the pressure of an uncertain future keeps them from fully standing for Christ.

While we know of martyrdom in the Bible and Foxes Book of Martyrs extends that knowledge, it is the 20th Century that saw large numbers of Christians martyred by non-Christians, due to persecutions by political authorities toward a particular faith, or by religion in general. It is believed that more Christians died for their faith in the 20th Century than in the first 19 centuries combined. This includes such atrocities as the Armenian genocide in turkey, Communist persecutions in the Soviet Union (USSR), People’s Republic of China, and North Korea. In one nation alone, Russia, between 1917 and 1935, 130,000 Russian Orthodox priests were arrested. Of these, 95,000 were put to death, executed by firing squad. Nikita Khrushchev, in 1959, started his own campaign against the Orthodox Church, executing some 50,000 clergy and forcing closure of about 12,000 churches. The New Martyrs (post-Soviet persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church) was the 2nd greatest persecution of Christians since the early centuries of Christianity.

While Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party ruled Germany, a large number of Christians were martyred, including Maximilian Kolbe, Paul Schneider, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer. At this same time many intellectual Catholic priests and nuns were killed in the Holocaust, as well as under other European dictatorships of Spain, Portugal, and Italy.

Many other persecutions have occurred in Asia, South America, Africa, and Eastern Europe. Today the greatest persecution comes from radical Muslims, including the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and Al Qi’aida, which operates in several Arab nations, under cover and protection of their host. Not only the violent groups mentioned, but in several Middle Eastern Arab nations, it is 195 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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punishable by death to try to convert a person to Christianity. In North Korea, many are in prison for their faith, some to die without our even knowing their names. In Africa, many Sudanese Christians in southern Sudan died in a long and bloody civil war that was an excuse to rid the land of Christian farmers.

N. Secular Humanism (Humanism)

Secular humanism is a humanistic philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice, and specifically rejects the supernatural and the spiritual as warrants of moral reflection and decision-making. Like other types of humanism, secular humanism is a life-stance or a praxis focusing on the way human beings can lead good and happy lives. It is the offspring of the Rationalist Movement.

Secular humanism believes that: 1) dogmas, ideologies and traditions, whether religious, political or social, must be tested, rather than be accepted by faith; 2) critical reason, factual evidence, and scientific methods of inquiry are the way to find solutions to human problems; 3) has a primary concern with fulfillment, growth, and creativity for both the individual and humankind in general; 4) makes a constant search for objective truth; 5) makes a commitment to making life meaningful through better understanding of ourselves, our history, our intellectual and artistic achievements; 6) searches for viable individual, social and political principles of ethical conduct, judging them on their ability to enhance human well- being and individual responsibility; 7) has a conviction that with reason, an open exchange of ideas, good will, and tolerance, progress can be made in building a better world for ourselves and our children.

Obviously, sin is man’s problem, not a lack of information or understanding of his condition. We should also point out that secular humanists are generally non- theistic, atheist, or agnostic, but the converse may not be true. Many non-theists, atheists, and agnostics adhere to the tenets of secular humanism, but this is not intrinsically the case.

Secular humanism offers no eternal truths or a relationship with God. Secular humanism is a philosophy that lacks foundational beliefs and eternal truths, which leaves humanity adrift in secularism, postmodernism, and cynicism.

XII. CHARISMATIC NATURE OF THE 20TH CENTURY CHURCH

More than any century since the 1st has the Churches Charismatic nature been evident. From the Bethel College in Topeka to Azusa Street, to the healing revivals and prophetic conferences, to the outpourings at Toronto, Pensacola, and Smithton (and dozens in between less publicized), God has been pouring out of His Spirit in unprecedented ways (Joel 2:28-19). The following are but excerpts of what God has been doing. If anything could be prophesied about it, He will continue through the 196 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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coming of His Son for the Church, and into all the final things of Daniel, Ezekiel, and Revelation.

David Wesley Myland wrote of the Latter Rain teaching from Joel’s prophecy. Connecting the natural rains with God’s promise to provide for Israel in the Land when they were obedient, Myland said that the experience of Azusa and afterward was the “latter” rain of the Spirit that God had promised, which would usher in a great harvest of souls in the earth (De.11:13-15). Hosea, Proverbs, and Zechariah spoke of the latter rain in the Old Testament and James in the New (Ho.6:3; Zec.10:1; Pr.16:15; Ja.5:7). Even as the natural rain in Israel, so the spiritual rain, with the 1st Century closing out any mass Pentecostal experiences (though there were some experiences), a long dry spell and then the latter rain, which would finish off the “crop” or “harvest of souls for the Kingdom. This “Second Pentecost” was a strong sign of the end of the day of grace and the close of current human history, with Jesus coming to set up His Millennial Kingdom on earth.

A. Azusa Street

The tiny prayer meeting in Topeka spread through Houston and then started the Azusa Street revival under William J. Seymour, as well as the healing ministries of John G. Lake and F. F. Bosworth. At Azusa Street, prayer was the foremost activity, showing that if men pray, God answers, in intense measures. Such was the impact of prayer that visitors claimed to sense a spiritual, supernatural atmosphere blocks from the meeting house. The revival continued for three years (1906-1909), unabated. Eventually there were many groups birthed from these meetings that promoted the baptism in the Holy Spirit, including: 1) the Assemblies of God; 2) the Church of God; 3) the Church of God in Christ; 4) the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World; 5) a host of others.

Thousands of missionaries went out and Pentecostal churches sprung up in Canada, Germany, Sweden, Norway, England, Scotland, France, Holland, Denmark, Mexico, Brazil, El Salvador, Venezuela, Chile, Liberia, Nigeria, the Congo, Ivory Coast, South Africa, Egypt, India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Fiji, New Zealand, Australia, and even China.

As an example of the impact the baptism of the Holy Spirit had early in the Century, Miss Nettie Moomau, a missionary to China, heard about the Azusa Street revival and left China for Azusa Street in October of 1906. Filled with the Holy Spirit, she returned to China and started a great healing ministry. She eventually planted churches in Lo Pau, , Michow, Toachow, Canton, Yunnan, Siimao, Kansu, Yunnanfu, and .

In just 10 years, without formal organization, in spite of the obvious limitations on communication and travel at the turn of the century, these things were 197 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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accomplished. Many had no hesitation to leave everything to spread the message that God wanted to pour out His Spirit on all flesh. The events started at Topeka truly went round the world.

Interestingly, it was the early morning of April 18, 1906, when San Francisco residents were awakened by the deadliest earthquake in North American history. The resulting fire, fed by ruptured gas lines, finished off what the earthquake, failed to destroy in its first deadly seconds. Some 700 people lay dead among the decimated 514 city blocks by the estimated 8.3 Richter scale quake.

As a result of the anger generated by the quake, men blamed God and printed a gospel tract, calling the tragedy a judgment and a warning from the God some were cursing. That same morning, 400 miles south, the world took notice of another movement which has aftershocks still spreading today. The LA Times called it, in a front-page story, a "Weird Babel of Tongues." "Breathing strange utterances” the story began, ". . . the newest religious sect has started in Los Angeles." Actually, the seeds for this event had been placed in the ground by Methodists and other Christians who, in the late 19th Century, had become obsessed with divine healing and the possibility of speaking in tongues, though dispensationalists argued that these things had ended with the apostolic age.

The Pentecostal movement’s origins were from believers becoming intensely desirous of more of God in the late 19th Century. World evangelization became a focus and people realized they needed the power of the Holy Spirit, as demonstrated in Acts and Early Church history to do it. They sought God and prayed. Many Methodists and Salvation Army people were among those who were most hungry for God, and embraced the move of the Holy Spirit.

B. Wales

The 1904–1905 Welsh Revival has been called the largest full scale Christian Revival of Wales of the 20th Century. Prior to this revival, Wales had last seen revival in 1859. From 1850 on Wale’s believers were markedly less Calvinistic in thinking. Powerful biblical preachers had brought the change, but began to die off. These leaders were Christmas Evans (1838), John Elias (1841) and Henry Rees (1869), and others.

Two thinkers came to prominence prior to the revival: 1) the political philosopher Karl Marx with his Communist Manifesto in 1848; 2) Das Capital in 1867 and the scientist Charles Darwin with his major work the Origin of Species in 1859. Both appeared to pose a challenge to the Christianity of Wales. It was a hard life for the poor quarrymen of North Wales. They wanted hope and many preachers modified their preaching to that of Social Gospel. Other Christian leaders came to accept the theories of Darwin despite the sometimes perceived conflict with the 198 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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teachings of the Bible.

There were local revivals between 1859 and 1904, namely in Cwmafan (1866), Rhondda (1879), Carmathen and Blaenau Ffestiniog (1887), Dowlais (1890) and Pontnewydd (1892). Due to the nature of the 1904-05 revival, as a spontaneous social movement, it is hard to identify an origin for the movement, though several people seem to have been major components of the revival; Joseph Jenkins, a Methodist preacher of Ceinewydd and Nantlais Williams in particular. Late 1903 Jenkins arranged a conference in Ceinewydd under the theme ‘to deepen our loyalty to Christ.’ The regular Sunday meetings in February of 1904, as well as the newly founded mid-week meetings, became lively and Joseph Jenkins’ Church went to other surrounding towns to witness.

The South Wales Daily News picked up on the news of a “massive blessing’ from a conference in Blaenannerch, proclaiming that “the third great revival was afoot through the nation!” — the other two revivals being the Welch-Methodist and the 1859 Revival. Beginning November 1904, Jenkins was invited as guest preacher at the Church of Nantlais Williams. Large crowds attended. Many professed faith in Christ and the meetings were extended. Then the meetings went into the early hours of the next morning. At this time, Nantlais was not a Christian, but received Christ on Saturday night prior to Jenkins arrival.

Large numbers of conversions began to take place amongst students in the University of Wales Bangor in December 1904, though the largest numbers came about under another leader, J.T. Job, when the meetings came to be described as “a hurricane” on the 22nd of December.

Evan Roberts, a young man influenced by the stories and experiences taking place, left for ministerial training in Newcastle Emlyn. This placed him in the hot- bed of the Revival in south Ceredigion. Mass-conversions in Ceinewydd and Blaenannerch had already spread to Newcastle Emlyn and served as a distraction for Roberts. Seth Joshua, another prominent leader of the Revival came to the area to hold meetings, which Evan Roberts attended. With only three months training at Newcastle Emlyn, Roberts returned to Casllwchwr to start his ministry. He experienced direct visions from the Holy Spirit. One was of the number 100,000, representing the souls God intended to use him to save. Evan Roberts is said to have depended more and more on what he considered the guiding of the Holy Spirit as the revival unfolded.

While response to Evan Roberts’ ministry was slow at first, soon crowds turned out and meetings were carried on until the early hours of the morning. After the meeting at Casllwchwr, Roberts gathered a team and began a tour of the South Wales valleys to spread the revival.

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At the decline of the revival Roberts was frustrated from his great expectations and soon fell into depression. Being housed by a friend, he co-authored a book with his friend's wife, Jessie Penn Lewis, War on the Saints. Some believed it to be heretical due to its use of the term "possession" to describe demonic spirit's potential effect on believers. Roberts dissociated himself from it after he recovered from depression and the book was severely criticized.

The Western Mail and the South Wales Daily News, Wales’ daily newspapers spread news of conversions and generated an air of excitement about the Revival that helped to fuel it further. The Western Mail in particular gave extensive coverage to Evan Roberts’ meetings in Casllwchwr.

While the revival was short, it is believed that some 100,000 people became Christians during that period. Evan Roberts was used by God in sparking the Welsh Revival, which placed no emphasis on individuals, but on what the Spirit was doing independent of any outstanding or specially gifted persons.

The Welsh Revival featured many prayer meetings, much singing, and many people preaching the Gospel with a strong zeal, not only in their homeland, but also abroad. Much emphasis was placed on lay ministry, rather than the trained clergy for the preaching. Evan Roberts was used most visibly in the Welsh Revival, although he had received little formal religious training. There was an unusual dependence upon the Spirit and the Scriptures. The spirit of prayer was intense which brought about an overwhelming conviction of sin.

C. India

Miss Pandita Ramabai (1858-1920) was an upper caste, well educated woman in India who mastered seven languages and translated the Bible from Greek and Hebrew to her native Marathi tongue. She opened a home for girls and in January of 1905, began to speak to them of the need for revival. Soon some 550 women and girls were meeting in prayer for a move of the Spirit. On June 30 the Spirit moved with weeping and loud prayer. The first hours were filled with repentance and confession of sin, but then singing and joyful dance broke out. Visions, dreams, and the baptism in the Spirit came to many.

Missionary Albert Norton, who was at the home soon after the outbreak, testified of many of the girls/women speaking in fluent English as they prayed in tongues, as well as many other, unknown languages. He was well aware that none of these knew nor understood English. Ramabai has been called the “Mother of the Pentecostal Movement” in India. Her impact upon the nation was such that a stamp was issued by the government of India in her honor in 1989.

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D. South America

Minnie Abrams (1859-1912), sent to missionaries Willis C. (1856-1936) and Mary Anne Hoover, (Methodists), news of the events that were occurring in India through Ramabai. The Hoovers were stirred to seek God for such a move of the Spirit in their country of service, Chile. Institution special times of prayer, it often went all night as they and many other believers would seek the face of God. Repentance and restitution became commonplace those first nights. July 4, 1909, the floodgates of heaven opened.

On the Saturday night session of prayer, four young ladies were slain in the Spirit and prophesied. The next morning, Sunday, the atmosphere was charged at the 10:00 AM meeting, with people being slain in the Spirit, tongues, and singing in the Spirit. At one point, with a 12 year-old laying on the floor in one part of the building and a young woman in another, they broke into a common song, singing exactly the same words that none of them had learned. It seemed they were led by a common Leader as they did about 12 songs, all in tongues, perfectly in harmony and rhythm.

The congregation exploded in growth and in persecution. But the persecution brought more crowds. In two months the congregation had grown from 300 to 1,000. The Methodist Church forced Hoover to resign as a missionary, since he would not close the meetings, in February, 1910. He simply found other quarters and 440 of the believers followed him, with Pentecostalism growing by leaps and bounds. Hoover is honored as the “Founder of Pentecostalism in Chile” and is the founder of the Pentecostal Methodist Church, which has some 600,000 members, while the Methodist Church in Chile has some 4,000 remaining.

Another incident in Chile that proves God’s intent of flowing by His Spirit happened to Dr. Dick Braswell, pastor of Life Church in Mobile, Alabama. During the late 20th Century, he took a mission trip with Dr. Bertist Rouse, missionary from Semmes, Alabama. During the trip, Dr. Braswell was to teach the Methodist men’s meeting about the baptism in the Holy Spirit. But due to some mix-up, when it came time for Dr. Braswell to teach, he had no interpreter available. He tried to explain, but since he spoke no Spanish and these Methodist pastors spoke no English, it seemed a lost cause.

Dr. Braswell struggled with it for several minutes, trying to diagram the baptism on a chalkboard, and everything else he could think of. Frustrated, he began to pray in tongues. After a few minutes praying in front of these pastors in tongues, back in the back a man raised his hands and began to join in, then another and another. Soon the whole group was rejoicing and praying in languages they had not learned. 201 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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After the meeting, when a Spanish speaking person was available, Dr. Braswell had the young man ask one of those in his meeting what he had said that prompted them to begin to raise their hands and receive. The pastor said that for a good while Dr. Braswell had spoke in something he did not understand, but then after a while, the language shifted and he understood perfectly the Spanish Dr. Braswell was speaking. All of the pastors received the baptism because the prayer in the Spirit they understood as Spanish.

E. Europe

A minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church had travelled to the U.S. to raise money for missions when he heard of the Azusa Street Revival (1906). Seeking God, T.B. Barrett (1862-1940) received the baptism in the Holy Spirit (October 7, 1907), and immediately returned to his native Norway to preach the good news.

He had phenomenal results, with believers from all denominations flocking to the meetings and having their personal Pentecost. The news spread and soon those of other nations were flocking to . During the peak of the revival in 1907, A.A. Boddy (1854-1930), an Anglican rector in Sunderland, England visited the meetings. Convinced it was a real revival, he returned home and revival broke out in his church. A center for Pentecostal revival, thousands visited Sunderland and received the baptism, among them Smith Wigglesworth.

F. China

William Simpson (1869-1961), a Christian and Missionary Alliance missionary heard of the revival in 1908. An illiterate Chinese cook for a convention on the border of Tibet was the first person he heard speak in tongues. This cook also translated the message in Mandarin and local languages. After four years of intense study on the baptism, Simpson received, May 5, 1912. Simpson withdrew from the mission group, due to his experience, and continued to work in China, though with great hardship since his support was gone. But, it seemed that the harder the situation, the more the Spirit moved with typical signs of people being slain in the Spirit, tongues speaking, healings, and other charismata.

G. Argentina

Argentina experienced revival since the loss of the war for the Falkland Islands (Malvinos Way), in 1982. The revival was ongoing and so big that the Charismatic and Pentecostal churches were having trouble finding buildings large enough to hold the crowds. Argentina was only 30 million people and has been impacted by a sovereign revival unheard of in that countries history. The nation had been trouble by financial woes, as well as political, for many years. 202 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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While the nation is Roman Catholic, like many other Latin and South American countries, the people there were involved in and extreme Marian devotion.

Roman Catholic officials had predicted a victory for Argentina. Because of the loss to the superior U.K. Navy, and the fact that many terrorists were trained in Catholic schools, the Argentinians lost hope in the Catholic Church and became open to the Gospel message as preached in Evangelical and Pentecostal churches. The Evangelicals became unified, despite their history of bickering among themselves, and with the barriers broken down they became concerned with changed lives, holiness, commitment, and serving the Lord.

Miracles, healings and deliverance became very common. Evangelists Charles and Frances Hunter held crusades in Argentina, with more than 30,000 attending a meeting in Buenos Aires in the winter time, with 17,000 attending at Rosario. Some 15,000 attended a gathering in a large plaza to hear them minister on “How to heal the sick.” At that meeting Charles Hunter ministered the baptism of the Holy Spirit with approximately one-third receiving and miracles spontaneously happened in the crowd.

Several church leaders believe that Argentina has some three million evangelicals now, about 10% of the population of the nation. Sixty percent of these are Pentecostal or Charismatic believers.

Ed Silvoso targeted Resistencia in 1990 with united reconciliation and prayer when it had only 5,143 believers out of a population of 400,000. Silvoso said it was a "spiritual cemetery" at that time. Today there are some 100,000 Christians in that city. In 1990 the mayor welcomed Ed Silvoso and Harvest Evangelism into the city. It was also in 1990 in Resistencia that Silvoso led the president of the leading football club to the Lord, greatly impacting the city.

The nation has seen a 2,000% growth of born again believers according to Silvoso.

"In 1990 evangelicals in Argentina numbered half of one percent, roughly 200,000 believers. Today, a minimum of 10% of the population, or four million people, are born again, a 2,000% growth. In 1990 the Gospel seeds had to be watered with tears as we plowed very rocky ground, but now we walk joyfully carrying bountiful sheaves. Today there are cities where it is difficult for sinners to go to hell because the Church has learned to pastor entire cities."

Argentinean church-wide leaders, such as Carlos Annacondia, Omar Cabrera, Claudio Freidzon, Hector Gimenez and Sergio Scataglini have been used by God 203 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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to draw millions into the Kingdom. This revival is fueled by these men’s understanding of spiritual warfare and getting to the root of the problem instead of dealing only with symptoms. United prayer evangelization has become a powerful key to the transformation that has taken place in the nation.

Edgardo Silvoso, who worked in mass evangelism crusades with his brother-in- law, Luis Palau, for 11 years, later learned the principles of intercession and prayer evangelism. In Resistencia he simply used the biblical principles of prayer evangelism to reach the city.

In Argentina, new believers are going beyond just accepting Jesus into their hearts; they invite Him into their corporations, political parties, Congress, city hall, and every area of their lives because they understand that salvation has come to their house, not just their soul.

H. Other Nations

By the end of 1908, the Pentecostal experience of the baptism, with accompanying signs, was experienced in over 50 nations. By 1914, every American city of 3,000 plus had seen manifestations of Joel’s prophecy (2:28). In every area of the world, it appears that the Spirit was moving. Pentecostals were now printing literature to speed the Movement in 30 languages. From South America, to Africa; from Asia to Europe, to Australia and North America, the Spirit was moving.

I. Fourth Great Awakening

The “Fourth Great Awakening” was a religious awakening that some scholars, notably economic historian Robert Fogel, states took place in the United States in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. The terminology is controversial, with some historians saying that religious changes during these years in the U.S. were not part of an "awakening," as the first three Awakenings. While the idea of a Fourth Great Awakening has not been generally accepted, there were major religious changes during this period, including the invasion of the Holy Spirit into Catholic, Methodist, Presbyterian, and many other persuasions. Mainstream Protestant churches contracted sharply in membership and influence while independent, Baptists and Lutherans, among others, spread nationwide rapidly. Too, there were internal theological battles and schisms that came about because of this “awakening.” Secularism grew dramatically at this time, and the more conservative churches saw themselves battling secularism in terms of issues such as gay rights, abortion, and creationism.

Most historians say this Charismatic movement began April 3, 1960, when "Father" Dennis Bennett, of St. Mark's Episcopal parish in Van Nuys, California, 204 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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announced to his congregation that he had received the fullness and power of the Holy Spirit with "speaking in unknown tongues." When his experience generated considerable opposition, Bennett resigned and accepted an invitation to become vicar of St. Luke's Episcopal Church (an almost dead church which had been closed twice), in Seattle, Washington. This church grew to be one of the strongest charismatic churches in the Northwest, a major center from which speaking in tongues would spread worldwide, especially in the mainline denominations, for some ten years. By 1963, Christianity Today said that some 2,000 Episcopalians were tongues speakers in Southern California.

There were several religious groups which grew or were created during this period, with many seen as quite different from other Christian denominations. Large changes came about during this period, particularly new forms of Evangelical Christianity that emphasized a personal relationship with Jesus. The result was the formation of a number of newly styled "non-denominational" churches and "community faith centers." Too, this period saw the rise of nontraditional churches with conservative theology such as some mega- churches, as well as the growth of para-church organizations. All the while, mainline Protestantism saw declines in membership.

This awakening, termed by some as a Charismatic Awakening, occurred between 1961 and 1982. This Awakening stemmed from a Pentecostal movement that placed emphasis on the experience of the gifts of the Spirit, including speaking in tongues, healing, and prophecy. Much focus was on the strengthening of spiritual convictions through these gifts and through signs from the Holy Spirit. Lay spirituality was especially a focus in the Catholic and Methodist Church, resulting in a reduced emphasis on institutional structure. Many of these Charismatics were accepted in their denominational church, and many continued there.

J. Catholics

The Roman Catholic Church was set ablaze in places by the Holy Spirit outpouring of the 1960s and ‘70s, and it has not slowed to any degree. At Vatican II Council, Pope John XXIII spoke of his desire for a “new Pentecost” and directed the faithful to pray that Holy Spirit would bring renewal “in this our day as by a new Pentecost.” God answered that prayer. Pope John opened the way for Protestant Charismatics to minister to Catholics with his statements of “separated brethren” instead of calling Protestants heretics, as well as his saying that Christians of other denominations “are joined with us in the Holy Spirit, for to them also He gives His gifts and graces.”

Another door opener was Cardinal Suenens, who because of his statements concerning the Spirit’s influence on the life of the Church and that He was of 205 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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“vital importance in building up the mystical body”, caused the Council to adopt an open and receptive position on the move of the Spirit. This position said that gifts “should be recognized and esteemed in the Church today.” With this agreement, it would be almost impossible to stop the moving of the Spirit in the Catholic churches.

In February of 1967, the first Catholic Pentecostal prayer meeting was held in Duquesne University at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A weekend retreat was held there, where two theology professors, Ralph Keifer and Billy Story, and some 20 graduate students and professors received a mighty outpouring of the Spirit, with manifestations common to the early 20th Century Pentecostals experience. The movement then swept through the Catholic student populations at the University of Michigan and the University of Notre Dame. The Catholic Pentecostal movement gained its early leaders, mostly young lay people, in this first sweep into the Catholic heartland of America.

An Ann Arbor, Michigan group that had experienced the baptism in the Spirit was said to have “soon became the largest and most influential center for the Catholic [Pentecostal] movement... Ann Arbor leaders also produced a periodical entitled New Covenant, which served as a central clearinghouse of information about the movement” (1968).

Early estimates show the Catholic Pentecostals were growing in numbers quite quickly. Estimated at a conservative 10,000 in 1971 by Edward O’Connor, Edward Fiske said in the New York Times that there were somewhere between 15,000 and 50,000 (1970). Not only was the Spirit moving into staid middle-class denominations, but into the clergy and nuns of the Roman Catholics. Others estimated some 200,000 Roman Catholic Charismatics by 1973. One estimate of some 300,000 in 1990 also said that there was a Pentecostal movement that stresses the charismatic gifts of “speaking in tongues, healing, interpretation, and prophecy” taking place amongst the Catholics.

A phenomena of any revival is the number of new songs that are written out of the experience. It was testified among the Catholics that: "New songs were written and published for the hundreds of prayer groups that began to spring up in America and in other countries. Notre Dame became the chief conference place for the Catholics who flocked to the [Pentecostal] movement in phenomenal numbers." (1981)

Darien, Connecticut was another site where the Spirit was allowed to move. The activities at St. Paul’s Church prompted the book, Miracle in Darien, describing the charismatic experiences there. There were some 1,000 attending the church's four services, and there were 40 Bible study groups (1990).

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In Philadelphia, the Charismatic Prayer Groups were sponsoring special conferences for charismatic priests and parishioners. The June 1988 retreat brought in 130 priests, and the 1988 annual Charismatic Rally attracted 5,000 people. In Philadelphia alone there were some 166 Catholic Charismatic prayer groups. A statement was made that there were “ten million U.S. Catholics, about one fifth call themselves Charismatic or Pentecostal and the [Catholic] church has embraced them--fainting and all.” By 1992, the Charismatic Catholics were one in five of the adherents, and 21% said they were “born again Christians.” (1992) The Church was adding 2 million members each year as the move of the Spirit spread. (1992)

This Renewal was truly an ecumenical gift of grace, when at Arrowhead Stadium, Kansas City, Missouri, some 52,000 Pentecostal/Charismatics came together to worship, pray, dance in the Spirit and generally enjoy the moving of the Spirit. The registrants were about 50% Catholic, with others coming from Lutheran, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, denominational Pentecostals, Baptists, Methodists, and Messianic Jews. From this Renewal, many Charismatics were encouraged to stay in their churches, and many did. But over time they often felt they were drying up, and left to join classical Pentecostal groups, or start new, independent Charismatic fellowships.

K. Revivals in Colleges and Universities

On January 22, 1995, two students from Howard Payne University stood up and repented of their sins at the Coggin Avenue Baptist Church in Brownwood, Texas. As a result, others confessed also. A similar event took place on campus on January 26, quickly spreading to other colleges, and Howard Payne students were soon being invited to other college campuses, which experienced similar revivals. From these schools, more students were invited to still other schools, where there were further revivals. Seven weeks of increased, widespread prayer preceded the events at Coggin Avenue Baptist Church.

After the events on January 22, the motto among several local high school students had become, "God's going to rock the world, and it's starting in Brownwood," and that "Southern Baptists, Nazarenes, Pentecostals, Independent Baptists, and Presbyterians are getting together just to kneel and pray for revival."

After Howard Payne, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Forth Worth, Texas, Beeson School of Divinity in Birmingham, Alabama, Olivet College in Kankakee, Ill., Moorehead State University in Moorehead, Ky., Murray State University in Murray, Ky., Wheaton College in Wheaton, Ill., L.A. Technical School in Ruston, La., Gordon College in Wenham, Mass., and Trinity 207 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Evangelical Divinity School in Deerfield, Illinois each experienced a move of God in which students went forward during long services to repent of pride, lust, bondage to materialism, bitterness, and racism.

On March 1, 1995, John Avant spoke to an overflow crowd at Southwestern Baptist's Truett Auditorium about the events at Brownwood, with similar results in seven hours of confession and prayer by students, faculty, and administrators. One of the most moving experiences was when a “white man admitted racism and two or three black guys almost carried him off the stage hugging him". It was testified that there was a strong Presence of the Holy Spirit in the meetings, which were not being led by any one person.

At Wheaton College, where two students who had been touched by the Spirit of God at Howard Payne University, the Holy Spirit touched so many that five large garbage bags were filled with bottles of alcohol, tobacco, drugs, pornography, and secular music which the repentant no longer wanted.

Some 150 students spent four hours repenting and praying at The Criswell College after hearing testimony from some Howard Payne students. Doug Minton, pastor of First Baptist Church of Corinth, Texas, says his church experienced revival for weeks after a visit from Howard Payne students.

By April 17 it was reported that thousands more students, as well as several faculty and administration members, had "participated in public confession, restitution, and reconciliation" at Asbury College in Wilmore, Kentucky, Illinois Baptist College in Galesburg, Ill., Eastern Nazarene College in Quincy, Mass., at Northwestern College in St. Paul, Minn., in St. Bonifacius, Minn., and at what was formerly the Grand Rapids Baptist College in Grand Rapids, Mich.

By May 1, revival had come to schools in Lakewood, Co., Louisville, Ky., Marion, Indiana, South Hamilton, Mass., Elgin, Ill., Newberg, Oregon, Portland, Oregon, and Lakewood, Co. At Iowa State on April 10, some 300 members of several Christian organizations on campus waited for several hours in order to go to the microphone to confess sin, repent and pray after hearing from four Wheaton students about what had happened on their campus.

Accounts of a Campus Revival: Wheaton College 1995, edited by Timothy Beougher and Lyle Dorsett (Wheaton, Ill.: Harold Shaw Publishers, 1995), pp. 139-170, gives an account of the spread of college revivals to Minnesota, Kentucky, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Indiana, Oregon, New York, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut.

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L. Other Revivals

God has continually showed up, in one way or another, to places unknown previously, to show His great mercy and grace. While there is controversy about every “revival” and “movement” to one degree or another, it appears that God is speeding things up, in spite of those who were in the forefront of the last move of God and tend to be critical of those in the next one. This appears to be a continuous condition for revivals. So, we try here to present revivals and movements which we did not talk much about previously.

1. Brownsville Assembly, Pensacola, Florida

Steve Hill, an evangelist, spoke on Father's Day, June 18, 1995, at Brownsville Assembly of God, near Pensacola, Florida. Planning to be there only one day, the power of God fell and Pastor John Kilpatrick fell out under the power of God for a period of about 48 hours. Scheduled to conclude at noon, the first meeting lasted until 4:00 pm. Hill was asked to extend his visit and he canceled appointments, including a trip to Russia. Crowds grew to 2,500, five nights a week, from Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, Nazarene, Catholic, and Church of Christ backgrounds, as well as Charismatics and Pentecostals. Buses brought visitors from states in the Southeast as well as from other areas of the U.S. and from overseas.

Many nights people were in the auditorium until 2:00 AM, with often near 1,000 people standing, sitting, laying around the altar. By July 31, it was estimated some 4,000 were attending nightly services (except Saturday). Many nights there would be some 150 people praying for salvation or rededicating their lives to Jesus. It was reported that the church had been praying for revival for years, with often Pastor Kilpatrick simply calling for the church to pray on Sunday nights.

Various manifestations common to the revivals of the past took place in Pensacola, such as people slain in the Spirit, jerking, crying, and some lying still as if dead. Reports of visions, deliverance from witchcraft and homosexuality, marriages restored, healings, and lives transformed, are just part of the move of God. Some 3,000 prayed for salvation or recommitment in the first six weeks.

Steve Hill, an evangelist/missionary, was delivered from drugs and saved by the influence of a Lutheran Vicar. After his salvation experience, he had to go to jail, and then entered David Wilkerson’s Teen Challenge program, sitting under David Wilkerson and Leonard Ravenhill. He worked in Argentina when the revival was going on there, then to England when he 209 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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read in TIME magazine of a great move of God there (Church of England near Harrods). In London, January 19, 1995, he arranged a meeting with the pastor where the revival was going on, and asked him to pray for him. Steve says he received an impartation and has never been the same since. Many who visited the revival and were hungry got what they went for, and some received impartations as Steve did, setting off revival in other cities/churches.

2. Jekyll Island, Georgia

In the June, 1994 issue of Charisma (pp. 54-58), Steven Smith wrote about revival that flowed to the Christian Teaching and Worship Center (CTWC) in Woburn, Mass. The 450-member church, pastored by Mona Johnian and her husband Paul, experienced revival after a visit to revival meetings they attended on Jekyll Island, November, 1993.

Rodney Howard-Browne was ministering at Jekyll Island and there, people who were the epitome of dignity (Bill Ligon of Brunswick, Georgia), fell to the floor when touched by the evangelist, Rodney Howard-Browne. When Bill Ligon, a guest minister at the church in Woburn, ministered, the revival broke out. Other churches affected by the revival in the Johnians' church included Bath Baptist Church of Bath, Maine, pastored by Greg Foster.

3. Revivals in small churches and out-of-the-way places

Claudio Freidzon was one of the early recipients of the move of God in the early 1900s. A South African evangelist, he saw revival and the phenomenon that accompanied it which broke out in 1992 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. According to Mountain Movers publication (October 1993, p. 6), "people entered into adoration and worship . . . became 'drunk' on the Spirit . . . laughed in the Spirit . . . fell under the power of God,” with services lasting six or seven hours and hundreds waiting outside to get in.

An unusual visitation of this nature originated in Mississauga, Ontario, outside of Toronto, January 20, 1994, which brought the new anointing to mainline denominational as well as non-denominational churches throughout the world. This revival was initiated by Holy Spirit through Randy Clark, a young Vineyard pastor from St. Louis who had become depressed over the lack of the move of God and a period of dryness, smugness, and self-sufficiency that had manifested in Vineyard Churches. Although there was a certain ritual, or liturgy, there was really no expectation that God would come into the midst of all of it. It was a time of discouragement and disillusionment, and Randy knew he was emotionally, 210 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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spiritually and physically “burning out." By August of 1993, he was close to a breakdown.

Jeff McClusky, a close friend of Randy’s, called to find out how Randy was. Deflecting the call, Randy said he was doing fine, but Jeff said his aunt, Mary Ellen Hutchins had called and told him she was getting tired of being awakened at 3:00 AM to pray for him, as he was going through depression and thoughts of suicide. After Jeff shared with Randy, he admitted that he was struggling. Then Jeff shared with Randy about a conference with Rodney Howard-Browne that he had attended.

Randy attended Howard-Browne’s next meeting at Rhema Bible Church in Tulsa in August 1993. Randy was so hungry for the touch of God that he visited the prayer line 4 times, 2 of them in “disguise.” Randy was pinned to the floor after one experience of being slain in the Spirit. Emotionally healthy after the 3rd touch, Randy and his Associate who was with him shared the first Sunday back at the church Randy pastored. Many rushed forward at the invitation for a touch and every person was touched by the Spirit and fell as Randy laid hands on them. Then a university student, Daryl, a bit skeptical, went up to take communion and was frozen in place, unable to move. After Randy prayed for him, he was delivered from an emotional trauma involved with sexual molestation.

John Arnott, pastor of Toronto Airport Vineyard, called Randy and asked him to come to minister. A woman in Randy’s church, Anni Shelton, had a vision of a map of Canada, with the power of God coming forth in a radius of 360 degrees. Randy, still suffering from emotional things in his childhood, was told by John Arnott that he wanted to introduce the prophetic in the meetings, which Randy was very reluctant to do since there were considerable controversies over what was happening at Mike Bickle’s church already. A Baptist friend of Randy’s called him January 19 and prophesied to him that the Lord was going to back him up. This phone call probably prompted Randy to become a central figure in the Toronto Revival (Toronto Blessing).

Others who experienced the move of God included: 1) A.L. Gill, a missionary from California, as he led a worship seminar at Doug Girard’s Vision Christian Center in Lawrenceville, Georgia (Chestnut Street Revival); 2) Tony and Marj Abram saw drunkness in the Spirit and holy laughter in 1986 at the Assemblies of God in Dover, England; 3) Louis Halcomb was used by the Lord in a worldwide sovereign move as he ministered in the late 1980s and early 1990s, in Riverside, New Jersey, as well as in the Philippines, Paris, Geneva, and other places where Halcomb ministered; 4) Calvary Worship Center in Port St. Lucy, Florida, received a 211 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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touch from the Lord due to Halcomb’s ministry in the late 1980s, which culminated at dedication of a new building in July, 1994- they had to have 12 services a week accommodate the people; 5) Dr. Ron Shaw brought in Reinhardt Bonnke and the result was an impartation to pastors who were there, including Rodney Howard-Browne, in early 1992; 6) Karl Strader, pastor of Carpenter’s Home Church, Lakeland, Florida and his wife attended the Worship ’93 Conference, and heard Norvel Hayes prophesy of a “great wind of the Spirit” about to come to them- the next Sunday Rodney Howard-Browne was to be there for a week’s meetings, which went on 13 weeks with thousands flocking to the meetings, including people from Africa, Great Britain, and Argentina.

4. Modesto, California

Glenn and Debbie Berteau became pastors of Calvary Temple Worship Center in Modesto, California in 1994. They had a strong sense that revival would take place there. Challenging the congregation with a sermon, "Why not Modesto?", the congregation shared in the vision. After “Vision Sunday” in early 1994, the church undertook a 40 day fast, with several individuals signed up for specific days that they would fast and pray on. Fasting took place a year later as the procedure was repeated. Then prayer was held daily at noon for those who could. Intercession was the focus and pastors of several congregations in Modesto began meeting together weekly to pray for the city.

At the performance of “Heaven’s Gates and Hell’s Flames: a breakthrough came as most nights saw over 900 people responding out of some 2200+ in the building. The play was originally scheduled for three days, but due to popular demand, a total of 28 performances were held for a period of seven weeks, ending March 16. Most nights over 900 people responded to the altar call, in an auditorium that seats 2,200 people. Some 81,000 attended with about 90% of the attendees having never seen the performance before. Twenty thousand decision cards were turned in. Over 250 churches were represented in the attendees. The results include husband and wife reconciliations through salvation; over 6,000 young people receiving Christ, and gang members who laid down gang affiliation and turned in gang paraphernalia. Entire families came to Christ, as well as homosexuals, children, aged businessmen; all races, ages, and socio- economic groups were touched.

Local Pastors and Priests said a new passion and love for God was being demonstrated in those who already had a relationship with the Lord, as well as the fact that they were receiving many new converts and churches were filling up. A local church added a third Sunday morning service and 212 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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another asked their members to give up seats so visitors could have them. A local Bible book store was selling more Bibles than usual and a local psychologist said much healing had happened in the lives of some of his clients who had attended the drama.

5. Thailand Revival

Those who have been touched by the Lord in other revivals seem bent on sharing it with others, even around the world, as they should. Jim Paul of the Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship was in Thailand in June of 1995, and reported that the Fourth Presbyterian Church experienced an explosion as they received teaching. Weeping, visions, praying, and prophecies highlighted the meeting. A specific vision of the harvest was shared with the Lord pointing out as a focal point for revival.

Testimonies of the anointing were given by Sopal and Deborah, from Phnom Penh, Cambodia, as their lives were changed. Upon the testimony there was deep intercession and the wailing of the congregation went on for some ten minutes. Meetings were extended with Carol Low and Jimmy Dowds from the Scotland Vine Church. Hunger for God was seen throughout the nation, with words released during the first days for unity and four separate people having the same word regarding Psalms 133 and the call to harmony.

M. Bapticostals

The Bapticostal movement is a movement in some Baptist churches towards adopting certain elements of the Charismatic movement. Most often the word “charismatic” is used to describe a worship style typical of most Pentecostal/Charismatic churches. However, it more properly describes churches where members profess to have and exhibit the charismata that are practiced in Pentecostalism, such as: 1) glossolalia; 2) being slain in the Spirit; 3) being granted a gift of the Spirit (1 Corinthians 12:7-11). The prevalence of such beliefs within Baptist churches worldwide is unknown. It hardly exists in some unions or conventions (e.g. Eastern Europe), but in others (Australia, New Zealand), it is accepted as normal. Many Baptists of the USA Southern Baptist Convention churches could be classified as Bapticostal, with the numbers growing.

Officially, the Convention is opposed to these expressions and exhibitions. In 1999, a regional Southern Baptist association of churches expelled the Calvary Baptist Church in Marshfield, Missouri for teaching and the exhibition of speaking in tongues, as well as the fact that church members were being slain in the Spirit. In 2006 the International Mission Board passed standards for missionaries which 213 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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disqualifies: 1) those who oppose traditional Southern Baptist doctrines of eternal security and a rejection of a salvific view of baptism; 2) those who are engaged in speaking in tongues or had a "private prayer language". Following that new qualification of missionary appointments, Rev. Dwight McKissic, in a sermon during a chapel service to students attending Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, announced that he speaks in tongues and uses a private prayer language. In the sermon he emphasized not taking a cessationist view of the charismatic gifts. Southwestern quickly distanced itself from McKissic's comments saying,

"Rev. McKissic’s interpretation of tongues as 'ecstatic utterance' is not a position that we suspect would be advocated by most faculty or trustees. In keeping with Baptist convictions regarding religious liberty, we affirm Rev. McKissic’s right to believe and advocate his position. Equally in keeping with our emphasis of religious liberty we reserve the right not to disseminate openly views which we fear may be harmful to the churches."

Shortly after his election as president of the Convention, Rev. Frank Page expanded on his "big tent" view of Southern Baptists by saying,

"Churches must deal with charismatic issues and theology as a part of their own autonomous structure. I think that many Charismatics function well within traditional Southern Baptist churches. In fact, we have several in our church. Some are more vocal and sometimes disruptive. Churches must deal with those kinds of attitudes on a case by case basis. Trustee bodies must do the same."

N. Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship

Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship, International has been a move of God since 1994, when over 25,000 people attended the first Fellowship Conference in the Louisiana Superdome. The Fellowship is convinced that the choice to exercise spiritual gifts is imperative for the local New Testament Church to fully function as the dynamic organism God has intended. Founded by Bishop Paul S. Morton, Sr., in 1992, it came about due to the liberating power of the Holy Spirit at work in the transition of his own Baptist church congregation. Understanding that the Lord wanted him to help bridge the gap between Baptist and Pentecostal traditions, Bishop Morton began to communicate with others concerning the vision. Building upon the traditional Baptist Church as its foundation, the Fellowship members desire to experience every Biblical command and inheritance promised in the Word of God. The Full Gospel Baptist is of an inclusive nature.

Being multi-cultural and multi-denominational, the Full Gospel Baptist Church 214 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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Fellowship is structured with an Episcopal Hierarchy. A truly international movement, hundreds of Full Gospel Baptist Churches exist in Africa, Asia, the Bahamas, Germany, India, Canada, Great Britain, Italy and of course North America. The Fellowship's major initiatives since 1994 include: church planting in Africa and India; the dispensation of multiple $5,000.00 grants to struggling churches; the development of the Full Gospel Baptist Sunday School Curriculum, which supports the Christian Education Ministry throughout the world.

O. New Denominations and Churches

Questions come to mind concerning the conditions under which some groups and independent churches have been formed. As we have stated elsewhere, those who were in the forefront of the last move of God are often the first to criticize the new move of God. It is really a matter of authority, with some desiring to rule over and others seeing that they must not be ruled over.

We have come through an institutional church age that is again settling into its ritual and traditions, much to the chagrin of those who are seeking more of God. Resistance to reform and renewal incites new religious movements. Quoting Hans Kung, “The decade long, indeed century long, predominately unapostolic behavior of the bishops was a major cause of the Lutheran Reformation.”

A like condition faced Methodist John Wesley. He did not intend to start a new denomination, desiring to remain attached to the Anglican Church. But, the ecclesiastical resistance to what was happening in the movement he started brought about no other choice. He had to either denounce the movement by remaining Anglican, or bypass institutional authority and ordain his own ministers, based on gifting and callings.

This same thing was true of the Pentecostal Movement of the 20th Century. Most of the institutional church refused to recognize the gifts that the Lord was giving to those hungry enough to receive them. These early Pentecostals were not aiming to start a new group or denomination, but were forced into it- or deny what was happening in their own lives. These new relationships, based on a common Charismatic experience, have formed new Pentecostal denominations which today rank only slightly below the size of the Roman Catholic Church. Further, independent Charismatics are now the fastest-growing religious group in North America. Some 3,000 independent Charismatic denominations have been formed world-wide, and they are having an impact internationally.

Certainly the manifestations of these revivals were at times out of the flesh. But Scripture tells us to test the spirits (1Co.14:29; 1Th.5:19-21; 1Jn.4:1). We should recognize that, according to Hans Kung, Catholic Theologian, spiritual excess or enthusiasm outbreaks are indicative of crisis in the Church. Too, he says that the 215 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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demands of revivalists are to be taken up and put into practice when they are rooted in the Scriptures. Many times the problem is not with extremes, but with an institutional church that no longer expects life in the Spirit in any dynamic way. As with Israel, apathy toward God, in the Church, will eventually lead to bondage.

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Sargeant, Kimon Howland, Seeker Churches (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000, p.93.

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World Factbook of the CIA

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240 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology www.dcfi.org/index.htm www.DerekPrinceMinistriesInternational.com www.elim.org.uk/elim_members/articles.asp?categorycode=ART00924&ID=ART00861 www.en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0226014975 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Ozman www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Belt" www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Cerullo www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/open_bible-standard_churches www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Humbard www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rossi www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Schuller www.eternalgracechurch.com www.everynation.org/en/top/about-us/global-oversight-structure/international-ministry-team.html www.factnet.org/discuss/messages/3/3444.html?1123750365 www.fiction.net/tidbits/politics/pc.html www.fullnet.net/np/archives/cyber/roebuck.html www.gcmwarning.com/Articles/OtherSideDiscipleship.htm www.generationscult.com www.greendaycommunity.org/Forum/lofiversion/index.php/t27698.html www.house2house.tv/ www.houstonpress.com/2002-04-04/news/power-house/3 www.intotruth.org/apostasy/G12testimony2.htm www.jdm.org/jdmDefault.aspx www.jhm.org/family.asp www.jhm.org/pastor.asp www.lakewood.cc/john_osteen_tribute.htm www.letusreason.org/Pent55.htm www.livingstream.com/faith www.marketplaceleaders.org/apps/articles/ (a reprint from Religion News, 5/24/2005).

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GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology www.mci12.com/english/Home-engl.html www.members.tripod.com/celyccomiskey/concerns_about_the_G12_movement.htm www.ministrywatch.com/mw2.1/F_SumRpt.asp?EIN=311506712 www.montanarailroadhistory.info/CompileMontanaPlaceNames.htm www.murdockseedfaith.blogspot.com www.myfortress.org/JohnOsteen.html retrieved on 06-10-04. www.nationalreview.com/kurtz/kurtz200505020944.asp” \o www.ncccusa.org/news/070305yearbook2007.html www.nwcreation.net/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page www.nytimes.com/aponline/us/AP-Haggard-Sex-Allegations.html www.openbible.org/message/Message.html www.organicchurchplanting.org www.oru.edu/university/library/holyspirit/goldball2.gif" \* www.ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pipim/chap1.htm www.pcci.edu/CampusChurch/default.html www.pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=140”\o . Retrieved on 2008-09-24. www.post-gazette.com/pg/06208/709076-84.stm in Wall St Journal, Andrew Higgins, July 27th, 2006 www.rdlindsey.com/churchhistory/default.htm www.reachouttrust.org/articles/relatedsubjects/g12.htm www.reachouttrust.org/articles/relatedsubjects/g12update_pf.htm" \t "_blank" www.religionlink.org/tip_061218a.php www.revivaltimes.org/index.php.229.htm www.revivaltimes.org/index.php.232.htm www.revivaltimes.org/index.php.304.htm www.revivaltimes.org/index.php.305.htm www.revivaltimes.org/index.php.306.htm www.rickross.com/reference/tv_preachers/tv_preachers7.html at San Antonio Press News, Analisa Nazareno, 1/20/2003. www.shortermmissions.com www.simplechurch.com 242 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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www.sxws.com/charis/mediaministers.htm www.theocracywatch.org National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy. www.transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/05/07/03/lkl.01.html Joel Osteen interview, 7/03/2005, on Larry King Live. www.transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0512/02lkl.01.html - Transcript for Larry King Live, interview with Rick Warren www.ukron.edu/bliss/docs/Religious_Landscape_2004.pdf”” www.urbanonramps.com www.usccb.org/index.shtml www.victoryword.100megspop2.com/reconstruction.html www.vineyardcentral.com www.visiong12.com/eng/G12vision www.wargs.com/other/robertso.html www.wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyan_theology/theojrnl/21-35/21-1-05.htm Glossolalia as a foreign language- www.wesleyan.org www.whidbey.net/~dcloud/fbns/strange2.htm www.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Age&action=edit§ion=19" \o " www.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_C._Bliss_Institute_of_Applied_Politics&action=edit”\o”” www.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksource&isbn=0049410180 www.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0415922445 www.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn-0345391691 www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904-1905_Welsh_Revival” www.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism”\”_note-15#_note-15” \o” www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Romero www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblies_of_God”\I”_ref-2#_ref-2” \o”” www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblies_of_God”\I”_ref-3#_ref-3”\o”” www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists Questions and Answers, 30 August, 1964. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_Bible_College www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press”..Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 2004. 243 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America

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www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_of_Prophecy” www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_with_Signs_Following” www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_Culture www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism” \”_ref-1#_ref-1# \o”” www.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._F._Bosworth\l "_note-christthehealer#_note-christthehealer" \o "" www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_USA www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_W._Hayford www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Alan_Sekulow www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Duplantis www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bakker www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Osteen www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Hagin www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal” www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Parsley. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_LaHaye www.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance” www.willowcreek.org/teaching_pastors.asp www.workersforjesus.com/chrs-nw17.htm www.worldevangelicalalliance.com/wea/history.htm” \o

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GBTH – 524 20th Century Church History 1st Edition, January 2009 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology

COURSEWORK RECOGNITION

COURSE RESEARCHED AND DEVELOPED: Price, Roger, D.R.E., Ph.D., Th.D., D.D., January, 2009 Thompson, Verda L., Ph.D., D.R.E., D.C.C., D.D., Th.D.

MSBT PASTORAL ADVISORS: Braswell, Dick, Th.D. Burden, Wendell, D.Div. Chapman, Del, Th.D. Hall, Leo, D. Div., D. Min.

AMT-MSBT BOARD MEMBERS & STAFF:

Baldock, Michael, Th. D. Price, Roger, Ph.D., D.R.E., Th.D., D.Div. Brown, Eddy, D.Div. Sansfacon, Mario, A.Min. Burden, Wendell, Th.D. Sansfacon, Teresa, B.Min., D.Div. Carr, Mary, D. Min., D. Div. Shepard, Sally D.Min., D.Div. Craig, David, D.Div. Thompson, Verda, Ph.D., D.R.E., D.C.C., Th.D., D.Div. Cunningham, Kay, D.Div. Vance, David R., A.C.S. Goneau, Dean, M.A. Wootten, Charles A., Th.D., D.Div. Hall, Leo, D.Div., D.Min. Wootten, Margaret S. D.Div. Kisner, Brian, D.Div.

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THANK YOU

Information for Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology courses has been researched and compiled by many members in the Body of Christ. We have been blessed by gifted brothers and sisters from many areas of ministry.

We thank those who have helped to write and compile courses for our curriculum. We gratefully thank all those in five-fold ministry, helps and lay ministry that have labored with us. A special thank you is extended to authors of various books, and leadership of other Bible Colleges that have been so very giving and gracious to us. It is not possible to name everyone by name. Laborers with us have compiled over one hundred (100) courses. Let us all say "to God be the glory."

CHRISTIANS ARE CO-LABORERS

"Who then is Paul, and who is Apollos, but ministers by whom ye believed, even as the Lord gave to every man? I have planted, Apollos watered; but God gave the increase. So then neither is he that planteth any thing, neither he that watereth; but God that giveth the increase. Now he that planteth and he that watereth are one: and every man shall receive his own reward according to his own labor. For we are laborers together with God: ye are God's husbandry, ye are God's building. According to the grace of God which is given unto me, as a wise masterbuilder, I have laid the foundation, and another buildeth thereon. But let every man take heed how he buildeth thereupon. For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ."

I Corinthians 3:5-11

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