KRONOS QUARTET Diplomová Práce

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KRONOS QUARTET Diplomová Práce JANÁ ČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UM ĚNÍ V BRN Ě Hudební fakulta Katedra strunných nástroj ů Hra na housle KRONOS QUARTET Diplomová práce Autor práce: BcA. Lenka Koplová Oponent práce: Mgr. Pavel Wallinger Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Miloš Schnierer Brno 2012 Bibliografický záznam KOPLOVÁ, Lenka. Kronos Quartet [Kronos Quartet]. Brno: Janá čkova akademie múzických um ění v Brn ě, Hudební fakulta, Katedra strunných nástroj ů, 2012. 50 s. PhDr. Miloš Schnierer. Anotace Má magisterská práce je v ěnována Kronos Quartet, historii souboru a biografii jeho člen ů. Dále se v ní zmi ňuji o vztazích kvarteta ke skladatel ům, po četné diskografii, koncertech, u nichž se zam ěř uji p ředevším na festival Struny podzimu, o cenách, které Kronos Quartet získal, o projektu Under 30 a Uniko a o jejich r ůzných pohledech na hudbu samotnou. Do své práce jsem také za řadila v rámci kapitoly „Kronos Quartet v obrazech“ množství fotografií, nebo ť vizuální složka je nejen nezbytným, ale p římo st ěžejn ě rozvíjejícím prvkem jejich záb ěru. Annotation My Master’s thesis discusses about Kronos Quartet, history of this quartet and biography of members. This thesis discusses about relatonship of quartet to composers, numerous discography, concerts – above all festival „Strings of Autumn“, about awards, which Kronos Quartet ever won, about projects „Under 30“ and „Uniko“ and about their other attitude to music. Also in chapter „Kronos Quartet in pictures“ I used many photographies , because vizual element is very difficult aspect of their express. Klí čová slova Kronos Quartet, biografie, diskografie, skladatelé, ocen ění, vizuální hudba Keywords Kronos Quartet, biography, discography, composers, awards, vizual music - 2 - Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem p ředkládanou práci zpracovala samostatn ě a použila jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. V Brn ě, dne 30. dubna 2012 Lenka Koplová - 3 - Obsah Úvod .................................................................................................................................. - 5 - 1. Historie souboru a biografie člen ů kvarteta .............................................................. - 6 - 1.1. Historie .............................................................................................................. - 6 - 1.2. Biografie ............................................................................................................ - 8 - 2. Kronos Quartet a skladatelé .................................................................................... - 12 - 2.1. Důležití skladatelé ........................................................................................... - 12 - 2.1.1. Terry Riley .................................................................................................. - 12 - 2.1.2. Steve Reich.................................................................................................. - 14 - 2.1.3. Philip Glass ................................................................................................. - 18 - 2.1.4. Arvo Pärt ..................................................................................................... - 18 - 2.2. Ostatní skladatelé ............................................................................................ - 19 - 3. Diskografie .............................................................................................................. - 20 - 3.1. Přehled diskografie ......................................................................................... - 20 - 4. Kronos Quartet - Koncerty a ocen ění...................................................................... - 30 - 4.1. Koncerty .......................................................................................................... - 30 - 4.2. Koncerty tuzemské ........................................................................................... - 30 - 4.2.1. Ceny, ocen ění a nominace........................................................................... - 35 - 5. Projekty Kronos Quartet ......................................................................................... - 39 - 5.1. Nadace ‘Kronos: Under 30 Project’ ............................................................... - 39 - 5.2. Projekt ‘Uniko’................................................................................................ - 40 - 6. Kronos Quartet v obrazech (p řenesen ě i doslova) .................................................. - 42 - 6.1. Vizual Music – Vizuální hudba ....................................................................... - 42 - 6.2. Kronos Quartet v obrazech ............................................................................. - 43 - Záv ěr ............................................................................................................................... - 46 - Seznam pramen ů a literatury ....................................................................................................- 47- Seznam p říloh…………………………………………………………………………. - 49 - - 4 - Úvod První skladbou, kterou jsem od Kronos Quartet v roce 2001 slyšela, byla skladba George Crumba 1 Black Angels 2. Vzpomínám, že tato skladba na m ě p říliš nezap ůsobila a o Kronos Quartet jsem se dále nezajímala. Postupem času jsem slyšela další nahrávky Kronos Quartet s jednoduššími (ne tak náro čnými jako je práv ě Black Angels ) a líbiv ějšími skladbami. Zásadní skladbou pro m ě bylo Adagio 3 Samuela Barbera 4. Nemyslím, že to bylo tím, že Adagio je nádherná skladba sama o sob ě, ale musí být zahrána tak, aby poslucha če oslovila. Ne jen odehrána. A Kronos Quartet ji hrají jedine čně. Zajímala jsem se o to, jestli hrají vše tak procít ěně, jako tuto skladbu a došla jsem k záv ěru, že tomu tak opravdu je. Cílem mé práce je vytvo řit jakési ‚souhrnné dílo‘ o Kronos Quartetu v češtin ě, protože o tomto seskupení nebylo doposud nic podobného napsáno v češtin ě ani v ostatních jazycích. Ani skupina samotná si není jista, zda v budoucnu bude nějaká autobiografická kniha publikována. Z výše uvedených d ůvod ů jsem při své práci tedy čerpala p ředevším z internetové sít ě. Na české části internetu však bylo jen n ěkolik málo článk ů, které navíc vycházely z podobných pramen ů a zdroj ů. Musela jsem se tedy obrátit na část sv ětovou, cizojazy čnou, kde bylo materiálu o poznání více, by ť i tam se projevovalo částečné opakování. Dále jsem čerpala z časopis ů jako nap ř. HisVoice, Reflex a také z video záznam ů VHS a DVD. Při shromaž ďování materiál ů jsem se setkala s již zmi ňovanými problémy, které se týkají stejnorodosti článk ů, recenzí apod. Zdá se, že těleso udržuje částe čné informa ční embargo, a se sv ětem komunikuje vícemén ě pomocí tiskových zpráv a prohlášení. 1 George Henry Crumb - americký skladatel, nar. 24. 10. 1929 v Charlestonu, West Virginia. Studoval na Mason College of Music v Charlestonu a od roku 1950 získal mnoho titul ů. 2 Black Angels – velmi neortodoxní práce inspirovaná vietnamskou válkou, ve které se objevují také elektronické efekty a mluvené slovo. 3 Adagio – původn ě napsáno jako 2. v ěta smy čcového kvarteta roku 1936, ale v pr ůběhu dvou let jej Samuel Barber zaranžoval pro smy čcový orchestr. V této form ě – pro smy čcový orchestr – se Adagio stalo nejen jeho nejznám ějším dílem, ale stalo se také neoficiální americkou smute ční hymnou, hranou po smrti prezident ů Roosvelta a Kennedyho. 4 Samuel Barber narozen 9. 3. 1910, West Chester,Pensylvania, USA - 5 - 1. Historie souboru a biografie člen ů kvarteta 1.1. Historie Bude tomu tém ěř čty řicet let, co Kronos Quartet – David Harrington (1. housle), John Sherba (2. housle), Hank Dutt (viola) a Jeffrey Zeigler (violoncello) – sledují neoby čejnou um ěleckou vizi kombinující ducha odvážného objevování a závazek rozši řovat záb ěr a kontext smy čcového kvarteta. B ěhem tohoto procesu se Kronos stali jedním z nejvíce oslavovaných a vlivných soubor ů naší doby. Odehráli tisíce koncert ů po celém sv ětě, vydali více než padesát nahrávek charakteristických neuv ěř itelnou ší ří stylového záb ěru a kreativitou, na kterých spolupracovali s mnoha autory a um ělci, nahráli stovky prací a skladeb pro smy čcové kvarteto. Shromáždili také mnoho cen v četn ě Grammy za nejlepší koncert komorní hudby (1994) a Hudebníky roku (2003) od Musical America. Dobrodružný p řístup Kronos Quartetu se datuje již od po čátk ů souboru. K založení tohoto seskupení byl David 1 - zleva: Sherba, Zeigler, Harrington, Dutt Harrington inspirován již v roce 1973. Harrington vyr ůstající ve m ěst ě Seattle ve stát ě Washington stejn ě jako ostatní teenage ři na za čátku šedesátých let dvacátého století miloval stav ění raketových lodí, byl fascinován smy čcovými kvartety, ale zárove ň i energií populární hudby. Když mu hrozil odvod na vojnu, p řihlásil se do orchestru v Kanad ě. Po svém návratu do Seattlu uslyšel v rádiu dojemn ě ritualistickou protivále čnou píse ň od George Crumba 5 Black Angels 6. Byly v ní tak zvláštní zvuky, že si nejd říve ani nep řipoušt ěl, že by to mohla být hudba pro smy čcový kvartet, ale cítil obrovskou touhu tuto píse ň hrát. Jak řekl David Harrington na záznamu videokazety: „Po poslechu Black Angels jsem v ěděl, jakou muziku chci hrát.“ 7 Kronos Quartet pak za čali stav ět vybraný repertoár pro smy čcové kvarteto, když hráli a nahrávali materiál od mistr ů dvacátého století (Béla Bartók, Dmitrij Dmitrijevi č Šostakovi č, Anton Webern a další), sou časných skladatel ů (Sofia 5 George Henry Crumb - americký skladatel, nar. 24. 10. 1929 v Charlestonu, West Virginia. Studoval na Mason College of Music
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