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Framing of Resource Use Conflicts in Loliondo Game Controled Area- Tanzania

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Framing of Resource Use Conflicts in Loliondo Game Controled Area- Tanzania Msc. Thesis FRAMING OF RESOURCE USE CONFLICTS IN LOLIONDO GAME CONTROLED AREA- TANZANIA Wildlife Tourism, Conservation and Pastoralism interface Student’s name: Masegeri Rurai (Reg. Number: 751218717080) MSc. Leisure, Tourism and Environment (GEO.80436) Supervisor: Professor Dr. Rene’ van der Duim (Cultural Geography). Wageningen University-HOLLAND August, 2012 - 2 - Msc. Thesis FRAMING OF RESOURCE USE CONFLICTS IN LOLIONDO GAME CONTROLED AREA- TANZANIA Wildlife Tourism, Conservation and Pastoralism interface. By: Masegeri Rurai (Reg. Number: 751218717080) MSc. Leisure, Tourism and Environment Thesis code: GEO.80436 Examiner1: Professor Dr. Rene’ van Der Duim Examiner 2: Dr. Martijn Duineveld Cultural Geography Wageningen University-HOLLAND August, 2012 - 3 - Disclaimer This report is produced as part of the MSc. program in Leisure, Tourism and Environment. It is not an official publication of Wageningen University or Wageningen UR and the content herein does not represent any formal position or representation by Wageningen University. - 4 - PREFACE It has been my dream to go to study abroad and get the experience of what other world has to offer. I am very glad that this dream finally came true. It was after several years of applications for scholarships when the year 2010 became one of my most exciting years in my life. On 15th June 2010, I remember had received the email from Nuffic informing that I have been awarded the Netherland Fellowship Programme (NFP) scholarship to study Master Degree at Wageningen University in Holland. Indeed, I have experienced a different world from which I was born. Time management by Dutch people has been the most impressive culture I ever experienced. The two years of study in which almost one year was spent working on this master thesis has made me learn a lot of things not only about the topic that I am going to discuss in the following 80 pages, but something more general about how to conduct a social scientific research, which may allow me to understand the world better. Also besides excellent academic orientation in Wageningen University, I also have a chance to visit various European mega cities such as Amsterdam, Paris, Brussels, Hannover and Barcelona. Two years of study in Wageningen has just passed so quickly and now it has come to an end but confidently I know that I am a better person than before. In reflecting the two years of my study and life in Holland, I feel so obliged for all so much I have learnt and experienced. Foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the people and government of the Kingdom of Netherlands for granting me a financial scholarship which enabled me to come to Netherlands. In developing and writing this master thesis, I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor Prof.Dr. Rene’van der Duim of Cultural Geography department for his encouragement, gentle advices and critical but constructive criticism. More importantly I thank him for his kindly respect and understanding towards my personal schedules. Also I thank my employer, District Executive Director (DED), Ngorongoro District Council for granting me the study leave. Sincere thanks should also go to those people in the study village who gave their valuable time for interviews during field study. Further thanks go to the government officials, NGOs, and all the tour operators who participated in this study. Also special thanks go to my classmates and new friends I met in Holland. In particular I thank Jordy Groffen for being a great friend. In a special way I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my wife Onike James Mboye and our son Nelson, for their patience, understanding and love for me. It was very hard to leave home when our baby was only six months old, but for her being a strong woman and a committed wife, she was able to make everything go alright and hence made my study abroad go smoothly. Last but not the least; I would like to thank all the other individuals, friends and families who I have not mentioned here, for their loves and supports during my study. Masegeri Rurai August, 2012 - 5 - LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS NDC = Ngorongoro District Council GCA = Game Controlled Area TANAPA = Tanzania Nationa Parks SNP = Serengeti National Park NCA = Ngorongoro Conservatio Area NCAA = Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority UCRT = Ujamaa Community Resource Team PWC = Pastoral Women Council OBC = Orttelo Bussiness Corporation MNRT = Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism URT = United Republic of Tanzania TNRF = Tanzania Natural Resource Forum NGONET = Ngorongoro NGO Network LADO = Laramatak Development Association PALSEP = Pastoral livelihood and Empowerment Programme IUCN = International Union for Conservation of Nature - 6 - TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................. - 4 - LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... - 5 - TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... - 6 - LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... - 8 - LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. - 8 - ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ - 10 - CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... - 11 - 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. - 11 - 1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... - 11 - 1.2 Pastoralism, conservation and land tenure in Tanzania ................................................................ - 11 - 1.3 Background to the problem ........................................................................................................... - 12 - 1.4 Problem statement and justification .............................................................................................. - 14 - 1.5 Objective of the study ................................................................................................................... - 15 - 1.6 Significance of the study. .............................................................................................................. - 15 - CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... - 16 - 2. FRAMING CONFLICTS ................................................................................................................... - 16 - 2.1 Theoretical framework .................................................................................................................. - 16 - 2.2 Framing Theory ............................................................................................................................ - 16 - 2.2.1 Issue/problem frames ............................................................................................................. - 18 - 2.2.2 Identity frames ....................................................................................................................... - 18 - 2.2.3 Characterization frames ......................................................................................................... - 18 - 2.2.4 Power frames ......................................................................................................................... - 18 - 2.2.5 Risk/Loss or gain Frames ....................................................................................................... - 18 - 2.2.6 Process/conflict management frames ..................................................................................... - 19 - 2.3 Effect of frames on intractability of conflicts ............................................................................... - 19 - 2.4 Frame Analysis as conflict management tool ............................................................................... - 19 - 2.5 Operationalization of the key issues/frames ................................................................................. - 21 - CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................ - 23 - 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY. ............................................................................. - 23 - 3.1 Study Area .................................................................................................................................... - 23 - - 7 - 3.2 Methods. ........................................................................................................................................ - 24 - 3.2.1 Research design. .................................................................................................................... - 24 - 3.2.2 Data collection ......................................................................................................................
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