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Förderung Der Biodiversität Mittels Blühstreifen Im Apfelanbau Bayer Cropscience Food Chain Projekt 2012-2016

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Förderung Der Biodiversität Mittels Blühstreifen Im Apfelanbau Bayer Cropscience Food Chain Projekt 2012-2016 Blühstreifen im Kohlanbau: Biodiversität – was kann gefördert werden? 1 Förderung der Biodiversität mittels Blühstreifen im Apfelanbau Bayer CropScience Food Chain Projekt 2012-2016 Erhöhte Artenvielfalt: 227 Arten in sechs untersuchten Gruppen und ungezählte weitere Insekten. 170 Arten im Bild. weitere Insekten Wildbienen Bohrfliegen Wespen Raupenfliegen Tagfalter Schwebfliegen Bayer CropScience Food Chain Projekt: Blühstreifen im Apfelanbau 2012-2016 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 WARUM BLÜHSTREIFEN? ........................................................................................................... 3 2 BIODIVERSITÄT – WAS KANN GEFÖRDERT WERDEN? ................................................................. 4 3 BLÜHSTREIFEN UND INSEKTEN ................................................................................................... 5 4 WILDBIENEN ............................................................................................................................. 6 5 HONIGBIENE ........................................................................................................................... 18 6 ACULEATE WESPEN ................................................................................................................. 19 7 TAGFALTER ............................................................................................................................. 26 8 SCHWEBFLIEGEN ..................................................................................................................... 32 9 RAUPENFLIEGEN...................................................................................................................... 43 10 BOHRFLIEGEN ......................................................................................................................... 48 11 UND NOCH VIELE ANDERE, TEILS „UNSICHTBAR“ ...................................................................... 51 12 FAZIT – BLÜHSTREIFEN SIND SINNVOLL! ................................................................................... 63 13 ANHANG ................................................................................................................................. 64 13.1 METHODEN ............................................................................................................................. 64 13.2 LITERATUR ............................................................................................................................... 66 13.3 ABKÜRZUNGEN ........................................................................................................................ 70 13.4 TABELLENVERZEICHNIS .............................................................................................................. 70 13.5 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS .......................................................................................................... 70 14 IMPRESSUM ............................................................................................................................ 72 Bayer CropScience Food Chain Projekt: Blühstreifen im Apfelanbau 2012-2016 3 1 WARUM BLÜHSTREIFEN? Verarmte Agrarlandschaft Die Biodiversität oder Biologische Vielfalt bildet unsere Lebensgrundlage, sie sichert uns Ernährung, Rohstoffe, saubere Luft und Wasser; sie zu erhalten ist somit kein reiner Selbstzweck. In Deutschland sind jedoch nach den aktuellen Roten Listen bereits 6 % aller Arten ausgestorben, 30 % sind in ihrem Bestand gefährdet und nur 37 % gelten als ungefährdet. Besonders dramatisch sind die Biodiversitäts- verluste in der Agrarlandschaft, zurückzuführen auf die Industrialisierung der Landwirtschaft und den dort oft vollständigen Verlust naturnaher Flächen. Wie hoch die Verluste sind, ist abzulesen am Rückgang der am Ende der Nahrungskette stehenden Vogelarten der Agrarlandschaft: zwischen 1980 und 2010 sind die Bestände der Feldvögel in Europa um etwa die Hälfte (entsprechend 300 Millionen Vögel) zurückgegangen. Blühstreifen neben Apfelanlage Um den weiteren Rückgang zu stoppen, müssen wieder dauerhaft Flächen der Natur zurückgegeben werden, und wo dies nicht möglich ist, können – wie in dem vorliegenden Projekt – mehrjährige Blühstreifen zur Förderung der Biodiversität eingesetzt werden. Sie sind zum einen ein Mittel, die extreme Verknappung der Ressource „Nektar und Pollen“ in der Agrarlandschaft zu mildern, und zum anderen helfen die sich in der Vegetation der Blühstreifen vermehrenden Insekten die unterbrochene Nahrungskette wiederherzustellen. Darüber hinaus können die Blühstreifen auch als Schutz-, Brut- und Rückzugsflächen für Wildtiere dienen, als linienförmige Strukturen unterstützen sie den Biotopverbund und nicht zuletzt bereichern sie auch in ästhetischer Hinsicht das Landschaftsbild. Aktuelle Gefährdungssituation der Tiere, Pflanzen und Pilze in Deutschland 6% 15% 30% 37% 8% 4% ausgestorben oder verschollen Feldsperling (Passer montanus) bestandsgefährdet Asphaltierte Feldwege und monotone Randstreifen bieten nur wenig extrem selten Nahrung – auch deshalb ist der Bestand des Feldsperlings in Europa Vorwarnliste zwischen 1980 und 2010 um 57 % zurückgegangen. Alle Singvögel – ungefährdet auch ansonsten vegetarische Arten - füttern ihre Jungen mit Insekten, Daten ungenügend ohne Insekten ist eine erfolgreiche Brut nicht möglich. Die Blühstreifen verbessern deutlich das Angebot an Insekten und helfen damit dem Feldsperling und auch allen anderen Vögel der Agrarlandschaft. Literatur: [15, 17]. Bayer CropScience Food Chain Projekt: Blühstreifen im Apfelanbau 2012-2016 4 2 BIODIVERSITÄT – WAS KANN Artenvielfalt in Deutschland GEFÖRDERT WERDEN? > 72100 Arten steht als Sammelbegriff für die Biodiversität Vielfalt der 13% Arten (Tiere, Pflanzen, Pilze), die von diesen Arten gebildete Tiere >48600 Vielfalt der Ökosysteme und auch für die genetische Vielfalt 20% Pilze >14000 der Arten, ohne die ein Überleben in einer sich beständig 67% wandelnden Umwelt nicht möglich ist. Ein Maß für die Pflanzen >9500 Biodiversität ist die Anzahl der vorkommenden Arten; bezogen auf die Fläche Deutschlands sind dies mindestens 72100 Arten. > 48600 Tierarten Mittels der Blühstreifen kann naturgemäß nur ein Teil dieser Insekten >34000 Artendiversität gefördert werden, allerdings ist dieser Teil Spinnentiere >3783 Einzeller ≈ 3.200 überraschend hoch. An erster Stelle stehen die Fadenwürmer 1997 Blütenbesucher. Wie viele Arten der Bienen, Wespen, Plattwürmer 1170 Krebstiere >1.067 Fliegen, Käfer und Schmetterlinge und weiterer Insekten 70% Rädertiere 682 Nektar und Pollen als Nahrung nutzen, ist nicht genau Weichtiere 635 Wirbeltiere 574 bekannt. Bei einer konservativen Schätzung von einem Drittel Andere >1479 der genannten Arten wären dies potentiell immerhin etwa 10000 oder 20% aller Tierarten. An zweiter Stelle kommen > 34000 Insektenarten Arten, die sich pflanzlich ernähren (z.B. Blattläuse, Wanzen, Zweiflügler 9544 Zikaden, Minierfliegen). An dritter Stelle räuberische (z.B. Hautflügler 9338 Käfer 6637 Käfer, Spinnen, Spitzmäuse, Vögel) und parasitische Arten Schmetterlinge 3602 (z.B. Erzwespen, Schlupfwespen, Raupenfliegen), die sich von 28% Pflanzenläuse 1011 den beiden zuerst genannten Gruppen ernähren. Letztlich 11% Wanzen 867 Tierläuse 641 profitiert fast die gesamte lokale Fauna in der Umgebung der Zikaden 620 Blühstreifen. 19% Springschwänze 416 27% Köcherfliegen 313 Fransenflügler 214 19 weitere 797 Blütenbesucher 10% Hautflügler 15% 47% Zweiflügler Käfer Schmetterlinge 26% andere Insekten Sepsis orthocnemis (Familie Sepsidae, Schwingfliegen), Nektar aufnehmend. Um Insekten als Bestäuber anzulocken, produzieren Blüten Nektar – diese Zuckerlösung kann auch Proteine, In Mitteleuropa werden Blüten zur Aminosäuren und Vitamine enthalten und Nahrungsaufnahme nur von Insekten dient den Insekten als Nahrung. Manche besucht. Dabei entfallen 98 % der Besucher Pflanzen bieten Nektar auch außerhalb der auf nur vier Insektengruppen, die mit etwa Blüten an. Diese sogenannten extrafloralen 30000 Arten aber fast 63% aller Tierarten in Nektarien sind meist völlig frei zugänglich, Deutschland ausmachen – auch wenn so dass auch Insekten mit sehr kurzen Mundwerkzeugen an den Nektar gelangen längst nicht alle dieser Arten Blüten können. Auch der Pollen der Blüten wird besuchen, das Förderpotential von von vielen Insekten genutzt, er stellt eine Blühstreifen ist ausgesprochen hoch. wichtige Proteinquelle dar. Echte Schlupfwespen (Ichneumonidae) & Erzwespe (Überfamilie Chacidoidea) an extrafloralen Nektarien der Ackerwicke. Literatur: [9, 12, 15, 24, 38, 53, 69]. Bayer CropScience Food Chain Projekt: Blühstreifen im Apfelanbau 2012-2016 5 3 BLÜHSTREIFEN UND INSEKTEN Blühstreifen Altanlage Das reichhaltige Blütenangebot der Blühstreifen wurde von sehr vielen Insekten genutzt, wie die insgesamt 227 nachgewiesenen Arten der im Detail untersuchten Wildbienen, aculeaten Wespen, Tagfalter, Schwebfliegen Raupenfliegen und Bohrfliegen eindrucksvoll beweisen. Darüber hinaus haben sich zahlreiche weitere Arten angesiedelt, insbesondere auch zahlreiche räuberische und parasitische Arten, deren Vorkommen zeigt, dass die Nahrungskette nachhaltig wiederbelebt und die lokale Artenvielfalt deutlich gesteigert wurde. Dass sich die Blühstreifen auch positiv auf die Nützlinge unter den Insekten auswirken können, zeigt das Beispiel der für das Mischung: Acker-Ringelblume, Borretsch, Buchweizen, ökologische Gleichgewicht wichtigen Raupenfliegen. Obwohl Feldklee, Garten-Ringelblume, Gelbklee, Inkarnatklee, Klatschmohn, Kornblume, Kulturmalve, Phacelia.
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