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Sui Hanedanı'nın Yıkılış Döneminde Çıkan İsyanlar Ve İsyancıların

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Sui Hanedanı'nın Yıkılış Döneminde Çıkan İsyanlar Ve İsyancıların Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi (KOUSBAD) 10, Güz 2019, ss. 117-138. __________________________________________________________________________________________ Sui Hanedanı’nın Yıkılış Döneminde Çıkan İsyanlar ve İsyancıların Göktürklerle İlişkileri The Revolts During the Fall of the Sui Dynasty and the Relations of the Rebels’ With the Göktürk 1 Furkan ACAR Özet Sui Hanedanı (581-618) gücünü kaybetmeye başladığında, ülkenin her yerinde komutanlar, valiler ve geniş arazi sahipleri ayaklanarak güç sahibi olmak için yarışıyordu. 617 yılında Tang Hanedanı’nın (618-907) eski başkent Chang-an’a girmesi ve ertesi yıl Sui imparatorunun katledilmesiyle, isyancıların hedefi Tang Hanedanı’na yönelmişti. Dönemin Göktürklere biçtiği rol ise bambaşkaydı. Bütün isyancılar aradığı siyasi, ekonomik ve askeri desteği dönemin Göktürk kağanlarının otağında bulmuştu. İsyancılar kuzeye giderek kağana tabi olmuş, karşılığında ondan ordu ve unvanlar alarak rakiplerine üstünlük kurmaya çalışmıştı. Aynı şekilde Tang Hanedanı da Shibi Kağan’ın askeri desteğine mazhar olmuş; bu şekilde Chang-an’ı alabilmiş ve devletini kurabilmişti. Göktürkler üstlendikleri hamilik rolü sayesinde, Çin’in iç bölgelerine kadar seferler yapmış, kuzey Çin’de birçok yere asker yerleştirmişti. Ancak bu kısa süreli faydalar kalıcı hale getirilememişti. Tang Hanedanı’nın yükselişi önlenememiş; karışıklığın sürmesi sağlanamamıştı. Sonrasında Chang-an önlerine kadar uzanan akınlar ise, Göktürklerin çöküşüne engel olamayacaktı. Bu çalışmada bahsi geçen isyanlar ve liderlerinin Göktürklerle ilişkileri incelenmeye gayret edilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Göktürkler, Sui Hanedanı, Tang Hanedanı, Shibi Kağan, isyan. 1 Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans öğrencisi, [email protected] 117 Furkan ACAR ___________________________________________________________________________ Abstract During the Sui Dynasty (581-618) collapse emissaries (commanders, governors, and landlords) throughout the country revolted to rise to power. In 617, the following year after that the Tang Dynasty (618-907) entered the former capital Chang-an, and the Sui emperor was assassinated, the rebels' aimed the Tang Dynasty. The Göktürk played an incomparable role at that time. All the rebels had found the political, economic and military support from the Göktürk Khan. Rebels marched throughout the north, became khan and tried to establish transcendency over their rivals by receiving army support and titles from Göktürk Khan. Like-wise, the Tang Dynasty was granted Shibi Kagan's military support; thus, were able to get the Chang-an and establish the state. It was the patronage role the Göktürk played and marched to the inner regions of China and deployed troops in many places in Northern China. However, these interim benefits couldn’t be made permanent. Rise of the Tang Dynasty couldn’t be prevented; the continuation of the turmoil wasn’t achieved. Then the raids extending to the front of the Chang-an wouldn’t prevent the collapse of the Göktürk. In this research paper, the rebellions and their relations with Göktürk will be discussed and analysed. Keywords: The Göktürk, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Shibi Kagan, revolt. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi (KOUSBAD) 10, Güz 2019, ss. 117-138. __________________________________________________________________________________________ GİRİŞ Göktürk Devleti 552 yılında kurulduğu sırada Çin parçalanmış haldeydi. Kuzeyde Zhou ve Kuzey Qi Devletleri hüküm sürerken, güneyde Liang (502-556) ve Chen (557-588) gibi devletler hâkimdi. Daha sonra Zhou Devleti, Kuzey Qi Devleti’ni ortadan kaldırarak tüm kuzey Çin’e hâkim oldu. Yuwen ailesi, önceleri bu devlette idari ve askeri görevlerde yer alırken, daha sonra devleti fiilen yöneten bir konuma gelmişti. Nihayet 581 yılında hâkimiyeti tamamen ele geçirerek Sui Hanedanı’nı kurdular. Güneyde ise Liang ve Chenleri ortadan kaldırarak 588 yılında yaklaşık üç yüz yıl sonra Çin’i yeniden bir araya getirmeyi başardılar2. Sui Hanedanı’nın ilk imparatoru Wen (581-604), tahta çıktığı ilk günden itibaren Göktürkler arasına atılan nifak tohumlarını destekledi. Bu politikaya yıllarca Ötüken’de ve Göktürk ülkesinin çeşitli yerlerinde faaliyet gösteren Çinli devlet adamı Zhang Sunsheng’ın sunduğu raporlar yol gösteriyordu. Bu doğrultuda; Tardu’ya kurt başlı sancak sunarak Göktürklerin ikiye bölünmesine ortam hazırladı. Doğuda tahta çıkan İşbara Kağan’ı (582-587) baskı altına alarak; önce düşmanlarının, sonra da Kağan’ın kendisinin Çin’e bağlanmasını sağladı. Daha sonra Çin’e bağlılığını kanıtlamış olan Qimin Kağan (603-609) sayesinde, Göktürk ülkesini tam anlamıyla hâkimiyeti altına almayı başardı. 605 yılında babasını devirerek tahtı ele geçiren Sui İmparatoru Yang (605-617) da onun Göktürk politikasını devam ettirdi. Bu dönemde İmparatorun Göktürk politikasını yönlendiren kişi, Batı Türkistan ile ilgili eserleriyle tanıdığımız Peiju idi. Bu dönemde Sui Hanedanı, kendini tüm Göktürk ülkesinin kağanı ilan eden Tardu’yu ortadan kaldırdı (603) ve mirasçılarını yine birbirine düşürdü. Halefi Chulo Kağan’ın (603-611) amcası Shegui’yi kışkırtarak Chulo Kağan’a saldırttı. Ardından zor duruma düşen Chulo Kağan’ın yine Sui Hanedanı’na sığınmasını sağladı (611). 611 yılına gelindiğinde Sui Hanedanı, Liaodong (Çin’in kuzeydoğusu) bölgesinde Kore Savaşı’nı başlattılar. Ancak büyük bir başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan bu savaş Sui Hanedanı’nın gücünü kırdı. Doğu Göktürkleri Sui ordularının Liaodong’daki başarısızlığını öğrenmişti ve zor durumda olduklarını biliyordu. 615 yılında Shibi Kağan, Yenmen’da İmparator Yang’ı 8. ve 9. ay boyunca kuşattı. Bu hezimet Sui Hanedanı’na ağır bir darbe indirdi. İmparator Yang, artan Göktürk baskısından korkarak, hemen ertesi yıl, tüm itirazlara rağmen, başkent Lo-yang’ı terk ederek daha güneydeki Jiang-du’ya yerleşti. Ancak bu kaçış 2 Chavannes, 2007, 324. 119 Furkan ACAR ___________________________________________________________________________ Göktürk akınlarını önleyemediği gibi, Sui Hanedanı’nın otoritesindeki zayıflığı da gözler önüne serdi3. Son derece tutumlu davranan babasının aksine, İmparator Yang oldukça savurgandı. Yapılan büyük harcamalar; kanal ve saray inşaatları, imparatorla birlikte tüm maiyetinin katıldığı ülke gezileri oldukça masraflıydı. Ayrıca çevrilen entrikalar da pahalı hediyeler gerektiriyordu. Bundan başka Kore ile yapılan uzun savaş da hezimetle sonuçlanmıştı. Tüm bunlar devleti ekonomik ve idari yönden zayıflatmıştı4. Sui Hanedanı bu şekilde zayıflarken, Göktürkler güçleniyordu. Zamanında Qimin Kağan Sui Hanedanı’nın desteğiyle Göktürk tahtına oturmuştu. Onun Çin’e gönülden bağlı kalarak Göktürk ülkesini bir araya getirmesi, o sıralar Sui Hanedanı için büyük bir başarı niteliğinde olsa da; Shibi Kağan dönemine gelindiğinde, Sui Hanedanı’nın yaptığı bu yardım onların aleyhine dönmüştü. İç meseleleri büyük ölçüde çözülmüş olan Göktürkler, eski güçlerine kavuşmaya başlamıştı. 615 yılındaki Yenmen kuşatması, Sui Devleti’nin bozuk durumunu gün yüzüne çıkarmıştı. Çok geçmeden ülkenin her yanında isyanlar baş gösterdi. Sui hâkimiyetine başkaldıran Xue Ju, Dou Jiande, Wang Shichong, Liu Wuzhou, Liang Shidou, Li Gui ve Gao Kaidao gibi isyancılar kuzeye gelerek Shibi Kağan’a bağlandılar ve ondan ordu ve unvanlar aldılar. Yine bu dönemde Kitanlar, Tuyuhunlar ve Turfan gibi ülkeler Çin’den uzaklaşmış ve Çin’in eski zenginliği kalmamıştı5. Öte yandan bu isyanların en önemlisi, Tang lideri Li Yuan'in isyanıydı. Li Yuan iki bin kişilik iyi ok atan ve ata binen bir birlik oluşturmuştu. Sonra bunları Göktürkler gibi beslemiş ve onlar gibi suları ve otlakları takip ederek avcılık, atıcılık ve binicilik gibi meziyetleri öğretmişti. Neticede Göktürk askerî vasıflarını kazanan bu askerler, ileride ona parlak zaferler elde etmesine yardımcı olacaktı. Hatta 616 yılında Çin’e karşı gerçekleşen Göktürk akınlarında bazı küçük saldırıları bu birlik durdurmuştu6. 617 yılına gelindiğinde Li Yuan, Göktürklerden destek alan rakiplerine karşın, fazla bir askerî güce sahip değildi. Yardımcılarından Liu Wenjing, ona kendilerinin de Göktürklerden askerî destek istemelerini tavsiye etti. Bunu kabul eden Li Yuan, hazırlanan 3 Chavannes, 2007, 261-262, 326; Eberhard, 1995, 196-197; Liu, 2006, 96; Taşağıl, 2012, 65-66. 4 Eberhard, 1995, 196-197. 5 Taşağıl, 2012, 65-66, 101; Eberhard, 1995, 196-197; Chavannes, 2007, 261-262, 326; Liu, 2006, 96. 6 Taşağıl, 2012, 65-66. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi (KOUSBAD) 10, Güz 2019, ss. 117-138. __________________________________________________________________________________________ hediyeleri kendi yazdığı mektupla birlikte Shibi Kağan'a gönderdi. Mektupta “Bir ihtilal ordusu harekete geçirmek istediğini, gelip buna yardım ederse müttefik olacaklarını; ancak onlara yardım ettikleri takdirde ahaliyi yağma etmemelerini, sert davranmamalarını istediğini; bu şekilde Göktürklerin önüne bir sürü altın ve mücevherin serileceğini ve bunlardan istediklerini seçeceklerini" bildirdi. Shibi Kağan karşılık olarak “Artık Sui Hanedanı’nın yıkıldığını ve Tang ordusuna yardım etmelerinin kendi menfaatlerine uygun olacağını" söyledi. Bununla birlikte, Göktürk ordusunun tahribatından çekinen Li Yuan kararsız kalmıştı. Bu sırada devreye giren Pei Ji ve Liu Wenjing “Tibetlilerin atlarının zayıf, Göktürklerinkinin ise kuvvetli olduğunu, askerleri olmasa bile atlarının kaçırılmaması gerektiğini, aksi takdirde pişman olacaklarını" söylediler. İktidarını kurmak için Göktürk yardımına muhtaç olduğunu anlayan Li Yuan, “Kulaklarımızı onların yağmalarına kapayalım, sonra
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