Dobra, K. Dipl. Radm

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Dobra, K. Dipl. Radm CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Repozitorij Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu' at University of Zagreb SVEU ČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET Odsjek za arheologiju Ivana Lu čića 3 Kristina Dobra PALEOLITI ČKA STIJENSKA UMJETNOST NA PODRU ČJU JUŽNOG URALA Diplomski rad Mentor: dr. sc. Ivor Karavani ć Zagreb, travanj 2017. SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD ................................................................................................................................................. 1 2. ŠPILJA KAPOVA ............................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Smještaj nalazišta i op ći podatci.................................................................................................. 5 2.2. Povijest istraživanja...................................................................................................................... 6 2.3. Prikazi......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.4. Rasprava..................................................................................................................................... 21 3. ŠPILJA IGNATIEVKA ..................................................................................................................... 25 3.1. Smještaj nalazišta i op ći podatci................................................................................................. 25 3.2. Povijest istraživanja.................................................................................................................... 26 3.3. Prikazi......................................................................................................................................... 28 3.4. Rasprava..................................................................................................................................... 37 4. ŠPILJA SERPIEVKA II .................................................................................................................... 40 4.1. Smještaj nalazišta i op ći podatci................................................................................................. 40 4.2. Povijest istraživanja.................................................................................................................... 40 4.3. Prikazi......................................................................................................................................... 41 4.4. Rasprava..................................................................................................................................... 45 4. ŠPILJA KISELEVKA ....................................................................................................................... 47 4.1. Smještaj nalazišta i op ći podatci................................................................................................. 47 4.2. Povijest istraživanja.................................................................................................................... 47 4.3. Prikazi......................................................................................................................................... 47 4.4. Rasprava..................................................................................................................................... 48 ZAKLJU ČNA RAZMATRANJA ......................................................................................................... 50 LITERATURA ...................................................................................................................................... 53 Veliku zahvalu dugujem svom mentoru, prof. dr. sc. Ivoru Karavani ću na strpljenju, savjetima, stru čnim sugestijama i konstruktivnim kritikama pruženim kako prilikom izrade ovog rada tako i tijekom čitavog diplomskog studija. Dr. sc. Nikoli Vukosavljevi ću i dr. sc. Rajni Šoši ć – Klindži ć zahvaljujem na sugestijama i konstruktivnim kritikama. Zahvaljujem Kristini Mandac na podršci prilikom pisanja ovog rada i Maji Klari ć na lektoriranju teksta. Na kraju zahvaljujem svojim roditeljima bez čije emocionalne podrške i financijske pomo ći ne bih bila u mogu ćnosti napisati ovaj rad. 1. UVOD Najve ća koncentracija lokaliteta s paleoliti čkom stijenskom umjetnosti nalazi se u zapadnoj Europi, na teritoriju Francuske i Španjolske gdje je zastupljena u svim razdobljima gornjeg paleolitika i u svim tehnikama, te gdje je prvi put u Europi i otkrivena (Torbrugge, 1969, 50). Otkri će prikaza špilje Kapove na zapadnim obroncima južnog Urala pokazalo je da je tisu ću kilometara od kulturnih paleoliti čkih centara zapadne Europe postojala skupina ljudi koja je izražavala svoje vi đenje svijeta posredstvom pe ćinskih crteža, te promjenilo sliku da je stijenska umjetnost Europe rezervirana samo za zapadni dio ovog kontinenta (Shmidt, 2007, 193). Povodom toga javlja se i ideja o postojanju centra paleoliti čke stijenske umjetnosti na podru čju južnog Urala nalik onome na podru čju franko – kantabrije koju su u činile mogu ćom otkri ća još tri takva lokaliteta na spomenutom podru čju, špilje Ignatievka, Serpievka II i Kiselevka (npr. Shirokov i Petrin, 2013, 14) (Slika 1). Pretpostavci da je postojala odre đena veza izme đu populacija na podru čju južnog Urala i populacija zapadne Europe dalo je težinu otkri će prikaza rumunjskih špilja Coliboaie (Clottes i sur.; 2011, 2013, Nash, 2011 ) i Cuciulat (Cârciumaru i Bitiri, 1983) postavljaju ći podru čje Karpata kao poveznicu kojom su se ideje prenosile od Pirineja do Urala (npr. Zhitenev, 2011a, 50) (Slika 2). No, za razliku od franko – kantabrijskog podru čja gdje se sukladno s brojnim otkri ćima u jugozapadnoj Francuskoj po četkom 20. stolje ća razvijala metodologija istraživanja (Karavani ć, 2012, 84, Whitley, 2001, 9) na podru čju Rusije nije bilo iskustva u istraživanju sli čnih lokaliteta te se i metoda istraživanja razvijala sporije. Prva kompleksna istraživanja zapo čela su tek 80-ih godina, nakon otkri ća prikaza u špilji Ignatievki, da bi se nastavila posljednjih godina s napretkom tehnologije i omogu ćenim financijskim sredstvima (Shirokov i Petrin, 2013, 22). Datiranje na temelju stila najpoznatija je i najranija metoda datiranja prikaza i kao takva bila je glavni kriterij za interpretaciju prikaza ovih špilja, a samostalno su je provodili razli čiti autori. Me đutim, ostala je na razini nejasne generalizacije i razli čitih interpretiranja istih prikaza i kontradiktornih informacija u literaturi (Shmidt, 2007, 183). Istraživanja nije olakšala ni informacija o pronalasku prikaza špilje Kapove koja je izazvala senzaciju, te su i prije prvih pravih arheoloških istraživanja u novinama i časopisima tiskani brojni entuzijasti čni članci koji su često sadržavali pogrešne informacije ili posve fantasti čna svjedo čanstva (npr. Ryumin, 1961.). Špilja Kapova služila je i kao postavljeni obrazac za usporedbu stila prikaza špilja Ignatievke, Serpievke II i Kiselevke. Stoga će se stilske analogije u ovom radu, koliko je to mogu će, objektivno razmotriti unutar arheološkog konteksta i sadržaja te unutar 1 pretpostavljenih regionalnih specifi čnosti ovih špilja, što nije lak zadatak s obzirom na nedostatak publikacije u kojoj su svi dosad prona đeni prikazi objavljeni i kojom bi se samostalni istraživa č mogao rukovoditi. Materijal o kojem je rije č zahtjevan je za analizu i nemogu će ga je provjeriti ako sami nismo sudjelovali u istraživanjima i pritom zadržali objektivnost. Glavni argument za datiranje stijenske umjetnosti op ćenito su izravne metode datiranja prikaza pleistocenske faune. Me đutim, izravne metode imaju tendenciju pomladiti uzorak, a često prikazi faune nisu dovoljno sa čuvani i svaki istraživa č može biti u opasnosti iš čitati iz njih više nego što oni pružaju. Problem nastaje ako su špilje poznate od prije, prekrivene modernim natpisima te ako sadrže slojeve kasnijih razdoblja. Da bi se omogu ćilo što detaljnije i objektivnije razmatranje svih aspekata koji bi se mogli dovesti u vezu s pretpostavljenom gornjopaleoliti čkom umjetnosti potrebno je provesti analizu koriste ći se kriterijima koji uklju čuju podatke o stratigrafskom kontekstu i njegovom odnosu s prikazima, kao i detaljan opis prikaza, te njihovo fotografiranje i objavljivanje. Za neke dijelove Europe postoje brojne publikacije i fotografije, a neki, kao što je podru čje južnog Urala, manje su zastupljeni u inozemnoj literaturi. Tako đer, neke špilje sadrže gomilu prikaza, neke tek fragmente crteža i mogu s vremenom nestati, a da nikad ne saznamo njihovo pravo podrijetlo. Pretpostavlja se da je paleoliti čki čovjek uz špiljske lokalitete oslikavao i lokalitete na otvorenom (Bahn i Vertut, 1997, 133). Na podru čju Urala česti su prikazi na otvorenom (Slika 3), no njihovo porijeklo nije sasvim jasno. Ve ćina istraživa ča ovog fenomena smatra da se pojavljuju u neolitiku (Formazov, 1969, 128 – 133). Uglavnom je rije č o prikazima znakova, antropomorfnih likova, fantasti čnih bi ća i malih životinja koji su formirani crvenom bojom na liticama uz rijeke (vidi Shirokov i Chairkin, 2011). Cilj ovog rada je prikazati dosadašnja istraživanja špiljskih lokaliteta s pretpostavljenom stijenskom umjetnoš ću na podru čju južnog Urala, preispitati njihovu mogu ću dataciju u razdoblje gornjega paleolitika i postavljene stilske analogije s podru čjem franko - kantabrije. 2 Slika 1. Geografski položaj lokaliteta s pretpostavljenom paleoliti čkom stijenskom umjetnoš
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