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Socio-Spatial Practices of the Pro-Kurdish Municipalities: the Case of Diyarbakir

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Socio-Spatial Practices of the Pro-Kurdish Municipalities: the Case of Diyarbakir SOCIO-SPATIAL PRACTICES OF THE PRO-KURDISH MUNICIPALITIES: THE CASE OF DİYARBAKIR A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY DUYGU CANAN ÖZTÜRK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE PROGRAM OF URBAN POLICY PLANNING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS JULY 2013 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assist. Prof. Dr.Mustafa Kemal Bayırbağ Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Melih Ersoy Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kemal Bayırbağ (METU, ADM) Prof. Dr. Melih Ersoy (METU, CRP) Assist. Prof. Dr. Ali Ekber Doğan (Mersin U., ADM) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Duygu Canan Öztürk Signature : iii ABSTRACT SOCIO-SPATIAL PRACTICES OF THE PRO-KURDISH MUNICIPALITIES: THE CASE OF DİYARBAKIR Öztürk, Duygu Canan M.S., Department of Urban Policy Planning and Local Governments Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Melih Ersoy Temmuz 2013, 329 pages The first election of the pro-Kurdish parties to the municipalities in Turkey was the 1999 local elections. It was the first time in Turkey that a legal political party representing the Kurdish movement overtook of a state institution ruling local power in the cities where Kurds live intensely. The fact that the pro-Kurdish parties have run the municipalities in Diyarbakır since 1999 has great effects on the space production in the city. This thesis mainly focuses on the socio-spatial practices of the pro-Kurdish municipalities in Diyarbakır (the Greater Municipality of Diyarbakır and its four district municipalities, namely Sur, Yenişehir, Bağlar and Kayapınar) since 1999. The major aim of the thesis is to reveal the roles of the municipalities in the production of space in Diyarbakır. The main hypothesis of this thesis is although all of the studied district municipalities are located within the borders of the Greater Municipality of Diyarbakır, run by the mayors who are the members of the pro-Kurdish party and supposed to act accordingly with the party’s local government policies, their spatial practices vary due to the local differences caused by uneven development. Hence, this thesis will try to find out the differences in the spatial practices of the district municipalities and the reasons behind them. Also, which policies they mostly concentrate on and how much they comply with the party policies will be revealed out. Keywords: Pro-Kurdish municipalities, Diyarbakır, production of space, uneven development iv ÖZ KÜRT HAREKETİNİ TEMSİL EDEN PARTİ BELEDİYELERİNİN SOSYO- MEKANSAL PRATİKLERİ: DİYARBAKIR ÖRNEĞİ Öztürk, Duygu Canan Yüksek Lisans, Kentsel Politika Planlaması ve Yerel Yönetimler Ana Bilim Dalı Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Melih Ersoy Temmuz 2013, 329 sayfa Türkiye’de Kürt hareketini temsil eden partileri ilk kez 1999 yerel seçimlerinde belediyelere seçilmiştir. Türkiye’de ilk defa Kürt hareketini temsil eden yasal bir parti, Kürtlerin yoğun olarak yaşadığı kentlerde yerel iktidarı kontrol eden bir devlet kurumunu ele geçirmiş bulunmaktaydı. Kürt hareketini temsil eden partilerin 1999 yılından beri Diyarbakır’da belediyeleri yönetiyor olması kent mekânın üretiminde çok büyük etkiler yaratmıştır. Bu tez en temelde, Kürt hareketini temsil eden parti belediyelerinin (Diyarbakır Büyükşehir Belediyesi ve onun dört ilçe belediyesi Sur, Yenişehir, Bağlar ve Kayapınar) 1999 yılından bu yana sosyo-mekânsal pratikleri üzerinde odaklanmaktadır. Tezin temel amacı belediyelerin mekânın üretimindeki rollerini açığa çıkartmaktır. Bu tezin ana argümanı; çalışılan bütün ilçe belediyeleri Diyarbakır Büyükşehir Belediyesinin sınırları içinde olmasına, Kürt hareketini temsil eden partilerin üyeleri olan belediye başkanları tarafından yönetilmesine ve partinin yerel yönetimler politikalarına uygun olarak hareket etmeleri beklenmesine rağmen, eşitsiz gelişmenin yol açtığı yerel farklılıklardan dolayı bu belediyelerin mekânsal pratikleri farklılaşmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, bu tez, ilçe belediyelerinin mekânsal pratiklerindeki farklılıkları nedenleri ile birlikte bulmaya çalışacaktır. Ayrıca, hangi politikalar üzerinde daha çok yoğunlaştıkları ve parti politikalarıyla ne kadar uyumlu oldukları ortaya çıkarılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kürt hareketini temsil eden parti belediyeleri, Diyarbakır, mekânın üretimi, eşitsiz gelişme v To Bavê min Apo vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not write this thesis without the people who did not hesitate to support, guide, encourage and help me. In my modest acknowledgment, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all of them. First of all, I wish to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Melih Ersoy for his advice, criticism and guidance throughout the research. I also thank to Assist. Prof. Dr. Ali Ekber Doğan, Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kemal Bayırbağ and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çağatay Keskinok for their contributions, criticisms and suggestions. I gratefully express my appreciation to Ayhan Melih Tezcan and Ufuk Poyraz for their academic reviews, comments and contributions. Moreover, Defne Dursun, Mehmet Penpecioğlu, Ceren Gamze Yaşar, Mahir Yılmaz, Yasemin İlkay and Ayşe Çolpan Kavuncu are sincerely acknowledged. I also thank to Mehmet Erdal Özkınacı, Duygu Tanış Zaferoğlu, Hüseyin Uğur and Kıymet Göktepe for their everlasting supports. My special thanks to Özgür Balkılıç who always encourage and motivate me throughout the study. I also thank him for his correction in English academic writing of this thesis. All in all, it was impossible to complete this thesis without him. I am very grateful to all the people that I met in Diyarbakır. Nurhak Sinan Akıncı, Mehmet Şah Yıldız, Gülbahar Örmek, Özlem Yasak, Çetin Gürer, Serpil Polat, Servet Demirbilek, Zeynep Gürer and Hasan Gürer are sincerely acknowledged. Above all, I would like to most sincerely thank to my dear mother Dudu Vural for her heart and soul support all the time. I would also like to thank my brother Mehmet Cihan Öztürk and my little nephew Tuna Öztürk. Finally, I dedicate this thesis to my father Abdullah Öztürk who is my voluntary supervisor throughout my educational, political and social life. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM……………………………………………………………………………iii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………iv ÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………………v DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………………………vii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………..viii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………..xi LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………..xiii LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES………………………………………………………...xiv LIST OF ABBREVATIONS…………………………………………………………….xv CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Aim and Scope of the Thesis ................................................................................. 3 1.2. The Selection of the Case ...................................................................................... 5 1.3. Research Method of the Thesis .............................................................................. 7 1.4. Structure of the Thesis ......................................................................................... 10 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................... 13 2.1. The Production of Space ...................................................................................... 17 2.1.1. Means of the Production of Space ................................................................... 18 2.1.2. The Triple Dialectic of Lefebvre ..................................................................... 20 A. SPATIAL PRACTICE ............................................................................................. 20 2.1.3. Analysis of the Production of Space: Dialectical Materialism ........................ 23 2.2. Differences of the Localities, Uneven Development and Local Governments .... 26 2.2.1. Uneven Geographical Development and the Cities ......................................... 27 2.2.2. Uneven Development and Local Governments ............................................... 28 3. POLITICAL PARTIES REPRESENTING THE KURDISH MOVEMENT .......... 36 3.1. Historical Background and Socio-political Context of the Pro-Kurdish Parties . 36 3.2. Participation of the Pro-Kurdish Parties in National Politics .............................. 38 3.3. Local Representation of the Pro-Kurdish Parties................................................. 42 3.3.1. An ‘Extreme’ Municipal Experience in Diyarbakır in 1977-80: Mehdi Zana as “A child of the People” ................................................................................................. 43 3.3.2. Local Electoral Activities of the pro-Kurdish Parties ......................................... 45 viii 4. HISTORICAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF DİYARBAKIR ............. 48 4.1. Historical and Cultural Structure of Diyarbakır..................................................
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