DOCSLIB.ORG

The Nervous System Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

1/18/2016 Peripheral Nerve Regeneration • Possible if cell body has not been damaged • Axon underlying myelin sheath can regenerate The Nervous System PNS continued Endoneurium Schwann cells 1 The axon 2 Macrophages Schwann cell Macrophage Droplets becomes clean out the of myelin fragmented at dead axon distal the injury site. to the injury. Fragmented axon Site of nerve damage Figure 13.4 (1 of 4) Figure 13.4 (2 of 4) Aligning Schwann cells 3 Axon sprouts, Schwann cell Site of new 4 The axon form regeneration tube or filaments, myelin sheath regenerates and grow through a formation a new myelin regeneration tube sheath forms. formed by Schwann cells. Fine axon sprouts Single enlarging or filaments axon filament Figure 13.4 (3 of 4) Figure 13.4 (4 of 4) 1 1/18/2016 Neuritis Shingles • Inflammation of a nerve • Varicella Zoster virus – Sciatica • Dorsal root ganglia – Bell’s Palsy • Consistent with dermatome • Vaccine Multiple Sclerosis • Loss of myelin in CNS scleroses Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Visual disturbances Muscle weakness Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) division – division • Autoimmune disorder Somatic nervous Autonomic nervous system system (ANS) • Remissions Sympathetic Parasympathetic • Progressive division division Figure 14.1 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Structure of the ANS • Involuntary Sensory (afferent) pathway • Sensory (afferent) pathways Visceral interoceptors (visceroceptors) • Motor (efferent) pathways ° Osmolarity ° Pressure • Visceral reflex system ° Temperature ° Blood gases ° Chemical composition of plasma and body fluids 2 1/18/2016 Structure of the ANS Dorsal root (sensory) Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal horn (interneurons) Somatic • Sensory (afferent) pathway sensory – Single sensory neuron from organ to CNS neuron Visceral • Cell body in dorsal root ganglion sensory • Synapse with association neurons in spinal cord neuron Visceral motor Spinal nerve neuron Ventral horn Ventral root (motor neurons) Somatic (motor) motor neuron Interneurons receiving input from somatic sensory neurons Interneurons receiving input from visceral sensory neurons Visceral motor (autonomic) neurons Somatic motor neurons Figure 12.32 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) • ANS Motor (efferent) neurons • Efferent (motor) pathway – Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and – Two motor neurons between CNS and effector glands • Preganglionic neuron – Operate via subconscious control – Cell body in CNS • Postganglionic neuron – Cell body in autonomic ganglion (outside CNS) Motor Pathways Neuro- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Cell bodies in central transmitter Effector nervous system Peripheral nervous system at effector organs Effect Single neuron from CNS to effector organs ACh + • Visceral reflex system Stimulatory SYSTEM Heavily myelinated axon SOMATIC NERVOUS Skeletal muscle – E.g., coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomitting Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs ACh NE Unmyelinated postganglionic axon Lightly myelinated Ganglion Epinephrine and preganglionic axons norepinephrine + ACh SYMPATHETIC Stimulatory or inhibitory, depending Adrenal medulla Blood vessel on neuro- transmitter and ACh ACh Smooth muscle receptors (e.g., in gut), on effector AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS AUTONOMIC organs Lightly myelinated Unmyelinated glands, cardiac preganglionic axon Ganglion postganglionic muscle axon PARASYMPATHETIC Acetylcholine (ACh) Norepinephrine (NE) Figure 14.2 3 1/18/2016 Stimulus 1 Sensory receptor Dorsal root ganglion in viscera 2 Visceral sensory Spinal cord Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuron 3 Integration center Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) division division Spinal cord grey matter Within gastrointestinal tract wall Somatic nervous Autonomic nervous system system (ANS) Autonomic ganglion Efferent pathway 4 Sympathetic Parasympathetic (two-neuron chain) division division • Preganglionic neuron • Ganglionic neuron 5 Visceral effector A simple visceral reflex arc Response Figure 14.7 Figure 14.1 Dual Innervation Divisions at a Glance Parasympathetic Sympathetic Eye Eye Brain stem Salivary Skin* glands Cranial Salivary Sympathetic Sympathetic Parasympathetic glands • • ganglia Heart – “Fight or Flight” – “Rest and Digest” Cervical Lungs Lungs – NE and acetylcholine – Acetylcholine T 1 Heart – Thoracolumbar – Craniosacral Stomach Thoracic Stomach Pancreas Liver Pancreas and gall- L1 bladder Liver and Adrenal gall- Lumbar gland bladder Dual Innervation Bladder Bladder Genitals Genitals Sacral Figure 14.3 Parasympathetic Division Outflow Nerve Ganglia Effector Organ(s) Cranial (Terminal Ganglia) Outflow Oculomotor (III) Ciliary Eye Facial (VII) Pterygopalatine Salivary, nasal, and Submandibular lacrimal glands Glossopharyngeal Otic Parotid salivary glands (IX) Vagus (X) Within the walls of Heart, lungs, and most target organs visceral organs Within the walls of Large intestine, Sacral S2-S4 target organs urinary bladder, Outflow ureters, and reproductive organs 4 1/18/2016 Eye CN III Ciliary ganglion Lacrimal gland CN VII Pterygopalatine CN IX ganglionganglion Nasal CN X mucosa Submandibular ganglion Submandibular and sublingual Otic ganglion glands Parotid gland Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Heart Cardiac and Parasympathetic pulmonary plexuses Lung Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) division Division division Liver and Celiac gallbladder Somatic nervous Autonomic nervous plexus = Craniosacral system system (ANS) Stomach Pancreas Sympathetic Parasympathetic S2 division Large division S4 intestine Pelvic Small splanchnic intestine nerves Inferior Rectum hypogastric plexus Urinary Genitalia Preganglionic bladder (penis, Postganglionic and ureters clitoris, and vagina) Cranial nerve Figure 14.4 Figure 14.1 Sympathetic Division = Thoracolumbar Eye Lacrimal gland Pons Nasal mucosa The Sympathetic Division Sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia Blood vessels; Superior skin (arrector pili cervical muscles and ganglion sweat glands) Salivary glands Middle Preganglionic neurons originate in the spinal cervical • ganglion Heart Inferior cervical Cardiac and cord from T –L ganglion pulmonary Lung 1 2 T1 plexuses Greater splanchnic nerve – Thoracolumbar division Lesser splanchnic nerve Liver and Celiac ganglion gallbladder • FYI: Lateral horns L 2 Stomach White rami Superior communicantes mesenteric Spleen ganglion Adrenal medulla Kidney Sacral splanchnic nerves Lumbar Small splanchnic Inferior Preganglionic intestine nerves mesenteric (Sympathetic) ganglion Large intestine Cell Bodies Rectum Preganglionic Postganglionic Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and penis) and urinary bladder Figure 14.6 Spinal cord The Sympathetic Division Dorsal root 1) Ventral root 2) Spinal nerve 1) Preganglionic fibers leave through ventral root of spinal cord 3) Ventral ramus 4) White ramus communicans 2) Fibers join spinal nerve 5) Sympathetic trunk ganglion Sympathetic trunk 3) Spinal nerve divides at ventral rami Rib Gray ramus communicans 4) Rami branch immediately into white rami communicans Thoracic splanchnic nerves 5) Join sympathetic (paravertebral) ganglia (a) Location of the sympathetic trunk Figure 14.5a 5 1/18/2016 Sympathetic Division = Thoracolumbar Eye Lacrimal gland Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia Pons Nasal mucosa Sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia Blood vessels; Superior skin (arrector pili cervical muscles and ganglion sweat glands) Salivary glands • Form longitudinal pathways adjacent to vertebral column Middle cervical ganglion Heart • Each spinal nerve has an associated ganglion (except in cervical Inferior cervical Cardiac and ganglion pulmonary Lung T1 region, where several ganglia fuse) plexuses Greater splanchnic nerve Lesser splanchnic nerve Liver and Celiac ganglion gallbladder L 2 Stomach White rami Superior communicantes mesenteric Spleen ganglion Adrenal medulla Kidney Sacral splanchnic nerves Lumbar Small splanchnic Inferior intestine nerves mesenteric ganglion Large intestine Rectum Preganglionic Postganglionic Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and penis) and urinary bladder Figure 14.6 The Sympathetic Division Lateral horn (visceral motor zone) Dorsal root Dorsal root ganglion • Sympathetic trunks and pathways Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve –Upon entering a sympathetic trunk ganglion a Ventral ramus of spinal nerve preganglionic fiber may do one of the following: Skin (arrector Gray ramus 1. Synapse with a ganglionic neuron within the same ganglion pili muscles communicans Ventral root and sweat White ramus Sympathetic glands) communicans trunk ganglion Sympathetic trunk To effector 1 Synapse at the same level Blood vessels (b) Three pathways of sympathetic innervation Figure 14.5b (1 of 3) Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways • Sympathetic trunks and pathways –Upon entering a sympathetic trunk ganglion a Skin (arrector preganglionic fiber may do one of the following: pili muscles and sweat 2. Ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to glands) synapse in another trunk ganglion To effector Blood vessels 2 Synapse at a higher or lower level (b) Three pathways of sympathetic innervation Figure 14.5b (2 of 3) 6 1/18/2016 Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways • Sympathetic trunks and pathways –Upon entering a sympathetic trunk ganglion a preganglionic fiber may do one of the following: 3. Pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge Splanchnic nerve without synapsing Collateral ganglion (such as the celiac) Target organ in abdomen (e.g., intestine) 3 Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral
Recommended publications
  • Lecture Notes on Human Anatomy. Part One, Fourth Edition. PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 79P.; for Related Documents, See SE 051 219-221

    Lecture Notes on Human Anatomy. Part One, Fourth Edition. PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 79P.; for Related Documents, See SE 051 219-221

    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 315 320 SE 051 218 AUTHOR Conrey, Kathleen TITLE Lecture Notes on Human Anatomy. Part One, Fourth Edition. PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 79p.; For related documents, see SE 051 219-221. Black and white illustrations will not reproduce clearly. AVAILABLE FROM Aramaki Design and Publications, 12077 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90506 ($7.75). PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Anatomy; *Biological Sciences; *College Science; Higher Education; *Human Body; *Lecture Method; Science Education; Secondary Education; Secondary School Science; Teaching Guides; Teaching Methods ABSTRACT During the process of studying the specific course content of human anatomy, students are being educated to expand their vocabulary, deal successfully with complex tasks, anduse a specific way of thinking. This is the first volume in a set of notes which are designed to accompany a lecture series in human anatomy. This volume Includes discussions of anatomical planes and positions, body cavities, and architecture; studies of the skeleton including bones and joints; studies of the musculature of the body; and studiesof the nervous system including the central, autonomic, motor and sensory systems. (CW) *****1.**k07********Y*******t1.****+***********,****A*******r****** % Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. **************************************************************A**t***** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE
  • The Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic Nervous System

    The Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic Nervous System

    The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system Zsuzsanna Tóth, PhD Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University The role of the autonomic nervous system Claude Bernard • „milieu intérieur” concept; every organism lives in its internal environment that is constant and independent form the external environment Walter Bradford Cannon homeostasis; • an extension of the “milieu interieur” concept • consistence in an open system requires mechanisms that act to maintain that consistency • steady-state conditions require that any tendency toward change automatically meets with factors that resist that change • regulating systems that determine the homeostatic state : o autonomic nervous system ( sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteral) o endocrine system General structure of the autonomic nervous system craniosacral thoracolumbar Anatomy Neurotransmittersof the gut autonomic nervous system. symp. gangl pregangl. fiber pregangl. postgangl. fiber fiber (PoR) PoR enteral ganglion PoR PoR smooth muscle smooth muscle Kuratani S Development 2009;136:1585-1589 Sympathetic activation: Fight or flight reaction • energy mobilization • preparation for escape, or fight vasoconstriction • generalized Parasympathetic activation: adrenal • energy saving and restoring • „rest and digest” system • more localized vasoconstriction Paravertebral ganglia and the sympathetic chains pars cervicalis superius ganglion medium cervicale stellatum pars vertebrae • from the base of the skull to the caudal end thoracalis thoracalis of the sacrum • paravertebral ganglia (ganglia trunci sympathici) • rami interganglionares pars vertebrae • the two chains fuses at the ganglion impar abdominalis lumbalis sacrum pars pelvina foramen sacralia anteriora ganglion impar Anatomy of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk superior cervical ganglion • behind the seath of the carotid, fusiform ggl. cervicale superius • IML T1-3 vegetative motoneurons- preganglionic fibers truncus symp.
  • The Anatomic Basis of Vertebrogenic Pain and the Autonomic Syndrome Associated with Lumbar Disk Extrusion

    The Anatomic Basis of Vertebrogenic Pain and the Autonomic Syndrome Associated with Lumbar Disk Extrusion

    219 The Anatomic Basis of Vertebrogenic Pain and the Autonomic Syndrome Associated with Lumbar Disk Extrusion 1 2 John R. Jinkins • Extruded lumbar intervertebral disks traditionally have been classified as posterior or Anthony R. Whittemore 1 central in location. A retrospective review of 250 MR imaging examinations of the lumbar William G. Bradley1 spine that used mid- and high-field imagers revealed 145 positive studies, which included a significant number of extrusions extending anteriorly. With the lateral margin of the neural foramen/pedicle as the boundary, 29.2% of peripheral disk extrusions were anterior and 56.4% were posterior. In addition, a prevalence of 14.4% was found for central disk extrusions, in which there was a rupture of disk material into or through the vertebral body itself. The clinical state of neurogenic spinal radiculopathy accom­ panying posterior disk extrusion has been well defined; however, uncomplicated anterior and central disk extrusions also may be associated with a definite clinical syndrome. The vertebrogenic symptom complex includes (1) local and referred pain and (2) autonomic reflex dysfunction within the lumbosacral zones of Head. Generalized alter­ ations in viscerosomatic tone potentially may also be observed. The anatomic basis for the mediation of clinical signs and symptoms generated within the disk and paradiskal structures rests with afferent sensory fibers from two primary sources: (1) posterolateral neural branches emanating from the ventral ramus of the somatic spinal root and (2) neural rami projecting directly to the paravertebral autonomic neural plexus. Thus, conscious perception and unconscious effects originating in the vertebral column, although complex, have definite pathways represented in this dual peripheral innervation associated with intimately related andfor parallel central ramifications.
  • The Autonomic Nervous System of Selachians. by John Z

    The Autonomic Nervous System of Selachians. by John Z

    The Autonomic Nervous System of Selachians. By John Z. Young, B.A. With 28 Text-figures. CONTENTS. I. INTRODUCTION ......... 571 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS 572 III. ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM . 575 1. Nature of the Rami Communicantes .... 575 2. Anterior Eami Communicantes and Sympathetic Ganglia 581 3. Anatomy of the Sympathetic System in the Trunk . 581 4. Sympathetic System and Suprarenals in the Kidney Kegion 586 5. Sympathetic System in the Tail ..... 589 6. Autonomic Fibres in Spinal Dorsal Roots . 593 7. Cytology of the Sympathetic Ganglia .... 593 8. Relation of the Sympathetic Cells to the Suprarenal Tissue 598 9. Post-Branchial Plexus 600 IV. INNERVATION OF THE VISCERA 603 1. Nerves of the Alimentary Canal ..... 603 2. Innervation of the Urinogenital System . 609 3. Cardiac Nerves 610 V. CRANIAL AUTONOMIC SYSTEM 610 1. Autonomic Fibres in Branchial Nerves . 610 2. Profundus and Ciliary Nerves ..... 614 VI. PHYLOGENETIC HISTORY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 617 VII. SUMMARY. 621 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 623 I. INTRODUCTION. THE only complete account of the sympathetic nervous system of Selachians is that of Chevrel published in 1887. Since that date several papers have appeared dealing with special points of structure or function, such as those of Bottazzi (1902), Muller and Liljestrand (1918), and Lutz (1981), on the innerva- tion of the viscera; of Diamare (1901) on the histology; and of NO. 300 o o 572 JOHN Z. YOUNG Hoffmann (1900), Miiller (1920), and others, on the development. No attempt has yet been made to investigate the autonomic nervous system of these fish from the general standpoint intro- duced by Langley (1921) and Gaskell (1915); this the present study attempts to do.
  • CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy

    CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy

    2010 CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy General Anatomy & Carnivore Anatomy Lecture Notes by Thomas F. Fletcher, DVM, PhD and Christina E. Clarkson, DVM, PhD 1 CONTENTS Connective Tissue Structures ........................................3 Osteology .........................................................................5 Arthrology .......................................................................7 Myology .........................................................................10 Biomechanics and Locomotion....................................12 Serous Membranes and Cavities .................................15 Formation of Serous Cavities ......................................17 Nervous System.............................................................19 Autonomic Nervous System .........................................23 Abdominal Viscera .......................................................27 Pelvis, Perineum and Micturition ...............................32 Female Genitalia ...........................................................35 Male Genitalia...............................................................37 Head Features (Lectures 1 and 2) ...............................40 Cranial Nerves ..............................................................44 Connective Tissue Structures Histologic types of connective tissue (c.t.): 1] Loose areolar c.t. — low fiber density, contains spaces that can be filled with fat or fluid (edema) [found: throughout body, under skin as superficial fascia and in many places as deep fascia]
  • Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Sensory Division Motor Division Somatic Nervou

    Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Sensory Division Motor Division Somatic Nervou

    Autonomic Nervous System Organization of Nervous System: Nervous system Integration Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system (CNS) (PNS) Motor Sensory output input Brain Spinal cord Motor division Sensory division (Efferent) (Afferent) “self governing” Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (Involuntary; smooth & (Voluntary; skeletal muscle) cardiac muscle) Stability of internal environment depends largely on this system Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 14.2 Autonomic Nervous System Ganglion: Comparison of Somatic vs. Autonomic: A group of cell bodies located in the PNS Cell body Effector location NTs organs Effect CNS Single neuron from CNS to effector organs ACh + Stimulatory Heavily myelinated axon Somatic NS Somatic Skeletal muscle ACh = Acetylcholine Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs CNS ACh Ganglion NE Postganglionic axon Preganglionic axon (unmyelinated) (lightly myelinated) Sympathetic + Stimulatory Autonomic NS Autonomic or inhibitory CNS Ganglion (depends ACh ACh on NT and NT receptor Smooth muscle, Type) Postganglionic glands, cardiac Preganglionic axon axon muscle Parasympathetic (lightly myelinated) (unmyelinated) NE = Norepinephrine Autonomic Nervous System Organization of Nervous System: Nervous system Integration Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system (CNS) (PNS) Motor Sensory output input Brain Spinal cord Motor division Sensory division (Efferent) (Afferent) Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (Involuntary; smooth & (Voluntary; skeletal muscle) cardiac muscle) Sympathetic division
  • The Anatomic and Physiologic Basis of Local, Referred and Radiating Lumbosacral Pain Syndromes Related to Disease of the Spine

    The Anatomic and Physiologic Basis of Local, Referred and Radiating Lumbosacral Pain Syndromes Related to Disease of the Spine

    J. Neuroradiol., 2004, 31, 163-80 Original article © Masson, Paris, 2004 THE ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF LOCAL, REFERRED AND RADIATING LUMBOSACRAL PAIN SYNDROMES RELATED TO DISEASE OF THE SPINE J. RANDY JINKINS Department of Radiology, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. SUMMARY Conscious perception and unconscious effects originating from the vertebral column and its neural structures, although complex, have definite pathways represented in a network of peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) ramifications. These neural relationships consequently result in superimposed focal and diffuse, local and remote conscious perceptions and unconscious effects. Any one or combination of somatic and autonomic signs and symptoms may potentially be observed in a particular patient. This variety and inconsistency may mislead or confuse both the patient and the physician. A clear understanding of the basic anatomic and physiologic concepts underlying this complexity should accompany clinical consid- erations of the potential significance of spondylogenic and neurogenic syndromes in any disease process affecting the spine. Key words: anatomy, pain, physiology, spine. RÉSUMÉ Bases anatomiques et physiologiques des syndromes douloureux d’origine rachidienne La perception consciente et les effets inconscients provenant du rachis et des structures spinales empruntent un réseau complexe appartenant aux systèmes nerveux central et périphérique. Ces rapports nerveux ont pour conséquence
  • Nervous System 04 Autonomic Nervous System-Self Test Choose

    Nervous System 04 Autonomic Nervous System-Self Test Choose

    Nervous System 04 Autonomic Nervous System-Self Test Choose one best answer: 1. In the ANS, the preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in the a. autonomic ganglia. b. brain stem. c. spinal cord. d. dorsal root ganglia. e. skeletal muscle cells. 2. The effector organs for the somatic motor nervous system are a. cardiac muscle. b. smooth muscle. c. glands. d. skeletal muscle. e. Skin 3. Cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the a. dorsal horn of the spinal cord gray matter. b. ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter. c. lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter. d. sympathetic chain ganglia. e. collateral ganglia. 4. Sympathetic preganglionic axons enter the chain ganglia through the a. gray ramus communicans. b. splanchnic nerve. c. afferent neurons. d. postganglionic neuron. e. white ramus communicans. 5. Which of these characteristics is correct for the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a. preganglionic cell bodies in the brainstem and lateral parts of spinal cord gray matter (S2-S4) b. chain ganglia and collateral ganglia present c. many postganglionic neurons for each preganglionic neuron d. short preganglionic neurons, long postganglionic neurons e. all of these are correct 6. The effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the eye is to __________ the ciliary muscle and to __________ the pupil. a. contract, constrict b. contract, dilate c. relax, constrict d. relax, dilate 7. Which of these functions is NOT affected by parasympathetic stimulation? a. secretion of tears b. secretion of sweat c. secretion of insulin from the pancreas d. secretion of thin, watery, saliva e.
  • Introduction to the Peripheral Nervous System 2

    Introduction to the Peripheral Nervous System 2

    Introduction to the 2 Peripheral Nervous System toward the neuron’s cell body, and an axon is the long process CONTENTS that carries the action potential away from the cell body. INTRODUCTION Some neurons appear to have only a single process extending PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM from only one pole (a differentiated region of the cell body) SPINAL CORD (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) that divides into two parts (Fig. 2-1). This type of neuron is OVERVIEW OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM called a pseudounipolar neuron because embryonically it Sympathetic Nervous System develops from a bipolar neuroblast in which the two axons Parasympathetic Nervous System fuse. Multipolar neurons (Fig. 2-2) have multiple dendrites Visceral Afferent Neurons and typically a single axon arising from an enlarged portion REFERRED PAIN of the cell body called the axon hillock. These processes CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONAL FIBERS extend from different poles of the cell body. One neuron communicates with other neurons or glands DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPINAL CORD AND or muscle cells across a junction between cells called a PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM synapse. Typically, communication is transmitted across a synapse by means of specific neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, but in some cases in the CNS by means of electric current passing ●●● INTRODUCTION from cell to cell. Many axons are ensheathed with a substance called The nervous system comprises the central nervous system myelin, which acts as an insulator. Myelinated axons transmit (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is impulses much faster than nonmyelinated axons. Myelin surrounded and protected by the skull (neurocranium) and consists of concentric layers of lipid-rich material formed vertebral column and consists of the brain and the spinal by the plasma membrane of a myelinating cell.
  • Anatomy and Physiology Model Guide Book

    Anatomy and Physiology Model Guide Book

    Anatomy & Physiology Model Guide Book Last Updated: August 8, 2013 ii Table of Contents Tissues ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 The Bone (Somso QS 61) ........................................................................................................................... 7 Section of Skin (Somso KS 3 & KS4) .......................................................................................................... 8 Model of the Lymphatic System in the Human Body ............................................................................. 11 Bone Structure ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Skeletal System ........................................................................................................................................... 13 The Skull .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Artificial Exploded Human Skull (Somso QS 9)........................................................................................ 14 Skull ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 Auditory Ossicles ....................................................................................................................................
  • The Anatomy of Spinal Sympathetic Structures in the Cat

    The Anatomy of Spinal Sympathetic Structures in the Cat

    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1978 The Anatomy of Spinal Sympathetic Structures in the Cat Kyungsoon Chung Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Chung, Kyungsoon, "The Anatomy of Spinal Sympathetic Structures in the Cat" (1978). Dissertations. 1725. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1725 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1978 Kyungsoon Chung ; THE ANATOMY OF SPINAL SYMPATHETIC STRUCTURES IN THE CAT by Kyungsoon Chung A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillemnt of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 1978 Dedicated to my parents, Mom and Dad ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my adviser, Dr. Faith LaVelle, who gave unsparingly of her time and energy to assist in the fruition of this study. The guidance and comments of Dr. Robert Wurster throughout this study were specially appreciated. I would like to thank the faculty of the Depart- ment of Anatomy for giving me a chance for graduate study and for molding me as a scientist. This dissertation would not have been possible without the help and understanding of my husband and colleague, Jin Mo.
  • Sympathetic Nervous System

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    Prof. Ahmed Fathalla Ibrahim Professor of Anatomy College of Medicine King Saud University E-mail: [email protected] OBJECTIVES At the end of the lecture, students should: ▪ Define the autonomic nervous system. ▪ Describe the structure of autonomic nervous system ▪ Trace the preganglionic & postganglionic neurons in both sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system. ▪ Enumerate in brief the main effects of sympathetic & parasympathetic system DEFINITION ❖Nerve cells located in both central & peripheral nervous system that are concerned with inervation of involuntary structures: viscera, smooth & cardiac muscles, glands. ❖Function: maintains homeostasis of internal environment. ❖Regulation: by hypothalamus. STRUCTURE OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Cells of lateral horn of spinal cord (T1 – L3) Short axon ▪Cells of sympathetic chain ▪Cells of plexuses surrounding abdominal aorta (Coeliac, superior & inferior mesenteric) Long axon SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ❑Preganglionic sympathetic neurons: cells of the lateral horn of spinal cord in all thoracic + upper 3 lumbar segments. ❑Preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord, join corresponding spinal nerves & reach the sympathetic chain (via the white ramus communicans). They either: 1. Synapse with cells of paravertebral ganglia located in sympathetic chain (postganglionic neurons are cells of paravertebral ganglia: postganglionic axons leave the sympathetic chain & join again the spinal nerve (via grey ramus communicans) to supply structures in head & thorax + blood vessels & sweat glands . SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 2. Leave the sympathetic chain (without synapse) to reach coeliac & mesenteric plexuses (around branches of abdominal aorta) to synapse with their cells. Postganglionic neurons are cells of coeliac & mesenteric plexuses. Postganglionic axons supply abdominal & pelvic viscera. PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA ❑ They are interconnected to form 2 sympathetic chains, one on each side of vertebral column.