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T.C. Istanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI Doktora Tezi AFRİKA BOYNUZU'NDA ULUSLARARASI TANINMA, EGEMENLİK VE DEMOKRASİYİ ANLAMAK: SOMALİLAND ÖRNEĞİ Mohamed Omer OSMAN GUUDLE 2502150504 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Sadık ÜNAY İstanbul 2019 T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI Doktora Tezi AFRİKA BOYNUZU'NDA ULUSLARARASI TANINMA, EGEMENLİK VE DEMOKRASİYİ ANLAMAK: SOMALİLAND ÖRNEĞİ Mohamed Omer OSMAN GUUDLE 2502150504 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Sadık ÜNAY İstanbul 2019 Bu tez TUBITAK 2235 - En az gelişmiş ülkeler için Lisansüstü Burs Programı tarafından desteklenmiştir. i ONAY SAYFASI ii ÎTHAF Bana cesaret veren; güzel annem, Ugaaso Hüseyin Qaalib'e tatlı eşım Adna Nasir’a ve oğullarım, Daaud ve Ishaaq’a iii AFRİKA BOYNUZU'NDA ULUSLARARASI TANINMA, EGEMENLİK VE DEMOKRASİYİ ANLAMAK: SOMALİLAND ÖRNEĞİ Mohamed Omer OSMAN GUUDLE ÖZ Tanınmayan devletler, bir savaştan sonra “fiili bağımsızlık” kazanan toprakları ifade eden “devlet benzeri” kuruluşlardır. Ancak dış dünyadan herhangi bir uluslararası tanıma alamamışlardır. Bu tezin literatüre başlıca katkısı, tanınmayan devlet durumlarını, bu araştırmada ana durumlar ile yan yana var olabilecek istikrarlı ve uygulanabilir varlıklar olarak anlamak için analitik bir çerçeve oluşturmaktır. Bazı yazarlar tanınmayan devletlerin “tehlikeli” oluşumlar olduğunu savunuyorlar (Hughes, 2007). Diğer araştırmacılar, “fiili devletler”, “tanınmayan devletler”, “tartışmalı devletler”, “gölge devletler”, “paralel devletler”, “hayalet devletler” gibi terimleri kullanıyorlar. Siyasal açıdan önemli olan ve tanınmayan varlıkların teorik araştırma için analitik kavramlar olarak netleştirilmesi konusunda önemli bir açık. Bu tez çalışmasında, bu tezin ana konusu olan Somaliland Cumhuriyeti örneğinin tanınmayan ülkelerdeki tartışmaların içindeki birkaç önemli kaygının dışında kalmasına örnek teşkil eden bir analitik vaka çalışması yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Uluslararası toplum tarafindan tanınmayan eski kuzey Somali Cumhuriyeti'nde fiili olarak, önemli ekonomik, politik ve kurumsal gelişmeler sağlandı ve Afrika’nın “en güçlü demokrasisi” ve Afrika boynuzundaki “en istikrarlı siyasi birimi” kuruldu. Bu tezin amacı, Afrika boynuzundaki en uzun süredir tanınmayan varlık olarak Somaliland'ın eşsiz durumunu daha fazla araştırmaktır. iv Kapsamlı görüşmeler, alan araştırması notları, sözlü veriler ile yayınlanmış ve yayınlanmamış çalışmalardan yararlananan bu tez, Somaliland'ı çevreleyen uluslararası tanınma, demokrasi ve kendi kaderini tayin etme ve siyasi-ekonomik işbirliği gibi temel teorik konuları sorgulamaktadır. Bu tez, Somaliland Cumhuriyeti'nin istikrarlı, işlevsel ve göreceli demokratik kurumlara sahip olduğunu kanıtladığı sonucuna varmıştır. Her ne kadar uluslararası hukuk kendi kaderini tayin hakkını haklı gösterse de, Somaliland Cumhuriyeti dış dünyadan henüz herhangi bir uluslararası tanınma sağlamamıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Somaliland, Tanınmayan Devletler, Öz belirleme Teorisi, Uluslararası Tanınma, Tanınmayan Varlıklar, v INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION, SOVEREIGNTY AND DEMOCRACY IN THE HORN OF AFRICA: THE CASE OF SOMALILAND Mohamed Omer OSMAN GUUDLE ABSTRACT Unrecognized states are “state-like” entities that are ‘conceived of territories’ which gained ‘de facto independence’ after the warfare, but they failed to get any international recognition from the outside World. The main contribution of this thesis is to build an analytical framework for understanding unrecognized states as stable and viable entities that can exist side by side with their parent states. This paradigm is very critical to some of the literature studied in this research. Some scholars argue that these are “dangerous” entities (Hughes, 2007). Other scholars use numerous terms like ‘de facto states’, ‘unrecognized states’, ‘disputed states’, ‘shadow states’, ‘parallel states’, ‘phantom states’ etc. This thesis discusses the underlying theoretical questions surrounding the Somaliland case which are important in political terms and have significant comportment on the clarification of unrecognized entities as analytical concepts for theoretical research. An analytical case study approach is employed in this study that exemplifies how the case of Somaliland Republic – the central topic of this thesis- falls outside a number of key lengthy considerations within the unrecognized states debate. The de facto unrecognized in the former northern Somali Republic has practiced significant economic, political, and institutional development and became one of Africa’s ‘strongest democracy’ and most ‘stable polity in the horn of Africa’. The purpose of this thesis is to further explore the unique case of Somaliland as the longest-serving unrecognized entity in the horn of Africa. vi Drawing upon extensive interviews, field research notes, oral data as well as published and unpublished work, this thesis interrogates the underlying theoretical questions surrounding Somaliland such as international recognition, democracy, self-determination, and the political economy. This thesis concludes that the Somaliland Republic has proven stable, functional and relative democratic institutions. Although international Law justifies the right to self- determination, Somaliland Republic has never achieved any international recognition from the outside World. Key Words: Somaliland, Unrecognized States, International Recognition, Self- determination, Unrecognized entitities vii ÖNSÖZ Bu tez hayatımdaki birçok şaşırtıcı insana çok şey borçlu. Son beş yıldır sürdürdüğüm uzun yolculuk hem ilginçti hem de zorluklarla doluydu. Bu çalışma, hem Somaliland hem de Türkiye'de birçok kişi ve kurumun desteği ve teşviki olmadan mümkün olmazdı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü'nde derslerinde konusunu içtenlikle kabul eden ve sınırsız sabrı ve özenli tavsiyeleri için tez danışmanım Prof. Dr. Sadık ÜNAY'a en içten minnettarlığımı ifade etmek istiyorum. Katkıları; nazik önerileri ve içtenlikle seslendirdiği yorum ve eleştirileri; sahadayken cesaretlendirmesi ve idari desteği çalışmalarım için çok yardımcı oldu. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyaset Bilimi bölümünün profesörleri ve personeli çok yardımcı oldular. Sundukları bilgi paylaşım dersleri, seminerler ve atölye çalışmalar büyük deneyimimin bir parçasıydı. Prof. Dr. Lutfullah Karaman, Doç. Dr. Edip Asaf Bekaroğlu, Doç. Muharrem Hilmi Özev, Dr. Muhammed Ali Ağcan, Dr. Leyla Şanlı, Prof. Dr. Haluk Alkan ve İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü'nde öğretim üyesi olan tüm çalışanlara müteşekkirim. Ayrıca, Eylül 2015’ten bu yana burs desteği aldığım Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) 'ın maddi desteğine, içtenlikle teşekkür ediyorum. Program koordinatörü olarak TÜBİTAK'tan Ayşegül Çabuk'a sıcak bir mesaj göndermek istiyorum, Türkiye'deki çalışmalarımızı sürdürmemiz için gereken tüm lojistik ve finansal destek konusunda bize çok yardımcı oldu. En büyük minnettarlığım, beni İstanbul Üniversitesi'ne tam burslu olarak yerleştiren seçkin ve uluslararası kabul görmüş programlarıyla (Türkiye Bursları) Yurtdışındaki Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı'na (YTB) aittir. viii Somaliland’deki Admas Üniversitesi Hargeisa (AUH), Hargeisa Kültür Merkezi, Dışişleri ve Uluslararası İşbirliği Bakanlığı, Hargeisa Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Çalışmalar Okulu ve Alpha Üniversitesi Burao’ya teşekkür ediyorum. Sayın Hüseyin Abdilahi Mohamoud, Ahmed Hassan Hacı, İhsan Ömer İsmail, Prof. Dr. Abdirahman A. Hüseyin Hawd’a teşekkür ediyorum. Ayrıca, sevgili eşim Adna Nasir Mohamed ve sevgili oğullarım Dauud ve Ishaaq'a mümkün olan en güçlü sözlerle şükran ve derin şükranlarımı sunarım. Saha çalışmasında ve Türkiye'deyken onların yardımıyla kalbimden teşekkür ederim. Somaliland'daki birçok kişi ve meslektaşım tezimi şekillendirmeye yardımcı oldu. Dr. Jama Muse Jama ve Hargeisa Kültür Merkezi'ndeki tüm ekibi çalışmamı sunmam için bir platform verdi. Çalışmamı okumak ve gözden geçirmek günleri ve ayları aldı; Hargeisa'da bulunan kütüphanede çalışmalarıma katılan ve bana geri bildirim, yorum ve eleştiriler veren tüm arkadaşlarım ve meslektaşlarıma teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca, lisans danışmanım olan Prof. Dr. Swamy Pravashtu'ya entelektüel desteği ve çalışmalarımı tamamlamam için sürekli hatırlatmaları nedeniyle de şükran borçluyum. Somaliland’ın birçok entelektüeli beni birçok yönden destekledi. Dr. Edna Adan İsmail, Hasan Essa Jama, Sayın Bobe Yusuf Duale, Saed Shukri, Muhammed Barud Ali ve Somalilanda görüşmeyi kabul eden ya da bana yardıma eden diğer önemli insanlara teşekkür ederim. Birçok meslektaş ve araştırmacı da çalışmamın paha biçilmez yorum ve geri bildirimlerini verdi. Najah M. Adam, Hibo Yusuf, Mohamed Hajji Ingiriis, Abdirahman Socy, Abdullfattah Mohamed Abdi, ve bu alandaki tüm araştırmacılara araştırmama yorum yaptıkları için teşekkür ediyorum. ix Çocukluğumdan itibaren nezaket ve şefkatle bana birçok yönden yardım ettiği tam ve bana destek olduğu için tatlı Annem Ugaaso Husein’e son sözleri vermeme izin verin. Okyanuslardaki duaları bana çok yardımcı oldu ve iç savaş koşullarında, Etiyopya'daki bir mülteci kampında hayatta kalmamı sağladı. Beni bu kadar uzun süre beklediğin için teşekkür ederim anne, daima kalbimdesin ve sonsuza dek orada olacaksın. Babam Omer Osman Guudle’a zor yıllarda benim desteklediği için teşekkür ederim. Hargeisa ve diğer yerlerdeki tüm kardeşlerime, Hepinizi Seviyorum! Mohamed Omer OSMAN GUUDLE Istanbul 2019 x İÇİNDEKİLER ONAY SAYFASI
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