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Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities

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Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities PB 1 2 © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Pacific, 2011 Copies of this publication can be downloaded from http://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/ United Nations Children’s Fund 3rd and 5th Floors, FDB Building 360 Victoria Parade, Suva, Fiji Islands Email: [email protected] This report was prepared by a team at the Social Policy Research Centre at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, comprising Peter Whiteford, Susan Benjamin, Bina Gubhaju, Christopher Deeming, and Elizabeth Adamson. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply on the part of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers. The statements made in this publication are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or the views of UNICEF or the anuatuV Government. 2 3 Table of contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 11 List of abbreviations.......................................................................................................................12 Executive summary .......................................................................................................................13 Economic resources .................................................................................................................13 Pillars of well-being ..................................................................................................................14 Promoting child well-being .......................................................................................................14 1. Children and development ........................................................................... 16 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................16 The Structure of the UNICEF Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities............................... 17 Political, geographic and institutional background.........................................................................18 Geographic context ..................................................................................................................18 Political context ........................................................................................................................20 Population ................................................................................................................................20 Family and community .............................................................................................................21 Structure of the economy .........................................................................................................21 Employment, incomes and inequality .......................................................................................23 Family and youth unemployment .............................................................................................24 Income and expenditure inequality...........................................................................................25 Household income and expenditure and price changes ..........................................................25 Macroeconomic strategies and resource allocation ......................................................................26 4 Public budgets ..........................................................................................................................27 Public spending ........................................................................................................................28 Partnership agreements and initiatives .........................................................................................29 Australia ...................................................................................................................................29 New Zealand ............................................................................................................................30 France ......................................................................................................................................30 Millennium Challenge Account .................................................................................................31 Asian Development Bank and World Bank ..............................................................................31 2. Poverty and children ..................................................................................... 32 Poverty measured by economic resources ...................................................................................32 The expenditure approach to measuring poverty ..........................................................................32 Vanuatu national poverty lines: Food and basic needs ............................................................33 Overall poverty in Vanuatu ......................................................................................................36 New estimates of child poverty .................................................................................................36 International dollar-a-day poverty line ......................................................................................36 Relative poverty lines ...............................................................................................................37 Poverty shares .........................................................................................................................37 Correlations between poverty and household characteristics ..................................................38 Poverty risks .............................................................................................................................40 Summary of poverty findings ....................................................................................................41 Poverty measured by deprivation .............................................................................................42 Methodology of UNICEF Global Child Poverty Study ..............................................................42 The deprivation approach to measuring poverty ...........................................................................44 Levels of deprivation ................................................................................................................44 Multiple deprivations .................................................................................................................50 Summary of deprivation findings ..............................................................................................52 4 5 3. The pillars of child well-being ...................................................................... 53 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................53 Nutrition .........................................................................................................................................54 National laws, policies and programmes ..................................................................................54 Child outcomes, disparities and gender equality ......................................................................54 Analysis ....................................................................................................................................55 Health outcomes............................................................................................................................56 National laws, policies and programmes ..................................................................................56 Child outcomes, disparities and gender equality ......................................................................57 Trends over time ......................................................................................................................58 Young child health outcomes ...................................................................................................58 HIV/AIDS ..................................................................................................................................61 Analysis ....................................................................................................................................61 Child protection..............................................................................................................................62 National laws, policies and programmes ..................................................................................62 Child outcomes, disparities and gender equality ......................................................................63 Early marriage ..........................................................................................................................63 Education.......................................................................................................................................65 National laws, policies and programmes ..................................................................................65 Child outcomes, disparities and gender equality
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