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Fourth Estate 1

The Fourth Estate (or fourth estate) is a societal or political force or institution whose influence is not consistently or officially recognized. "Fourth Estate" most commonly refers to the media; especially print or "The Press". attributed the origin of the term to , who used it in a parliamentary debate in 1787 on the opening up of Press reporting of the of Great Britain.[1] Earlier writers have applied the term to lawyers, to the British queens consort (acting as a free agent, independent of the king), and to the . The term makes implicit reference to the earlier division of the three .

The Press In current use the term is applied to the Press,[2] with the earliest use in this sense described by Thomas Carlyle in his book On Heroes and Hero Worship: Burke said there were Three Estates in ; but, in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all.[3] In Burke's 1787 coining he would have been making reference to the traditional three estates of Parliament: The Spiritual, the Lords Temporal and the Commons.[4] If, indeed, Burke did make the statement Carlyle attributes to him, the remark may have been in the back of Carlyle's mind when he wrote in his (1837) that "A Fourth Estate, of Able Editors, springs up; increases and multiplies, irrepressible, incalculable."[5] In this context, the other three estates are those of the French States-General: the church, the and the townsmen.[4] Carlyle, however, may have mistaken his attribution: Thomas Macknight, writing in 1858, observes that Burke was merely a teller at the "illustrious nativity of the Fourth Estate".[6] If Burke is excluded, other candidates for coining the term are Henry Brougham speaking in Parliament in 1823 or 1824[7] and Thomas Macaulay in an of 1828 reviewing Hallam's Constitutional History: "The gallery in which the reporters sit has become a fourth estate of the realm."[8] By 1835, when (another editor of —see below) applied the term to an individual , , the phrase was well established.[9][10] Oscar Wilde wrote:

In old days men had the rack. Now they have the Press. That is an improvement certainly. But still it is very bad, and wrong, and “demoralizing. Somebody — was it Burke? — called journalism the fourth estate. That was true at the time no doubt. But at the present moment it is the only estate. It has eaten up the other three. The Lords Temporal say nothing, the have nothing to say, and the [11] House of Commons has nothing to say and says it. We are dominated by Journalism. ”

In American English, the phrase "fourth estate" is contrasted with the "fourth branch of government", a term that originated because no direct equivalents to of the realm exist in the . The "fourth estate" is used to emphasize the independence of the Press, while the "fourth branch" suggests that the Press is not independent of the government.[12]

Alternative meanings

In European law In 1580 Montaigne proposed that governments should hold in check a fourth estate of lawyers selling justice to the rich and denying it to rightful litigants who do not bribe their way to a verdict:[13][14] What is more barbarous than to see a nation [...] where justice is lawfully denied him, that hath not wherewithall to pay for it; and that this merchandize hath so great credit, that in a politicall government there should be set up a fourth estate [tr. : quatriesme estat] of Lawyers, breathsellers and pettifoggers [...]. —Michel de Montaigne, in the translation by John Florio, 1603 Fourth Estate 2

The proletariat

An early citation for this is Henry Fielding in The Covent Garden Journal (1752): None of our political writers...take notice of any more than three estates, namely, Kings, Lords, and Commons...passing by in silence that very large and powerful body which form the fourth estate in this community...The Mob.[15] (This is an early use of "mob" to mean the mobile vulgus, the common Il quarto stato (1901): a march of strikers in Turin, masses.) This sense has prevailed in other countries: In Italy, for example, striking workers in 1890s Turin were depicted as Il quarto stato—The Fourth Estate—in a painting by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo.[16] A political journal of the left, Quarto Stato, published in , Italy, in 1926, also reflected this meaning.[17]

British Queens Consort In a parliamentary debate of 1789 Thomas Powys, 1st Lilford, MP, demanded of minister William Pitt, 1st of Chatham that he should not allow powers of regency to "a fourth estate: the queen".[18] This was reported by Burke, who, as noted above, went on to use the phrase with the meaning of "press".

Fiction In his novel The Fourth Estate Jeffrey Archer wrote "In May 1789, Louis XVI summoned to Versailles a full meeting of the ''. The First Estate consisted of three hundred . The Second Estate, three hundred nobles. The Third Estate, six hundred ." The book is a fictionalization from episodes in the lives of two real-life Press : and Rupert Murdoch.

Notes [1] Schultz, Julianne (1998). Reviving the fourth estate. Cambridge, : Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-521-62970-6. [2] "estate, n, 7b". Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.

[3] Carlyle, Thomas (19 May 1840). "Lecture V: The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns" (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ files/

20585/ 20585-h/ 20585-h. htm). On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History. Six Lectures. Reported with emendations and additions (Dent, 1908 ed.). London: James Fraser. p. 392. OCLC 2158602. . [4] OED: "estate, n, 6a"

[5] "Chapter V. The Fourth Estate" (http:/ / www. worldwideschool. org/ library/ books/ hst/ european/ TheFrenchRevolution/ chap39. html), The French Revolution, Sixth, London: Griffith Farrane Browne, pp. 146–148, , retrieved November 12, 2009 [6] Macknight, Thomas (1858). History of the life and times of Edmund Burke. 1. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 462. OCLC 3565018. [7] Ross, Charles (9 June 1855). "Replies to Minor Queries". Notes and Queries (London: William Thoms) 11 (294): 452. Ross (October 1800–6 December 1884) was chief parliamentary reporter for . [8] Macaulay, Thomas (September 1828). "Hallam's constitutional history". The (London: Longmans) 48: 165. [9] Hazlitt, William (1835). Character of W. Cobbett M. P. Finsbury, London: J Watson. p. 3. OCLC 4451746. "He is too much for any single antagonist...He is a kind of fourth estate in the politics of the country." [10] de Montaigne, Michel; Cotton, Charles (1680). Hazlitt, William. ed. The Complete Works of Michael de Montaigne (1842 ed.). London: J Templeman. [11] Wilde, Oscar (February 1891). "The Soul of Man under Socialism". Fortnightly Review 49 (290): 292–319. [12] Martin A. Lee and Norman Solomon. Unreliable Sources (New York, NY: Lyle Stuart, 1990) ISBN 0-8184-0521-X [13] John Florio (tr.) (1603), Michel de Montaigne, 1, Folio (published 2006), p. 104 [14] For a more recent translation, see Hazlitt's edition of 1842:"What can be more outrageous than to see a nation where, by lawful custom, the office of a Judge is to be bought and sold, where judgments are paid for with ready money, and where justice may be legally denied him that has not the wherewithal to pay...a fourth estate of wrangling lawyers to add to the three ancient ones of the church, nobility and people, which fourth estate, having the laws in their hands, and sovereign power over men's lives and fortunes, make a body separate from the nobility." (Hazlitt 1842: 45) [15] Fielding, Henry (13 June 1752). Covent Garden Journal (London) (47)., Quoted in OED "estate, n, 7b". Fourth Estate 3

[16] Paulicelli, Eugenia (2001). Barański, Zygmunt G.; West, Rebecca J.. ed. The Cambridge companion to modern Italian culture. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-521-55982-9. For his painting, Pellizza transferred the action to his home village of Volpedo. [17] Pugliese, Stanislao G. (1999). Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-0-674-00053-7. [18] Edmund Burke, ed. (1792). Dodsley's Annual Register for 1789. 31. London: J Dodsley. p. 112. The Whigs in parliament supported the transfer of power to the Regent, rather than the sick king's consort, Queen Charlotte.

External links

• " The Fourth Estate (http:/ / www. worldwideschool. org/ library/ books/ hst/ european/ TheFrenchRevolution/

chap39. html)", Section V of French Revolution by Thomas Carlyle, as posted in the online library of World Wide School Article Sources and Contributors 4 Article Sources and Contributors

Fourth Estate : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=513235168 Contributors: AMittelman, Ariedartin, Armeria, Ashley Pomeroy, Bhuston, Broonaldo, Burschik, CBinParadise, Calicocat, Chivista, Cleverboy, Ctbolt, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Dan Forester, Dante Alighieri, Earth, Eusebeus, Evolauxia, Ewlyahoocom, Excirial, FraFZ, Hairy Dude, HectorRodriguez, Hux, Infinity0, Jack1956, Jmabel, Jorfer, Kbdank71, Kenyon, Lacrimosus, Lionni, MK8, Magnoliasucks, Mailer diablo, Maurreen, Mcom411, Melchoir, Mithent, Mmyotis, NYScholar, Nbarth, Nsemotiuk, Nurg, OlEnglish, Old Moonraker, Peter Ellis, Pigkeeper, Pinethicket, Randwicked, Richardchilton, Ringbang, Rlitwin, Rpresser, Sam Hocevar, Sfahey, Shredidiah, SimonTrew, Sinblox, Sobolewski, Sparkit, Sphilbrick, StevenLLL122, Stevertigo, Stevietheman, StradivariusTV, The , Tuckerresearch, Whkoh, Wikipietime, Wolfkeeper, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yomangan, Ziggypowe, 87 anonymous edits Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Il quarto stato (Volpedo).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Il_quarto_stato_(Volpedo).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Cherubino License

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