Strategy Report

France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action (2021-2030) This strategy was jointly drafted by the: • Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE); • Ministry of the Economy, Finance and the Recovery (MEFR); • Ministry of Justice (MINJUST); • Ministry of the Interior (MININT); • French Anti-Corruption Authority (AFA); • Cour des Comptes; • High Authority for Transparency in Public Life (HATVP); • Agence Française de Développement Group (AFD and Expertise France); • Canal France International (CFI); • General Secretariat for European Affairs (SGAE).

This document is available online on the France Diplomatie website: www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en

All rights of adaptation, translation and reproduction by all means, including photocopies and microfilm, are reserved for all countries. Strategy report France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030

Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 3

Table of contents

Foreword...... 7

Chapter 1 Issues, background, scope and implementation...... 9 1.1 Issues...... 9

1.2 Background...... 9

1.3 Scope...... 10

1.4 Strategy implementation, monitoring and evaluation...... 11

Chapter 2 Goals...... 13 2.1 Action thrust 1: Reinforcing the French approach to combating corruption...... 13

• Specific objective 1: Reinforcing the effectiveness of French cooperation concerning anti-corruption...... 13

• Specific objective 2: Specific objective 2: Limiting the risk that the work of French...... 13

2.2 Action thrust 2: Promoting anti-corruption and better governance in international cooperation...... 14

• Specific objective 3: Promoting transparency and accountability in the public sector...... 14 • Specific objective 4: Reinforcing France’s cooperation in priority areas to combat corruption...... 15 • Specific objective 5: Encouraging law enforcement cooperation with a view to raising the competency level of the actors dedicated to combating corruption...... 16

2.3 Action thrust 3: Supporting the work of international organizations, non-state actors and local institutions...... 17

• Specific objective 6: Reinforcing collaboration with international organizations...... 17

• Specific objective 7: Reinforcing collaboration with non-state actors...... 17 • Specific objective 8: Drawing on local institutions and in particular, on Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs)...... 18

Appendix 1: The theory of change...... 19

Appendix 2: Accountability framework...... 20

Acronyms and abbreviations...... 31

Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 5

Foreword

Fighting corruption is central to the rule of law and a Lastly, this strategy aims to provide a real added value in the necessary condition for the respect of human rights. A global field. It sets out a series of tangible actions with a clear phenomenon affecting all countries, corruption weakens the timeline. legitimacy of public authorities, undermines the effective operation of democratic institutions and hinders economic France commits alongside all of its partners – institutions, and social development. The society as a whole suffers from companies, civil society organizations, etc. – to work together its consequences. Fighting corruption improves access to to curb corruption. Using an inclusive approach based on basic rights but also builds citizens’ confidence in the State. dialogue, this commitment will be seen in the promotion of transparency and accountability as well as support for local The importance and transnational nature of these issues institutions. With unwavering determination to closely highlights the need to make fighting corruption a priority of collaborate with civil society, France has reaffirmed its French cooperation. This strategy is therefore a leading priority to place citizens at the heart of its cooperation instrument of our cooperation, and particularly of our action. official development assistance. It will guide France in its efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Michel Miraillet Drafted by all the French institutions concerned,* this strategy provides a framework for joint action and provides a Director-General for Global Affairs, Culture, working method for all the French cooperation actors. Education and International Development © 123RF

* Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE), Ministry of the Economy, Finance and the Recovery (MEF), Ministry of Justice (MINJUST), Ministry of the Interior (MININT), French Anti-Corruption Agency (AFA), Cour des Comptes, High Authority for Transparency in Public Life (HATVP), Agence Française de Développement Group (AFD and Expertise France), Canal France International (CFI) and the General Secretariat for European Affairs (SGAE)

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Chapter 1 Issues, background, scope and implementation

1.1 Issues Trust is also dented when corruption extends to electoral processes, thus delegitimizing the democratic process. French law defines corruption as the offer, promise, Overall, corruption undermines the rule of law and request or acceptance of an advantage, in order to act or represents an obstacle to the fulfillment of human rights. refrain from acting in the performance of one’s duties, public or private.1 Corruption can be either passive or Corruption is a breeding ground for crime, including active: requesting an advantage or accepting it are both organized crime, terrorism and armed groups, when their punished equally. For the purposes of the present strategy, networks draw on misappropriated funds or the actors the decision has been made to keep to a broad involved use corruption to their ends. It is a contributing acceptance of the concept of corruption, by covering all factor to crisis and vulnerability and has a negative impact forms of integrity breaches.2 There is no universally on security and stability, nationally, regionally and accepted definition of the term. internationally.

Corruption is a global phenomenon that impinges on all territories, industries and actors. The World Bank and the 1.2 Background World Economic Forum estimate that bribery and misappropriated funds, which are difficult to evaluate, Many texts and initiatives have dealt with the fight against amount to 3.6 trillion dollars every year, representing 5% of corruption, and its link to development, both at the level the world’s gross domestic product (GDP)3. of multilateral institutions (UN, OECD and EU) and bodies (G7 and G20), and at the national level. It is a major factor in slowing down development but it also impacts developed countries. Economic activity and The 2030 Agenda, published in 2015 by the United Nations, State legitimacy suffer from the many negative effects of sets out 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including corruption, such as the misappropriation of funds, dented the goal to “Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for investor confidence, confiscation of natural resources and sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and lower levels of government resources. Corruption distorts build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all competition, encourages informal economic activity and levels” (Goal 16). In other words, only sustainable development decreases tax acceptability. can ensure democratic governance and that depends on fighting corruption (Target 16.5 focuses on corruption). Corruption also has an adverse effect on optimal funding allocation and the effectiveness of public policies. It On the European Union side, the new European Consensus affects the State’s capacity to provide high-quality on Development adopted in 2017 also reflects the link services, by placing obstacles in the way of the equitable between corruption and development. and effective distribution of goods and services. It contributes to greater inequality and erodes the trust of These texts, including three flagship documents setting citizens in government institutions and representatives. the framework for the fight against corruption,

1. Articles 432-11 and 433-1 of the Penal Code (bribery of public officials); Articles 435-1 and 435-3 of the Penal Code (bribery of foreign public officials) 2. Including, among the most frequent breaches: bribery of a public official, influence peddling, abuse of office, misappropriation of public funds, corruption in the private sector, unlawful taking of interest, favouritism, obstruction of justice. 3. “Global Cost of Corruption at Least 5 Per Cent of World Gross Domestic Product, Secretary-General Tells Security Council, Citing World Economic Forum Data”, UN News, 10 September 2018 (https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/sc13493.doc.htm)

Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 9 BOX 1

“Money laundering, corruption, illicit financial flows, and tax evasion and avoidance continue to derail sustainable development, disproportionately affecting developing countries. The EU and its Member States will work with partner countries to promote progressive taxation, anti- corruption measures and redistributive public expenditure policies, and to tackle illicit financial flows so as to promote access to quality basic services for all.”

New European Consensus on Development, 2017

supplement the treaties and agreements in this field adopted over the years, in order to organize the international community’s response:4 © Shutterstock • The United Nations Convention against Corruption (Merida Convention), was signed on 31 October 2003 and entered into force on 14 December 2005. It was ratified by nearly all States (187). Its particularly broad scope focuses the French Anti-Corruption Agency (AFA) the aim of which on international cooperation and corruption prevention, is to assist competent authorities and the persons faced among other issues. with these issues to prevent and detect instances of corruption, influence peddling, unlawful taking of interest, • The Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public misappropriation of public funds and favouritism. Officials in International Business Transactions (OECD) was signed on 17 December 1997 and entered into force on 15 France’s political commitment to this issue is also manifest February 1999. This key instrument in the fight against in its political declarations: corruption, one of the first in this field, targets the bribery • The G7 declaration, “Transparency in Public of foreign public officials.5 Procurement and the Common Fight against Corruption”, adopted during the French presidency in 2019, especially • The Criminal Law Convention on Corruption of the promotes open methods and practices in public Council of Europe was signed on 27 January 1999 and procurement, with the aim of making the bidding process entered into force on 1 August 2008. It aims to incriminate more effective, fair and transparent. It also highlights the a wide range of corruption offences in a coordinated importance of international cooperation in combating manner and to improve international cooperation in order corruption. to accelerate and enable the prosecution of both corruptors and those corrupted. • The Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation (2011) reaffirms:7 In France, the act on transparency, anti-corruption and – the principle of focusing on results; economic modernization, known as the “Sapin 2” Act of 9 – the commitment to use and reinforce developing December 20166, aims to raise French legislation to the countries’ systems (administrative, such as management highest European and international anti-corruption and accountancy); standards. It aims to instill more transparency in the public – the possibility for civil society organizations to play decision-making process and economic life and to combat their part in development; corruption more effectively, especially abroad, with – the commitment to focus efforts on establishing prevention and policing components. The law also created transparent systems for the management of public funds;

4. Corruption is also mentioned in Article 83 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which stipulates that minimum rules for defining offences and sanctions may be enacted via directives. 5. In accordance with the implementation of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention (in phase 4) which began on 15 January 2021, France is being evaluated on the fight against corruption with regard to its development assistance (including the different anti-corruption components: prevention, compliance and ethics, detection and whistle-blowing and sanctions). 6. Act 2016-1691 of 9 December 2016 on transparency, anti-corruption and economic modernization 7. The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005) and the Accra Agenda for Action (2008) established the first three principles and commitments mentioned above. The Busan Partnership is the agreement that was drawn up during the fourth High-Level Forum (HLF-4) in Busan on Aid Effectiveness.

10 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 11 – the need to work towards better budget transparency 1.4 Strategy implementation, and to reinforce independent mechanisms, in order to comply with the rule of law and to protect monitoring and evaluation whistle-blowers in the fight against corruption. The strategy will be implemented by French institutions involved in international cooperation in general and in the 1.3 Scope fight against corruption in particular, including: • the MEAE; As national and international legislative frameworks evolve, • the MEFR; there is a growing demand for technical assistance on this • the French Ministry of Justice (MINJUST); issue. This is the background for this French strategy, the • the French Ministry of the Interior (MININT); aim of which is to ensure the overall coherence of all the • the AFA; anti-corruption activities undertaken abroad by French • the Cour des Comptes and the Regional and Territorial cooperation actors. Cooperation here is taken to mean the Chambers of Accounts; technical cooperation activities8 led by France and one or • the High Authority for Transparency in Public Life several other States and activities carried out under official (HATVP); development assistance (ODA) policy. This also includes • the Agence Française de Développement group (AFD international initiatives led by French institutions in this and Expertise France); field. • Canal France International (CFI); • the General Secretariat for European Affairs (SGAE). The strategy addresses the need to ensure that no assistance provided by France to partner countries can be In order to ensure that international best practices are used to fuel corruption, as well as the need to support the adopted in implementing the strategy, these institutions fight against corruption in France’s partner countries. It have also developed an "accountability framework” (see covers all aspects of combating corruption, including Appendix 2).9 Monitoring activities and indicators have prevention. It provides a framework of reference for the been identified for each of the strategy’s objectives. They identification, implementation and monitoring of all will serve to make a tangible evaluation of the progress international cooperation activities developed by French achieved. In addition, technical and strategic monitoring actors. will be carried out separately by two bodies:

It also relates to: • The co-secretariat of the Interministerial Committee for • the OECD Recommendation of the Council for International Cooperation and Development Development Co-operation Actors on Managing Risks of (COSEC-CICID) will make strategic-level decisions, with the Corruption (2016), which provides details of anti-corruption above-mentioned French institutional actors. At least once measures to be implemented in cooperation and year, it will be tasked with evaluating progress in development organizations (such as ministries and implementing the strategy and may, if necessary, decide agencies); on measures to accelerate progress;

• the evaluation of France’s contribution to the • A technical committee (COTEC)10 will meet a minimum improvement of financial governance in countries of twice a year. Its task will be to provide information for receiving official development assistance (2006-2016), led accountability framework indicators throughout the year jointly by the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs and to provide COSEC-CICID meetings with data. (MEAE), the French Ministry for the Economy, Finance and the Recovery (MEFR) and the Agence Française de The implementation of the strategy will be evaluated five Développement (AFD). years after its publication and again in 2030 (the date fixed for achieving the SDGs). The first evaluation may lead to The strategy is a global one, in the sense that it does not set amending the strategy. out geography-based priorities. However, bilateral development cooperation is carried out by ODA The following documents will be published in a spirit of beneficiaries, set by the OECD Development Assistance transparency and accountability of France’s action: Committee (DAC), and more specifically with the ODA • evaluations of the strategy mentioned above; priority countries, as set by the Interministerial Committee • periodic implementation reports. for International Cooperation and Development.

8. Except for “operational” cooperation, that is, mutual assistance criminal matters regarding corruption. 9. See p. xx 10. Includes the French institutional actors mentioned above.

10 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 11 Chapter 2 Goals

The overall goal for French cooperation activities is aligned with the commitment France made as part of the 2030 Agenda and, more specifically, with target 16.5:11

There is less corruption in French cooperation partner countries.

This overall goal has three action thrusts, with eight specific objectives between them.

Overall goal

Corruption is reduced in French cooperation partner countries

Action thrusts 3. Supporting the work of 1. Reinforcing the French 2. Promoting anti-corruption international organizations, approach to combating and better governance in non-state actors and local corruption international cooperation institutions

1. Reinforcing the 3. Promoting transparency and effectiveness of French 6. Reinforcing collaboration with accountability in the public cooperation concerning international organizations anti-corruption sector

Specific objectives 2. Limiting the risk that 4. Reinforcing France’s 7. Reinforcing collaboration with the work of French actors fuels cooperation in priority areas to non-state actors corruption combat corruption

5. Encouraging law enforcement cooperation with a view to 8. Drawing on local institutions raising the competency level and in particular, on Supreme of the actors dedicated to Audit Institutions (SAIs) combating corruption

11. Target 16.5: “Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms”.

12 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 13 2.1 Action thrust 1: Reinforcing the Second, these windows of opportunity are closely linked French approach to combating to political will and the local political economy (understood here to mean the benefits to the members of corruption a political system). They need to be analysed, in order to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the context This thrust focuses on reinforcing the fight against and of the realistic areas for improvement, given that corruption in France’s cooperation action, building on the context.13 In line with this conclusion, France will take local progress achieved in national legislation and on the political will and the political economy into account more combined experience of the French actors involved in systematically, to guide the selection, development and international cooperation. implementation of anti-corruption cooperation projects that it funds.

Specific objective 1: Reinforcing the Third, France will adopt an approach based on the achievement of impact and results, in line with best effectiveness of French cooperation practices in development cooperation.14 It will seek to concerning anti-corruption ensure that its cooperation activities in the fight against corruption have the most lasting impact possible.

The strategy contributes to reinforcing the effectiveness Lastly, France will ensure, in the context of its budgetary of French cooperation in the field of anti-corruption by support, that it places greater emphasis on taking account setting out common objectives for French actors. France of partner countries’ reforms in public finance will organize and develop its pool of expertise working management and transparency, as well as on the risks of under its cooperation policy to combat corruption, by corruption, linked with the European Union’s budgetary calling on Expertise France, the overarching agency for the support practices. For instance, targets for improvements ministries and professions concerned. in public finance management and in good governance will be incorporated into French budgetary support more These French experts will need to benefit from the systematically. feedback and lessons learnt following cooperation projects led by France. To that end, actors involved will devise a system that will enable them to share feedback on anti-corruption international cooperation, on a regular Specific objective 2: Limiting the risk basis. that the work of French actors fuel corruption The lessons learnt from previous evaluation exercises must also benefit French cooperation projects. Four key lessons relate to the effectiveness of these projects. France will finalize the deployment of systems for the First, anti-corruption cooperation has been successful detection and prevention of integrity breaches in French when it was able to take advantage of a window of cooperation institutions and actors, by ensuring that the opportunity promptly (policy makers’ interest or public measures implemented are effective and of high quality. opinion, for instance).12 France will also adopt a flexible approach that will enable it to be proactive in the event French actors will reinforce their collaboration on the that a change of context in a partner country creates an identification and management of risk relating to international opportunity to combat corruption. corruption, especially by sharing information and best

12. Source : https://www.u4.no/publications/twenty-years-with-anti-corruption-part-1-old-issue-new-concern 13. Evaluation of the French contribution to improving financial governance in countries benefiting from official development assistance (2006-2016), p. 101: “Upstream diagnostic work to differentiate between needs and requests is possible and should be included in project formulation based on: 1) PEFA-style standard evaluations (where available); 2) An analysis of the political economy, so as to establish what the realistic areas for improvement are and where they can be found – an exercise that goes beyond simply identifying needs based on shortcomings revealed thanks to standard evaluations; 3) In-depth communication with the partner country. Needs are to be determined according to local demand and the work of other PTFs, so that priorities may be set and the most appropriate support mechanism identified. French institutions should be able to indicate whether they provide relevant expertise and to communicate needs to partners who may be able to respond.” 14. Results-based management or approaches are understood to mean: - setting out realistic outcomes, based on appropriate analysis; - identifying programme beneficiaries precisely and developing the programmes that meet their needs; - monitoring progress with relevant indicators; - identifying and managing risk; - increasing knowledge, by drawing on lessons learnt and incorporating them in the decision-making process; - publishing reports on the results achieved and the resources used.

12 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 13 practices. The focus will be on reinforcing discussions among French actors concerning the approach to be adopted in case of heightened risk.

Civil society members may be consulted for the purposes of context analysis, prior to country risk assessments.

Lastly, France commits to ensuring that the ministries involved set up a training programme on anti-corruption issues and the French system of prevention and sanction for French staff sent on an assignment abroad.

2.2 Action thrust 2: Promoting anti-corruption and better governance in international cooperation © Pixabay

Specific objective 3: Promoting projects, continue to endorse the dissemination of open transparency and accountability in government principles. These help combat corruption, by the public sector appealing for more transparent and inclusive governance, with the full involvement of civil society actors in the development and monitoring of public policies. Accountability for public actors – and more generally, for any organization that benefits from public funds – means France will promote transparency in public life. The French accounting to citizens for the management of these funds approach to auditing the integrity of public officials and (financial management and effectiveness of the work staff will be promoted abroad. In particular, France will carried out for the benefit of everyone). Reports and the share its progress on auditing officials’ assets and on monitoring of observations and recommendations by local preventing conflicts of interest in the public sphere. Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) and parliaments contribute to accountability. Funders must encourage the Digitization can be useful tool in reducing the number of reinforcement of local systems to audit the proper use of intermediaries and limiting opportunities for corruption. public funds, both in terms of their legality and of public The ability to audit information systems and the policy effectiveness. traceability of operations make it easier for public action to be audited and accountable. Frances recognizes the France will appeal for a stronger culture of internal audit benefit of digital technology and will support those and risk management. It will support stronger control activities that use it, especially with a view to securing systems and public internal audit, as well as inspection public procurement, and public income and expenditure. systems and external audit (from SAIs and parliaments for instance). It will continue to support audit bodies and Lastly, France will ensure that the French mechanism for institutions. the return of goods seized in transnational corruption cases to the citizens of plundered countries complies with In addition, France will continue to support reforms on the principles of judicial sovereignty, traceability and transparency and access to information. France will thus accountability. support transparency and accountability in the management of public resources. In addition to simply publishing documents and making them available, France will encourage communication on public policies, budgets and the taking into account of SAI recommendations, for instance. Communication will form an integral part of transparency and accountability, so that individuals may access and use information.

France will continue to support extending the Open Government Partnership to new countries, especially Francophone countries. It will also, via its cooperation

14 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 15 Specific objective 4: Reinforcing France’s cooperation in priority areas to combat corruption

In addition to the traditional cooperation activities that contribute to reducing corruption, four themes are the focus of particular attention.

a) Protecting whistle-blowers

This theme is in line with the “Human Rights and Development” strategy, making the protection of human rights advocates (including whistle-blowers) a priority for France.

France will appeal for ambitious language in multilateral documents concerning the protection of whistle-blowers.

It will encourage initiatives that support whistle-blowers working in the anti-corruption field. © Transparency International © Transparency Digital and transparency award ceremony, 2017. It will promote a number of measures, including those that aim to improve the status of whistle-blowers in partner countries, implement the reporting process and inform BOX 2 citizens of the whistle-blower status. It will be all the more important for us to work closely with the European Union The Open Government Partnership (OGP) is an and to support the work already carried out on international initiative bringing together 80 countries, 15 whistle-blowing, given how complex this topic is to deal “local governments” and hundreds of civil society with, anti-corruption already being a sensitive field. organizations working towards transparency of public action, civic engagement and democratic innovation. b) Transparency in extractive industries

Every two years, member countries develop national Transparency in extractive industries (mining and oil and action plans to implement the principles of open gas extraction) is at the very core of all the economic government, in consultation with civil society. development and governance issues in many countries Independent experts then evaluate the implementation that enjoy abundant natural resources and potentially of these plans. depend on them.

In October 2017, the Agence Française de France will promote recognized international standards on Développement launched the Open Government transparency in this industry (especially the Extractive Support Program in Francophone Developing Countries Industries Transparency Initiative EITI - standard and the (PAGOF). Investment totalling €3.5 million has been OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply allocated to a bilateral programme for the Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk implementation of open government commitments in Areas). Particular attention will be paid to those areas that Tunisia, Côte d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso and €1 million has are most at risk from corruption: granting licenses, been paid into the World Bank OGP Multi-Donor Trust contracts, actual beneficiaries, trade in raw materials and Fund. state-owned companies.

Combating corruption is one of the OGP’s major goals, France will promote the implementation of these which already featured in the 2011 declaration as a key commitments, as part of its development cooperation commitment. It counted as one of major goals at the activities. It will do so by supporting reform efforts in OGP meeting co-chaired by France in 2016. producing countries and also by building capacity in civil society organizations, their involvement in these processes Not only does the OGP represent a unique resource for being critical to the credibility of the accountability advancing the global agenda for integrity collectively, it framework. also helps individual States when it comes to their national anti-corruption agenda.

14 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 15 c) Public-private partnerships (PPPs) procurement. The importance of this theme was highlighted in the 2019 G7 declaration on Transparency in Because of their size, these complex and long-term Public Procurement and the Common Fight against projects represent significant financial challenges. Risk is Corruption. The COVID-19 pandemic also revealed many particularly high in the absence of suitable governance or scandals relating to corruption in public procurement. effective audit systems, or where the selection process is France will encourage the reinforcement of public not transparent. procurement systems and in particular:

Building on its experience of public-private partnerships • the promotion and improvement of an international (PPPs), France will continue to support capacity building in tool for the examination of contract award procedures, by partner countries, by drawing on international best continuing its involvement in the Methodology for practices and by engaging French actors, in order to: Assessing Procurement Systems (MAPS)16 initiative;

• implement appropriate legal and institutional • the promotion of legal frameworks and instruments that frameworks, by promoting the Quality Infrastructure help reinforce integrity and transparency in public Investment principles adopted by the G20, which aim to contract award procedures, especially by developing achieve objectives of accountability, traceability, electronic purchasing systems and tools to manage the transparency and effectiveness in project development; risk of corruption;

• guide public project owners in the development of PPP • support for the reinforcement of public procurement infrastructure projects (at the planning, structuring, audit bodies; procurement and transaction stages) via dedicated technical assistance programmes and support in the deployment of • a stronger appeal to French companies bidding for the SOURCE platform15 –this infrastructure project piloting public contracts abroad. tool was developed by multilateral development banks and provides standardized and comprehensive coverage of all the aspects that need to be addressed when developing Specific objective 5: Encouraging law high-quality and sustainable infrastructures; enforcement cooperation with a view • reinforce PPP audit capacity by SAIs, anti-corruption to raising the competency level of the authorities, industry regulatory authorities and public actors dedicated to combating procurement regulatory authorities, authorities in charge of the ex-ante control of procurement procedures and PPP corruption units in charge of delivering opinions on the preliminary evaluation of unsolicited offers. France will promote activities that enhance the France will continue to train actors on these issues, competencies of officers in the law enforcement services including by using the 2019 Legislative Guide on dedicated to anti-corruption, by working with the countries Public-Private Partnerships drawn up by the United Nations that wish to reinforce their investigative procedures and Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), judiciary with regard to economic and financial crime which sets out a number of anti-corruption measures. (specialized police and prosecution units). These activities will draw especially on the work of Expertise France and Civipol, d) Public procurement the technical international cooperation agency at the French Ministry for the Interior. Public procurement accounts for around 13% of global GDP. Fraud and corruption distort public procurement procedures and institutions, to the detriment of citizens (tax payers and public service users). The United Nations estimates that 10 to 25% of public contracts’ market value is lost to corruption each year. In general terms, low levels of transparency in procurement, a lack of integrity in institutions and the absence of accountability from prom public purchasers increase the risk of corruption in public

15. This platform has been designed as part of the G20’s work to promote sustainable infrastructures. It covers all aspects of project operations, from design to completion, including compliance. 16. MAPS is a multilateral initiative, for which the OECD provides the secretariat. It aims to improve contract award procedures, by offering a methodology that assesses both strengths and weaknesses, thus guiding reform efforts. 17. For its part, the AFA signed cooperation protocols with the European Development Bank in 2018, with the Inter-American Development Bank in 2019 and with the African Development Bank in 2020.

16 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 17 2.3 Action thrust 3: Supporting the work of international organizations, non-state actors and local institutions

Specific objective 6: Reinforcing collaboration with international organizations

France will reinforce its collaboration with international institutions, multilateral banks and regional development banks, by signing cooperation agreements to facilitate joint investigations and the sharing of information on corruption risk.17

It will continue its close collaboration on the fight against corruption with international organizations (IOs) and the International © Transparency public development agencies that operate in partner Training of investigative journalists, 2019. countries.

Specific objective 7: Reinforcing collaboration with non-state actors

France will pursue its action in order to develop partnerships involving public officials in partner countries and civil society representatives, including the private sector. Specific efforts need to be deployed to promote the added value of civil society organizations (CSOs) contributing to the design, monitoring and evaluation of development projects led by local and regional authorities. Civic engagement is essential for these authorities, enabling them to generate proposals and influence the International © Transparency Raising students’ awareness of the fight against corruption, 2019. work of national authorities. Concerning technical assistance projects, France will seek to combine institutional cooperation with stronger counter-powers (meaning civil society and young people, for instance) as The associations representing small and medium-sized far as is possible. In particular, information actors enterprises (SMEs),18 intermediate-sized enterprises (ISEs), (including media outlets, journalists, bloggers and international bilateral chambers of commerce and influencers) can contribute to strengthening accountability industry (CCIs), French Foreign Trade Advisors (CCEF), the and transparency in local institutions and public policies. Paris International Chamber of Commerce (CCIP), the They are also often the ones who actually expose French Business Confederation (MEDEF International) and corruption. the French Council of Investors in Africa (CIAN) will be more closely involved in the overall goal of reducing With that in mind, and relating to objective 4, France will corruption in French cooperation partner countries. continue to support civil society organizations, especially information actors, who work on transparency and accountability.

18. Especially the Confederation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (CPME).

16 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 17 Specific objective 8: Drawing on local institutions and in particular, on Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs)

SAIs are an important contributor to the fight against corruption and corruption prevention by virtue of their work in auditing public funds. Their independence, rigorous methods and investigation measures must be encouraged. France considers that SAIs with stronger powers and more capacity are an important factor in the development process.

France will continue to support projects that reinforce SAIs, enabling them to develop their independence and their legitimacy in serving citizens, as well as their technical skills, especially regarding investigative audit and the application of recommendations contained in SAI reports.

France will promote local SAIs and support the role they play in the independent and rigorous auditing and monitoring of aid programmes, with regard to the appropriateness of the use of funds and potentially, programme performance. Support will be provided

irrespective of whether SAIs are conducting audits as part © Expertise France of their regular activities or ad hoc, by way of an Start of a project to strengthen supervisory institutions, 2021. agreement with the donor.

BOX 3 Lastly, it will support the development of cooperation among the SAI, anti-corruption authorities and judicial Tasked with auditing public funds, SAIs have a role to play authorities in each country with regard to: the in the audit of funds derived from aid programmes. To identification of suspected cases of corruption, reports of that end, they are equipped with the necessary such cases, prosecution, judgement and monitoring of the competencies and investigation tools: decisions made. In its discussions with partner authorities, it will appeal for the implementation of anti-corruption • as part of their own activities, this role represents a de systems that are both impartial and free of jurisdictional facto guarantee in principle for the donor, even though conflicts. the latter may have no say in defining audit priorities and timelines. However, all SAIs do not have the remit to conduct an audit of donors’ funds, all the more so when these funds do not transit through the Public Treasury;

• as part of a cooperation programme, as set out in an agreement among the donor, the partner State and the SAI. In that case, the audit priorities and timeline form the object of an agreement, with the SAI retaining its independence. When the SAI is called upon in this manner, part of the aid programme may include specific funding so that the additional audit does not burden the SAI’s resources unduly.19

19. The International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) is seeking to facilitate the work of SAIs in that context, while ensuring that precautions are taken to avoid compromising their independence and their legitimacy in serving their country’s citizens.

18 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 19 Appendix 1: The theory of change

Rationale for Expected result Objectively verifiable indicators Success scenarios action

Overall goal There is less corruption in Corruption Perceptions Index20 in Political stability French cooperation partner priority countries for French Political will in partner countries countries development aid, identified by the CICID (average and number of countries improving) Global Corruption Barometer21

Thrust 1 The French approach is Pool of experts updated at least once Availability of French expertise in reinforced a year very specific areas (police Percentage of French actors (see the cooperation, transparency in public list in section 1.4, p. x) which have life, etc.) finalized their procedures for the On-going availability of human and detection and prevention of integrity financial resources for cooperation breaches in this field

SO1 Reinforcing the effectiveness of French cooperation work concerning the fight against corruption

SO2 Limiting the risk that the work of French actors fuel corruption

Thrust 2 Good governance and the Number of cooperation projects in On-going availability of human and fight against corruption are the anti-corruption field (by priority financial resources for cooperation promoted in the context of theme) in this field international cooperation

SO3 Promoting transparency and accountability in the public sector

SO4 Reinforcing France’s cooperation in priority areas to combat corruption: 1. Protecting whistle-blowers 2. Transparency in extractive industries 3. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) 4. Public procurement

SO5 Encouraging law enforcement cooperation with a view to raising the competency level of the actors dedicated to combating corruption

Thrust 3 There is support for the work Number of joint activities carried out Local SAIs act in a professional (and of international organizations, with IOs non-politicized) manner, operating non-state actors and local SAIs as a counter-power Number of contributions to CSOs Favourable momentum in the political economy of SAIs, with Number of contributions to SAIs external contributions making for more political weight.

On-going availability of human and financial resources for cooperation in this field

SO6 Reinforcing collaboration with international organizations

SO7 Reinforcing collaboration with non-state actors

SO8 Drawing on local institutions and in particular on Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs)

20. Formulated by Transparency International 21. https://www.transparency.org/en/news/global-corruption-barometer-citizens-voices-from-around-the-world

18 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 19 Appendix 2: Accountability framework

This “accountability framework” adopts the method normally used in project management, so as to ensure that the strategy is monitored and evaluated.

20 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 21 Appendix 2: Deadline Accountability framework 2021 End 2030 End 2024 End 2030 End 2022 End the action In charge of of In charge implementing Expertise France, Expertise France, HATVP, AFA, MEFR, MINJUST, the Court MININT, Audit, the of National French the for School Judiciary (ENM), AFD AFD MEAE, AFD, Expertise France, with support from the AFA MEAE the study AFD for will All actors work this monitor it and incorporate in project cycles selection Starting situation (strategy publication date) publication (strategy No pool expertsNo of in place mechanism No promptly taking action for in the issues on these of a window of presence opportunity will and the Political not economy political account into taken systematically via the AFA acting France, currently and the HATVP, the to contributes indicators, of development the evaluate to in order theimplementation of Recommendation OECD Integrityon Public (minimum) Targets Targets There is a pool experts is of in There institution each a once updated are Files year up and 1 fund set operational 60% with the OECD 1 discussion with the EU 1 discussion with the World 1 discussion Bank Expertise by 1 presentation achieved on the work France in as partthe project of at identifying aimed Lebanon indicators corruption and on whether 1 decision issue pursue this to how conducted 1 study Indicators Creating pools of Creating expertise at which Frequency updated files are expertsNumber of identified (broken to according down be to yet criteria established) up set Fund anti- of Percentage project corruption documents that a paragraph contain will andon political economy the political on this Discussions with IOs issue on conducted Study and measure to how corruption examine Action Objective Specific objective 1: Reinforcing the effectiveness of French cooperation concerning the fight against corruption against the fight concerning cooperation French of the effectiveness Reinforcing 1: Specific objective French pools of and developing Structuring 1.1 expertise on anti-corruption fund implementing a French approach: Flexible 1.2 and transparency strengthening to dedicated that so corruption, combating and to accountability, of a window where promptly be taken action can opportunity has been identified out is be and carried funded action to The type of country each of the context against be analysed to will and the political account into Taking 1.3 and carrying when selecting out economy political projects anti-corruption cooperation tools and diagnostic measurement Developing 1.4.1 and governance corruption concerning and an international developing of The possibility examine aiming to “methodology”, standardized identify and to objectively issues corruption and implemented, will be evaluated levers, reform that to A study will be conducted if appropriate. in international place will take end and discussions forums

20 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 21 End 2030 End 2022 End 2030 End 2021 End 2022 End SCAC, MEAE, AFD SCAC, and Expertise France AFDAFD actors All French this will monitor work MEAE, AFD, Expertise France, ENA, ENM, AFA MEAE MEAE/DGM 100% of technical and technical 100% of for financial reports the by funded projects available 2018 MEAE since 1 technical study. No has beenpaper produced, on feedback based the fight to relating international against corruption issue on this monitoring No NationaleThe École (ENA) d’Administration trainers for training provides as partcooperation of and shares (Croatia) projects that so materials training be reused can they training The ENM reinforces its counterparts for capacity projects in cooperation specific not training, (general corruption, combating to it) to but contributing contains paper Policy specificnothing on this issue capitalization formal No system 90% of technical and technical 90% of funded for financial reports available projects reports evaluation 100% of shared published Study 70% updated paper Policy system 1 capitalization created Request for detailed for Request and technical for financial reports all the projects the by funded and Cooperation Action Cultural and Service(SCAC) the MEAE of Percentage reports evaluation shared conducted Study (yes/no) long- of Percentage training term funded programmes France by updated paper Policy created System 1.4.2 Consolidating monitoring and evaluation and evaluation monitoring Consolidating 1.4.2 undertaken by the work concerning procedures actors French project funded ensuring that each possible, Where (project cycle in an evaluation included is etc.) programme, evaluation, and reports French with other Sharing evaluation relevant where actors, European reinforce to required the studies Conducting 1.4.3 in action, including one study on feedback French 20 the past over corruption international combating years 30 to Sustainability: anti-corruption training 1.4.4 over provided are France by funded programmes for a system on creating and focus the long term including the appointment staff of regular training, training reusable of the design training, of a head the trainers for and training materials funding so on budget the policy Updating paper 1.5 in partner reforms of account take better as to and management on public finance countries as corruption, of as on the risks as well transparency, part its contributions of system a capitalization Developing 1.6

22 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 23 End 2022 End 2021 End 2030 End 2025 End 2030 End 2030 End 2025 End 2030 End 2024 MEAE MEAE, AFD and AFA MEAE/DGM/DE MEAE, MEFR, MININT, MINJUST, with support from the AFA Expertise France and AFD security Internal and SCAC services MEAE, AFD, Expertise France, Comptes des Cour and CFI AFD MEAE systems currently currently MEAE systems being developed meetings No circulation No mechanism has a The AFD Group and systematic of system all for training continuing its staff 2 countries 2020: supported the of monitoring No such projects number of in the Participation Budget International 2016 since Partnership PAGOF of First stage in Octoberlaunched and ending in 2017 2021 December

MEAE detection and MEAE detection systems prevention operational in 2021 1 meeting circulated reports 100% of 50% 100% supported in 5 countries or reinforcing developing audit and internal monitoring systems 3 projects per year 1 project of in the scores Improvement French for priority countries assistance development the OBS by covered the PAGOF of stage Second in 2022 launched project Operational readiness Operational the MEAE system of meetings Number of with issue on this actors French of Percentage reports finalized French to circulated actors ministries of Percentage with such a concerned their for programme staff and trade Number of financial institutions supported in developing or reinforcing and internalmonitoring audit systems projects Number of supporting inspection Number of awareness-raising meetings projects Number of which issue on this to contributes France Survey Open Budget (OBS) the second Funding the PAGOF of stage project Specific objective 2: Limiting the risk that the work of French actors fuel corruption actors French of 2: LimitingSpecific that the work objective the risk in the public sector and accountability transparency Promoting 3: Specific objective 2.1 Finalizing systems for the detection and the detection for Finalizing systems 2.1 in French breaches integrity of prevention institutions and actors cooperation actors among French collaboration Reinforcing 2.2 the risk of and management on the identification abroad corruption of lists for in circulation operators Including French the for the Mechanism from the reports resulting Nations the United Implementation of of Review Corruption against Convention programme training Implementing a systematic 2.3 approach and the French on anti-corruption issues (in staff abroad for and sanction, sent prevention to agencies) and government services trade embassies, audit and internal monitoring Reinforcing 3.1.1 inspections being Support general for 3.1.2 forces institutions (police in key conducted especially) and transparency concerning Supporting reforms 3.2 publication, and encouraging information, to access in public and accountability on transparency especially management finance Supporting open of the dissemination 3.3 African in Francophone principles government in Francophone and capacity-building countries to with a view member countries, African commitments implementing OGP-related

22 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 23 End 2030 End 2030 End 2030 End 2022 Expertise France Expertise France and AFD 2 and 4 HATVP, 1, des and Cour AFA Comptes HATVP 3. and AFA HATVP 5. Expertise France and AFD MEAE and MEF 2020: no countries no countries 2020: supported currently All indicators with the ongoing, possible of exception with exchanges embassies 1 country 2020: supported The mechanism SO: yet exist does not At least 1 country supported 1 country least At in 5 events Participation 1. 1 contribution 2. 3 visits 3. per 1 delegation least At 4. year per year 1 exchange 5. supported 3 countries least At indicators identical nformation on ongoing nformation Number of authoritiesNumber of of in charge in public transparency supported andlife reinforced in the Participation 1. major international issue on this meetings to Contribution 2. on guidance OECD the and to issue this ofdevelopment public integrity OECD indicators with Exchanges 3. institutions European on the animplementation of interinstitutional body ethics European foreign from Visits 4. that wish delegations about learn andto the French discuss and possible approach bilaterally follow-up countries with certain with Exchanges 5. in embassies certain staff train on to France issue this countries Number of supported in process and the digitization of modernization systems information The mechanism’s isfinancial structure in law enshrined clearly The financial structure from separate strictly is development assistance I is projects and finalized online published 3.4.1 Promoting transparency in public life transparency Promoting 3.4.1 approach: the French Promoting 3.4.2 public officials of and the monitoring concerning - staff’s the HATVP; by integrity the AFA; by and detection prevention concerning - des the Cour audit by external concerning - Comptes strengthen to technologies digital Using 3.5 and accountability transparency mechanism and accountable A transparent 3.6

24 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 25 End 2030 End 2030 End 2030 End 2022 End End 2030 End 2024 End 2030 End 2022 End 2025 Expertise France Expertise France and AFD 2 and 4 HATVP, 1, des and Cour AFA Comptes HATVP 3. and AFA HATVP 5. Expertise France and AFD MEAE and MEF MEAE and SGAE MEAE AFD and Expertise France MEAE/DGM/ Sustainable Development (DDD)/ Directorate GOUV MEAE/DGM/DDD/ GOUV 2020: no countries no countries 2020: supported currently All indicators with the ongoing, possible of exception with exchanges embassies 1 country 2020: supported The mechanism SO: yet exist does not France promotes the promotes France whistle- of protection in multilateral blowers where documents, relevant None 0 supportNo issue on this has not system The new yet been introduced come to Evaluation At least 1 country supported 1 country least At in 5 events Participation 1. 1 contribution 2. 3 visits 3. per 1 delegation least At 4. year per year 1 exchange 5. supported 3 countries least At indicators identical 60% funded 1 initiative €50,000 2 projects or written 1 oral 2021: on France from contribution monitoring enhanced 1 additional 2022: contribution 1 independent evaluation completed nformation on ongoing nformation Number of authoritiesNumber of of in charge in public transparency supported andlife reinforced in the Participation 1. major international issue on this meetings to Contribution 2. on guidance OECD the and to issue this ofdevelopment public integrity OECD indicators with Exchanges 3. institutions European on the animplementation of interinstitutional body ethics European foreign from Visits 4. that wish delegations about learn andto the French discuss and possible approach bilaterally follow-up countries with certain with Exchanges 5. in embassies certain staff train on to France issue this countries Number of supported in process and the digitization of modernization systems information The mechanism’s isfinancial structure in law enshrined clearly The financial structure from separate strictly is development assistance I is projects and finalized online published Percentage of French French of Percentage positionsnegotiation documentsconcerning where on corruption, whistle-blower included is protection initiatives Number of funded to Amount allocated the initiative projects Number of issue on this and oral Number of contributions written to France, from enhanced encourage monitoring Independent completed evaluation Specific objective 4: Reinforcing France’s cooperation in priority areas to combat corruption combat to in priority areas cooperation France’s Reinforcing 4: Specific objective 3.4.1 Promoting transparency in public life transparency Promoting 3.4.1 approach: the French Promoting 3.4.2 public officials of and the monitoring concerning - staff’s the HATVP; by integrity the AFA; by and detection prevention concerning - des the Cour audit by external concerning - Comptes strengthen to technologies digital Using 3.5 and accountability transparency mechanism and accountable A transparent 3.6

Encouraging ambitious language in multilateral in multilateral language ambitious Encouraging whistle- of the protection documents concerning blowers. whistle-blowers Supporting for initiatives 4.1.2 in the anti-corruption field working statusthe improving of Supporting process the 4.1.3 in partner whistle-blowers countries of validation the new of the effectiveness Ensuring 4.2.1 the EITI standard the implementation of for systems how of monitoring enhanced and encouraging This being honoured. are commitments countries’ out will beas part carried the Validation work of a member in 2021 becoming with France Committee, in 2022 the Board and a member of the revised has just approved The EITI Board countries’ that evaluates process (a process validation better to in order with the standard), compliance a using by compliance, standard of the level reflect enable national multi-party and to score, numerical to and CSOs) companies (governments, groups will come system new This fully. it more appropriate on 1 April 2022 force into is that the independent Ensuring evaluation 4.2.2 and that the implemented actually it are from that derive recommendations the EITI by implemented EITI of and on the initiative In October 2020 the Board including France, supporting countries, independent a two-fold the principle of approved in its impact both the ITIE, evaluate of to evaluation secretariat its international of and the work countries

24 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 25 End End 2025 End 2030 End 2030 End 2024 End 2023 End 2023 End 2030 End 2030 AFD, MEAE/DGM/ AFD, and DDD/GOUV MEF/Directorate the of General Treasury Expertise France, AFD and MEF/ General Directorate the Treasury of Expertise France with and AFD, the support from AFA Comptes, des Cour Expertise AFA, and AFD France MEAE MEAE Expertise France and AFD Expertise AFD, and AFA France 1 bilateral project 1 bilateral July on 23 1 contribution: an signed France 2020, with the World agreement a €5 mBank for the to contribution Global Extractives Support Programmatic trust fund, priority for income to given which is and aspects transparency the implementation of the EITI standard 5 partners2020: assisted period the 2014-2020 over owners 2 project 2020: the 2018- over assisted period2020 such benefited from 1 SAI support in 2019 authority1 regulation the 2019- over assisted period2020 France from Participation the MAPSin 100% of committees steering None None None 2020: 2 bilateral or regional support or regional 2 bilateral and/ governments for projects or civil society supported 2 countries supported owners 6 project assisted 3 authorities in France from Participation the MAPS steering 100% of committees 1 ISE a benefited from 3 countries MAPS evaluation one country least At its supported in developing public procurement framework Number of projects projects Number of to and contributions for funds in the transparency industry countriesNumber of in theassisted implementation, amendment or revision their PPP framework of project Number of in assisted owners planning and project procurement Number of authorities assisted from Participation in the France steering initiative’s committees French Number of in the initiative’s ISEs secretariat countries Number of benefited from having a MAPS evaluation with the support a of partner French countriesNumber of supported in theirdeveloping public procurement framework 4.2.3 Supporting the EITI the implementation of 4.2.3 and countries producing in developing standard in civil society capacity consolidating in the partner Assisting countries 4.3.1 and legal appropriate implementation of PPPs to with regard institutional frameworks in the owners public project Assisting 4.3.2 PPP projects of development to with regard capacity authorities’ Building 4.3.3 and regulation (including SAIs PPPs monitoring authorities) France’s continuing procurement: Public 4.4.1 in the MAPS initiative involvement frameworks legal promoting procurement: Public 4.4.2 and transparency integrity and instruments reinforce to in public procurement

26 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 27 End End 2025 End 2030 End 2030 End 2024 End 2023 End 2023 End 2030 End 2030 End 2030 End 2030 End 2030 End 2030 2030 2030 2030 2026 AFD, MEAE/DGM/ AFD, and DDD/GOUV MEF/Directorate the of General Treasury Expertise France, AFD and MEF/ General Directorate the Treasury of Expertise France with and AFD, the support from AFA Comptes, des Cour Expertise AFA, and AFD France MEAE MEAE Expertise France and AFD Expertise AFD, and AFA France AFD and Expertise France with services, Trade the support from AFA Expertise AFD, with France, the support from AFA Expertise MINJUST, ENM, France, MININT and Civipol Civipol MININT, and Expertise France Civipol MININT, and Expertise France securityInternal for services working embassies, with the ENM in for training of case judiciary officials 1 bilateral project 1 bilateral July on 23 1 contribution: an signed France 2020, with the World agreement a €5 mBank for the to contribution Global Extractives Support Programmatic trust fund, priority for income to given which is and aspects transparency the implementation of the EITI standard 5 partners2020: assisted period the 2014-2020 over owners 2 project 2020: the 2018- over assisted period2020 such benefited from 1 SAI support in 2019 authority1 regulation the 2019- over assisted period2020 France from Participation the MAPSin 100% of committees steering None None None 2020: 2 bodies2020: assisted period the 2016-2020 over of Raising awareness in publiccorruption not is procurement systematic 12020: ethics of monitoring No in cooperation training projects activeThe number of monitored not is courses projects 11 2019: 1 project 2020: training of monitoring No up with set programmes assistance French 2 bilateral or regional support or regional 2 bilateral and/ governments for projects or civil society supported 2 countries supported owners 6 project assisted 3 authorities in France from Participation the MAPS steering 100% of committees 1 ISE a benefited from 3 countries MAPS evaluation one country least At its supported in developing public procurement framework 3 bodies least assisted At awareness-raising 100% of include a public exercises component procurement have countries two least At support benefited from per year 1 programme trained 7 civil servants projects 5 cooperation out in carried is A project the by covered country each action previous up set 3 programmes Number of projects projects Number of to and contributions for funds in the transparency industry countriesNumber of in theassisted implementation, amendment or revision their PPP framework of project Number of in assisted owners planning and project procurement Number of authorities assisted from Participation in the France steering initiative’s committees French Number of in the initiative’s ISEs secretariat countries Number of benefited from having a MAPS evaluation with the support a of partner French countriesNumber of supported in theirdeveloping public procurement framework auditNumber of bodies assisted (Department for Procurement, Public Procurement Public - Regulation Agency and others) - ARMP procurement Public in component awareness-raising for exercises embassies countries Number of with regard assisted public to e-procurement countries Number of benefitedhaving a presentation from tool the PLACE of training Number of carried programmes out per year civilNumber of trained servants Number of projects cooperation out carried Number of projects cooperation the expertiseinvolving the Nationalof Gendarmerie Inspectorate(IGGN) Police and the National Inspectorate(IGPN) training Number of up set programmes Specific objective 5: Encouraging law enforcement cooperation with a view to raising the competency level of the actors dedicated to to dedicated the actors of level the competency raising to with a view cooperation law enforcement 5: Encouraging Specific objective corruption combating 4.2.3 Supporting the EITI the implementation of 4.2.3 and countries producing in developing standard in civil society capacity consolidating in the partner Assisting countries 4.3.1 and legal appropriate implementation of PPPs to with regard institutional frameworks in the owners public project Assisting 4.3.2 PPP projects of development to with regard capacity authorities’ Building 4.3.3 and regulation (including SAIs PPPs monitoring authorities) France’s continuing procurement: Public 4.4.1 in the MAPS initiative involvement frameworks legal promoting procurement: Public 4.4.2 and transparency integrity and instruments reinforce to in public procurement audit bodies Reinforcing procurement: Public 4.4.3 appeal making a stronger procurement: Public 4.4.4 in corruption of on the issue companies French to projects awareness-raising public procurement: will include a specific public in action 7.3.1 mentioned component procurement digital encouraging procurement: Public 4.4.5 or e-procurement purchasing in law enforcement on ethics Including training 5.1 as is as far France, by funded projects cooperation the implementation of and encouraging possible, or charters guidance codes, ethical and partner schools Supporting training police 5.2 and the fight on integrity courses in developing States corruption against and Supporting internal the bodies that provide 5.3 in forces national police of monitoring external and ensure disciplinary measures reinforce to order applied are that sanctions Supporting training the implementation of 5.4 with judicial power forces police for programmes

26 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 27 End End 2024 End 2030 MINJUST, Latin MINJUST, American embassies’ securityinternal with working services, National the French Financial Prosecutor's Office, the Agency and the Recovery for ofManagement andSeized Assets Confiscated Tracfin, (AGRASC), Office for the Central againstthe Fight andCorruption Financial and Tax andCrime (OCLCIFF) office the central the to dedicated seriouspolicing of financial crimes the of (OCRGDF) MININT and the ENM ENM and MINJUST, ENA 2020: no such2020: programmes organized First session 20 November 16 to from partnership) (ENM/AFA and the National The AFA Local for Center (CNFPT) Government an online developed have on the prevention course in the corruption of local of management public affairs course this 2018, Since by has been followed people, than 24,000 more foreign including many participants and has via the been circulated judges liaison of network Specialist training trained investigators No 3 programmes carried out carried 3 programmes organized sessions 3 training participants foreign 15 Number of training training Number of carried programmes out sessions Number of and organized foreign number of participants 5.5 Offering our Latin American partners training 5.5 the criminal assets, on seizing programmes with information of and use analysis research, including special investigative corruption, to regard and infiltration) as wiretapping (such techniques and illicit (financial asset and on intelligence enrichment investigation) sessions training continuing organizing Regularly 5.6 staff and anti-corruption authorities’ judges, for online or in person, on the officers, police corruption, and policing of prevention detection, in target embassies them to and communicating countries

28 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 29 End End 2021 End 2022 End 2030 End 2030 End 2030 End 2024 AFD AFA MEAE MEAE SCAC Expertise AFD, and CFI France CFI and MEAE AFD, None the European 3 (with AFA: Bank, theDevelopment Inter-American Bank and theDevelopment Bank) Development African discussions No on thisFirst exchange the as partissue of the strategy drafting of Anti-corruption actors sometimes are identified not is but this a priority 2 (including PAGOF) 2020: in the Participation Budget International 2016 since Partnership 2 additional agreements signed 2 additional agreements with the OAS 1 discussion with the GRECO 1 exchange identified 3 actors 3 in at least involved CSOs programmes funded 2 projects Cooperation Cooperation among agreements donor investigative signed teams Number of with the discussions OAS exchanges Number of with with the GRECO evaluating to a view collaboration possibilities actors Number of identified anti- Number of corruption involving programmes in active that are CSOs corruption combating projects Number of funded Specific objective 6: Reinforcing collaboration with international organizations with international collaboration 6: Reinforcing Specific objective actors with non-state collaboration Reinforcing 7: Specific objective 6.1 Reinforcing institutional relations and institutional relations Reinforcing 6.1 teams, among donor investigative cooperation the highest promoting towards which work integrity of standards cooperation reinforce to Initiating discussions 6.2.1 American of and the Organization France between (OAS) States in the a vital component is corruption The fight against in the Inter- enshrined power, democratic of exercise a key therefore It is American Charter. Democratic member States. all OAS for issue of via a range corruption combats The Organization the for Mechanism including the Follow-Up activities, Convention the Inter-American Implementation of (MESICICI) and the Hemispheric Corruption against on Criminal Matters Cooperation Legal for Network of Ministers of as part the Meetings of (created REMJA). - the Americas of Justice cooperation promote be will thus able to France OAS and relevant actors French between departments. of with the Council collaboration Reinforcing 6.2.2 - Corruption against States of (Group Europe issue on this GRECO) identifying relevant with CSOs: Partnerships 7.1.1 as part the corruption of in the fight against actors programme the Future” of “Personalities to CSOs encouraging Partnership with CSOs: 7.1.2 and projects in programmes engage members that enable civil society projects Funding 7.2 authorities, local by documents published analyse to technology and information media using by especially tech”) (“civic

28 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 29 End End 2030 End 2030 End 2024 End 2030 Trade services, services, Trade with the working AFA Court MEAE, AFD, and Audit of Expertise France Comptes; des Cour out carried work jointly with the AFD group MEAE, Court of and AFA Audit Raising the awareness of Raising the awareness companies, French not especially SMEs, systematic theFunding for Peer-Support Accelerated in Programme Partnership and 2020 2019 documentsNo on this French to available issue actors projects dedicated No 1 awareness-raising exercise exercise 1 awareness-raising priority in France’s per year development for countries assistance 5 projects 1 document drafted, with and shared approved actors French relevant 3 projects Number of awareness-raising per year exercises and per country SAINumber of projects reinforcing part in has taken France A best practices document available is projects Number of with aundertaken greater to view amongdialogue institutions Specific objective 8: Drawing on local institutions and in particular, on Supreme Audit Institutions Audit (SAIs) on Supreme institutions on local and in particular, Drawing 8: Specific objective 7.3 Organizing an annual awareness-raising exercise on exercise awareness-raising an annual Organizing 7.3 the to with regard especially anti-corruption issues, via companies, 2 Act, the benefit French of Sapin for MEDEF CCIP, CCEF, bodies (CCI, their representative CPME and CIAN) French international, priority France’s of in each agencies government supportingcountries; them in their effort to anti-corruption mechanisms. appropriate SAIs, reinforce Supporting aiming to projects 8.1 audit investigative concerning especially with institutional and SAIs, of the work Promoting 8.2 support,technical international in their audit of on drawing by funding, programme cooperation in international best practices of examples as in as well donor countries, and other organizations in beneficiarySAIs countries anti- among SAIs, Supporting collaboration 8.3 and judicial authorities corruption

30 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 31 Acronyms End End 2030 End 2030 End 2024 End 2030 and abbreviations Trade services, services, Trade with the working AFA Court MEAE, AFD, and Audit of Expertise France Comptes; des Cour out carried work jointly with the AFD group MEAE, Court of and AFA Audit

AFA French Anti-Corruption Agency EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative

AFD Agence Française de Développement ENA École Nationale d’Administration

Raising the awareness of Raising the awareness companies, French not especially SMEs, systematic theFunding for Peer-Support Accelerated in Programme Partnership and 2020 2019 documentsNo on this French to available issue actors projects dedicated No AfDB African Development Bank ENM French National School for the Judiciary

Agency for the Recovery and Management AGRASC EU European Union of Seized and Confiscated Assets Group of Twenty (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, ARMP Public Procurement Regulation Agency Canada, China, Germany, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi G20 CCEF French Foreign Trade Advisors Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States), and the European Union CCI Chamber of Commerce and Industry Group of Seven (Canada, France, CCIP Paris International Chamber of Commerce G7 Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom,

1 awareness-raising exercise exercise 1 awareness-raising priority in France’s per year development for countries assistance 5 projects 1 document drafted, with and shared approved actors French relevant 3 projects United States), and the European Union CFI Canal France International GDP Gross Domestic Product

CIAN French Council of Investors in Africa GRECO Group of States against Corruption Interministerial Committee for International CICID Cooperation and Development HATVP High Authority for Transparency in Public Life

CNFPT National Center for Local Government IADB Inter-American Development Bank Number of awareness-raising per year exercises and per country SAINumber of projects reinforcing part in has taken France A best practices document available is projects Number of with aundertaken greater to view amongdialogue institutions

COSEC Co-Secretariat IGGN National Gendarmerie Inspectorate

COTEC Technical Committee IGPN National Police Inspectorate

Confederation of Small and Medium-Sized International Organization of Supreme CPME INTOSAI Enterprises Audit Institution

CSO Civil Society Organization IO International Organization

DAC OECD Development Assistance Committee ISE Intermediate-Sized Enterprises

Methodology for Assessing Procurement MAPS DDD Sustainable Development Directorate (MEAE) Systems

DG Trésor Directorate-General of the Treasury (MEFR) MEAE Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs

DGM Directorate-General for Global Affairs (MEAE) MEDEF French Business Confederation

Ministry of the Economy, Finance and the Specific objective 8: Drawing on local institutions and in particular, on Supreme Audit Institutions Audit (SAIs) on Supreme institutions on local and in particular, Drawing 8: Specific objective EGPS Extractives Global Programmatic Support

7.3 Organizing an annual awareness-raising exercise on exercise awareness-raising an annual Organizing 7.3 the to with regard especially anti-corruption issues, via companies, 2 Act, the benefit French of Sapin for MEDEF CCIP, CCEF, bodies (CCI, their representative CPME and CIAN) French international, priority France’s of in each agencies government supportingcountries; them in their effort to anti-corruption mechanisms. appropriate SAIs, reinforce Supporting aiming to projects 8.1 audit investigative concerning especially with institutional and SAIs, of the work Promoting 8.2 support,technical international in their audit of on drawing by funding, programme cooperation in international best practices of examples as in as well donor countries, and other organizations in beneficiarySAIs countries anti- among SAIs, Supporting collaboration 8.3 and judicial authorities corruption MEFR Recovery

30 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030 Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs - DGM 31 Follow-Up Mechanism for the MESICIC Implementation of the Inter-American Convention against Corruption

MININT Ministry of the Interior

MINJUST Ministry of Justice

OBS Open Budget Survey

Central Office for the Fight against OCLCIFF Corruption and Financial and Tax Crime

Central Office for the Repression of Large- OCRGDF Scale Financial Crime

ODA Official Development Assistance

Organisation for Economic Co-operation OECD and Development

OAS Organization of American States

Open Government Support Program in PAGOF Francophone Developing Countries

OGP Open Government Partnership

Meetings of Ministers of Justice of the REMJA Americas

SAI Supreme Audit Institution

Cooperation and Cultural Action Service (in SCAC French embassies)

SDG Sustainable Development Goal

SGAE General Secretariat for European Affairs

SME Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise

SO Specific Objective

UN United Nations

United Nations Commission on UNCITRAL International Trade Law

32 France’s Anti-Corruption Strategy in Its Cooperation Action 2021-2030

Strategy report France’s anti-corruption strategy in its cooperation action (2021 -2030)

The World Bank and the World Economic Forum estimate that bribery and misappropriated funds amount to $3.6 trillion every year, representing 5% of global GDP. Corruption affects the State’s capacity to provide high-quality services, by placing obstacles in the way of the equitable and effective distribution of goods and services. It also contributes to greater inequality and erodes citizens’ trust in government institutions and representatives. Corruption undermines the rule of law and represents an obstacle to the fulfillment of human rights. It is a contributing factor to crisis and vulnerability and has a negative impact on security and stability, nationally, regionally and internationally.

This is the background for this French strategy, the aim of which is to ensure the overall coherence of all the actions undertaken abroad by French cooperation actors in the fight against corruption.

Drawing on consultation with many French and international stakeholders, the strategy has three thrusts of action: 1. Reinforcing the French approach to combating corruption; 2. Promoting the fight against corruption and reinforcing governance in international cooperation; 3. Supporting the work of international organizations, non-state actors and local institutions.

The strategy includes an “accountability framework”, so that the implementation of the strategy can be monitored in accordance with international best practices. Monitoring activities and indicators have been identified for each of the strategy’s objectives. They will serve to make a tangible evaluation of the progress achieved.

The implementation of the strategy will be evaluated five years after its publication and again in 2030.

© MEAE 2021

Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs Directorate-General for Globalization, Culture, Education and International Development Directorate for sustainable development

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