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A Case Study Was Made of Comprehensive Efforts to Get Young

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VIIMPINT IIM/11/MM ED 030 581 24 SP 002 088 By-Eaton, Joseph W.; Chen, Michael Influencing The Youth Culture; A Study Of Youth Organizations In Israel. Final Report. Piitsburgh Univ., Pa. Graduate School of Social Work.; Szold Inst. of BehavioralSciences, Jerusalem (Israel). Spons Agency-Office of Edycation (DHEW), Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research. Bureau No -BR -5 -0375 Pub Date 1 Feb. 69 Contract -OEC -4 -10 -010 Note-396p. Available from-Sage Publications, Inc., 275 South Beverly Drive, Beverly Hills, California 90212 EDRS Price MF -$1.50 HC Not Available from EDRS. Descriptors -*Acculturation,Attitudes,DevelopingNations, DisadvantagedYouth,History,Immigrants, Individual Development, Leadership, Nationalism, *National Organizations, *National Surveys, Pacticipant Involvement, Political Influences, Program Planning, Recruitment, Social Influences, Socialization, Social Status, Values, *Youth, Youth Leaders, Youth Opportunities, *Youth Programs Identifiers -Gadna Youth.Corps, Israel A case study was made of comprehensive efforts to getyoung people to identify with the core ideals of the parental .generation through youth organizations in Israel. where over 90% of the adolescents reportan ,active involvement in One or more of three nationwide programs youth movements, sponsored by political parties and the Scouts. the "Cadna" youthcorps, sponsored jointly by the schools and the Ministry of Defense--a sort of high school R.O.T.C. with premilitaryas well as national serv(ce goals1 and beyond-school. programs providing group work, skill training, education, and recreational services in community centers and in school buildings after hours. Large samples of youths and youth leaders were interviewed. Among the variables studies were recruitment, programming. resignation. leadership. and attitudes toward national service. Special attention was given to efforts to reach .the poor and immigrants. It Was found that the overwhelming mood of Israeli youth is not alienation but identification with their country's past. its complex present. and its need for development. The organizations designed to reinforce these attitudes rely more on cooperationthanonadultdirection.Theirpeer-grouporientedprograms. emphasizing individual self-development and national service, provide adolescents with ; opportunities to acquire status. (Included are historical details and discussion of the implications for nation building and for youth culture management.) (Author/JS) r-4 CX) Lr1 '1'X iia 2j, PROCESS WITH MICROFICHE AND cp zisP PUBLISHER'S PRICES. MICRO- FICHE REPRODUCTION ONLY. .61 teN g Cig :0 =g .4 Ch 0+1 ;11-. ua t C, V Final Report IF Cama gy..... So gagCO li 40 ...g , Project Nc. 5-0375 e- r..1 a 4111( 1"-D Contract No. OE 4-10-010 =4..) r=C) 12.t..)-.. MEW= Ch I'D 1.Ma Ma= tO = ma= tm, r:, 10) Ira = C2 2E CC 0 s.i.. A.Erg ag 1.11.. Ma =1.'D ...a Z Ms = CC 012 re' 10) .4 WI 1.4 tat NN: INFLUENCING THE YOUTH CULTURE 1.1.6 I..,i.D1.. C) so; z AC co O. A ,Study of Youth olasniaLma in Israel =12gz aa e 2E =, a 001 1. 1.E IraO. see CoO. Joseph W. Eaton University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania In collaboration with Michael Chen University of Tel Aviv and Szold Institute of Behavioral Sciences February 1, 1969 The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the Office of Education, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects under Government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their professional judgement in the conduct of the project. Points of view or opinions stated do not, therefore, necessarily represent official Office of Education position or policy. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Bureau of Research 44 Permission to reproduce this copyrighted work has been granted to the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) and to the organization operating under contract with the Office ot Education to reproduce documents in- cluded in the ERIC system by means of microfiche only, but this right is not conferred to any users of the micro- fiche received from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. Further reproduction of any part requires per- mission of the copyright owner. Copyright AppliedFor Joseph W.Eaton 1969 * 4 i Research Staff Joseph W. Eaton _ Director Michael Chen _ Assistant Director Israel Field StudxStaff Hannah Wiener _ Administrative Secretary Dalith Ormian _ Research Associate University ofPittsburgh Data AnalzsisStaff Specialist Mrs. NormaFeinberg - Computer Program and AdministrativeSecretary Mrs. KatherineFalk - Bibliographic Survey Orpnizational Sponsprship Graduate School ofSocial Work University of Pittsburgh and Henrietta Szold Institutefor Research in theBehavioral Scien.:es, Jerusalem, Israel CONTENT Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii 0 - SUMMARY 1 I - PLANNING AND NATION BUILDING Cooptation 1 Public Service 3 Dedication Intensities 5 Voluntarism 10 Planning 12 Competing Priorities 13 Search for a Moral Equivalent to War 17 Commitment Education 19 Ideology as a National Resource 21 Conclusion 24 II - YOUTN ORGANIZATIONS Adult-making and the Youth Culture 1 School and Youth Organizations 3 Control Strategies 11 The Negative Approach 13 The Directive Approach 15 The Cooptative Approach 16 The Revolutionary Approach 18 Youth Culture Management 20 Conclusion 22 III - COOPTATIVE PLANNING A Natural Laboratory 1 At the beginning there was planning 5 The Core Ideology 9 Pioneer Manpower 15 iv --i III COOPTATIVE PLANNING (Continued) Page Adversity As An Incentive 18 Conclusion 23 IV GENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION Territorial Therapy 1 The Achievement Crisis 3 From Idealism to Realism 7 Neo-Zionism 13 Idealism asan Export 15 Cross NationalComparison: Utility and Limits 19 Conclusion 22 V THE RESEARCHSETTING Organizational Mapping 1 Sports Clubs 8 Local Social Clubs 13 The National Service 15 Leadership Mapping 21 Membership Mapping 23 Participation Index 27 Conclusion 34 VI .. PIONEERING Peer Group Screening 1 A Public Service Movement 3 The Development-Defense Corps Concept 6 Ideology in Transition 12 Kibbutz Viability 19 Conclusion 23 VII- YOUTH MOVEMENTS Recruitment 1 Peer GroupAutonomy 4 What MembershipEntails 7 VII - YOUTH MOVEMENTS (Continued) Page Resignations 11 Partisanship 18 The Official Programs 19 Post-Revolutionary Conservatism 29 Middle-Class Orientedness 31 Conclusion 33 VIII- INSTITUTION BUILDING: THE GADNA Planning and Implenentation 1 How New Institutions Develop 2 A Marriage of Convenience: Education 6 with Para-Military Service A Prestigious Institution 8 Organizational Linkages 9 Why Gadna Survived Success 12 The Rehabilitation Mission 15 Stabilization 19 Replanning 23 Conclusion 24 IX - GADNA TODAY Program 1 Membership 6 Militarism and Education 11 Public Service Orientedness 16 Non-Partisanship 17 Manpower Planning 21 Conclusion 24 X THE BEYOND SCHOOL PROGRAMS Professionalized Youth Work 1 Participation Patterns 11 Impact Data 17 . Conclusions 22 vi XI THE HARD-TO-REACH Page The Welfare Challenge 1 The Uninvolved 4 The Lower Classes are Less 7 Organization Minded Preferential Treatment 11 Manpower Priorities 14 Conclusion 16 XII LEADERSHIP Peer Group Leaders 1 Role Expectations 4 Volunteering 8 Cooptative Conformity 13 Informal Training 15 Formal Training 17 An Emerging Profession? 22 How Much Professionalization? 27 Youth Work as an Opportunity Structure 30 Idealism 31 Military versus 31 Developmental Priorities Efficiency versus 31 Labor Norms Pioneering 35 Conclusion 37 XIII- SUMMING UP The Uniqueness Fallacy 1 Youth Culture Acceptance 4 Diversified Programming 5 Peer Group Role Learning 8 Socialization Through Cooptation 9 No Revolution is Premanent 11 Functional Change with Structural 13 Stability vii XIII- SUMMING UP (Continued) Page The Multiplicity of Sanctions 14 Achievement Crisis Containment 15 Control Point Planning w 17 Social Change is System Related 18 Military and Development Priorities 20 On Being Somebody or Nobody 22 Challenge and National Morale 24 XIV - Abstract 1 x .., 1 Tables and Charts Paradigm of Israel's Core Idealogy 3-13 Schematic Comparisons of SelectedInstitutional 4-20 Variables in Israel and in theUnited States Relevant to the question: ShallThere be a National Service? Educational Achievement Levels,United States 4-23 and Israel Schematic Outline of Activitiesof Israeli 5-5 Youth Programs Schematic Outline of Adult Controlof Adolescent 5-9 Youth Programs in Israel Youth Organization Participationof Holon 5-29 Adolescents in 1965 - By Sex Leisure Times Preferences of HolonAdolescents by Their 5-33 Frequency for ExpressingIdealistic Attitude Choices Preferences of Holon Adolescents forSettling in a 5-31 Kibbutz Development Town or RuralCommunity Youth Organization Participationof Holon Adolescents 5-35 in 1965 by School Attendance Census of Jewish Working Youth MovementMembers in 7-3 Israel, 1963 Leader Response to Parental Request toCancel an Over. 7-6 Night Hike Proportion of Youth Leaders Under 20 YearsOld 7-9 School Grade When First Enrolledin Youth Movement 7-12 First Preferences for SpendingLeisure Time 7-15 National Service Attitudes of10th Graders by Youth 7-17 Movements Activists Survey of Youth MovementsMembers 7-20 ix Recommended Handling of Member With a Deviant Idealogy 7-25 Idealistic Attitude Choices of Past and Present 7-27 Members of Selected Youth Movements Comparison of Religious Orientation of Holon Adolescents 7-30a and Their Parents Youth Organization Participation of Holon Adolescents 7-31a in 1965- By Eighth Grade Examination Scores in
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