Research Article EXPLORING MOTIVATIONS and PROSPECTS

Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific

International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 11, Issue, 07 (B), pp. 39227-39233, July, 2020 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article

EXPLORING MOTIVATIONS AND PROSPECTS OF THANG TA, ANCIENT MANIPURI MARTIAL ARTS AMONG THE STUDENTS IN MANIPUR

Lourembam Sundeep Meitei*, Huidrom Kirankumar Singh1, Huidrom Premkumar Singh2 and Dr. Arambam Jolly Devi3

1Coach, Thang Ta Federation of India, Imphal, Manipur 2International Coach, World Thang Ta Federation, Yumnam Huidrom, Manipur, India 3President, World Thang Ta Federation, Yumnam Huidrom, Manipur, India 4Assistant Professor, Department of FRM, College of Community Science, CAU, Tura, Meghalaya

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1107.5461

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: Martial arts of each state and country have their own unique styles and origin. Thang Ta, India’s popular martial art is originated from Manipur. The health benefits of practicing martial art are Received 15th April, 2020 many such as physical and mental fitness, social and psychological well being to mention a few. Received in revised form 7th The paper aims to bring out the motivating factors for practicing Thang Ta and future prospects of May, 2020 the sport among the students in the region. The paper also highlights the relevance of Thang Ta Accepted 13th June, 2020 being a unique art and its popularity in other states within India as well as in other countries. Published online 28th July, 2020 Moreover, there is less research paper in the region on the subject area ‘Thang Ta’ as compared to other country’s martial arts. The research study will contribute in the arena of martial arts as a Key Words: performing art, culture and sports. For the study, five valley districts and five martial art academies Motivation, Thang Ta, Unique, Manipur, were selected purposively and 100 samples students were randomly selected for the survey to meet Prospects. the objectives of the study.

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INTRODUCTION cultivation, & awareness of spirit & mind) components, including spiritual & ritualistic aspects, the practice of which Motivation is an important aspect in any activity of learning not only keeps us healthy and helps in self-defence, but also and doing. It is the motivation that acts as a stimulus and makes us aware of our rich cultural heritage and the great coordinates with our brain, hands, feet and other parts of our heroism of our forefathers. body organs. In martial arts the movement philosophy and 3 coordination is vital which requires a person to be conscious Zhen Hao Zeng (2019) noted the definitions of martial arts and self motivated to perform an art. Motivation is important in given by a martial arts specialist Prof. Dr. Cynarski indicated almost every aspect of human behaviour. Student motivation is that: “Martial arts are the forms of psychophysical activity the element that leads student’s attitude towards learning linked to a certain tradition of hand-to-hand fight or using process. Martial arts and motivation are closely associated with weapons, aimed at personal development and merging each others. The ancient traditional martial arts of Manipur educational methods with improvement in spiritual dimension. known as Huyen Lallong commonly Thang Ta plays with Ways of martial arts include certain forms of physical swords and spears, is a strong yet gracefully sophisticated art. (psychophysical) culture, which, based on tradition of warrior Anonymous (2019)1 Prof. H Tombi mentioned that Thang Ta is cultures lead, through training of fighting techniques, to generally considered as a form of martial arts for self defence psychophysical improvement and self-realization. but it is an important art and origin of invaluable culture of 4 Manipur. It is recognised by Government of India and many Michael E T (2017) Martial arts have been practiced by Thang Ta artists have been decorated with Sangeet Natak humans for many centuries. The early development of martial Akademi Awards. Barun H (2011)2 Thang Ta is a complete arts is associated with the human quest for finding a better way 5 martial art, complete in the sense that it has both the external of fighting and subduing enemies. Parul Shah and et al The (physical & health) & internal (meditation, concentration, self ancient martial art of Manipur, Thang Ta known as Huyen

*Corresponding author: Lourembam Sundeep Meitei Coach, Thang Ta Federation of India, Imphal, Manipur International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 07 (B), pp. 39227-39233, July, 2020

Lallong/langlong developed from the war environment of the Headquarter. (Barun H, 2011)2. Recently the Government of tiny state of Manipur in North-east India, which was an India in Khelo India scheme included Thang Ta as indigenous independent kingdom since the early Christian era. In Manipur sports as a part of Fit India movement. The first National in the Meitei language, huyen means war while langlon or Thang Ta Championship was organised by Meitei Huyel lallong can mean net, knowledge or art. Huyen langlon consists Langlong Academy, Yumnam Huidrom, Manipur, India in of two main components: thang-ta (armed combat) and sarit 1993. Till 2019, Twenty Five National Championship held in sarak (unarmed fighting). The primary weapons of huyen different states of India and at the International level five langlon are the thang (sword) and ta (spear). championship have been organised in different countries. Table no. 1 shows the details of competition organised in different Thang Ta, ancient martial arts is becoming popular in many states and countries. Twenty one countries participated in the states and countries because of its benefits on the overall health 6 championship as on 2019. and well being of the people. Antonio Silva (2019) Martial arts and combat sports popularity has been growing during the last There are many literatures and documents on motivation decades, and the associated benefits for the practitioners, such behind the martial arts in the world in general and Asian in as improved overall health and increase sense of wellness are particular namely Taekwondo, Tai chi, Karate, Kung Fu, widely known. Ashleigh Johnstone and Paloma Mari Beffa Wushu etc. but very less research on the Thang Ta of Manipur (2018)7 mentioned that during an academic year, an average of in particular. The research study aims to bring out motivating three sessions of Taekwondo per week showed improvements factors of the students in practicing the Thang Ta and the in working memory and attention, as well as parentally- prospect of the Thang Ta in future. This martial art itself is very reported benefits in concentration and behavioural inhibition. sophisticated and dynamic that it comes under the domain of performing art, culture and sports. These itself defines the In martial arts motivation is very crucial. Self motivated or feasibility and viability to generate opportunity for the people what we can say ‘intrinsic motivation’ comes from within the in general and particularly for the people of Manipur, where the self which is internal in nature. Afzal Hasan (2010)8 viewed that history of Thang Ta originates. To fulfil the gap, the research a student is intrinsically motivated when he or she is motivated study sets three objectives namely- To highlight the uniqueness from within and those who are engages in learning purely for of ancient martial arts, Thang Ta of Manipur. To understand attaining a reward or for avoiding some punishment. Van the motivating factors of the students who practices Thang Ta Heerden CH (2014)9 Intrinsic motivation inspires participation and thirdly to appraise the future prospects of Thang Ta in without external incentives and acts as a driver to participate in Manipur. sport as a result of beliefs and the value that is found in doing the activity. Table 1 Competition Organised by Thang Ta Federation of India in India and Abroad On the other hand extrinsic motivations are those social- Level environmental factors collectively called the motivational of S.No. Organised by Held at Year climate and are innumerable in the sport context (e.g., Competit teammates, sport structures). For example, the coach is ion Meitei Huyel Langlon considered to be one of the most important architects of the Academy, Manipur; motivational climate in sport. The guru or sintakpa mastery on AMLSVSPM, Amravati; Huyel Langlon Association the art to make the students involved in an art is also an Delhi; Thang Ta Manipur, important factor to have a positive task environment. Irena Association Haryana; Thang Delhi, 10 Ta Association Neemuch, M Maharastra, Martinkova (2019) expressed that motivation is emphasised P; Sivasagar District Thang Haryana, on fostering good manners and courtesy, and virtues such as Ta Association, Assam; Madhya civility, humility, modesty, chivalry, loyalty, courage and Gujarat Thang Ta Pradesh, 1st to Association; Goa Thang Ta Assam, bravery, respect for the self, for the opponent, for the master, 25th Association; Uttar Pradesh Gujarat, Goa, and possibly also for all sentient beings. Rachel B Sheehan and National Thang Ta Association; Uttar Pradesh, 11 Thang Ta Chamba District Thang Ta Himachal et al (2018) analysed that motivational climate had Champio Association, Himachal Pradesh, 1993 to 1 significant associations with basic psychological needs. A task nship/Co Pradesh; Rajasthan Thang Rajasthan, 2019 mpetition Ta Association; Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu, climate had positive relationships with competence, autonomy, / Thang Ta Association; Jharkand, and relatedness. A coach who endorses a task climate will instil Federat Jharkahnd Thang Ta Jammu belief in, support free will of, and empathize with athletes, ion Cup Association; J & K Thang Kashmir; Ta Association; Pondicherry Pondicherry; which lead to basic needs satisfaction. Amateur Thang Ta Telangana, Association; Thang Ta Karnataka, Many researchers especially sports scientist documented many Martial arts Association of Tripura, literatures and recommended martial arts for the health point of Telangana; Karnataka Chandigarh, Thang Ta Association; All Punjab view. In India hardly one finds the articles on motivation in Tripura Thang Ta Thang Ta. Thang Ta importance and popularity is being Association, Thang Ta Association of Punjab. realised by the country, though it was existed since time immemorial. The Indian Olympic Association in 2006 gave Internat ional recognition to the Thang Ta Federation of India (TTFI). The TTFI, Asian Thang Ta 1st – India, Iran, 2011 - 2 Federation, Korea Thang Ta fame of the Thang Ta sport also started spreading outside India. 10th Korea, 2019 Federation The World Thang Ta Council (WTTC)/Federation (WTTF) Champio nship was established under the Chairmanship of Oja Huidrom Premkumar, as an international apex body, with Meetei/Meitei Source: Primary Data Huyen Lallong Thang Ta Academy being the international 39228 | P a g e Lourembam Sundeep Meitei et al., Exploring Motivations and Prospects of Thang Ta, Ancient Manipuri Martial arts Among the Students in Manipur

METHODOLOGY by the learned guru. Yong Jae Ko (2010)13 Martial arts include such disciplines as Aikido, Hapkido, Judo, Jujitsu, Karate, A questionnaire was prepared to analyse the motivating factors Kendo, Kungfu, Sanshou, Tai Chi, Taekwondo, Tang Su Do in the involvement of Thang-Ta among the school and college and Wushu, among many. Today, as a result of tremendous going students in Manipur. To collect the primary data 100 growth of this industry, martial arts have become an integral samples who were involved in Thang-Ta activity were part of sports and physical activity culture that convey lifestyles purposively studied. Multi stage sampling method was adopted and values of education and entertainment in many western to fulfil the analysis. At the first stage Thang Ta Federation of countries. Recently, the Government of India, Khelo India India (TTFI), Yumnam Huidrom, Manipur was contacted to Schemes included Thang Ta as an indigenous sport in their Fit meet the objectives of the study. In the Second stage, Five India campaign. In the Education sector, Thang Ta is added as valley districts of Manipur were selected purposively because a supplementary subject syllabus in the Board of Secondary Thang Ta is more commonly practiced by the Meitei Education Manipur (BOSEM), Council of Higher Secondary community who are mainly residing in the valley district of Education Manipur (COHSEM). In the college/University level Manipur. The districts are Bishnupur, Imphal East, Imphal Thang Ta is a separate department offering three year degree West, Kakching and Thoubal. Under each district, one course in Manipur University of Culture. academy/centre or maheikol were randomly selected as per the convenience of the researchers. In the third stage respondents Figure 3 briefly explains the basic norms of Thang Ta. Many were randomly asked to fill the questionnaire. Interview martial arts follow some codes of conduct as the rules of the schedule was used for the students who are below ten years. game, but Thang Ta has its own unique characteristics. Irene The secondary data were taken from websites of TTFI, Martinkova (2019)10 It emphasize moral improvement through publication of Journals and reports of GOI in the field of sports adherence to moral principles, Codes of Conduct and virtuous and other related area of study. The collected data were practice. They often also draw upon selected ideas from tabulated, coded, categorised and quantified. The study design philosophical, religious, spiritual or educational teachings. is given in figure 1.

Figure 3 Codes of Conduct of Thang Ta

Figure 1 Methodology (Samples respondents selection from District and Motivating Factors of students Institute) It is of immense importance to know what motivates the people RESULT AND DISCUSSION especially young generation to undertake the martial art. Abdulmenaf Korkutata, (2016)14 Children and young people's Highlighting uniqueness of Thang Ta willingness to participation to sport and identifying what are The Meitei believed that the practice was originated with the the factors that motivate them, resulted as an important area of creation of life on earth. Khilton N (1998)12 Its origin lies in the study for researchers. There are many factors of motivation timeless creation myths where, according to local legend, all behind the involvement in sports or martial arts. Katharina movements of the Manipuris originated from Thang Ta. Thang Diehl (2018)15 Adolescence and emerging adulthood is a time Ta is the only martial arts which come under the arms of of physical, social, psychological, and structural changes, performing art, culture, ritual, ceremony, sports and education. which may influence barriers to and motivations for physical activity.

Table 2, explains the age group of the respondents who practices Thang Ta in the valley districts of Manipur. Majority (46%) of the samples belonging to 11 -16 years falls under the

adolescence group. 25% were to 5 -10 years, which means Figure 2 Domains of Thang Ta from the very early age, the skill can be acquired. Youth In the demonstration of Thang Ta as performing arts decorative belonging to age group 17-22 years in the study comprises of swords known as leiteng haiba, sarit sarak, thabi kakpa etc. are 22% .7% of the respondents were above 23 years but less than commonly practiced and shown. In terms of culture, Thang Ta 35 years. From the study we can state that Thang Ta can be is indigenous and associated with Manipur, the art is started practicing from the very early childhood till they 16 showcased in many cultural programmes all over the world for become gurus or sintakpurel. Elzbieta Biernat (2018) example Ranganiketan Cultural Art Troupe performed in many mentioned that instilling the values which can be conveyed by countries. Thang Ta was, for the first time, demonstrated as a Martial Arts can lead to the establishment of healthy habits in game in the 5th National Games in 1999. In the local ritual adulthood. practices Thang Ta art namely ta khousaba, thengourol are mainly performed in the state. Thengourol is usually performed 39229 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 07 (B), pp. 39227-39233, July, 2020

Table 2 Distribution of Age of the respondents region. From the total respondents 6% mentioned that they practice the art for personal interest, love for the motherland S. No. Age Group Frequency (n=100) Percentage (%) 1 5 – 10 years 25 25 and want to be a professional in the area. It is found that 2% 2 11 – 16 years 46 46 each of the respondents undertake the activity because ‘institute 3 17- 22 years 22 22 is nearby’ and ‘teacher asked’. These factor though extrinsic in 4 23-28 years 4 4 nature but may become a factor for intrinsic motivation later. 5 29 – 34 years 3 3 Total 100 100 2% respondents didn’t answer the reasons for practicing Thang 3 Ta. Zhen Hao Zeng (2019) noted pleasant and active Source: Primary Data relationship between coaches and athletes/students also From the research study, it is noted in Table 3, that 58% male influenced engagement motivations. Elzbieta Biernat (2018)16 and 42% female participated in the said martial art, which mentions, where lifelong physical exercise is likely to represent means both the gender prefer the skill in the form of an important component of developing character, improving performing art or sports. In this study there is a gender health, quality of life, and prevention of the diseases of difference of 16% only for practicing Thang Ta. Michal affluence. These needs can be met by the increasing availability Kudlacek (2008)17 also found that there is no obvious and access to inexpensive sports facilities near the place of difference in male and female preference of martial arts. residence or work. Thomas W Woodward (2009)18 Participation in the martial arts It can be noted that in the study, majority of the respondents is increasing, particularly for youth. Martial arts provide health- were motivated intrinsically ‘personal interest’, ‘want to be a promoting and meaningful exercise for millions of professional’ ‘love for Manipur’ are the main reasons for practitioners. Benefits from this practice include better overall practicing Thang Ta. To make the person involve as full person health and balance, as well as an improved sense of (mind, body and spirit) such an intrinsic motivation is required. psychological well being.

Table 3 Distribution of Gender of the respondents

S. No. Gender Frequency (n=100) Percentage (%) Guardian interest, Institution near … 1 Male 58 58 Personal interest, To be … 2 Female 42 42 Total 100 100 Personal interest & Parents interest

Source: Primary Data To be Professional To the policy makers especially the government it is of utmost Teacher asked importance to identify the motivating factors for practicing the Thang Ta by the younger generation. The findings of the study Personal interest, can be incorporated in their policies and programmes to have 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 an inclusive policy in the domain of education- performing art, culture and sports.. In this era of stress and anxiety practicing martial arts, Thang Ta where prayer, respect, discipline, Figure 4 Distribution of reasons for Practicing Thang Ta meditation, physical and mental fitness is of prime importance. Working hour and motivation for an activity is closely related Brandon Gaille (2018)19 expressed that martial arts provides to have a productivity and constructive environment. In sports participants with improved mobility. It improves core strength the more hours people practices correctly the more they are and power. Many participants report improved flexibility, motivated towards excellence. In the present study, 54% of the stability, and coordination. It provides stress relief and even respondents practices for 12 – 14 hours weekly, which means lowers blood pressure levels. daily 2-3 hours they are in the centre for the Thang Ta class. Figure 4, shows the motivating factors behind practicing Thang 16% respondents’ practices 9 – 11 hours weekly and those Ta by the respondents, majority (35%) practices Thang Ta for engaged 6 – 8 hours comprises of 18%. Children below 10 personal interest in the field. Personal interest comes from years practices 3 -5 hours weekly and some of them practices within the self of the individual, which is an intrinsic on alternate days (Figure 5). Gareth Jones, 200621 mentioned motivation. Such a motivation is required for the continuity and that the four most important participation motivations evident proficiency of the skill. Abdulmenaf Korkutata (2016)14 ‘There were ‘Affiliation’, ‘Fitness’, ‘Skill Development’ and is a relationship between participation motivation in sport and ‘Friendship’ supporting the contention that broad participant interest in the sport’. 16% of the respondents solely mentioned motives for martial arts engagement. The three least influential that they have a love and feelings of their motherland motives, indicating their limited importance as motivations for ‘Manipur’. They mostly fall in the youth age group too. Martin participation in the martial arts, were ‘Rewards/status; Meyer (2018) 20 found that the cultural mindset has general ‘Situational’ and ‘Competition. effects on the balance and mechanics of individual and social motives. In the present survey, Some 15% wants to be a professional in the field, which may be boosted by personal interest. There is an influence of parents and guardian too, 13% of the respondents responded that they practice the art because of their parents. Many parents might have talk about benefits of Thang Ta. Nowadays many parents look for off school learning activity. Thang Ta is one good avenue for the people of the 39230 | P a g e Lourembam Sundeep Meitei et al., Exploring Motivations and Prospects of Thang Ta, Ancient Manipuri Martial arts Among the Students in Manipur

Thang Ta. Some (12%) wants to be an artist in future. Only 7% 3 – 5 hours of the respondents want to open academy or institute. It ranks 12% sixth, the reason being the lack of entrepreneurial motives in the state among the youths. 16% of the respondents mentioned 6 -8 hours two or three career oriented activity in their later future.

18% 12 -14 hours Table 5 Distribution of career oriented future prospect in 54% Thang Ta 9 -11 hours S. Frequency Percentage 16% Career options Ranking No. (n=100) (%) To become 1 15 15 Second teacher To open 2 7 7 Sixth academy To become part 3 5 5 Eight time trainer

To demonstrate 4 12 12 Third Figure 5 Distribution of practicing hours (weekly) of the respondents (artist) To participate in Many researchers proved that martial art is a good physical national / First 5 36 36 activity, where mind and body is involved consciously. Yong international Jae Ko, 201013 found that regardless of types of martial arts and competition competition orientation, two existence factors (i.e. fun and To become 6 teacher, To open 9 9 Fifth physical fitness) and one sport-specific characteristic (i.e. academy aesthetics) were found to be the three most important reasons To become why people participate in martial arts. In the present study teacher, To open academy, To ‘physical fitness’, ‘mental consciousness’ and ‘self defence’ 7 10 10 Fourth were rated as first because 40% of the total respondents participate international mentioned that they practices Thang Ta because of the above competition 22 three reasons. Marc Theebom and e tal (2009) found that To open learning self defence skill was one of the most important academy, To participation motives among the children in their study. The 8 participate 6 6 Seventh skills were primarily regarded as a protection from becoming international competition victims of bullying at schools. It appears, however, that their 100 100 parents were more concerned with their children safety on the Source: Primary Data streets. In the present study 31% of the respondent plays Thang Ta for self defence, which ranks second. Self defence is useful Martial arts could be means for personal and interpersonal if need arises. 12% of the respondents mentioned ‘Physical development. Di erent dimensions of the martial arts (i.e., fitness’ as the positive vibes in playing Thang Ta. Remaining physical, psychological, social and spiritual) could help respondents indicated ‘spirit of strength’, ‘extra curricular adolescents meet their fundamental needs and thereby activity’, mental consciousness as a positive aspects of Thang achieve a state of well-being. Future Prospects of Thang Ta Ta. In the light of the above description, it may be mentioned that Table 4 Distribution of Rating scales for Positive vibes the State having rich cultural heritage and talents of the youth

S. Frequency Percentage should not be neglected. The strength, weakness, opportunity Positive vibes Ranking No. (n=100) (%) and threats have to be analysed to have a prospective strategy 1 Physical fitness 12 12 Third in the field of Thang Ta. Though the inclusion of Thang Ta as a 2 Mental consiousness 3 3 Sixth supplementary subject is encouraging, the persons concerned in 3 Self Defence 31 31 Second 4 Spirit of Strength 5 5 Fifth the field have to act as a catalyst to make the martial art, Extra curricular prospective. The domain of Thang Ta is diverse, one can seek 5 2 2 Seventh activity entrepreneurial prospect in terms of cultural tourism and health Physical fitness, 6 7 7 Fourth tourism. Many researchers have pointed out the health benefit Mental consiousness Physical fitness, of practicing martial arts. Even the University Grants Mental Commission (UGC) has also notified guidelines for an 7 40 40 First consciousness, Self Institutional Fitness Plan in the Higher Educational Institutions Defence for promoting fitness and well being in Universities and Total 100 100 Colleges, as part of Fit India Movement. The establishment of Source: Primary Data ‘National Sports University’ in the state is a way forward for

inclusion of different sports of the region. Table 5, explains about the career related to Thang Ta in their future among the students. A rating scale was used to measure The festival held in the state namely ‘Sangai Festival’ can be a the most significant career oriented in future after practicing the good avenue to make this martial arts as a decoration, health art. Surprisingly, the first rank (majority i.e. 36%) of the treatment and medical tourism. The skilled person can open respondents wants to participate in national and international self defence academy especially for ladies or girls which will competitions. 15% states that they want to become a teacher of 39231 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 07 (B), pp. 39227-39233, July, 2020 be a good prospective opportunity. The attire worn by the 5. Parul Shah and e tal. Relationship of Dance and Theatre, players and artists in the field is very unique, indicating the Study of Rupaka and Upa Rupaka, Traditional Theatres history and origin of the state. Some of the common attire and of India, Kalaripayattu and Thang-Ta. Paper 2, Module equipments especially used in the competitions can be 31, Pathshala, A Gateway to all Post Graduate courses, manufactured and traded. Nation Mission on Education through ICT, Ministry of Human Resource Development, GOI [online]. [cited 2020 June 30]. Available from: URL www. http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_conte nt/S000451PA/P001528/M016693/ET/1466161756P2M 31TEXT.pdf 6. Antonio Silva and Antonio Quaresma. Motivations and

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How to cite this article:

Lourembam Sundeep Meitei et al.2020, Exploring Motivations and Prospects of Thang Ta, Ancient Manipuri Martial arts Among the Students in Manipur. Int J Recent Sci Res. 11(07), pp. 39227-39233. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1107.5461

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