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Proquest Dissertations u Ottawa L'Universite canadienne Canada's university nm FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES L==J FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTDOCTORALES U Ottawa POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES L'Univei.sito canadienne Canada's university Jessica Bennett Langston AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS Ph.D. (English Literature) GRADE/DEGREE Department of English FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT Exploring the Excerpts: Historical Documents and Narrating Canadian Identity TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS C. Sugars DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR CO-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE/THESIS EXAMINERS D. Coleman J. Fiamengo G. Lynch R. Stacey Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Exploring the Excerpts: Historical Documents and Narrating Canadian Identity By Jessica Bennett Langston Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the PhD degree in English Department of English Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa ©Jessica Langston, Ottawa, Canada, 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Vote reference ISBN: 978-0-494-59496-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-59496-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada ii Dissertation Abstract Exploring the Excerpts: Historical Documents and Narrating Canadian Identity This thesis examines a specific type of documentary literature, one that narrates the exploration period of Canadian history through excerpting and re-framing the journal entries of early explorers. Because these literary texts are concerned with English Canada's founding, they provide an important context for thinking about the ways that Canadian history is used to construct, deconstruct, and reconstruct national identity. By returning to this seminal historic moment and reconfiguring history through a narrative dialogue with its documents, these authors not only undertake to re-conceptualize national identity; they also engage in a dialogue about representation versus truth. The dissertation begins with an examination of several poems - John Newlove's "The Pride" (1968) and "Samuel Hearne in Wintertime" (1968), Marion Smith's Koo-koo-sint (1976), Jon Whyte's Homage, Henry Kelsey (1981), and Lionel Kearns' Convergences (1984) - and then moves on three works of fiction: George Bowering's Burning Water (1980), Rudy Wiebe's A Discovery of Strangers (1994) and John Steffler's The Afterlife of George Cartwright (1992). All these texts incorporate actual passages from original historical documents, the explorers' journals or narratives. The thesis charts the different ways these Canadian writers re-frame the detailed, often dispassionate accounts of explorers, considering how each re-framing deals with the struggle of representing history responsibly and how such a representation also enacts a particular type of national narrative. iii Acknowledgements This exploration of contemporary Canadian historical literature would not have been possible without my own expedition leader, Cynthia Sugars. Cynthia was patient and helpful while I charted tough terrain; her faith in me and her support never lagged. I am also grateful to the Social Science and Humanities Research Council for helping to fund my project. University of Ottawa's English Department - students, faculty, and administrative staff- has been incredibly kind and supportive throughout my four years. I couldn't have imagined a better place carry out my studies. Thank you, in particular, to Dr. Janice Fiamengo for her encouragement and advice throughout my time at the University of Ottawa. Thanks are also due to Dr. Anne Raine, Dr. Robert Stacey, and Dr. David Rampton. All my love and gratitude to my dear friends for getting me out of my head and into my life. Skiing and hiking for hours, running marathons, getting lost, sight-seeing on 3 hours of sleep - all these things and more are wonderful and full of laughter because we do them together. Thank you also to my little Ruby - our daily walks, cuddles, and head snuggles have pulled me through many a long day. IV For my family - you will always hold the map to my heart V Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Introduction-"Hunting for a Source": Canadian History and Identity 1 Historical Fiction and the Struggle Between Truth and Representation 10 Selective Storytelling: Understanding Nation, History, and Narration 17 Producing Canada's Identity 22 Chapter 1-The Exploration-Documentary Poem in Canada 34 Something to be Proud Of: Newlove 's Canada 43 National Evolution and David Thompson 54 Jon Whyte and a Homage to History 63 Then and Now Converging: Kearns' Complicated Nation 73 Chapter 2-Evading Expectations: Bowering's Disruption and Demythologizing of the Explorer 88 Bowering and Literature in Vancouver: "Making Post-modern Canadian History" 91 Bowering 's George, Vancouver and the Complications of History 96 Burnins Water: The Rejection and Recovery of National History 109 Deconstruction and Reconstruction: Vancouver and His Writing Re-contextualized 117 Bowering's Representational Paradox and Problem 133 Chapter 3-Rudy Wiebe: Making the Strange Unstrange 139 Finding Meaning in the Documents and Narratives of History 145 Troubling Representation, Searching for Truth 157 Revealing the Ideal Nation: Canadian Diversity 172 Chapter 4-The Sins of Settlement: John Steffler's George Cartwright and Communal Confession 187 Confession and the Post-Colonial 193 Historical Hindsight in the Journals of a Ghost 200 Forgive and Forget?: The Problem with Atonement 216 Conclusion-Reading Past the Writing: Afterwords and Afterward 226 Bibliography .232 Introduction - "Hunting for a Source": Canadian History and Identity The materials of citizenship today are different and the perspectives wider and more difficult; but we have, as ever, the duty of exploring them and of waking the heart and will in regard to them. That duty is what documentary is about. (Grierson 215) In 1938, renowned critic John Grierson was hired by the Canadian Government to study and make suggestions on centralizing and coordinating national film activities. His report led to the creation of the National Film Board, where he stayed on as Commissioner through to the end of the war. Under Grierson's guidance the NFB became and continues to be the central producer of documentary films in Canada, and it was reports such as the one excerpted above that formed the country's understanding of what documentary was and should be. A documentary film, according to Grierson and, by proxy, the NFB, should not only inform Canadians about the nation in which they live; it should also excite their allegiance to it. Not that the documentary had to be dour and prescriptive; the documentary can and should be engaging and entertaining. In fact, the duty of documentary cinema was to teach nationalism, creatively. Writing almost thirty years after Grierson's tenure at the NFB, Dorothy Livesay returns to Grierson's precepts, applying them to what she perceives as an emerging genre of Canadian literature. Citing a number of poems - E.J. Pratt's Brebeuf and His Brethren (1940), Anne Marriott's The Wind Our Enemy (1939), and her own Call My People Home (1950), among them - Livesay argues that, like the documentary film, these "documentary poems" "reflect our environment profoundly ... [and] cast light on the landscape, the topography, the flora and fauna as well as on the social structure of the country" ("The 1 As Grierson explains in his "First Principles of Documentary," "in its use of the living article," the documentary also has "an opportunity to perform creative work"
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