DOCSLIB.ORG

A Case Study Was Made of Comprehensive Efforts to Get Young

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Case Study Was Made of Comprehensive Efforts to Get Young VIIMPINT IIM/11/MM ED 030 581 24 SP 002 088 By-Eaton, Joseph W.; Chen, Michael Influencing The Youth Culture; A Study Of Youth Organizations In Israel. Final Report. Piitsburgh Univ., Pa. Graduate School of Social Work.; Szold Inst. of BehavioralSciences, Jerusalem (Israel). Spons Agency-Office of Edycation (DHEW), Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research. Bureau No -BR -5 -0375 Pub Date 1 Feb. 69 Contract -OEC -4 -10 -010 Note-396p. Available from-Sage Publications, Inc., 275 South Beverly Drive, Beverly Hills, California 90212 EDRS Price MF -$1.50 HC Not Available from EDRS. Descriptors -*Acculturation,Attitudes,DevelopingNations, DisadvantagedYouth,History,Immigrants, Individual Development, Leadership, Nationalism, *National Organizations, *National Surveys, Pacticipant Involvement, Political Influences, Program Planning, Recruitment, Social Influences, Socialization, Social Status, Values, *Youth, Youth Leaders, Youth Opportunities, *Youth Programs Identifiers -Gadna Youth.Corps, Israel A case study was made of comprehensive efforts to getyoung people to identify with the core ideals of the parental .generation through youth organizations in Israel. where over 90% of the adolescents reportan ,active involvement in One or more of three nationwide programs youth movements, sponsored by political parties and the Scouts. the "Cadna" youthcorps, sponsored jointly by the schools and the Ministry of Defense--a sort of high school R.O.T.C. with premilitaryas well as national serv(ce goals1 and beyond-school. programs providing group work, skill training, education, and recreational services in community centers and in school buildings after hours. Large samples of youths and youth leaders were interviewed. Among the variables studies were recruitment, programming. resignation. leadership. and attitudes toward national service. Special attention was given to efforts to reach .the poor and immigrants. It Was found that the overwhelming mood of Israeli youth is not alienation but identification with their country's past. its complex present. and its need for development. The organizations designed to reinforce these attitudes rely more on cooperationthanonadultdirection.Theirpeer-grouporientedprograms. emphasizing individual self-development and national service, provide adolescents with ; opportunities to acquire status. (Included are historical details and discussion of the implications for nation building and for youth culture management.) (Author/JS) r-4 CX) Lr1 '1'X iia 2j, PROCESS WITH MICROFICHE AND cp zisP PUBLISHER'S PRICES. MICRO- FICHE REPRODUCTION ONLY. .61 teN g Cig :0 =g .4 Ch 0+1 ;11-. ua t C, V Final Report IF Cama gy..... So gagCO li 40 ...g , Project Nc. 5-0375 e- r..1 a 4111( 1"-D Contract No. OE 4-10-010 =4..) r=C) 12.t..)-.. MEW= Ch I'D 1.Ma Ma= tO = ma= tm, r:, 10) Ira = C2 2E CC 0 s.i.. A.Erg ag 1.11.. Ma =1.'D ...a Z Ms = CC 012 re' 10) .4 WI 1.4 tat NN: INFLUENCING THE YOUTH CULTURE 1.1.6 I..,i.D1.. C) so; z AC co O. A ,Study of Youth olasniaLma in Israel =12gz aa e 2E =, a 001 1. 1.E IraO. see CoO. Joseph W. Eaton University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania In collaboration with Michael Chen University of Tel Aviv and Szold Institute of Behavioral Sciences February 1, 1969 The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the Office of Education, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects under Government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their professional judgement in the conduct of the project. Points of view or opinions stated do not, therefore, necessarily represent official Office of Education position or policy. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Bureau of Research 44 Permission to reproduce this copyrighted work has been granted to the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) and to the organization operating under contract with the Office ot Education to reproduce documents in- cluded in the ERIC system by means of microfiche only, but this right is not conferred to any users of the micro- fiche received from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. Further reproduction of any part requires per- mission of the copyright owner. Copyright AppliedFor Joseph W.Eaton 1969 * 4 i Research Staff Joseph W. Eaton _ Director Michael Chen _ Assistant Director Israel Field StudxStaff Hannah Wiener _ Administrative Secretary Dalith Ormian _ Research Associate University ofPittsburgh Data AnalzsisStaff Specialist Mrs. NormaFeinberg - Computer Program and AdministrativeSecretary Mrs. KatherineFalk - Bibliographic Survey Orpnizational Sponsprship Graduate School ofSocial Work University of Pittsburgh and Henrietta Szold Institutefor Research in theBehavioral Scien.:es, Jerusalem, Israel CONTENT Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii 0 - SUMMARY 1 I - PLANNING AND NATION BUILDING Cooptation 1 Public Service 3 Dedication Intensities 5 Voluntarism 10 Planning 12 Competing Priorities 13 Search for a Moral Equivalent to War 17 Commitment Education 19 Ideology as a National Resource 21 Conclusion 24 II - YOUTN ORGANIZATIONS Adult-making and the Youth Culture 1 School and Youth Organizations 3 Control Strategies 11 The Negative Approach 13 The Directive Approach 15 The Cooptative Approach 16 The Revolutionary Approach 18 Youth Culture Management 20 Conclusion 22 III - COOPTATIVE PLANNING A Natural Laboratory 1 At the beginning there was planning 5 The Core Ideology 9 Pioneer Manpower 15 iv --i III COOPTATIVE PLANNING (Continued) Page Adversity As An Incentive 18 Conclusion 23 IV GENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION Territorial Therapy 1 The Achievement Crisis 3 From Idealism to Realism 7 Neo-Zionism 13 Idealism asan Export 15 Cross NationalComparison: Utility and Limits 19 Conclusion 22 V THE RESEARCHSETTING Organizational Mapping 1 Sports Clubs 8 Local Social Clubs 13 The National Service 15 Leadership Mapping 21 Membership Mapping 23 Participation Index 27 Conclusion 34 VI .. PIONEERING Peer Group Screening 1 A Public Service Movement 3 The Development-Defense Corps Concept 6 Ideology in Transition 12 Kibbutz Viability 19 Conclusion 23 VII- YOUTH MOVEMENTS Recruitment 1 Peer GroupAutonomy 4 What MembershipEntails 7 VII - YOUTH MOVEMENTS (Continued) Page Resignations 11 Partisanship 18 The Official Programs 19 Post-Revolutionary Conservatism 29 Middle-Class Orientedness 31 Conclusion 33 VIII- INSTITUTION BUILDING: THE GADNA Planning and Implenentation 1 How New Institutions Develop 2 A Marriage of Convenience: Education 6 with Para-Military Service A Prestigious Institution 8 Organizational Linkages 9 Why Gadna Survived Success 12 The Rehabilitation Mission 15 Stabilization 19 Replanning 23 Conclusion 24 IX - GADNA TODAY Program 1 Membership 6 Militarism and Education 11 Public Service Orientedness 16 Non-Partisanship 17 Manpower Planning 21 Conclusion 24 X THE BEYOND SCHOOL PROGRAMS Professionalized Youth Work 1 Participation Patterns 11 Impact Data 17 . Conclusions 22 vi XI THE HARD-TO-REACH Page The Welfare Challenge 1 The Uninvolved 4 The Lower Classes are Less 7 Organization Minded Preferential Treatment 11 Manpower Priorities 14 Conclusion 16 XII LEADERSHIP Peer Group Leaders 1 Role Expectations 4 Volunteering 8 Cooptative Conformity 13 Informal Training 15 Formal Training 17 An Emerging Profession? 22 How Much Professionalization? 27 Youth Work as an Opportunity Structure 30 Idealism 31 Military versus 31 Developmental Priorities Efficiency versus 31 Labor Norms Pioneering 35 Conclusion 37 XIII- SUMMING UP The Uniqueness Fallacy 1 Youth Culture Acceptance 4 Diversified Programming 5 Peer Group Role Learning 8 Socialization Through Cooptation 9 No Revolution is Premanent 11 Functional Change with Structural 13 Stability vii XIII- SUMMING UP (Continued) Page The Multiplicity of Sanctions 14 Achievement Crisis Containment 15 Control Point Planning w 17 Social Change is System Related 18 Military and Development Priorities 20 On Being Somebody or Nobody 22 Challenge and National Morale 24 XIV - Abstract 1 x .., 1 Tables and Charts Paradigm of Israel's Core Idealogy 3-13 Schematic Comparisons of SelectedInstitutional 4-20 Variables in Israel and in theUnited States Relevant to the question: ShallThere be a National Service? Educational Achievement Levels,United States 4-23 and Israel Schematic Outline of Activitiesof Israeli 5-5 Youth Programs Schematic Outline of Adult Controlof Adolescent 5-9 Youth Programs in Israel Youth Organization Participationof Holon 5-29 Adolescents in 1965 - By Sex Leisure Times Preferences of HolonAdolescents by Their 5-33 Frequency for ExpressingIdealistic Attitude Choices Preferences of Holon Adolescents forSettling in a 5-31 Kibbutz Development Town or RuralCommunity Youth Organization Participationof Holon Adolescents 5-35 in 1965 by School Attendance Census of Jewish Working Youth MovementMembers in 7-3 Israel, 1963 Leader Response to Parental Request toCancel an Over. 7-6 Night Hike Proportion of Youth Leaders Under 20 YearsOld 7-9 School Grade When First Enrolledin Youth Movement 7-12 First Preferences for SpendingLeisure Time 7-15 National Service Attitudes of10th Graders by Youth 7-17 Movements Activists Survey of Youth MovementsMembers 7-20 ix Recommended Handling of Member With a Deviant Idealogy 7-25 Idealistic Attitude Choices of Past and Present 7-27 Members of Selected Youth Movements Comparison of Religious Orientation of Holon Adolescents 7-30a and Their Parents Youth Organization Participation of Holon Adolescents 7-31a in 1965- By Eighth Grade Examination Scores in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Israel's National Religious and the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict
    Leap of Faith: Israel’s National Religious and the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict Middle East Report N°147 | 21 November 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iv I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Religious Zionism: From Ascendance to Fragmentation ................................................ 5 A. 1973: A Turning Point ................................................................................................ 5 B. 1980s and 1990s: Polarisation ................................................................................... 7 C. The Gaza Disengagement and its Aftermath ............................................................. 11 III. Settling the Land .............................................................................................................. 14 A. Bargaining with the State: The Kookists ................................................................... 15 B. Defying the State: The Hilltop Youth ........................................................................ 17 IV. From the Hills to the State ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Israel: Growing Pains at 60
    Viewpoints Special Edition Israel: Growing Pains at 60 The Middle East Institute Washington, DC Middle East Institute The mission of the Middle East Institute is to promote knowledge of the Middle East in Amer- ica and strengthen understanding of the United States by the people and governments of the region. For more than 60 years, MEI has dealt with the momentous events in the Middle East — from the birth of the state of Israel to the invasion of Iraq. Today, MEI is a foremost authority on contemporary Middle East issues. It pro- vides a vital forum for honest and open debate that attracts politicians, scholars, government officials, and policy experts from the US, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. MEI enjoys wide access to political and business leaders in countries throughout the region. Along with information exchanges, facilities for research, objective analysis, and thoughtful commentary, MEI’s programs and publications help counter simplistic notions about the Middle East and America. We are at the forefront of private sector public diplomacy. Viewpoints are another MEI service to audiences interested in learning more about the complexities of issues affecting the Middle East and US rela- tions with the region. To learn more about the Middle East Institute, visit our website at http://www.mideasti.org The maps on pages 96-103 are copyright The Foundation for Middle East Peace. Our thanks to the Foundation for graciously allowing the inclusion of the maps in this publication. Cover photo in the top row, middle is © Tom Spender/IRIN, as is the photo in the bottom row, extreme left.
    [Show full text]
  • Aliyah and Settlement Process?
    Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel HBI SERIES ON JEWISH WOMEN Shulamit Reinharz, General Editor Joyce Antler, Associate Editor Sylvia Barack Fishman, Associate Editor The HBI Series on Jewish Women, created by the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute, pub- lishes a wide range of books by and about Jewish women in diverse contexts and time periods. Of interest to scholars and the educated public, the HBI Series on Jewish Women fills major gaps in Jewish Studies and in Women and Gender Studies as well as their intersection. For the complete list of books that are available in this series, please see www.upne.com and www.upne.com/series/BSJW.html. Ruth Kark, Margalit Shilo, and Galit Hasan-Rokem, editors, Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel: Life History, Politics, and Culture Tova Hartman, Feminism Encounters Traditional Judaism: Resistance and Accommodation Anne Lapidus Lerner, Eternally Eve: Images of Eve in the Hebrew Bible, Midrash, and Modern Jewish Poetry Margalit Shilo, Princess or Prisoner? Jewish Women in Jerusalem, 1840–1914 Marcia Falk, translator, The Song of Songs: Love Lyrics from the Bible Sylvia Barack Fishman, Double or Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage Avraham Grossman, Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe Iris Parush, Reading Jewish Women: Marginality and Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Eastern European Jewish Society Shulamit Reinharz and Mark A. Raider, editors, American Jewish Women and the Zionist Enterprise Tamar Ross, Expanding the Palace of Torah: Orthodoxy and Feminism Farideh Goldin, Wedding Song: Memoirs of an Iranian Jewish Woman Elizabeth Wyner Mark, editor, The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite Rochelle L.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Zionist Jewish Education
    Excerpt From: REF R Zl ISM AN EDUCATOR'S PERSPECTIVE MICHAEL LIVNI (LANGER) Section 4 - Aspects of Zionist Jewish Education JERUSALEM + NEW YORK SECTION Aspects of Zionist Jewish Education Introduction 1. Movement, Youth Movement, Zionist Youth Movement: A Clarification 2. For Those That Se~k: SeJf-fulfillmenl & Self-Realizatio-n: Two 'Terms- Two-Outlooks a Educa1ing' To Zionism {Ex~dtpts) 4. Model Commuoity:·for ~ionis:t Jewish Education 5. Policy· Guidelines tor the Joint Auth:ority ~for Jewish Zionist-Education* 6. THe Meaning of ZiorlisfEd~eatiqn ip:Our· Generat(on * JAJZE: Joint Authority (World Zionist Organization and Jewish Agency for Israel) for Jewish Zionist Education. Synopsis of the Section The articles in Section 4 deal with the subject of Zionist education. All Zionist education is also Jewish education but not all Jewish education is Zionist education - even if its orientation is pro-Israel. The articles relate to the issue of defining and educating to Zionist values which are not normative in the Jewish community. The questions are discussed from an ideological and professional (educational) point of view. The target audience is sometimes the young Zionist leadership and sometimes the institutional world ofJewish education. SECTION 4 • INTRODUCTION From the early Nineteen-Fifties as a Madrich (youth leader) in Vancouver Habonim, I have been involved in Zionist jewish education. Indeed, my doctoral thesis for the M.D. degree at the University of British Columbia, 'ful Adolescent Subculture," sponsored by the Dept. of Psychiatry, dealt with the social psychology of Habonim Labor Zionist Youth in Vancouver. It was the late Professor Simon Herman of the Hebrew University, himself a student of Kurt Lewin, the founder of Group Dynamics, whose writings shaped my approach to the field of Zionist Jewish education.
    [Show full text]
  • ISRAELI TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE to AFRICA a Thesis ,Presented In
    ISRAELI TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO AFRICA A Thesis ,Presented in Partial Fulfill.rn.ent of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts }f y Elton Roger Trent, B.A. and B.S. in Ed. The Ohio State University 196L Approved by FOREWARD I became interested in the problems of underdeveloped nations .and territories in the course, Africa and the Western World in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, given by Professor Lowell Ragatz, and pursued the subject fu:".'ther in The Middle East Since 1914, taught by Professor Sydney Fisher. At the latter 1 s suggestion, I began searching for materials on Israel 1 s tech~ical assistance to Africa and became much engrossed in it. When one reads widely on this subject, several questions come to mind. Why, for example, did Israel, a small, newly inde­ pendent nation, offer assistance to tbs new nations and territories of Africa? On the other hand, why did such African nations accept this aid so readily? What were the reactions of the Arab nations? Of the West? Of the Sino-Soviet Bloc? Of underdeveloped nations in general? Of Israel? What will be Israel's future in "Black Africa"? Data will be presented and conclusions drawn in answer to each of these questions. November JO, 1964 Elton R. Trent ii CONTEN'l'S Page FOREWARD . ii Chapter I THE HISTORICAL B~CKGRODND . 1 II A MISSION OF GOODWILL • • . 28 III HOMA.NISM OR Jl1PERIALISM ? . 56 CONCLUSIONS •• . 81 APPENDIX . • • . 93 BIBLIOOMPHY . .. 95 if t CR<\.PTER I The Historical Background In order properly to understand present Israeli assistance to the newly-independent African states, it is necessary to trace the his­ torical development of the Jewish and African nations and to sketch some of the major problems encountered by each.
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle for Hegemony in Jerusalem Secular and Ultra-Orthodox Urban Politics
    THE FLOERSHEIMER INSTITUTE FOR POLICY STUDIES The Struggle for Hegemony in Jerusalem Secular and Ultra-Orthodox Urban Politics Shlomo Hasson Jerusalem, October 2002 Translator: Yoram Navon Principal Editor: Shunamith Carin Preparation for Print: Ruth Lerner Printed by: Ahva Press, Ltd. ISSN 0792-6251 Publication No. 4/12e © 2002, The Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies, Ltd. 9A Diskin Street, Jerusalem 96440 Israel Tel. 972-2-5666243; Fax. 972-2-5666252 [email protected] www.fips.org.il 2 About the Author Shlomo Hasson - Professor of Geography at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and deputy director of The Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies. About the Research This book reviews the struggle for hegemony in Jerusalem between secular and ultra-orthodox (haredi) Jews. It examines the democratic deficit in urban politics formed by the rise of the haredi minority to power, and proposes ways to rectify this deficit. The study addresses the following questions: What are the characteristics of the urban democratic deficit? How did the haredi minority become a leading political force in the city? What are the implications of the democratic deficit from the perspective of the various cultural groups? What can be done in view of the fact that the non-haredi population is not only under-represented but also feels threatened and prejudiced by urban politics initiated by the city council? About the Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies In recent years the importance of policy-oriented research has been increasingly acknowledged. Dr. Stephen H. Floersheimer initiated the establishment of a research institute that would concentrate on studies of long- range policy issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Location, Event&Q
    # from what/ where which how why who for MOBILE versi on click here when who who where when index source "location, event" "phys, pol, med, doc" detail physical detail political name "9/11 Truth Interactive Spreadsheet Click on dow n arrow to sort / filter, click again to undo." Top 100 / compilations entity entity detail country / state date Item .. right-click on li nk to open in new tab 1 "Francis, Stephen NFU" WTC physical Controlled demolition Explosive experts "Overwhelming evidence indicates that a combination of n uclear, thermitic and conventional explosives were used in a controlled demoliti on of the WTC on 9/11. Nanothermite contributed but does not have sufficient det onation velocity to pulverize the WTC into dust. Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth is leading gatekeeper trying to deflect Israel's role. See Cozen O'Connor 9/11 lawsuit." pic "9/11 Truth, anti-Zionists" Engineers / Scie ntists "U.S., Israel, SA, Britain" 2 "Francis, Stephen NFU" "WTC, Pentagon, PA" political False flag Cabal "The cabal: U.S., Britain, Saudi Arabia and Israel execu ted the 9/11 false flag attack in order to usher in a new 'war on terror' along with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars and fullfil the PNAC's 'Full Spectrum Dominan ce' of the Middle East and its resources ... all have roots that go back to Zion ist / Nazi Germany, the Cold War ... 9/11 was a planned step." lnk Intel ag encies "Cabal: US, UK, Israel & SA" Mossad / Sayeret Matkal "U.S., Israel, S A, Britain" 3 "Fox, Donald" WTC 1-2 physical "Mini Neutron, Fissionless Fusio n" Controlled demolition "VeteransToday: Fox, Kuehn, Prager, Vike n,Ward, Cimono & Fetzer on mini neutron bombs discuss all major WTC theories micr o nuke (neutron) most promising comparatively low blast effects, a quick blast o f radiation that doesn't linger, a series of shape charged mini-neutron bombs we re detonated from top to bottom to simulate a free fall collapse.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Asymmetry in International Politics: Us-South Africa Relations: 1994-2008
    ASSESSING ASYMMETRY IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: US-SOUTH AFRICA RELATIONS: 1994-2008 by SCOTT THOMAS FIRSING submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject INTERNATIONAL POLITICS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR T HOEANE CO-SUPERVISOR: MS J K VAN WYK NOVEMBER 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables…………………………………………………………………………..9 List of Acronyms………………………………………………………………………………......10 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THIS THESIS 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..13 2. Literature review……………………………………………………………………………......14 3. Purpose and objectives……………………………………………………………………….....16 4. Approaches and methodology…………………………………………………………………..16 5. Scope and limitations of the thesis……………………………………………………………...18 6. Contribution of study…………………………………………………………………………....20 7. Research questions and structure of study….……………………………………………...........21 CHAPTER TWO: OVERVIEW OF ASYMMETRY THEORY 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………...26 2. Asymmetry theory.........................................................................................................................26 3. Strong versus the weak…………………………………………………………………………..29 4. Inattention and overattention…………………………………………………………………….31 5. Deference, autonomy and misperception……………………………………………………......33 6. Managing the asymmetric relationship…………………………………………………………37 6.1 Routinization…………………………………………………………………………………...37 6.2 Diplomatic ritual……………………………………………………………………………….38 6.3 Neutralization………………………………………………………………………………......39
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Israel As Told by Banknotes
    M NEY talks The Story of Israel as told by Banknotes Educational Resource FOR ISRAEL EDUCATION Developed, compiled and written by: Vavi Toran Edited by: Rachel Dorsey Money Talks was created by Jewish LearningWorks in partnership with The iCenter for Israel Education This educational resource draws from many sources that were compiled and edited for the sole use of educators, for educational purposes only. FOR ISRAEL EDUCATION Introduction National Identity in Your Wallet “There is always a story in any national banknote. Printed on a white sheet of paper, there is a tale expressed by images and text, that makes the difference between white paper and paper money.” Sebastián Guerrini, 2011 We handle money nearly every day. But how much do we really know about our banknotes? Which president is on the $50 bill? Which banknote showcases the White House? Which one includes the Statue of Liberty torch? Why were the symbols chosen? What stories do they tell? Banknotes can be examined and deciphered to understand Like other commemoration the history and politics of any nation. Having changed eight agents, such as street times between its establishment and 2017, Israel’s banknotes names or coins, banknotes offer an especially interesting opportunity to explore the have symbolic and political history of the Jewish state. significance. The messages 2017 marks the eighth time that the State of Israel changed the design of its means of payment. Israel is considered expressed on the notes are innovative in this regard, as opposed to other countries in inserted on a daily basis, in the world that maintain uniform design over many years.
    [Show full text]
  • 1948 Arab‒Israeli
    1948 Arab–Israeli War 1 1948 Arab–Israeli War מלחמת or מלחמת העצמאות :The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, known to Israelis as the War of Independence (Hebrew ,מלחמת השחרור :, Milkhemet Ha'atzma'ut or Milkhemet HA'sikhror) or War of Liberation (Hebrewהשחרור Milkhemet Hashikhrur) – was the first in a series of wars fought between the State of Israel and its Arab neighbours in the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. The war commenced upon the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine and the Israeli declaration of independence on 15 May 1948, following a period of civil war in 1947–1948. The fighting took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon.[1] ., al-Nakba) occurred amidst this warﺍﻟﻨﻜﺒﺔ :Much of what Arabs refer to as The Catastrophe (Arabic The war concluded with the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Background Following World War II, on May 14, 1948, the British Mandate of Palestine came to an end. The surrounding Arab nations were also emerging from colonial rule. Transjordan, under the Hashemite ruler Abdullah I, gained independence from Britain in 1946 and was called Jordan, but it remained under heavy British influence. Egypt, while nominally independent, signed the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 that included provisions by which Britain would maintain a garrison of troops on the Suez Canal. From 1945 on, Egypt attempted to renegotiate the terms of this treaty, which was viewed as a humiliating vestige of colonialism. Lebanon became an independent state in 1943, but French troops would not withdraw until 1946, the same year that Syria won its independence from France.
    [Show full text]
  • November 27, 1980 30¢ Per Copy
    R . I . J ewish Hi s torical ? Assoc iat i on 11 130 sessions stre e t Provide n ce , RI 0 2906 Support Jewish Read By Agencies More Than 40,000 With Your ·· ISLAND People Membership THE ONLY ENGLISH-JEWISH WEEKLY IN R. I. AND SOUTHEAST MASS VOLUME LXVIII, NUMBER 2 THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 1980 30¢ PER COPY Prov. Man Elected Begin May Resign, Call Early Elections Head Of Schechter Day School After Another Narrow Confidence Vote ,\ ltchael Bohnen. son of Rabbi and Mrs J E R US AL E M ()TA) - Premic· r dectdC'd •t the la>t m1nutr t,, ,h,tatn m .. n and 1t app,•Jrs thJt his da\S are num­ El, Bohn,•n. has been elected President of the Mc nachem Begin wou ld be inclined to resign Eltahu. Ah,·a s chairman, .,.,d toda\ h.­ bc·rrd "' J m,·mht-r of lfrnit Solomon Schecht,,r Day School of Greater Boston and call earl y ei<'ctions if his government is had no e,planat,on for Assad \ b.. hav1nr, al­ uibor Part, edun,t lo Topple Bej(in "nee again reduced lo a slender maiorily of tC'r the three lact,on m mbt-" d=dcd un­ '-lean" h,k tbe uihor PJrt, oppos1t1on 1 three, as happened when ii ba rely su rvived a animou1" to vote a,z;ainsl the j?;OH'ffim(_ nl prq·,.1nnsc lo loppl, Rt·~in 11; ,R:OH·mment no-confidcncf' vole in Kn esset last week J f \ \:e11mJn I\ ou,tc--d from J ft.nil a_\ d Shimon Pn, • the part,, liad,r, said toda1 w,ult of his volc JRJ.m,t the go,emmt'nl_ one This was made clear by a ,ource close to thJt 1t I urizcnt tn hnn~ Israel "b,d, under morl' Knl'\<<·I vote h3\e to I,., c,-,untcd Begin foll owi ng the .S7-.S4 vo te on moti ons of .-,II pro~·r t"'('Onom1c m.inajtcmenl •• no-confidence in t hC' ~OVl'rn ment · s econom ic a1sa1n,t the coal1t11m "hen!"•cr the· chanCf' lk <tatcd that " "c intend to mtmduc-,, J poli cies ariS('s lo force 1h H-<-iRnat,on and tngR:er earl~ planned N.nnom,.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mental Cleavage of Israeli Politics
    Israel Affairs ISSN: 1353-7121 (Print) 1743-9086 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fisa20 The mental cleavage of Israeli politics Eyal Lewin To cite this article: Eyal Lewin (2016) The mental cleavage of Israeli politics, Israel Affairs, 22:2, 355-378, DOI: 10.1080/13537121.2016.1140352 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2016.1140352 Published online: 04 Apr 2016. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fisa20 Download by: [Ariel University], [Eyal Lewin] Date: 04 April 2016, At: 22:06 ISRAEL AFFAIRS, 2016 VOL. 22, NO. 2, 355–378 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2016.1140352 The mental cleavage of Israeli politics Eyal Lewin Department of Middle Eastern Studies and Political Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel ABSTRACT In societies marked by numerous diversities, like the Jewish-Israeli one, understanding social cleavages might show a larger picture of the group and form a broader comprehension of its characteristics. Most studies concentrate on somewhat conventional cleavages, such as the socioeconomic cleavage, the ethnic cleavage, the religious or the political one; this article, by contrast, suggests a different point of view for the mapping of social cleavages within Israeli society. It claims that the Jewish population in Israel is split into two competing groups: stakeholders versus deprived. These categories of social identity are psychological states of mind in which no matter how the national resources are distributed, the stakeholders will always act as superiors, even if they are in inferior positions, while the deprived will always take the role of eternal underdog even if all of the major political ranks come under their control.
    [Show full text]