The peoples--the Spaniards, the Indians, the Americans--and nature in the literature of Arizona

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Authors Boyer, Mary G.

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/316269 The Peoples - the Spaniards, the Indians, the Americans -

and Nature in the Literature of Arizona

by

Mary G. Boyer

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts

in the College of Education, of the

University of Arizona

1 9 3 0 llluiurrstty of a1rilona

MEMORANDUM

FROM: TO, J):" .�� SUBJECT:

DATE: SIGNED:

FORM A E9� '11 /?:::J CONTENT

Page

I. Introduction ...•...... •...•.•.•.•.••••••...••••. 1

• • II. Pe e s • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• op l , • • • • • 2

. • 1. The Spaniards ...... • . . . . . • • • . . . . • . . . . • .• 2 a. Coronado and the conquistadores ••....•..••.•.. 2 Winship's account of the march Conrard's poem of the entrada Dodge's poem expressing effect on the Indians La Farge's reference to their horses

b. Missionaries .•....•....•.••.•••.....•••••••••• 9 Dodge's influence of Tumacacori Conrard's religious fervor of San Xavier Forbes's influence on tourists today c. Spanish-Indian-American Mixture •...... ••..• 11 Robinson's The Witchery of Rita - customs, religion, and superstitions Garces' reference to the acequias Coudert's washing in the irrigatiori ditches Bushby's Spanish dance :McClintock's description of Tucson Conrard's In Old Tucson Hall's In Old Tucson Dovre's roll of Mexican school children

2. The Indians •••...••.....•..•.....•...•.•....••.. 20

a. Kino's writings of the Indians ....••..•...••• 20 Affability of those at San Xavier Amusements of the Indians His teaching them horse-racing His comments on their religious beliefs

b. Others' beliefs and customs •...... ••...• 22 Opa nation's story of creation Moqui or Hopi nation Kino's religious interest in them Garces' description of life at Oraibi Hair of the Indian Kino. found hair used in religious ceremony Garces wrote of the squash-blossom coiffure Conrard's poem - A Hopi Pastoral - uses the coiffure

c. Sending the Indian to school •••....••••.••.••• 25 Kino sent them as punishment Ryan gives the attitude of the Hopi toward school and religion La Farge gives the attitude of the Navajo d. Hughston's expression of the influence of San Xavie� in the Papago nation today ••••.•••••• 28

n A 12.19!/ . 80� Page

e. Indian \11arfare. . . • • • . . • • . . . • . • . . . . • • • • • • • • • •• 28 Kino's findings Robinson lays the vengeance of Cochise at the door of the United States Pumpelly's adventures with the Apaches Other publications with warfare as basis

3. The Arne ricans. • . . • • • • . • . . • • • • . • • • • • . . • • • • • • • . . •• 33

a. The cowboy •.••.••••.•.••.•.••••••••.••.••.•• ·• 33 Clark's the riding of the cowboy Coburn's novel and other writings b. The sheepherder •••.•.•.••••••••.•••.•.••••••• 36 Barnes's Dummy - sheep saved in a snow storm

c. The homesteader •.•••.•.••••••...•••.•..•••••• 37 Carr's meager home Barnes's Stutterin' Andy - hardships of the life of the homesteader

d. The uurie.r ••••••••..•••••••..••••••••••••••••• 38 Kino's mine s Hoffman's The Prospector Lowdermilk's freighter Industry of mining Books on mining centers " e • Military life •.••••••••••• •.••••.•••••••••••• 42 O'Neill's story of the passing of the drum corps Books from the woman's point of view

f. The lvfo rmons • . . . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • . . • . . • • . • . . • • • •• 45 Immortal road of the Mo�mon Battalion Dellenbaugh's praise of the clean communi ties of the l�!ormons

g • .Adventurers •.••.•••••••.••••••....••• 4! • • • • • •• 46 Mention of Patties as trappers Oatman girls' experience as captives The Red Baron claims Arizona as heir ·to the Peralta grant

h. Politicians •••..••••••••••••••••••••.•••.•••• 46 Robinson's The Man from Yesterday Fennell's The lImn the People Chose

i. The bad men...... • • . • . . • • • . . • • • • . • . . . • . • • •• 47 Nieve's Early Days in Arizona - bad men Rose's Billy Brazelton - Arizona's highwayman Hall's The Mercy of Na-chis - the gambler 'Hall's The Sguaw Man j. Pioneers...... 50 Vfuite's The Old Frontiersman O'Hara's The Pioneer

k. People of today ••••••••••• � ••••••••.••••••••• 52 Richardson's airpilot

ii Page

Gilchrist's the sick Lloyd's the out-of-door sleeper

III • Nature ••••••..•.•••••••..•.••...•..•• '. . . . • • . . . •• 56

1. Th e c Ii rna t e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 5 6 Kino's comments Brown's History of Arizona - gives the devil as the maker Stabler's It Is Unusual 2. The Rains...... 58 Clark's The Rains - joy at coming of rains Bisby's The Torrent - destructive force of torrent

3. The SnoV'/ ·.••.••...... •..••••• 60 Lloyd's San Francisco Mountain - beauty and purity Barnes's Lost in the Petrified Forest - frozen in the cold

4. The Sand and the Sand Storms •...•••••••••••••••• 63 Bolton tells of Kino's Camino del Diablo Kino tells of stretches of sand Kino tells of a sand storm Downing's Song of the Sand Storm Van Dyke's sand whirls Writers' use of sand storms in story and novel

5. The Desert ••••••.••••••••••••..••••••••••••••••• 65 Van Dyke's account of survival on the desert Everett's poem on the desert's calmness RocKwood's feeling of the desert mother Dick Wick Hall's The Salome Sun - satire on desert living

6. Desert Grov/th ••••••.•••.•••.•••••••••••••••••••• 68

Robinson's Desert Plant Pioneers - Trees and Shrubs Pattie's description of the giant cacti RaIl's The Desert Queen - the saguara Stabler's Origin of the Giant Cacti Stabler's How the Flowers get their Color

7. The :pines •••••••••.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 70 01.: Conrard's The Songfthe Pines Conrard's lullaby from the mother pine 8. Animal Life...... 72 Young's The Desert Mourner - the coyote Last's The l�iourning Dove McCluskey's The Red Winged Blackbird Pattie's description of the wild hog Douglas's The Gila Monster Wallace'S use of the rattlesnalce in. her novel The Lure of the West Donovan's The Burrow

iii Page

Barnes's Camel Buntin' and other books dealing with animal and plant life

9� Natural Wonders ••••••••••••.•••••.•.••• � .••••••• 80 Garces' account of the Colorado and Cataract Canyon Garces' account of the Little Colorado Garces' account of the floods of the river Hall's The Song of the Colorado - the sweep and power of the river Lloyd's The-urand Canyon Conrard's The Grand Canyon Thompson's The Legend of Rock Johnston's In the Desert Shi�of laiting - legend of Camelback l.lountain Other interpretations of Camelback Hoom-a-thy-a's The Legend of Superstition Mountain Windes finds God in all nature Conrard's love for his garden of wild flowers Stabler expresses the spirit of Arizona

IV. Conclus ion. • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • . . • . . . • • • • • • • • •• 94

Bibl i ography. • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • . . • • • • • • • • • . • • • .. 99

iv CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION Introduction

The purpose of this thesis is to give an inSight into

'the literature written about Arizona - her peoples - the

Spaniards, the Indians, the Americans - and her nature.

The Spanish occupancy gave an insight into the vast

deserts and rivers and mountains. With the natives found

_, here, the Spaniards lived and mixed, and from them developed

a group of people whose influences still are the under- " stratum of society.

Of the Indians m�ch has been written. Even though their

prehistoric dewllings and civilization were eliminated, much

has been given of the various tribes, their habits, customs,

beliefs, hatreds, and superstitions.

Coming soon after the- Spaniards were the Americans.

They entered all fields of work; and, a.lthough many were not

a credit to the civilities and niceties of society, they

were, nevertheless, the pioneer-breakers and the forerunners

of the present civilization.

Along with the interest in the peoples of the state comes

a deep, significant interest in nature. Nature, in all her

climatic and temperamental attitudes, in her peculiar growths

of the soil, in her animal kingdom, and in her geographic

wonders, has been the inspiration and theme of many, many

literary productions. CHAPTER II

THE PEOPLES The Spaniards

Coronado and the Conquistadores

The first people from whom an insight into Arizona is gained, are the Spaniards. Coronado and his conquistadores made the first entrada. George P. Winship, after translating

Casteneda's account of the journey, tells, in his ovm Story of Coronado, of the splendor and brilliancy of the beginning of the march.

"A month before (April 28, 1540) the army passed in review before the Viceroy Mendoza, led by his chosen commander, Francisco Vasquez Coronado. Escorting their chief, rode the young cavaliers just over from Spain, curbing the picked horses from the well-stocked ranches of the viceroy, each resplendent in long blankets flowing to the ground. More than two hundred horsemen held each his. lance erect, while sword and other weapons hung at his side. Some were arrayed in coats of mail, polished to shine like those of their general, whose gilded armor was to bring him many hard knocks a few months later. Others, more practiced in the arts of frontier service, were con­ tent with iron helmets or vizored head-pieces made from the tough bull-hide for which the country has . ever been famous. Behind these came the footmen, bearing crossbows and harquebuses, while some of them were armed with sword and shield. Following these white men with their weapons of European warfare, was the crowd of native allies in their paint and holiday attire, armed with the bow and the club of an Indian warrior. Occasionally the gay crowd parted, with a moment's reverential hush, as the sombre cloak of a gray Friar passed slowly through, adding a touch of peace and holy thoughts to the picture of militant preparation. Next morning they started off, in duly ordered companies, to the con­ quest of the Seven Cities. With them went upwards of a thousand servants and followers, black men and brown men, leading the spare horses, driving pack animals, bearing the extra luggage of their masters, or herding the droves of oxen and cows, sheep and swine, which were to provide fresh food for the army on the march. There were more than a thousand horses in the train of the force, besides the mules, loaded 3

with camp supplies and provlsl0ns, with half a dozen pieces of light artillery, the pedreros or swivel guns of the period." I

No one has handled this first Spanish occupancy of

Arizona better and more completely than has Arizona's late poet Harrison Conrard in Quivira. The introductory Italian

sonnet on "greed" is technically well done and powerful, not

only by reason of the theme treated, but by reason of the

imperialism of modern nations. The blank verse tells the

story and the closing sonnet leaves one with a more reverent spirit of Christian brotherhood.

"Greed is; and full of blame the red desire That prompts its murderous passion. Kings are slaves No less than beggars to it; world-strewn graves Mark its wide waste; ne'er flames the jealous fire Of war where perjured power doth not aspire To some unholy profit; never craves A soul for its foul meed but finds it knaves Through sin and death to urge its aims for hire. In quest, a god; pursued, a phanto�; found, A thing of hell with all the stench of hell About it, choking into fevered swound The noble virtues with the fumes that swell From its foul essence: yet its luring sound All men enticeth, knowing this fUll well.

"Seductive whispers of a land of gold, Far to the north, had touched the empire where Castilian greed, usurping Aztec crown, O'er pagan dust had reared its capital. So was anew the lust for treasure fired Within the breasts of Spain's adventurous crew, And newer conquest for n�w gain proposed.

"With faint report of far-off Cibola, Walled in with gold, another whisper came Of myriad souls in pagan shadow darked, Waiting the touch of Christ's redemption-light Themselves to glorify. So was anew,

l� Winship, George P. The Story of Coronado. 1'1'. 56-7. 4

In the wide fields of His transcendent love, The sweet desire for newer conquest fired Within the bosoms of Christ's hallowed few, Vfuo for His sake so loved their fellow-men Danger and death no dull repugnance found In them that love pursuing.

"Cavaliers, Gay in the plumage of Castilian pride, Eager as love love's eager casement seeking, Lured by a dream of Ophir, treasure-bound, Rode out in quest thereof; but not for gold Did he who led them forth the venture try: Fray Marcos he, his inspiration born Of that pure love for fellow, in pursuit Of which if death be found its recompense, Most sweet were death.

"They went, returned, and bore To Sinaloa's capital report Of the vast land far to the north and west, In treasure rich, and rich in restless souls That yearned to cast the old tradition down, Beating to dust its monstrous gods of stone, And in the New Tradition joyous hail The benediction-sign of EI Senor.

"Born were new hopes of these entrada tales, And of new hopes were new ambitions born, ��ich, taking form, into the fabled land Another journey urged. Proud knights were they, And when forth from the gates of Culiacan Rode Coronado and his cavaliers, High were their hopes of conquest and of gold In the enchanted lands of Cibola: But in the hearts of those of high desire - Fray Marcos, he whose foot the land had trod, And Fray Padilla - in the fore advancing, Hopes were of conquest in the treasure-fields Of Christ's sweet glory.

"Through the wilderness, Gay, guerdon-buoyed, they urged, o'er burning sands, Crying with gaunt despair to cloudless skies (Drouth-calloused skies, bronzed by a savage orb) For the glad rain-cloud's gentle benison. Death lay in wait for each succeeding step In ever-changing form, but foiled, o'ercome, They journeyed on through tedious weeks of tOil, Till o'er the waste the walls of Zuni rose Before their anxious gaze. 5

"Then Cibola No more was dream, but the awaking hung A blight, deep-brooding, o'er the souls of those Whose golden hopes were blackened 'neath the frown Of walls o� meanly earth, where gilded domes, Studded with jewels, and rich palaces In their dream-city in wild riot stood. Then in derision hot rebuke they hurled On gentle Marcos, who, gibe-stung, turned back The patient leagues to far-off Culiacan.

"Before the Spanish arms the humble Cibola Quick fell in conquest. To the north and west Then journey made a band of dauntless'men, And, finding there a group of villages, Possession took in Spain's imperial name. Soon were vast fields accrued to Spain's broad power, And here and there pushed troops of ardent knights, Thirsting for conquest and for treasure mad, Till to the lip of the Bewild'r1ng Gorge, Bathed in a flood of half-translucent mists, In whose far depth a mighty river flowed, Came Cardenas and his intrepid band.

"In Coronado's camp a savage was, EI Turco, from the eastern plains, who fired Anew the Spanish hopes with earnest tales Of treasure-lands far to the east, where stood Majestic cities, gloried with the gold So blindly coveted. In plenty rich, Before the fancy of the dauntless knights The far Quivira rose, a wonderland Where palaces with courts of fretted gold, Azured with turquoise, lifted up their domes, Bright in the glory of a golden sun, High o'er its mural girdle of rare metals.

BLed by EI Turco, toward the sun new-risen The knights of Spain their course impatient turned, In that untraversed empire, as they went, Building in thought broad cities, gorgeous burning In the gay glint of riches infinite, Before whose wondrous majesty e'en swooned Rebellious fancy. Light of heart were they, In sweet anticipation groaning bent With heavy spoil of gold and amethyst.

"Counting the tedious miles, complainingless, On foot toiled Fray Padilla in the van, His the sweet zeal dark souls to sanctify, His quest the glory of the Common King. "Across broad tracts of death-inviting wastes, O�er mountains tipped with sun-disdaining snows Into the boundless plains where maddened herds Of shaggy bison, like tumultuous clouds That slipped their anchors in their skyey seas And fell to earth, toward far Quivira moved The tireless train, ,though ever patient, still Impatient for the sense-appalling glow Of the long search.

"Then from the cunning guide, When e'en impatient patient toil had gro��, Like after days of silent watchfulness From oracle long dumb, the promise came That ere another sun its zenith passed -Quivira's domes would blaze upon their sight In overmastering glory. Passed the sun, Still stretched the plains in distance infinite, And 'gainst the faint horizon outlined was ' Nor dome nor tower.

"Then but another day Quivira would reveal; but, journeyed on, The plains grew vaster in their searching gaze. Another day, and day on weary day, And still Quivira ever was beyond The journey of a brief day's gradual passing.

"The plains grew dull and long the toilsome miles, But still allured by the gay city's largess, In riotous extravagance strewn forth, Each dawn they journeyed toward the rising sun, Until, far-traveled, to the humble huts Of a mean village eame - and this Quivira. Then, sick of heart, in deep dejection turned They to the west, and the long miles retraced Back to the empire of the setting sun.

"Gold found they none; but, struggling in the dark, A plentitude of souls the plains revealed To whom Padilla longed to bring the joy Of El Senor. Then to Quivira turned He once again, and through the same dread waste He journeyed, o'er the same snow-smiling peaks, Across the same wide tracts that erst had felt The tread of feet lured by a golden myth.

"He went - but came not thence, save that his clay His loved brown children from Quivira bore Back to their sweet Isleta, there to rest: But, restless e'er, in death even as in, life, In hallowed quest dark souls to steep with joy, 7

Though passed have many ge-nerations, still His body incorruptible uplifts In punctual time its weight of earthen shield, And from his sepulture his blessing smiles On those he loved with an i��ortal love.

UIn journey long, in hunger and in thirst, In heat and cold, in peril and in pain, And in long watchings, he Quivira found, Quivira brighter than the fairest dream Born of the fancy of Spain's cavaliers, But found it not o'er waste or peak or plain, But through the shadow of the martyr-tomb.

"Kinsmen of God are they who hold it sweet To love their fellows for their Master's sake; Scorned the soft unctions whose allurements make Life's common worm a worldly paraclete, Through hunger, thirst, contagion, cold, and heat That love pursuing, even as He, partake They of Christ's life and love who strive to wake 'The fuller man in man but half complete. And even as He ��o, uncomplaining, gave His life for those He loved, a sacrifice At their own hands, so do His kinsmen crave, For love of Him and them, the blessed prize - Through the dark journey of the martyr-grave - Of Martyr-crown in God's eternal skies." 1

Ida Flood Dodge in When the White Man Came to Tusayan handles the Coronado theme in quite a different way_ The

n conquistadores, in gay "ar-z-ay ", looked toward "mesa heights for "power and Victory." From the same mesa heights, where he had been driven by enemies of centuries past, looked daVin the Indian. Would the "mailed white man" bring peace to him? The village at .the foot of the mesa has brought the "needs" of modern times, and the Hopi tills the soil, herds the flocks, and smokes, in peace.

I . CO,nrard, Harrison Quivira. pp. 13-19. 8

"They rode in fine array, that cavalcade, Conquistadores, searching wealth and fame. Each lance and crossbow with their armor made A flashing gem in desert sun aflame. Thru sands piled high in rainbow hues they came. The Painted Desert called in ecstacy, But, heeding not its voice, they rode, the name Of Tusayan meant power, victory. Toward mesa heights they gazed and read their destiny.

"They rode, Conquistadores from old Spain, The white man in his search for precious gold.

Me anwhfI e , the Hopi watched their glinting train. From heights he saw their gleaming mass unfold. He watched with dread. The desert winds grew cold. His heart was gripped with pain of tribes unborn. He sensed his hopeless climb of years untold, From foe-swept plain to roc�J heights now worn With weary trail from tops to fields of corn.

"He watched the desert glow with prism rays, Mirage and phantom mesa, mystic, veiled. He saw his prOVince, Tusayan ablaze With glory. Now its seven heights had paled To somber gloom. His mesa tops must cease To serve as tribal homes. The white man mailed For war had come. Thru centuries' increase This foe must sweep the Hopi from his heights to peace.

"The sands of Tusayan still scintillate And yield themselves to ardent shifting gleams. Its cliffs and mesa tops are roseate, With glory from the sun's reflected beams The village now below the mesa teems With life. Each year its modern needs increase The Hopi plows his fields and smokes and dreams, His mesa tops, his desert and his fleece Of drifting clouds forgotten in the murky haze of peace."l

So much has the theme of the conquistadores grown into

the life and literature of Arizona that in the very recent novel by La Farge, the author has Laughing Boy find his run­

away horse just north of Winslow, and says of the horse:

1. Dodge, Ida Flood When the White Man Came to Tusayan. Tucson Daily Citizen, May 8, 1928. 9

"It was one of those ponies, occasionally to be found, in which one reads a page of the history of that country; a throwback to Spanish Conquistadores and dainty-hooved, bony-faced horses from Arabia." 1

Missionaries

Following Coronado and the conquistadores came the missionaries sent by Spain. Father Kino, in establishing

San Xavier del Bac and Tumacacori, has left indelibly his

influence upon southern Arizona. The literature of that part of the state is vibrant with the emotions end con­ sequences of the work of the missions.

Old Tumacacori, by Ida Flood Dodge, speaks of the faith that was kept, of the time when the mission of Tumacacori was a center of life, and of the time when the Apache arrows ended its earthly material progress. One has only to visit the neighborhood of Tumacacori to realize the strength of the line - "Thy deeds still live."

"Oh crumbling walls of sun-dried brick of Tumacacori, We see thee slumbering in the sun, Thy youth is past, thy work is done, Thy rest deserved. Still slumber on, Old Tumacacori.

"Time was, when these old crumbling walls Oh Tumacacori, Reared high their heads: a fortress strong, A haven safe. Thy people's song Of praise, to thee, was chanted long, Old Tumacacori.

"Thy watch-tower stood and kept its guard, Oh Tumacacori, From all the valley nestled round, Thy people rushed to thee, and found

1. La Farge, Oliver Laughing Boy. p. 245. 10

A refuge sure at danger's sound, Old Tumacacori.

TfFor years how well thy faith was kept, Old Tumacacori, Then ceme thy death. From vale and hill The Apache horde, with war-cry shrill, Their arrows, flame tipped, left thee still, Old Tumacacori.

nAh crumbling walls of sun-dried brick, Of Tumacacori, Sleep on, nor think thy dey is spent. Thy deeds still live. Thy walls, tho rent, Still stand, a living monument, Old Tumacacori." I

A most deeply religious tone - a tone of the Jesuits

and - is a It'ranciscans that expressed in sonnet , San Xavier

del Bac, by Harrison Conrard.

"I look upon thee, and, as in a glass, I see reflected in thy walls antique The age that was; and gentle Kino, meek In saintly fervor, sings his holy Mass Upon thy desert sands. Then gradual pass Thy swart, bronz'd artisans, slow shaping thee, Till lifts thy miracle of majesty Out of the toil of their broad hands of brass. Now in thy vaulted nave, where subtile skill Of sainted hands hath left inheritance, I kneel with thy dark children, and a thrill Of holy awe hangs o'er, like the hushed trance That bows the pilgrim when alone he stands 'Mid the vast piles that strew the Theban sands." 2

With San Xavier situated near the center of winter tourists, comes an appeal that the aesthetic might still in­ fluence the ethical in Mary E. Forbes' San Xavier.

"Oh Ban xaVier, it may be there are some, Who, when they - idly seeking pleasure, come To look upon your simple stately grace, And sign, because Time dares to scar a face

1. Dodge, Ida Flood Old Tumacacori. (Manuscript) 2. Gonrard, Harrison Quivira. p. 46. 11

So nobly beautiful; and feel the spell That hovers round you, lonely sentinel Of Calvary's faith: then maybe, it shall be That as they look, and go their careless way, Their hearts shall hold you for a day, And sweeter be." I

Spanish-Indian-American Mixture

No writer has been more clever in bringing in the

results of all the Spanish-Indian mixture than has Arizona's

own short-story writer, novelist, and historian - Will H.

Robinson of Chandler - in The Witchery of Rita, a delight­

ful piece of fiction.

"It was in the old Spanish Mission days in the Santa Cruz Valley, when the quail still called 'Cuidado!' instead of 'Quit!' and the domain of the king extended as far through what is now known as Arizona as the viceroy's imagination - restrained only by Apache lances - could carry; a time when Papago neophytes said their prayers regularly and worked fairly faithfully, and when among the 'gente decente' there was always leisure for the gracious word or a copa de vino. "Outside the mission of San XaVier, then but barely completed, a brilliant winter sun bathed the beautiful facade and towers in a flood of golden light, while Indian laborers, directed by brown­ coated friars, were busily clearing away the last of the building litter in preparation for the coming Christmas fiesta. "InSide, high up on the scaffolding under the dome, sat young Rafael Valdez, brought from Guadalajara to do the more important of the interior decorations, and with him Rita Avila, who since baby­ hood had danced on the hard, brown earth of San Xavier with the lightest foot in the valley. "Speaking socially - but .no t otherwise - they were as far apart as the poles, for the youth had an ancestral tree that was rooted among the dons of Castile, while the girl's father was besotted old Sanchez, ex-sergeant in the king's army, the possessor of a thirst for the fruit of the vine that was guar-

1. Forbes, Mary E. San Xavier. 12 ,I

anteed to be absolutely unquenchable. But what difference did that make? He was gallant and she was fair, and - well, that is, in part at least, what this story is about." 1

How delightfully the story moves on with all the

early social distinctions, until the alcalde of Tucson

must be appealed to. The favorite bruja (witch) super­

stition becomes the entanglement in the love story, Rita

being accused of witchcraft. Rita has as her constant

companion Nicolas, her goat, who had once eaten raven

feathers. The deplorable accusations against Rita had been

made by Senora Montoya, who also had a marriageable daughter.

On Christmas eve when little Josito, who had once owned the

goat, was missing, his mother Maria had aroused the village.

The men filed in with white, fear-lined faces, where they saw poor Maria kneeling before the empty manger. Rafael swept the room with frantic eyes. "Padre!" he said, clutching at the priest's sleeve. "In the name of God, tell me where to look!" There was another thunder of hoofs outside, and Don Manuel with Pablo the Papago and the other riders burst through the door. "More witchcraft," cried a Mexican wildly. "We caught the Apaches, but by sorcery the boy was turned into a sack of corn! " At this Rafael walked up to Don Manuel with hands that opened and shut dangerously. "If there is a witch in this town, it is your wife. She tried to have Rita Avila stoned. If the girl is not dead now it is not her fault. :Make her tell us what she had done with her, or, before GOd, I'll choke it out of her." He had scarcely finished speaking when a frantic scream came from the Senora Montoyo, and as they all looked they saw her pointing wildly overhead. "She is flying through the air with Jositol See, there is the goat, tool"

1. Robinson, Will H. The Witchery of Rita. 1'1>. 7 -8. 13

All the people turned their eyes to where she pointed, and with whitened faces stared and crossed themselves. High in the air, almost over their heads now, they saw Rita, not flying, but walking in her sleep along the beam that led to the place in the dome where she had watched Rafael at his work. As the Senora had said, in her arms she carried the little Josito, and in front of her trotted the goat, swaggering as devil-may-care as you please. Scarcely wider than Rita's little feet was the beam, and in the church's dim shadows it was no wonder that the people thought she trod on air. Never hesitating, and with her eyes gently staring into vacancy, she walked until she reached the dome. Many started to cry out, but Padre Narcisco held up his hand. "Quiett" he said, "and down on your knees to God, who by this miracle is returning the baby in the arms of the girl you persecuted, even as the people persecuted the Christ at Jerusalem." One long minute went by and then another. Rita looked vacantly about her, and then as though unable to find the object of her search, turned and again passed over the people's heads while they stared trembling. The beam ended at the gallery, over the entrance, and from there she passed to the tower ,stairs and down them into the body of the church, where the villagers with fearful downcast eyes made a path for her. Here she paused for a moment irresolute, and then walked slowly, not to Rafael, who stood looking at her with his heart in his face, and not to the kindly old padre, but to the altar of the Mother of Sorrows, where she sank slowly down and rested her head against the wall as though she were very tired. For a while, with closed eyes, she seemed in dreamless sleep. �ben she opened them again she was looking into the fa'ce of her lover, who was bending over her. She gazed at him still in that borderland that lies between waking and sleeping. "I am sure I dreamed I heard the beats of your horse's hoofs," she said. Then waking realities came back to her, and she caught his hands. "Tell me that the other terrible things were dreams, too, and that you only, Rafaelito, are real." A half hour later, perhaps it was, after all these things had happened, with little Josito now in the manger, and the people gathered around 14

looking at the tableau of_the Holy Night,'a bell sounded. Rafael and Rita, who had wandered into the moon-lit patio, heard it and looked comprehendingly into each other's 'eyes. "It's midnight! Christmas eve!" said the girl, "It's the hour when all the beasts kneel down. Oh, Rafael, if Nicola would only kneel with the others, maybe his witchcraft would leave him." The lover quickly accepted the comforting thought. "I saw him in the robing room as we came through," he said, "and if he won't kneel otherwise I'd best hold him down. lW brother con­ verted a heathen Yaqui once that way." They hurried back through the open door, and truly as the stars shine over us, the goat was there and down on his knees, and what was more, his head was bowed to, the floor under the padre's case of papers. "Madre de Dios!" cried Rafael, suddenly horrified, "he's eating a prayerbookt" He started to take it from him,but Rita, having a comprehending heart, restrained him. "As you value your salvation, don't stop him, Rafael. Learned men like you and the padre can read their prayers, I can be told them, but how can poor Nicolas get them save he eats them? He got witchcraft through his stomach, why should he not in the same way secure salvation?" 1

other things, which were found and commented upon by the ·early explorers, although their forms may have changed, are still of interest to writers. On November 2, 1775,

Garces records the following of Sacaton:

"There came forth to receive us the Indians of the pueblo with demonstrations of much joy, and methought that they might be five hundred souls. In all these pueblos they raise large crops of wheat, some of corn, cotton, calabashes, etc., to which end they have constructed good acequias, surrounding the fields in one circuit common (to all), and divided those of different owners by particular circuits." 2

1. Ibid. pp. 34-37. 2. Garces' Diary - Coues. On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer. VOl. 1, p. 107. 15

Under the Alamo by Clarissa P. Goudert lilts with

real Spanish flavor.

"Down beside the cool acequia, 'Neath the spreading alamos - 'Midst the play of light and shadow, Carmelita washes clothes.

"From the sun's alembic dripping, Through the leaf-lace liquid gold-; Fair largess, abundant measure, From Apollo's treasure-hold.

"Light it plays o'er slim brown fingers, Dances o'er the platted hair; Turns with alchemistic magic, Faded gown to fabric rare.

"At the sound of passing hoof-beats, On the highway's dusty floor - Dark eyes glance and red lips murmur t Soft: 'Como Ie va senor?

"In the current dipping, dipping,

- Supple arms appear and hide , And a smile, an instant mirrored, Vanishes upon the tide.

"List! ,How �ently the paloma With the irridescent breast, Flutes unto his mate a love-song, ��ile she broodeth o'er her nest.

"There a dragon-fly darts glancing, Homeward toils a laden bee� And an echo, soft Castillian, On the breeze, floats out to me.

"Down beside the cool aeequia, filiere the water idly flows, 'Midst the shifting lights and shadows Carmelita washes clothes." 1

Poets today write of the charms of the senorita. Her grace and beauty in her native dance is the background of

The Fandango by D. Maitland Bushby.

1. Voudert, Clarissa P. Under the Alamos. Phoenix: The Arizona Magazine, April and Ma.y, 1914. 16

Ha, Chiquitat Swing high your castanetst Let us start the dance. Have you given the sign? There - the music, l�owt Aht You are wonderful tonight, Chiquita mia. Tut, look not so at me, Else I lose my step Solving the mystery Of your black eyes. Your hand now, Ready? There, it is done! We have given them Such a dance As they have never seen; The fandango, they say. But no, it was the Dance of the heart; For mine, it is gone When I hold you - so. I

Of the Spanish and Mexican influences in Tucson,

James R. McClintock writes most attractively in his

Arizona, The Youngest State.

"Practically all history of European or American occupation of the present land of Arizona starts in its southeastern section, wherein Tucson, an enduring outpost of civilization, still attaches the romance of the past to the fringe of her activi­ ties as a modern metropolis. The speech of Spain most noticeably lingers within her gates and pride loyally is felt in the perpetuation of Moorish and Spanish types of architecture. The comparative newness of white settlement can be appreciated when it is considered that Tucson is the only Arizona town that dates back of the Civil War. She has known government under three nations and Vias the westernmost post garrisoned by the Confederates. She stood firm as the guard post between the Apaches of the hills and peaceful Indians of the valleys and sheltered the friars of old in their efforts �o establish the faith of the Cross. Al­ most modern she seems today, when superficially

1. Bushby, Maitland D. Mesqui'te Smoke. p. 18. 17

viewed, but below the bustle of business the student finds a most attractive sub-stratum of sentiment, that has served to perpetuate memories of the romantic past, to the times when Spanish cavaliers drew sword for the glory of their king and for the extension of their faith." 1

With this Spanish atmosphere of Tucson, two poems with

the same title and the same meter have been written.

Harrison Conrard's In Old Tucson was written first, and it

is a medallion of Tucson in poetry.

"In old Tucson, in old Tucson, What cared I how the days ran on? A brown hand trailing the viol-string, Hair as black as the raven's wing, Lips that laughed and a voice that clung To the sweet old airs of the Spanish tongue Had drenched my soul with a mellow rime Till all life shone, in that golden clime, With the tender glow of the morning-time. In old Tucson, in old Tucson, Row swift the merry days ran on!

"In old Tucson, in old Tucson, How soon the parting day came onl But loft turn back in my hallowed dreams, And the low adobe a palace seems, Where her sad heart sighs and her sweet voice sings To the notes that throb from her viol-strings. Oh, those tear-dimmed eyes and that soft brown hand! And a soul that glows like the desert sand - The folden fruit of a golden land! In old Tucson, in old Tucson, The long, lone days, 0 Time, speed on!" 2

In Old Tucson by Sharlot Hall is a picture-poem of old Tucson.

"In old Tucson, in old Tucson, How swift the happy days ran on! How warm the yellow sunshine beat Along the white caliche street!

1. McClintock, James H. Arizona, The Youngest State. p. 131. 2. Conrard, Harrison Quivira. pp. 89-90. 18

The flat roofs caught a brighter sheen From fringing house leeks thick and green, And chiles drying in the sun; Splashes of crimson 'gainst the dun Of clay-spread roof and earthen floor; The squash vine climbing past the door Held in its yellow blossoms deep The drowsy desert bees asleep.

"By one low wall, at one shut gate, The dusty roadway turned to wait; The pack mules loitered, passing where The muleteers had sudden care Of cinch and pack and harness bell. The oleander blossoms fell, Wind-drifted flecks of flame and snow; The fruited pomegranate swung low, And in the patio dim and cool The gray doves flitted round the pool That caught her image lightly as The face that fades across a glass.

"In old Tucson, in old Tucson, The pool is dry, the face is gone. No dark eyes through the lattice shine, No slim brown hand steals through to mine; There where her oleander stood The twilight shadows bend and brood, And through the glossed pomegranate leaves The wind remembering waits and grieves; Waits with me, knowing as I know, She may not choose as come or go - She who with life no more has part Save in the dim pool of my heart.

"And yet I wait - and yet I see The dream that was come back to me; The green leek springs above the roof, The dove that mourned alone, aloof, Flutes softly to her mate among The fig leaves where the fruit has hung Slow-purpling through the sunny days; And do,m the golden desert haze The mule bells tinkle faint and far; - But ,where her candle shone, a star; And where I watched her shadow fall - The gray street and a crumbling wall." 1

Today the Mexican names of the pupils in her school

1. Hall, SherIot Cactus and Pine. PI>. 28-29. 19

room have appealed to Kari Dovre in Roll Call.

�ntonia, Lupe, and Rosana, Guillerno and Feliciana, Guade1upe, Maria, Joe, Dominga and Ricardo, Ramon, Enrique and Angel, Concepcion and Ysobel, Alberto and Victoria, Norberto and Gregoria, Raul, Socorro, Valentino, Jose, Edwardo, Augustino, Pedro, Nieves, and Manuel, Regina and Gabriel, Adelia and Josejina, Juan, Jesus and Adalina.

Francisco and Lucia, Alejandro and Sofia, Arturo, Gook and Petricina, Amalia and Cotina, Pablo, Luz and Juanito, Rojelio and Benito, Trinadad, Fulgencio, Rosario and CandidO, Gerado, Berta and Delfine, Teresa, Rita, Marcelino, Esperanza, Tiodoro, Ysaura and Lenora. So it goes from day to day, Don't you think I earn my pay?" 1

1. Dovre, Karl Roll Call. The Tucson Daily Citizen, Je:.nuary 5, 1930. 20

The Indians

Kino's Writings of the Indians

When Kino reached San Xavier del bac, he wrote of the

Indians, on August 23, 1692, in the ardent tone of a spirit­ ual helper:

"I found the natives very affable and friendly, and particularly so in the rancheria of San Xavier del Bac, which contains more than eight hundred souls." 1

The amusements of the Indians also appealed to Kino.

He wrote, on November 22, 1701, of the villages through which he passed on his way to and up the Colorado:

"In all these pleasant and continuous . raneherias there were all this morning many parties and dances, and songs and feasts, with a representation, or dialogue, and, as it were, a little comedy, by the very friendly natives, to the great joy of all." 2

On November 19, 1701, Kino wrote of an amusement that he taught the Quiquimas. He found the Quiquimas were much astonished

"to see our pack-mules and mounts, for they had never seen horses or mules or heard of them. And when the Yumas and Pimas who came with us said to them that our horses eould run faster than the most fleet-footed natives, they did not believe it, and it was necessary to put it to the test. Thereupon a cowboy from Nuestra Senora de los Dolores saddled a horse and seven or eight of the most fleet-footed Quiquima runners set out, and although the cowboy at first purposely let them get a little ahead, and they were very gleeful thereat, he afterwards left them far behind and very much astonished and amazed." 3

1. Kino, EUsibio Historical Memoirs. Vol. 1, p. 122. 2. Ibid. p. 319. 3. Ibid. pp. 314-5. 21

Of the Indian's religious_ beliefs Kino wrote after

his journey of 1699:

"Thanks to the infinite goodness of the Lord, so completely did we effect the desired proof the natives of the Rio G'rande, or de los Apostoles, and their environs, did not roast and eat people, that the Senor Lieutenant JU8.n Mathea Manje, in his careful and well written relation that he wrote of this entry, sa.id that, because there was so much affability, love, and affection on the part of these new peoples, he was of the opinion that years before the venerable Mother Maria de Jesus de Agreda had come to domesticate and instruct them, as there is a tradition that she came from Spain miraculously to instruct some other nations, of New Mexico, for the Reverend Fathers of San Francisco found them already somewhat instructed. Others have been of the opinion that the blessed blood of the venerable father Francisco Xavier Saeta is fertilizing and ripening these very ext�nsive fields." 1

"In all these new conquests and new people where we have traveled they have no particular idolatry or doctrine Which it will be especially difficult to eradicate, nor polygamy, nor bonzes as in Japan and in Great China, and although they greatly venerate the sun as a remarkable thing, with ease one preaches to them, and they compre­ hend the teaching that God most High is the All­ Powerful and He who created the sun, the moon, and the stars, and all men, and all the world, and all its creatures." 2

"The Indians of these new American con­ versions of this North America, because of not having other ministers, are like a blank tablet, or white paper, on which with ease one may write or paint any good thing whatsoever, or imprint the good teaching of our Holy Catholic Faith, whereas the people of Great China and Japan are like a paper already written upon with the evil teaching of their priests, and which, before it is cleansed of blots, usually costs centuries of impossibilities, as we have experienced." 3

1.KIno, Eusibio Historical Uemoirs. Vol. 1, p. 198. 2.Ibid. Vol. 2, p. 270. 3.Ibid. Vol. 2, p. 145. 22

Others' Beliefs and Customs

Coming upon the Opa nation, Garces on �ovember 14,

1775 wrote:

"Having been asked what information they possessed of their ancestors, they told me about the same things as the (Pimas) Gilenos said to the senor commandante, and Padre �ont put in his diary, concerning the deluge and creation; and added, that their origin was from near the sea in which an old woman is still somewhere, and that she it is who sends the corals that come out of the sea; that when they die their ghost goes to live toward the western sea; that some, after they die, live like owls; and finally they said that they themselves do not understand such things well, and that those who know it all are those who live in the sierra over there beyond. the Rio Colorado." 1

The Moquis were of unusual interest to the mission­

aries. Kino wrote in 1699:

"At San Andres l found. the letter and the cross which many months before I had despatched to the Moquis, inviting them to our friendship and their reduction, and urging that they reconcile themselves with our Holy Mother Church, returning to our holy faith. Even some years .before I had urged the same thing; but then as now we found the obstacle or the very difficult passage through the Apaches. Therefore, with new messages and new gifts, and with promise to the bearers that they should be escorted by armed men wherever there was fear of any danger from the Apaches, I again despatched the letter and the cross to the Moquis and to their principal justices, for some knew how to read and write. And, as I shall later set forth, in part the purpose was accomplished." 2

Oraibi, the center of Moqui or Hopi civilization and

trade, has been written about and made always the home of

Hopi traditions. Garces wrote on July 1, 1776:

1. Coues, Elliott On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer - Garces' Diary. Vol. 1, p. 122. 2. Kino, Eusibio Historical Memoirs. Vol. 1, pp. 197-8. 23

"I went one league and half eastsouth­ east, and found a river that seemed to me to be the Rio de San Pedro Jaquesila, and on a mesa contiguous thereto a half ruined pueblo. I asked what that was, and they answered me that it had been a pueblo of the Moqui, and that some crops which were near to the spring of water were theirs, they coming to cultivate them from the same Moqui pueblo (Oraibi)." I

"Deacend.fng and turning about I suddenly found myself in sight of the pueblo. There are two or three tumble-down houses in front of the entrance thereof, and there is seen neither any door nor window. The street which is entered is quite wide, and runs straight from east to west, or from west to east, to the exit from the pueblo, and I believe it to be the only one there is. On one side and the other of this are other cross-streets of the same width, form­ ing perfect squares. I saw also two small open places. The surface is not level, but firm. The pueblo is situated with the lower part toward the east, so that only the streets which run from north to south are level. The houses are of heights some greater, others lesser; according to what I found they have this arrangement: From the ground of the street there rises a wall as it were of a vara and a half, at which height is the court-yard, which is mounted by means of a wooden ladder that may be taken away when they wish. The ladder has no more rungs than are necessary to ascend to the patio; but both the up-rights are very tall. On this patio there are two, or three, or four - all of which I saw - dwelling-places, each with its own door, closed with bolts and keys of wood. Of the house where there is poultry, the coop stands in the patio •. Against the wall on the right or-left - for there are each of these - is plac�d a ladder for as­ cending to the large hall that there is in the a room same middle, and at the sides •. At the collateral walls there is another ladder.to ascend to the roof, which for all the houses is one with those adjoining in the same square; which latter is commonly not very large, owing to the number of streets which intersect. I found, to be more particular, that the houses all present their rear wallS, in such manner that no one can see

1. Coues, Elliott On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer - Garces' Diary. Vol. 2, pp. 357-8. 24

what his neighbor is doing without going up on the roof. The shape of the pueblo is neither perfectly square nor perfectly round." I

The hair of certain Indian tribes is still of interest

to many writers. Kino wrote:

"These nations are by nature very fickle and previously have lived much under authority of their priests, whom they feed, and clothe for their superstitious ceremonies with their hair, which they cut off for this purpose." 2

Garces wrote of the Moqui women:

"The hair they wear done up in two braids; the old women in a former Spanish style, the young ones with a puff over each ear, or all tied up on one side; it would appear from this that they take great care of the hair." 3

The squash-blossom coiffure is always mentioned in

fiction concerning the Hopi women. A Hopi Pastoral, a

sweet love pastoral, shows when the mode is abandoned.

nI in the melons and you on the steep Of the half-barren mesa-slope, trailing your sheep, Why tarry so long, And what is your song Whose sweets to my ear from the bro�� mesa creep? 'Lo-Iomai! Lo-Iomai! Maid in the melons, Your dark glossy hair, Of its arches grown weary, On your brown shoulders bare Is yearning to fall, like the sweet summer rain On the warm glowing sands of the desolate plain!' I in the melons and you. on the steep, While your love-hallowed notes from the brown mesa leap, Hark to my song, As you loiter along Far in the wake of your faint-lowing sheep:

1. Ibid. 1'1'. 362-3.

2. Kino, Eusibio Historical Memoirs. Vol·. 2, p , tn. 3. Coues, Elliott On the Trail of a Suanish Pioneer - Garces' Diary. Vol. 2, p. 385. 25

I in the melons and you on the steep, Vfuile your love-hallowed notes from the brown mesa. leap, Hark to my song, As you loiter along Far in the wake of your faint-lowing sheep: 'Lo-lomai! Lo-lomai! Youth on the mesa, Allured by your prayer, Unwound from its arches, y� dark, flowing hair O'er my shoulders has dropped, like the slant summer rain That drenches the sands of the broad desert plains!'" 1

Sending the Indian to School

Just when the sending of Indians to school as a punishment for deeds considered wrong was instituted, is not known; yet Kino wrote:

"These Pimas Sobaipuris of San Xavier del Bac, having returned in l':ay (1703) to their rancherias, found that some Indians from farther inland had eaten some of the mares of the drove belonging to the church which they had in charge. They went in at once to punish the malefactors, beating many and taking seven children prisoners, which, to compensate for the damage which these malevolent Indians had done to our drove of mares, they sent to Cocospera and Nuestra Senora de los Dolores." 2

The feeling of rebellion at school and of its authority has also become the background of many incidents in literary work. Marah Ellis Ryan, in her charming, soulful Indian

Love Letters, has used it.

"It is quite true. "Your friends who came into the Province of Tusayan for the masked dances of the Hopi Springtime

1. Conrard, Harrison �uivira. pp. 23-4 2. Kino, Eusibio Historical Memoirs. Vol. 2, pp. 34-5. 26

have taken back to you the truth, colored, may be so, by the prejudices of their friends, the missionaries of your faith. But the main state­ ment is a fact. "I can see the beautiful eyes of turquoise widen at the reading of this. I can hear the little sharp breath drawn, and can feel the little shock at the confession I send. "Yes! I am again the Indian! From the mocassin of brown deer skin to the headband of scarlet, there is not anything of the white man's garb to tell your friends that I was a player of the Uni­ versity team, who for a little while was called by a white man's meaningless name, and who sat beside you on the sand of the Eastern Sea a year ago! I "Yes, I will try to tell you how I learned that the Indian's life is best for the Indian. The white man's life is a life unfulfilled for him. It promises everything but l'eaves him with empty hands. 2 "Not anything of conventional religion called Christian has real appeal to the Hopitu. It is too cold -- too far away. The mythology of the Christian does not bring the gods so close as the mythology of the Indian, and all have the same foundation -- created by the minds of men; in­ fluenced.by the Divine universal Spirit of the

Growing Things! 3 . "In the last Flute Ceremony, one of the girls, who led the invocation to the God of the Rain, was a graduate of the nearest government school. She looked very beautiful in her draperies of purest white, jewels only of silver and coral, and the one white feather in her jetty hair -- a Virgin Priestess of the Dark People -- leading the long line of men to the shrine of the desert well as her foremothers had led the devotees from time immemorial. "And the rain comes, -- it has always come because of the prayers to the God there. It always will come, the old people feel assured, so long as the God of the Indian is not forgotten. And rain is the very God of Life to the desert! 4 "The missionary can not make the sick well by the words from a true heart, but the Navajo singer can! I, with my eyes, have seen that!

1. Ryan, Marah Ellis Indian Love Letters. pp. 1-2

2. Ibid. p , 2.

3. Ib id. p , 7.

4. Ibid. p , 8. 27

Why, then, should the.Navajo listen to the missionary? The missionary does not believe in his own God, or he would do the work of that God as the God said he could do it if he had faith." 1

In Laughing Boy, LaFarge has expressed the Navajos'

feeling toward American customs that are being imposed

upon them.

"And now, for all their care and training and preaching, she was going back to the blanket, because under the blanket were the things worth while, and all the rest was hideous. With her knowledge and experience, with what the Americans had taught her, she would lead this man, and make for them both the most perfect life that could be made -- with an Indian, a longhaired, heathen Indian, a blanket Indian, a Navajo, the names thrown out like an insult in the faces of those who bore them, of her own people, Denne, The People, proud as she was proud, and clear of heart as she could ever be." 2

The intense determination of the Indian woman is

expressed in the following conversation:

"Do you speak American then?" Laughing Boy asked. "Is it hard to learn?" "It is not hard; we had to learn it. They put me in a room with a Ute girl and a Moqui and a Comanche; all we could do was learn English. Sometimes some Navajo girls sneaked out and talked together, but not often. They did not want us to be Indians." She rested on her elbow, staring into the fire. "They wanted us to be ashamed of being Indians. They wanted us to forget our mothers and fathers." "That is a bad thing. Why did they do that?" "Do not talk about it. I do not want to think 'about those things." When she had put away the d.ishes, as they lit their cigarettes she said, "If ever they come to take a child of ours to school, kill her." "Is it like that?"

1. Ibid. pp. 10-11.

2. La Farge, Oliver Laughing Boy. p , 56. 28

"Yes." "I hear you." 1

Hughston's Expressions of the Influence of San Xavier in the Pa�ago Nation Today

Caroline M. Hughston, in In the Shrine in the Desert,

writes of the influence of the mission of San Xavier del

Bac in the lives of the Papago Indians.

"Away to the south of Tucson, in the peaceful valley of the Santa Cruz, snuggled in between the jagged mountains, rests the Mission San Xavier del Bac - dreaming, tender, quaint and old. Peaceful as the green valley that enfolds it, majestic as the mountains that tower around it. Overhead e sky of turquoise, and below - and stretching far away - the desert - mysterious, silent, and radiant in its ever chang­ ing color. "To the Papago Indians, the Mission - towering so sublimely, wondrously beautiful, above their simple dwellings - is their very life and guide. To its dim, old chapel are taken children for baptism; from beneath its lofty arches their brides come forth, just as radiant as any :'pale-face' bride j and before the altar their dead are placed, while the sorrowing hearts of the living offer up their prayers. The good Bishop is a friend to all the dwellers in the village, and the Sisters of St. Joseph labor among them, teaching them in school, comforting them in sorrow and entering into all their joys and hopes." 2

Indian Warfare

Indian warfare also has been the source of many literary productions. On June 9, 1695, Kino, after a devastating Apache and Jocomo raid, wrote that

"our Lord must desire this Pimeria for some great thing, since He permits it to be

1. Ibid. pp. 78-9. 2. Hughston, Caroline M. In the Shrine in the Desert. pp. 5· 29

attacked and impeded with such opposition." 1

On November 9, .1697, Kindo found

"the Pima natives of Quiburi (on the San Pedro) very jovial and very friendly. They were dancing over scalps and the spoils of fifteen enemies, Rocomes and Janos, whom they had killed a. few da.ys before." 2

In July and August, 1695, Kino wrote of three garrisons,

"comprising one hundred and fifty men, with two hundred loads of su'pp1ies, and with many Indian friends

that entered southeastern Arizona into the Chiguicagui

(Chiricahua) Mountains where

"they found almost all the spoils of many robberies which, during all these years had been committed in this province of Sonora and on its frontiers, including many arquebuses, swords, daggers, spurs, saddle-bags, saddles, boots, etc., whose theft many had so falsely imputed to the Pimas Sobaipuris." :3

In 1697, Kino called the Apaches the "avowed enemies" "4 o f h"1S prov1nce. In January, 1703, he said:

"I notified Captain Coro and the Pima and Sovaipuris braves that they should make an expedition to the country through which the hostile Apaches travel and come, the result being that through'some good victories by our Pimas the hostile Apaches were greatly restrained, and now molest us somewhat less frequently.tT 5

A letter from Leal on March 16 reads in very realistic manner:

"Near here they (Apaches) killed Manuel

1. Kino, Eusibio Historical Memoirs. Vol. 1, p. 153. 2. Ibid. p. 169. 3. Ibid. pp. 145-6.

4. Ibid. p • 175.

5. Ibid. . Vol. 2, p. 27. 30

de Urquiso; I am just about to bury him. They left him stark naked, scalped him shot him four times with arrows, wounded him several times with a lance, and killed his horse. They left the tre� and bows, but carried off the skins and the iron portions of the saddle. God protect us and keep your Reverence for us." 1

On March 28, the alcalde 1:anje wrote:

"On the highways we have experienced misfortunes and many disasters and grievous murders at the hand of the enemies." 2

Of the Apache warfare, Will H. Robinson writes

The Vengeance of Cochise and lays the cause of the Apache trouble to the injudicious decision of an egotistical army officer of the United States.3

Raphael Pumpelly tells very graphically his experiences with the Apaches in the Travels and Adventure of Raphael

Pumpelly. He and Poston intended to visit all the mines and finally reach the city of Mexico. This is only one episode in their journey.

"In three days we were ready to return to the Heintzelman mine, and the morning of the fourth day was fixed for our final departure from Tubac. But something occurred in the evening which interfered-with our plans. Just before dark a Mexican herdsman galloped into the plaza, and soon threw the whole community into a state of intense excitement. He had gone that morning with William Rhodes, an American ranchero, to Rhodes's farm, to bring in some horses which had been left on the abandoned place. The farm lay about eighteen miles from Tubac, on the road to 1ucson, and to reach it they passed first through the Revention, a fortified ranch ten miles distant, and then through the Canoa, an abandoned stockade

1. Kino, Eusibio Historical Memoirs. Vol. 2, p. 29.

2. Ibid. p . 31. 3. Robinson, Will H. The Story of Arizona. pp. 133-8. 31

station of the. Overland Mail, fourteen miles from Tubac. At this place they found two Americans cooking dinner; and telling them they would return in an hour to dine, they rode on. Having found the horses, they returned, and. before riding up to the house, secured the loose animals in the corral, and then turned toward the stockade. Their attention was at once drawn to a garment drenched in blood hanging on the gate, and as they approached this a scene of destruction con­ fronted them. The Apaches had evidently been at work during the short hour that had passed. Just as the white men were on the point of dismounting, they discovered a large party of Indians lying low on their animals among the bushes a few hundred yards off the road. Instantly Rhodes and the �exican put spurs to their horses, to escape toward the Revention, the Apaches broke cover, and reached the road about one hundred yards behind the fugitives. "There ·were not less than a hundred mounted warriors, and a large number on foot. About a mile from the stockade Rhodes's horse seemed to be giving out, and he struck off from the road toward the mountains, followed by all the mounted Indians. The Mexican had escaped to the Revention, and thence to lubec, but he said that Rhodes must have been killed soon after they parted company. "It being too late to do anything by going out that night, we determined to look up the bodies and bury them the following day. Early the next morning I rode out with Colonel Poston and three others to visit the Canoa. "Vfuen we came to the Revent ion a Mexican was opening the gate. As I rode in for information a door opened, and Rhodes, smoking a long cigar, sauntered leisurely toward me, with his left arm in a sling. "'Hello, Rhodes?' I said, 'we've come to bury ' you. "'Well, you've come too soon,' he answered, �aughing. "He corroborated the story of the Mexican, and told how he managed his remarkable escape. Finding his horse failing, and having an arrow through his left arm, he left the road, hoping to reach a thicket he remembered having seen. He had about two hundred yards' advantage over the nearest Indians, and as he passed the thicket he threw him­ self from the horse, which ran on while he entered the bush. The thicket was dense, with a very narrow entrance leading to a small charco or dry 32

mudhole in the center. Lying down in this he spread his revolver, cartridges and caps before him, broke off and drew out the arrow, and feeling the loss of blood, buried his wounded elbow in the earth. All this was the work of a minute, and before he had finished it the Indians had formed a cordon around his hiding place, and found the entrance. The steady aim of the old frontiersman brought down the first Apache who rushed into the narrow opening. Each succeeding brave as he tried the entrance met the same fate, till six shots had been fired from Rhodes's revolver, and then the Indians, believing the weapon empty, charged bodily with a loud yell. But the cool ranger had loaded after each shot, and a seventh ball brought down the foremost of the attacking party. Rhodes dropped thirteen Indians. During all this time the enemy fired volley after volley of balls and arrows into the thicket. Then the Indians, who knew Rhodes well by name, and from many former fights, called out in Spanish: 'Don GUigelmot Don GUigelmo! Corne out and join us. You're a brave man, and we'll make you a chief.' 'Oh, you -- you! I know what you'll do with me r" if you get me, he answered. After this Rhodes heard a loud shout; 'Sopori t Sopori!' -- the name of the ranch of a neighboring mine -- and the whole attacking party galloped away.fr 1

Poston's Apache Land, Bourke's On the Border with

Crook, Mazzanovitch's Trailing Geronimo, Ellis's Trail­ ing Geronimo, Thomason's On the Heels of Geronimo, and

Sparks's The Apache Kid are only a few of the publications that have Indian,warfare as their background.

1. Ri c 0., s . • e, __ =R!,-a_;P"'l:""h_a_e",=,1-=PU�m....;p._.e-=1�1�y__ 1_ir_a_v....,e::-l'!."'"s�a.�n_d_A_dv_e_n_t_u_r_e_s of Raphael Pumpelly. pp. 164-6 33

The Americans

The Cowboy

Mixing with the vaquero in the stock-raising in­

dustry, introduced by Father Kipo, came the American.

The cowboy, therefore, has become a nation builder and a

romantic character in western literature. No one has

portrayed the cowboy in poetry better than has Badger

Clark, who wrote his first verses at Tombstone.

"In the cow country near the Mexican border, Badger Clark stumbled unexpectedly into paradise. He was given charge of a small ranch and the responsibility for a bunch of cattle just large enough to amuse him but too small to demand a full day's work once a month. The sky was persistently blue, the sunlight was richly golden, the folds of the barren mountains and the wide reaches of the range were full of many colors, and the nearest neighbor was eight miles away. "The cowmen who dropped in for a meal now and then in the course of their interminable riding appeared to have ridden directly out of books ot adventure, with old young faces full of sun wrinkles, careless mouths full of bad grammar, strange oaths and stranger yarns, and hearts for the most part as open and shadowless as the country they daily ranged." 1

The true cowboy as he was, is portrayed in Badger

Clark's first poem Ridin'.

"There is some that like the city - Grass that's curried smooth and green, Theaytres and stranglin' collars, Wagons run by gasoline - But for me it's hawse and saddle Every day without a change, And a desert sun a-blazin' On a hundred miles of range.

1. Clark, Badger Sun and Saddle Leather. Preface, pp. XIII-XIV. 34

Just a-ridin', a-ridin' - Desert ripplin' in the sun, Mountains blue along the skyline - I don't envy anyone When I'm ridin'.

"When my feet is in the stirrups And my hawse is on the bust, With his hoofs a·flashin' lightnin' From a cloud of golden dus�, And the bawl in' of the cattle Is a-comin' down the wind Then a finer life than ridin' Would be mighty hard to find. Just a-ridin', a-ridin' - Splittin' long cracks through the air, Stirrin' up a baby cyclone, Rippin' up the prickly pear As I'm ridin'

"I don't need no art exhibits When the sunset does her best, Paintin' everlastin' glory On the mountains to the west And your opery looks foolish When the night-bird starts his tune And the desert's silver mounted By the touches of the moon. Just a-ridin', a-ridin', Who kin envy kings and czars When the coyotes down the valley Are a-singin' to the stars, If he's ridin'?

"When my earthly trail is ended And my final bacon curled And the last great roundup's finished At the Home Ranch of the world I don't want no harps nor haloes, Robes nor other dressed up things - Let me ride the starry ranges On a pinto hawse with wings! Just a�ridinl, a-ridin' - �othin' I'd like half so well As a-roundin' up the sinners That have wandered out of Hell, And a-ridin'.n 1

Badger Clark's one novel Spike is a realistic portrayal

1. Clark, Badger Sun and Saddle Leather. pp. 39-41. 35

of the cowboy as he was. Walt Coburn of Prescott and

Nogales, a cowboy himself, in his novel, The Ringtailed

Rannyhans, has made live the seasoned old cowpunchers who

worked when cattle were moved over great areas for summer

and winter grazing. Calamity and Hurricane are "pardners"

for life. In the chapter entitled "Regarding Mares" is

given the �eeling existing between the old cowman of the

open range and the nester with fences. As Calamity's

horse has been shot from under him by rustlers, he takes

a mare from a nester and rides toward camp. The fUn comes

when Hurricane begins to twit Calamity about riding the

mare. Riding a. mare is the most 1ll1gallant thing a cowboy

can do. After the fight is over, and all are in bed,

Calamity said,

"Yeah. About that dang mare. I bet I was a kinda comical sight, pardner." And Calamity chuckled softly. "I kin lick the man, or the bunch uh men, n that says so, came Hurricane's quick reply. "Don't grit yore teeth to-night er I'll kill yuh." And they crawled under the same tarp, at peace with each other and their world. 1

Of the many books written with the cowboy as the back­ ground, these are probably of the greatest interest. Owen

Wister fs said, by Arizona writers and people who know him, to have got much of his material for The Virginian from around Camp Verde, Arizona. Charles A. Siringo himself took many trips into northern Arizona for rustlers and culprits, and his experiences are given in his two books,

1. Coburn, Walt The Ringtailed Rannyhans. p. 271. 36

The Cowboy Detective and�Riata and Spur. Stewart Edward

White in Arizona Nights has, in a realistic yet half­

humorous way, eiven every phase of the cowboy's experiences.

He deals with him out in the open, with the rustler, with

the attempt of the cowboy or cowman to settle down through

marriage, and with the utter loneliness experienced by the

bride. Harold Bell Wright h�s used Prescott as the scene

of his When a Man's a ::Man. Zane Grey has made the cowboy

the moving-picture-show glamour of today in To the Last Man

and The Call of the Canyon.

The Sheepherder

The sheepherder also has found a place in the lit­ erature of the state. Woven into one of his delightful tales, Will C. Barnes has told the story of a real Basque sheepherder twelve years of age, in Dum�y. Left in charge of twelve hundred ewes, Dummy passed an uneventful life until the morning of the .fifth day. A heavy snow storm was raging.

nStumbling and falling over snow-hidden rocks and bushes, he found himself almost stepping off into empty space over a cliff, where the snow had built out from its edge in such a manner as to conceal its presence, and, even as he threw himself back from the step he was about to take, he saw several sheep walk blindly out into the semi-darkness and disappear into the depth beyond." 1

Dummy, a true Basque, saves the sheep by guiding them

1. Barnes, Will c. Tales from the X-Bar Horse Camp. �. 131. 37

carefully under the cliffs to a ranoh barn. When the

owners arrive, the boy is rewarded by an impromptu

Christmas tree.

The Homesteader

Following close upon the heels of the cowman came

the homesteader anxious to get his start in life. This

life has also left its impress in the literature of the

state. Home, under a group of poems called The Homesteader

by Richard V. Carr, portrayed in all its meagerness, is

nevertheless home.

"Little old shack, All tar-papered black, Your chimney leans back From the north wind. Your windows are few, Your rooms only two, But yet to my view You're a mansion.

"Little old shack, There's lots that you lack, Yet still you've the knack To look home-like. My hands builded you, The wife helped me, too; I guess you will do For our mansion." 1

Will C. Barnes in Stutterin' Andy gives the exceeding­

ly hard times of the homesteader and also the pluck and

endurance of the women in the homestead. Andy is on trial

for butchering a calf, and his wife is put on the witness stand. She tells of the disappearance of their calf in the fall when a herd of cattle happened to be driven through

1. Carr, Richard V. Cowboy Lyrios. p. 173. 38

their land. In the spring-the herd returned and a calf

seemed at home in the old corral. The children had both

been iil1 during the winter and one had passed away from

• lack of nourishing food. The other was failing. She her-

self hit the calf on the head and killed it. So intense

was the interest of the cattleman who was prosecuting her

husband, that he said:

"The, the - gal," he gasped, never taking his eyes from the woman's face, "the little· gal, wh - what come of her?" he demanded hos.rsely, a great something in his throat almost choking him, "did-did-sh-he," and his voice failed him completely. The woman smiled scornfully. "She did not,tl she said, realizing the drift of his unspoken question, "we done made a pot of soup out of some of that there yearlin' an' fed her some of the meat, an' she perked up an' come through all right." Then - daughter of Eve that she was - she broke down and burst into tears. Five minutes later Stutterin' Andy walked out of the courtroom a free man. 1

Various angles of homesteading and pioneering have

appealed to F. R. Bechdolt in When the West was Young, to

J. H. Cady in Arizona's Yesterday, to George Hartmann in

Wooed by a Sphinx of Aztlan, and to Edmund Wells in

Argonaut Tales.

The Miner

As early as Kino's time he writes that

"Many good veins and mineral lands bearing gold and silver were within sight of the new missions and many new mining camps had begun operations." 2

1. Barnes, Will c. Tales from the X-Bar Horse Camp. p. 103. 2. Bolton, Herbert Eugene Spanish Borderlands. p. 199. 39

The result has been from earliest times a distinct

population interested in mining. Every phase of mining

has furnished themes for writers. The prospector in

Elwyn Hoffman's The Prospector is called "an empire

builder."

"How many nights his campfire gleamed Amidst the desert, dark and wide; How many nights he sat and dreamed The dream of the Unsatisfied!

"The years were long, and grim, and hard, And Fortune's favors small and few; The trails were rough and evil-starred Yet always dawn came warm and new.

"And in his heart hope leaped egain With faith to ward 'gainst all that fate Might send of hunger, thirst and pain Between the dawn and Night's black gate.

"And so he hoped, and toiled, and gave, And lost at last? Nay! Write it clear: Though all forgot his lonely grave He won an empire for us here!" 1

Around freighting for the mines Romaine H. Lowdermilk

of Rimrock and Phoenix has woven an interesting plot with

excellent characterization in The Passing of Pete Davila.

Pete Davila is called into the office and questioned 8S to his ability to drive a freight team.

n "vVhat 's your name, man? npete Davila." "Did ye ever drive freight team?" "Ho, ho, hol" Pete Davila's eyes danced merrily. "Ho, sure I'm drive freight team. I'm drive any 01' kind -- oxen, hosses, burros, mules any kin' freight team what can be hook oop. Ho, one tam oop in Canada I'm freightin' wheat and she

1. Hoffman, Elwyn The Prospector. Phoenix: The Arizona Magazine, J'anuary, 1913. 40

cam beeg rain and I'm got six mule. Well, I'm go get six hosses an' hook 'em on in front, but still was stuck; then I'm go get six axes --" "Just a moment,ft interrupted Jimmie. ffDo ye think ye could tackle this road of ours, with but a swamper to help ye?" Pete Davila's eyes took on a serious ex­ pression, his short arms dropped to his side and hung inert as he wrestled with the question. "We-e-el," he began slowly. "Mebby so, and mebby no. You know it's depend on what kind stuff I'm haulin'. Mebby sometam I'm got on iron or lumber, or mebby these team ron 'way or some­ thin' - I'm mak 'em all right, if Pm don't have some hard luck." "And your teams sometimes run away?" "Ho, hot Sure. Lots of tam I'm do that. Why, I'm work for the Saginaw Lumber Company -­ wan beeg lumber company -- an' my load logs she falloff and hit my wheelers in the behin' and, by golly, I'm falloff 'way back at the first bend. The boss he say -- Jimmie's upraised hand stopped the flood of words. "Ye say yer load fell off. Now do ye some­ times have a load go slippin' and falloff un­ beknownst to ye?" "Sure. Ho, ho, hot Pete .Davila's eyes sparkled as he laughed. "Lots of tam. I'm loose a load off my trailer wan tam an' am gone

on tYree, four mile before I'm fin' heem out • -" . Nother tam "And do you sometimes break the tongue out? Or run off the grade and tip over?(1 "Ho, ho, hot" Pete Davila threw back his head and fairly roared with merriment. He nearly Choked. He turned clear around in his tracks, his whole body shaking with laughter. "S-sure," he sputtered. "Broke out tongue; tip over; broke the wheel all to smash -- Ho, I'm bust brake off an' pile oQP in the road. By golly, one tam down in Mexico I'm stuck in queek­ sand. The river he's rise oop, queek, an' I'm joost tam for cut my team loose and get out. The whole load, wagons an' all, she's gone to --. She's roll down the river in the queek-sand an' nobody ever seen wan lettle board of her again." "My, my, what a terrible loss." Jimmie's smile belied the doleful words. "And now mebby ye can tell me how ye'd catch yer mules, if they was wild and in an open corral?" "Uh--uh--what?" Pete Davila'S face contracted 41

in strained attention and the furrow between his eyes deepened. "What? We don't drive broncho mules on these road, do we?" "Well, no, of course not. But there's some that's hard to catch." "Ho." Pete's serious countenance broke into a smile of understanding. "Some old freight mules that's been spoiled, eh? Or got sore neck and shoulders, hey?" "Yes, that sort." "Ho, ho, hot" Pete was on familiar ground now. "I'm feex heem. Them 01' spoiled mule. I'm tak a neck-yoke in wan hand and my tie rope in the other; if he don't stan' still I'm give rim the neck-yoke. By golly, 'bout the tam I'm swat heem two, t'ree tam with wan neck-yoke he's stan' lak a sheep while I put on the . rope. "Some tam I'm use the black snake, but I'm lak the neck-yoke better, he's mak those mule mind, all right. Wan tsm down in Georgia I'm haul out railroad ties. I'm drive three mule an' wan beeg aI' hoss. One them mule fight me every tam I go put the bridle on. He's got afraid for his ears, you know. Well, I'm tak that neck-yoke an' pretty soon he's stan' lak a burro --" "Yes, yes, I know," broke in old Jimmie, "ye're hired. Go down to the barn an' take the team, there's plenty wagons there. Ye'll load and unload yerself.ff I

In the end, Pete Davila, to save the lives of two

little children, upsets his load and injures himself.

Authorities have come into the community looking for him.

Old Jimmie leaves the sick room and announces that Pete

Davila is no more. The employer has in the meantime rechristened him Patrick O'Shea.

"Thy ringing metal let the dull earth feel; Cleave thou the rock, streaked like the golden morn: Forth from a touch of thy toil-tempered steel The busy din of industry is born." 2

1. Lowdermilk, Romaine H. The Passing of Pete Davila. Adventure, June, 1924. 2. Conrard, Harrison Quivira.�. 28 42

This same spirit of industry and of busy life in the mining camps speaks in Charles D. Poston's Sketches of the Early History of Arizona. Thus grew also the late stories o� Tombstone - Walter Noble Burns' Tombstone, and

William M. Breakenridge's Helldorado. Of Bisbee and

Douglas is the Desert Odyssey and Other Poems by Joseph

Thurman Ashurst and Richard Howard Whiteside. Of the

Wolfville series by Alfred Henry Lewis, The Man from Red

Dog in Wolfville portrays the dare-devil type of the population of the mining cities. The man from Red Dog challenged everyone in his attempt to straighten out his neighboring camp. Vfuen he is fatally wounded, he says:

"I wants you-aIls to ta.ke off my moccasins an' pack me into the stree\" says the Red Dog man. "1 ain't allowin' for my old mother in Missiury to be told as how I dies in no gin-mill, which she shorely 'bominates of 'em. An' I don't die with no boots on, neither." We-aIls packs him back into the street ag'in, an' pulls away at his boots. About the time we gets 'em ofr he sags back convulsive, an' thar he is as dead as Santa Anna. 1

:Military Life

Of one phase of the military life in Arizona Buckey

O'Neill has given an insight in Abandoned, or The Requiem of the Drums.

"There is that about the sounding of the drum that is unlike any other music in the world. How it sets the heart to throbbing and the blood to coursing through the veins as it falls upon the earl ��at scenes has its beating been the

1. Lewis, Alfred Henry Wolfville. p. 100. 43

prelude to, and what sights have men seen with­ in the sound of its raIlings! "In its music there is something that sweeps away the sluggishness of life and gives instead a feeling that is akin to the drunkenness of wine. No. matter whether it be the long roll, beating alarm, as it is beaten by startled drummers in the night, or the softer beats, when the snores are muffled and men march with arms reversed, thinking of the comrade who has left the ranks forever, it is the same. Everyone at some time in life has felt something within him start in sympathy with its beating. If one has ever heard it in the fury of the rally, when ranks are broken and regiments are fading away under fire, it is something to remember forever. "VJhat matters it if; as musicians say, its music is barbarous - so barbarous that it has but one note? After all, it is the music of the soldier, whether it comes from the metal kettledrums, glittering as they swing in the sun at the head ·of close columns of helmeted men, or if it comes from tom-toms beaten in tepees amid the cold snows and darkened days of northern winters, or amid cacti-covered sands of deserts glowing with the fierce heat of summer suns? Soldiers and warriors all, and be they red or white, not one vlill die the less bravely for the dreams that his drummers and their drums have conjured up. The glory of the drum is passing away. Of all our regiments to-day, but the First Infantry retains a drun corps. "After a thousand years' service as the most warlike instrument in the armies of Europe and America, it must now take a secondary place, and with it will soon go the bayonet and the sword, those heroic relics of the days when soldiers looked into one another's eyes before firing, and men reeched out from the ranks to catch their foemen by the beards, to drag them closer, the more easily to cut their throats. nIt was not so, though, with the drum in 1861, when the sounds of reveille broke through the stillness of an Arizona midsummer morning at Fort Buchanan. The first glimmer of the long June day" could hardly be noticed. in the morning air, so cool end fresh after the night spent in the hot, close barracks. Already, though, the officers, of the post gathered in groups on the parade-ground, preparing as if for a march, while the adjutant and officer of the day darted here and there, as if to see that all was in readiness. 44

"The drums ceased to beat, and the drummers, save the one on duty as the drummer of the guard, disappeared among the men. One crossed the parade­ ground to the line of adobe buildings. He was hardly twenty, young and handsome, his eyes spark­ ling with excitement and animation. As he approach­ ed one ot the buildings a woman came to the door with a child in her arms - an Indian woman, and as young as he w�s, she was still younger, hardly more than a girl, as the drummer was hardly more than a boy. He placed an arm around her and drew her, with the child, into the room, and pointed out the different articles that were in it, as if he were trying to tell her that they were hers. He gathered in his arms the blankets from the bed and passed out of the room, leading the girl by the hand. He then placed them under a near mesquite-tree and seated her upon them. As he did so he spoke to her, half ,in Spanish, half in English, telling her that he must leave, that he could not help it, for the "nantan" - the colonel - had ordered it. He would 'come back to her some time. Till then she could have all he had taken from the house to live on. He almost grew angry when she asked him to let her go with him. Again and again she asked, in her soft, broken Spanish and English, as if fearful that she could not make him understand what she wanted.1t 1

Her pleading was in vain. As she sat watching the

departing soldiers, her own tribe appeared among the

burning buildings. True to the Papago tradition - a woman

caught in adultery must be stoned to death - they left her

lying under a mound of stones from under which trickled

streams of blood through the sand.

"Out of the clouds of dust on the mountain­ sides, as if bidding farewell forever to the plains below, came the rolling of the drums." 2

From the woman's point of view of the military life

1. O'Neill, Buckey The Requiem of the Drums. Cosmopoli- tan, February, 1901, pp. 401-3. The original manuscript was loaned to me by Mrs. O'Neill.

2. Ibid. p , 405. 45

has come Josephine Clifford McCrackin's The Woman Who

Lost Him, and Forrestine C. Hooker's Vfuen Geronimo Rode.

The Mormons

The Mormons and their work in Arizona have also become

the subject of many tales, stories, and books. The march

of the Mormon Battalion is very well commended by Lieutenant­

Colonel P. St. George Cook in McClintock's Arizona, The

Youngest State.

"History may be searched in vain for an equal march of infantry. Half of it has been through a wilderness where nothing but savages and wild beasts are found, or deserts where, for want of water, there is no living creature. Without a guide who had traversed them, we have ventured into trackless tablelands where water was not found for several marches. With crowbar and :pick and axe in hand we have worked our way over mountains, which seemed to defy aught save the wild goat, and hewed a passage through a chasm of living rock more narrow than our wagons. -- Thus, marching half naked and half fed, and living upon wild animals, we have discovered and made a road of great value to our country. Thus, volunteers, you have exhibited some high and essential qualities of veterans.tf I

Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh is attr�cted by their qualities as homemakers. He says in his Breaking of the

Wilderness:

"It must be acknow.Le dge d that the lJ.lormons were wilderness breakers of high quality. They not only broke it, but they kept it broken; and instead of the gin mill and the gambling hall, as cornerstones of their progress and as examples to the natives of the white man's superiority,

1. McClintock, James H. Arizona, The Youngest State.

Vol. 1, p . 99. 46

they planted orchards, gardens, farms, school­ houses, and peaceful homes." 1

In the two novels - The Heritage of the Desert and

Rainbow Trail - Zane urey has used Mormon people and their

practices as his themes. Rimrock, by T. C. Hoyt, a Mormon

nester, has as its theme the realistic experiences of a

Mormon cowman, Probably the severest scathing that the

Mormons have received is that found in Red Men and White

by Owen Wister.

Adventurers

Of the trappers who came to Arizona, the most vivid

account is that given by James O. Pattie in The Personal

Narrative of James O. Pattie of Kentucky. Most realistic

also is R. B. Stratton's account of the murder of the

Oatman Family and the captivity of the two girls in his

Captivity of the Oatman Girls. Colonel William Stover's

Story of the Red Baron has as its foundation a most daring

adventurer's claim to the Peralta grant given to an early

governor by the Spanish crown.

Politicians

The politician has not been forgotten. Will H.

Robinson, in The Man from Yesterday, shows up the political fight for an early street railway franchise. The fight in

Congress over statehood ratification is the theme of The

Man the People Chose by Grace Reeve Fennell. This chosen

1. Dellenbaugh, Frederick Samuel Breaking of the Wilderness. pp. 307-8. 47

man was John Doe, delegate from Arizona. Wearing a broad western hat, he felt conspicuous as he rode in the palatial limited toward Washington. Just as he was leaving his seat for the diner, a lovely little woman left stranded through the absent-mindedness of her husband appealed to the man from Arizona for her dinner. Later she won over

the one vote needed for statehood ratification - that of her husband.

The Bad Men

The bad men of Arizona have also awakened the fancy of some. Rose del Nieve, in Early Days in Arizona, gives the bad man, placed in a serious life situation that calls for brotherly help. The two bad men do all they can to aid an infant and mother who have been deserted by the father and husband.

Billy Brazelton by Dan Rose tells of Arizona's own highwayman. He was brave and daring, yet always gentle.

Always choosing to rob those who he knew were well provided with means, he continued his depredations without the loss of a single life. In the end he foolishly confided in a partner who turned him over to the 1av1.

The gambler will always live in Shar10t Hall's The

Mercy of Nachis.

"Knox the gambler - Felix Knox: Trickster, short-card man, if you will; Rustler, brand-wrangler - all of that - But Knox the man and the hero stilll For life at best is a hard-set game; The cards come stacked from the Dealer's hand; 48

And a man plays king of his luck just once - When he faces Death in the last grim stand.

"Knox had been drummer in Crook's command; A devil of daring lived in his drum; With his heart in the call and his hand on the sticks The dead from their sand-filled graves might come. Crippled for life, he drummed his last; Shot through the knees in the Delshay fight - But he crawled to a rock and drummed "Advance f., Till the tonto renegades broke in flight.

"That was the man who shamed Na-chist Two miles out on the Clifton Road Beyond York's Ranch the ambush lay, - Till a near, swift-moving dust-whirl showed Where the buckboard came. Na-chis crouched low And gripped his rifle and grimly smiled As he counted his prey with hawk-like eyes; , The men, the woman, the little child.

"They halted - full in the teeth of the trap. Knox saw - too late. He weighed the chance And thrUst the whip in the driver's hand " And wheeled the mules: tBack l Back to the ranch! He cried as he jumped; 'I'll hold them off. Whip for your lifel' The bullets sung Like S:warming bees through the narrow pass, And whirred and hu�med and struck and stung.

"But he turned just once - to wave his hand To'wife and children; then straight ahead, With yell for yell and shot for shot, Till the rocks of the pass were spattered red; And seven bodies bepainted and grim Sprawled in the cactus and sand below; And seven souls of the Devil's kin Went with him the road that dead men know.

"Ay! That was Knox! When the cowboys came On that day-old trail of the renegade, Na-chis the butcher, the merciless, This was the tribute the chief had paid To the fearless dead. No scarring fire - No mangling knife - but across the face His ovm rich blanket d�awn smooth and straight, Stoned and weighted to keep its place." 1

Again and again the squaw man has been used es a theme.

1. Hall, Sharlot Cactus and Pine. pp. 38-40. 49

Sharlot Hall's -The Squaw Man is her strongest poem.

"The night wind whines in the chaparral and grieves in the mesquite gloom; It talks of a land it never knew; it smells of white plum bloom; It is full of voices I used to hear - voices I've tried to target; Strange, with the things that lie between, how they haunt and hold me yet!

"I �mother and choke in these cabin walls - the logs seem bars of steel; And the flame of the fire-place sears my eyes till the things that are not seem real; On the bare dirt floor by the leaping fire she crouches, my brown-skinned wife: The thing that I sinned and lusted for - and bought with the price of my life.

"Bought with the price of my life paid down, boy dreams and manhood's hope; (My soul is caught in a hangman's noose and my own hands knotted the rope!) I saw her crouched in the campfire's glow - I

. forgot that my skin wes white - 'Twas the greed of man for a woman - and God was off-guard that night.

"And now wherever my feet may walk there's a shade keeps step with me; The soul of my race which I did not see - and now I m�st always see. She rocks on her knees by the leaping fire with croonings low and wild, And close on her breast as she sways and sings is sleeping a half-breed child.

"But I'm seeing far to another fire and a little low-walled room; And I hear the voices that haunt the night and I smell the white plum bloom. - God! and I'm barred by eternal bars - exiled by a changeless law! . And my white-haired mother is waiting there - and here is my dark-faced squaw!

"And here is a life like a chance-struck spark from flint on careless steel - Yet bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh - the Shape' of my sin made real! 50

Bone of my bone - yet alien all - behind him runs a line Of long-haired, painted, blanketed bucks - he is theirs as much as mine.

"His cheek is dark with their savage blood and deep in his hard black eyes I see the light of their ancient hates, the fire of their war trails rise; If the shade of my sweet white mother came to watch an hour by his bed, She'd meet a black, bark-skirted squaw squatting at foot or head.

"0 God! the things that we know too late - that had given us wit to live! The things we do in the evil hour no price can remit or forgive! From dawn to dusk, from prime to wane, my years may whirl or lag, But my heart is sunk in a sea of tears where a hundred mill stones drag.

"I'm sick to the soul! I want my own; I'm starved for a white man's life! I want the girl of my boyhood's love that I meant to make my wife; I want a child of my color - I want a son of my race - To wear my name in pride, not shame, and look my kind in the face." I

Pioneers

A tribute to the frontiersmen is paid by Ned White

of Bisbee in The Old Frontiersman.

"They are gone, the old frontiersmen They have crossed the big diVide, They have crossed the silent river, Gone to rest on the other Side, �ow we hear the tales repeated, Tales of danger, hate and fears, More like legends of traditions, From the shores of yester years.

1. Hall, Sharlot Cactus 'and Pine. pp. 228-230. 51

fTTales o:f dauntless western gun men In the days that knew no law �t the trusty old six-shooter And who was quickest on the draw. Many stories, some pathetic, And some in comedy are told, Shattered hopes and wasted riches, In the days of blood and gold.

"Broken hearts and lost ambitions, Tales of friendship, love and hate, Tales of blood shed, lust and danger Of the past, they now relate, Gone indeed the old frontiersmen. With the cowboys of the west, They are sleeping on the Mesas, On the twilight shores of rest.

"Oh how well, do I remember, The restless eager, roving bands, Seeking homes in vast waste places, In the sun kissed western lands, I can see the tired procession, And the crafty Indian braves, Hear the war cry, see the struggle, See the lonely wayside graves.

"Oh, what thoughts, what boyhood memories, Do the scenes to me recall, Of weary men, and haggard women, Seemingly about to fall, Fearless men, and patient women, They who fought to win the west, Are sleeping now in silent places On the sunset shores of rest." I

Theodore O'Hara, in The Pioneer, has written the

epitaph for the pioneer.

"A dirge for the brave old pioneerl The patriarch of his tribet He sleeps -- no pompous pile marks where, No lines his deeds describe.

1. White, ned The Old Frontiersman. r1:he Arizona Magazine, July, 1919. 52

"They raised no stone above him here, Nor carved his deathless name; An empire is his sepulchre, His epitaph is fame." 1

People of Today

The air pilots of today become characters for some of

Arizona's poets and short-story writers. Glarwell Richardson

uses Koch Field, the municipal'eirport at Flagstaff, as tbe

background for his Above the Rainbow.

"Jims found Coke Airport nestling among the tall pines, with the towering, white-capped San Francisco peaks above. The field was rather large and in much better condition than he expected to find in such a small place as Flagstaff. On the west side were a number of small hangars and two planes, on the east were long hangars and other buildings above which hung a Sign announcing that this was The Rainbow Bridge Transportation Company. Beneath this in small lettering was the name of Dick Richards, Prop. To Jims' further surprise, in front of the hangars at the proper distance, a long white line ran the length of the fields. That one thing brought back with a jolt the war days. Three huge planes were on this dead-line, mechanics working on them busily. "After a few minutes of conversation with a man who stood by looking on, Jims learned that this was a live wire company. They owned seven planes now and contemplated adding five more, if the tourist business continued picking up. Sightseers who wished to visit the Bridge were not at all lacking. The Rainbow Bridge Transportation Company had m�de a landing field close to the Natural Bridge in Utah at considerable expense; and the trip could now be made comfortably by air. It cost a figure less than when the natural wonder could be visited by pack train, and in far less time, as the trip by air required but a few hours. If they so desired, tourists could go and return in the same day. Most of them, however, stayed several days." 2

1. O'Hara, Theodore The Pioneer. The Arizona Graphic �ovember 25, 1899. 2. Richardson, Gladwell Above the Rainbow. Flying Stories, May and June, 1929. 53

Hired at this airport as manager is Kruger, a

German, who is :planning to avenge the death of his brother.

During the World War, this brother had met death in a very

unsportsmanlike manner at the hands of the American airmen.

After some weeks Kruger has one American :pilot killed by

having his ship disabled by a German confederate. Jims

takes the air and downs the Germen's plane near the canyon

of the Little Colorado.

Arizona has become the haven of the sick. The Sick-

a-Bed Girl was written by Christianna Glass Gilchrist in

an attempt to quiet, mentally, a little girl who was too

ill to go on a picnic.

"The Breeze told about her, For someway he knew," Told the tree and the Cloud And the Rose Garden, too.

"So the leaves hurried down In the jolliest swirl, And they fluttered and danced For the Sick-e.-Bed Girl.

"The rain pattered down Each drop a great pearl, How it chattered and laughed For the Sick-a-Bed Girl.

"Then a pink rosebud. made Its petals uncurl, And said 'I just grew For the Sick-a-Bed Girl.'

"But the sunbeams rushed out With a twinkle and twirl And made her quite well, The Sick-a-Bed Girl.ff 1

1. Gilchrist, Uhristianna Glass The Sick-a-Bed Girl. The St. Nicholas Magazine, September, 1927. 54

J. William Lloyd, who came to Arizona to live with

the Pimas in order to study their traditions, proved to be an out-of-doors sleeper. Sleeping out of doors is the

theme of My Arizona Bedroom.

"My Arizona bedroom Is beneath the Milky Way, And the moon is in its ceiling, And the star that tells ot day, And the mountains lift the corners, And the desert lays the floor Of my Arizona bedroom, Which is large as all outdoor.

no my Arizona bedroom Is ventilated right, Every wind that's under heaven Comes to me with blithe good-night, Comes to me with touch of blessing And of ozone one drink more, In my Arizona bedroom, Which is large as all outdoor.

"0 my Arizona bedrooI!l Has the lightning on its wall, And the thunders rap the panels And their heavy voices call; And the night birds wing above me And the owl hoots galore Through my Arizona bedroom, ��ich is large as all outdoor.

no my Arizona bedstead, It sometimes seems to me, Is afloat in middle heaven With each star an argosy: And the tide that tUrns at midnight Drifts us down to morning's shore, Floats us, stars and bed and bedstead, On the ocean of outdoor.

"0 my Arizona bedroom Is beneath the splendid stars, And the clouds roll up the curtains And the windows have no bars, And I see my God in heaven As the ancients did of yore, In my Arizona. bedroom . Which is large as all outdoor." 1

These are only a few of the interesting types of

Americans that are written about in the literature of

Arizona.

1. Lloyd, J. William Songs of the Desert. pp. 18-19 CHAPTER III

ATURE IN THE LITERATURE OF ARIZONA Nature

The Climate

How nature has become an influence in the writings of

Arizona is evident from the first. Kino wrote in 1699:

"For most of these lands are very rich and fertile, most of the Indians industrious, many of the lands mineral bearing, and most of them of a climate so good that it is very similar to the best of Europe, to that of Castilla, to that of Andalucia, to that of Italy, to that of France, to that of Germany; because most of this North America is in the same degrees of altitude of the north pole or geographical latitude as Europe itself, that is 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,43, 44, 45, 46, 47,48, 49, 50 degrees and upward; also because this North America is so extensive that it exceeds all kingdoms and empires and provinces of all Europe." 1

When Charles O. Erown, at one time owner of the most

famous gambling hall in Tucson, wrote The History of Arizona,

it must have been the heat that brought forth the doggerel.

Yet, his having been one of the very few who escaped, on

his way to Arizona, from a massacring party prepared for

them by the Yumas might have colored his outlook.

"The devil was given_permission one day To select him a land for his special sway, So he hunted around for a month or more And fUssed and fUmed and terribly swore; But at last was delighted a country to view, Where the prickly pear and the mesquite grew. With a survey brief, without further excuse, He took his stand near the Santa Cruz.

"He saw there was some improvement to make, For he felt his ovm reputation at stake. An idea struck him and he swore by his horns To make a complete vegetation of thorns. He studded the land with the prickly pear,

1. Kino, Eusiblo Historical Memoirs. Vol. 1, p. 212. 57

And scattered the cactus everywhere; The Spanish dagger, sharp-pointed and tall, And last the cholla - the worst of all.

"He imported. the Apaches direct from hell, And, the ranks of the sweet-scented train to swell, A legion of skunks, whose loud, loud smell Perfumed the country he loved so well. And then for his life he could not see why The river should any more water supply; And he swore if he gave it another drop You might take his head and horns for a mop.

"He filled the river with sand till 'twas almost dry, And poisoned the land with alkali; And. promised himself on its slimy brink The control of all who from it should drink. He saw there was one more improvement to make - He imported the tarantula and rattlesnake, That all who might come to this country to dwell Would be sure to think it was almost hell.

"He fixed the heat at one hundred and seven, And banished forever the dew from heaven; But remarked as he heard his furnace .roar, That the heat might reach five hundred or more, And after he had fixed things so thorny and well, He said, 'I'll be·d----d if this don't beat hell!' Then he flopped his wings and away he flew, And vanished from earth in a blaze of blue.

"And now, no doubt, in some corner of hell He gloats o'er the work he has done so well, And vows that Arizona cannot be beat For scorpions, tarantulas, snakes and heat; For with his own realm it compares so well He feels assured it surpasses hell." 1

Also from a humorous point of view Arizona's trite

expression is immortalized by Alvin K. Stabler in It Is

Unusual.

"If it rains or if it snows, It's unusual. If it's calm or if it blows, It's unusual.

1. Brown, Charles o. The History of Arizona. The Arizona Magazine, September, 1916. p. 6. 58

�If the frost makes short a crop, It's unusual. If the prices take a drop, It's unusual.

"If mosquitoes do you pester, It's unusual. If there sweeps a sharp nor'wester, It's unusual.

nIf a man dies nature's way, It's unusual. If diseases any slay, It's unusual.

"If, in fact, there's anything That opposes or molests you, It's unusual; If you have a pain, by jing! It's unusual." 1

The Rains

The rain in Arizona has also inspired poetry. When

"the whole hot land seems dyin' in a dream", badger Clark says:

"But across the sky-line comes a thing that's strange and new, A little cloud of saddle blanket size. It blackens 'long the mountains and bulges up the blue And shuts the weary sun-glare from our eyes. Then the lightnin's gash the heavens and the thunder jars the world And the gray of fallin' water wraps the plains, And 'cross the burnin' ranges, down the wind, the word is whirled: 'Here's another year of livin', and the Rainsl'

"You've seen your fat fields ripplin' with the treasure that they hoard; Have you seen a mountain stretch and rub its eyes? Or bare hills lift their streamin' faces up and thank the Lord, Farily tremblin' with their gladness and surprise?

1. Stabler, Alvin K. Arizona Sunshine. p. 9. 59

Have you heard the 'royos singin' and the new breeze hummin' gay, As the greenin' ranges shed their dusty stains - Just a whole dead world sprung back to life and laughin' in a day! Did you ever see the comin' of the Rains?" 1

The force of the rain in the washes is well told by

:Minnie K. Bisby in The Torrent.

"A wash - a bed of thirsty sand and silt And walls of brown above it, upright, loom; Mesquite and cats claw on precarious verge - Their roots exposed - but wait a certain doom, 'If torrent comes.

"On leaf and ground the rain comes pattering: A murmur, then a boom, a thunderous roar; The clouds are grim; a cloudburst in the hills; .The ear foretells what eye will soon explore, Vfuen torrent comes.

"It comes, a mighty wall of liquid wrath, A brown and beastly thing of virile power, It rears, it tosses, flings its ruthless arms, And reaches for the things that cling and cower - The torrent wildl

"It plows the soil and holds it in its arms; It beats the wall; it tears its victims dOVID; It lifts and drives before it bulky stones, While on its breast is helpless flotage strown, As torrent pours.

"It plunges at the bank, it rounds a curve, Great, muddy waves heave up - a shuddering sight - Its frantic speed a race from heights to sea, It yells a challenge to defy its might, As torrent boils.

"What's that? A hand upraised? A cry for help? There is no help! That liquid grip is death� Thank heaven! No. 'Tis but a twisted branch, The· moaning of a reed in gasping breath, While torrent heaves.

"They say that once a man - defiant - sure - But why repeat the piteous refrain?

1. Clark, Badger Sun and Saddle Leather. pp. 146-7. 60

The dragon knows no mercy while it lives, But short and rapid its tempestuous reign, The torrent fierce!

"'Tis spent, 'tis past, its hour of triumph gone. And where the tumult heaved and hissed in hate, Amazing emptiness and tortured walls: And gnarled and wounded shapes their woe relate, When torrent's gone." 1

The Snow

The beauty of snow-capped peaks in all their majesty

is sung by J. William Lloyd in San Francisco Mountain.

"0 unspeakable sublime! Stainless and terrible, Purity in heaven; Above all, above all gleaming; Whiteness, whiteness, Silence - What teach you?" 2

The cruelty of the snow is given by Will C. Barnes

in his haunting tale, the basis of which is an actual ex­

perience, Lost in the Petrified Forest. Peg Leg tells the

story as all are seated around the fire in the winter camp.

We all gave a yell, and in a few minutes a man named Hart rode into camp. We all knowed him. He was a sheep man with a ranch over on the 'tother side of the Petrified Ebrest. He was nearly froze an' half crazy with excitement, an' 'twas some minutes afore we could git him to tell what was a hurtin' him. "Boys,fJ he says, "for God's sake git up an' help me, find my wife an' chillun." An' then he told us he had been away from his ranch all the day before, at one of his sheep camps over on the Milky Holler. Vfuen he left in the mornin' his wife tole him she'd hitch up the hosses to the buckboard after dinner an' take the kids an'drive down to the railroad station 'an' git the mail, an'

1. Blsby, Minnie K. The Torrent. Written in my class at Flagstaff, 1926. 2. Lloyd, J. William Songs of the Desert. p. 21. 61

git back in time for supper. You know it's 'bout eight miles down to the station at Carrizo. Comin' horne at night in the wust of the storm, Hart had found the shack empty, his wife not home yit an' the hosses gone. Thinkin' that the storm had kept 'em, he waited an hour or two, when he got so blamed oneasy he couldn't wait no longer, but saddled up his hoss ant drug it for the station. When he got there they told him his wife had left 'bout an hour by sun, an' they hadn't seen nothin' of her sence, although they had begged her not to start back, an' the wind a-blowin' like it was. 'Twas then about as dark as the inside of a cow, and leavin' the men at the station to faller him, Hart struck out across the prairie, ridin' in big Circles, and tryin', but without no luck, to cut some "signlf of the buckboard and hosses. You know, fellers, liow them sandy mesas are about there, and, between the driftin' sand and the snow, every mark had been wiped out slick and, clean. Then he pulled his freight for the ranch, thinkin' mebbeso she'd got back while he were away; but nary a sign of them was there about the place. He struck out again� makin' big circles, and firin' his six�shooter and hollerin' like an Apache Injin, all the time a-listenin' an' a­ prayin' fer some answer. Then he heerd our shots and thought sure he'd found her, fer she always carried a gun when she went out alone, and he jist hit the high places till he ran onto our camp and he war sure disappointed when he seen us an' not her. 'Tain't no use for to tell you that we got a move onto ourselves. You've all seen the Cimarron Kid git a move on an' tear round and just bust hisself to get out to the herd in the marnin' to relieve the last guard, along in the fall when the boss was pickin"out men for the winter work. Well, that was the way we all tore round, an' as everybody kept up a night hoss (you know what a crank that feller Wilson was 'bout night hosses; he'd make every man keep one up if he had the whole cavyyard in a ten-acre field), we soon had a cup of coffee into us an' was ready to ride slantin'. Pore Hart was so nigh crazy that he couldn't say nothin', an' 'twas hard to see a big, strong feller as he was all broke up like. By this time 'twas gettin' daylight in the east an' we struck out, scatterin' evry way, but 62

keepin' in sight an' hearin' of each other. 'Bout two miles from camp I ran slap dab onto the buckboard, with one of the hosses tied up to the wheel, an' 'tother gone. The harness of the other hoss laid on the ground, an' fro� the sign, she had evidently unharnessed the gentlest hoss of the two, an' got on him, with the kids, an' tried to ride him bareback. I fired a couple of shots, which brought some of the other boys to me, an' we follered up the trail, step by step, 'cause 'twas a hard trail to pick out, owin', as I said, to the sand an' snow. Pretty soon we come to where she had got off the hoss an' led him for a ways; then we found the tracks of the kids; an' we judged they'd all got so cold they had to walk to git warm; an' all that time an' ears was an my fingers tinglin' achin' , they was so cold, an' what was them pore kids an' that little woman goin' to do, when a big, stout puncher like me was shiverin' an' shakin' like a old cow under a cedar in a norther? Bimeby we struck the hoss standin' there all humped up with the cold, the reins hooked over a little sage bush. I sent one of the boys back with the hoss, an' tole him to hitch up to the buckboard an' foller on, fer I knowed shore we'd need it to put their pore frozen bodies on when we found 'em. Here we saw signs where she'd tried to build a fire, Lord A'mighty, you know how hard it is to find anything to burn ropnd that there Petrified Forest country, an' she only had three or four matches, an' nothin' to make a fire catch with. Then she started on ag'in, an' I judged she'd got a star to eo by, 'cause she kep' almost straight north to'ds the railroad. By the trail, she was a-carryin' the youngest kid, a boy 'bout two years old, an' leadin' the other, which was a little gal . 'bout five. Right here, fellers, she showed she was fit to be the wife of a man livin' in such a country. She knowed mighty well that she'd be follered, an' that her trail would be hard to find, so what does she do but tear pieces of the gingham skirt she had on, an' hang 'em along on a sage brush here, an' a Spanish bayonet there, so's we could foller faster. When we struck this sign an' seed what sh'd done, one of the boys says, says he, "Fellers, ain't she a trump, an' no mistake?" An' so she shore was. 1

1. Barnes, Will c. Tales from the X-Bar Horse Camp. pp. 166-9. 63

Me an' Little Bob, who was with me, was so sure that she was all right that we quit follerin' the trail an' jist got down the cliff anywhere we could. When we got to the bottom an' clear of the rocks, we set out to cut for her trail ag'in, when Little Bob says, says he, "There she is, Jack." I 'Twas easy enuff to read the whole thing now. She'd come to the edge of the mesa an' seen the lights in the station house, for they get up 'bout four O'clock every mornin' to get breakfast for the section men. Climbin' down the cliff had used her up, an' knowin' she was so clost to help, she had set down on a big flat rock at the bottom to rest a minute before starting to walk the mile from the foot of the mesa to the station. To set down, as cold and tired as she was, meant sleep, an' to sleep was shore death that night, an' she went to sleep an' never woke up no more. The little boy was cuddled up ag'in her under her shawl, with the peaceful1est look on his little face you ever see, an' the little girl was a-Ieanin' on her lap an' a-Iookin' up into her face, with the big tears frozen on her cheeks, an' so natural that it was hard to believe she was dead. 2

The Sand and the Sand Storms

Many writers have been moved by the treachery of the sand and sand storms. Of Kino, Bolton writes:

"One of his routes was over a forbiciding, waterless waste, which has since become the grave­ yard of scores of travelers who have died of thirst, because they lacked Father Kino's pioneering skill. I refer to the Camino del Diablo, or Devil's Highway, from Sonoita to the Gila. In the prosecution of these journeys Kino's energy and hardihood were al­ most beyond belief." 3

Kino was told of an inland route to California; but he wrote on April 1, 1701,

1. Ibid. p. 170.

2. Ibid. p • 171. 3. Bolton, Herbert Eugene Kino's Historical Memoirs.

Vol. 1, p , 22. 64

"There still lay before us thirty leagues or three days' journey of stretches of sand such that they had neither water nor pasturage." 1

In 1702, Kino returned from California by a new route

of which he wrote:

"Therefore, on March 12 we set out on the new road, but having traveled about eighteen leagues over most difficult sand dunes and with continuous, violent, and most pestiferous wind, during the whole day we found·neither a drop of water nor the least bit of pasturage." 2

The most artistic poeti�al handling of the sand storm is that of Andrew Downing in his Song of' the Sand Storm.

"I am the pitiless Sand Storm, The whelp of a tameless breed, - ltr dam the desert, my sire the air; I stealthily come from my shadowy lair, And away, and away I speed!

tTl lie in the sun on the mesa Outstretching my yellow length; I drowse and I purr in a tigerish way, Then suddenly leap on my terrified prey With more than a tiger's strength!

"1 scar the cliffs in my fury, Effacing their ancient runes; I polish the skeleton bones that lie Unnoted, unburied - and scurrying by, Heap higher the gray sand dunes.

I "11he sentinel mountains arrogant , Make challenge, - yet little I reck; And vainly the obdurate cactus sets In my pathway a million of bayonets, - It never my course can check.

"The pace of the caravan �uickens At the thought of my wild caprice;

1. Kino, Eusibio Historical Memoirs. Vol. 1, p. 287. 2. Ibid. 1'1'. 344-5. 65

And the thunder rouses and beats his drums

To tell the world that the Sand Storm comes - , And the songs and the laughter ceasel� 1

John C. Van Dyke in The Desert says this of the sand

whirls:

"There were tracts where nothing at all grew - miles upon miles of absolute waste with the pony's feet breaking through an alkaline crust. And again, there were dry lakes covered with silt; and vast beds of sand and gypsum, white as snow and fine as dust. The pony's feet plunged in and came out leaving no trail. The surface smoothed over as though it were water. Fifty miles away one could see the desert sand­ whirls moving slowly over the beds in tall columns' two thousand feet high and shining like shafts of marble in the sunlight. How majestically they moved, their feet upon earth, their heads towering into the sky!" 2

Many recent writers have been prompted to put in a

sand storm in the course of their themes. Harrison Conrard

has done so in both Desert Madness and The Golden Howl,

Forrestine C. Hooker in When Geronimo Rode, Harold Bell

Wright in The Winning of Barbara Worth, and Mary Roberts

Rinehart in The Out Trail.

The Desert

Scars or marks left on the desert in ages past provoke interesting thoughts from John C. Van Dyke:

"By a strange coincidence at this very moment the sharp-toed print of a deer's hoof appears in the ground before me. But it looks a little odd. The impression is so clear cut that I stoop to examine it. It is with no little astonishment that I find it sunk in

1. Downing, Andrew The Trumpeters. pp. 177-8. 2. Van Dyke, John C. The Dese�t. p. 16. 66

stone instead of earth - petrified in rock and overrun with silica. The bare suggestion gives one pause. How many thousands of years 'ago was that impression stamped upon the stone? By what strange chance has it survived destruction? And while it remains quite perfect to-day - the vagrant hoof-mark of a desert deer - what has be­ come of the once carefully guarded footprints of the Sargons, the Pharaohs and the Caesars? With what contempt Nature sometimes plans the survival of the least fit, and breaks the conqueror on his shield!" 1

The other side of the desert, its clean, calm, restful

side, has also made its appeal.

"Some long for the far-away city, With its laughter and music and joys, For the hustle and bustle and hurry, For the bright lights and all that alloys.

"But to those of us on the desert, With the canyons and mountains so steep With sunsets like paintings on canvas, And the rush of the wind as we sleep.

"'Tis enough for our simple pleasures, These communings and nature to share. We need not the big, crowded City, But are content on the desert so bare.

"Under the blue sky so clOUdless, And a silence so vast and so deep, With the light of the campfire around us, We roll down our blankets for sleep." 2

The desert has appealed to the mother in The Desert l'1iother by Edith D. Rockwood of Yuma.

"Before my babe was born I planted trees To shield from Desert Sun his little head; I planted grass, that underneath his feet The burning Desert Sand might not be spread.

1. Ibid. p. 7. 2. Everett, E. W. A Desert Reverie. The Arizona Magazine, January, 1917. 67

"I tended them with watchful, tireless care; 'Gainst cruel Sun and his two allies strong, The blighting Desert Wind and Barren Soil, I fought a royal battle, hard and long.

"Hut Desert Sun cannot so fiercely burn As Mother Love, and so I won the day; And now beneath my spreading, sheltering trees, On cooling grass I see my child at play.·

"Ah, would that I could shelter evermore His onward way, and thus beneath his feet Spread clean and fragrant grasses where I know More pitiless than Desert Sun will beat.1f 1

As Arizona is not without humorists, so also have

they found materials within her borders that they satirize.

Dick Wick Hall has found the far-away loneliness of Salome with all its desert life and surroundings excellent material in The Salome Sun.

"Salome always has kept up its Average Annual Growth of 100% a Year -- 19 People now in 19 Years -- but after going through the Panic of 1907, the World War and 3 Democratic State Asphyxiations without a Slump, it looks as if this here Greasewood Golf Course was going to depopulate the Town. We felt all swelled up at 1st when Eastern Tourists going through all said they never saw Nothing Like It nowhere before -- a Golf Club where Everybody in Town had their Own Hole, but we've either got to close up the Town or the Golf Course or else get somebody in hereto work.

After the golf course had been built, Dick Wick Hall continues:

nAIl our Bunkers and Hazards are Natural. Anything that don't move or is dead, like a Sand Wash or a Mesquite Thicket or a Dead Steer on the Far a Way, we call a Bunker. If it's Alive, like a rattlesnake or a Cow, we call it a Hazard

1. Rockvvood, Edith D. The Desert Mother. The Arizona Magazine, November, 1915. 68

and if She is Young and Ras a Calf it's Extra Hazardous. rtThat's why our Caddies all go horseback. Lizards don't count, unless they get above your fI Kne es • 1

Desert Growth

The ordinary desert growth has attracted Will H.

Robinson. He writes of it, in a pleasing literary style,

in the chapter entitled "Desert Plant Pioneers - Trees and

Shrubs", in Under Turquoise Skies.

"This, then, is the land that the plants of the Southwest have reached in their long journey, through many ancestors, from the lagoon. And these children of the desert accept their adverse conditions so gallantly, so bravely! Their skins may be wrinkled by inclement weather, and their wardrobe of leaves shabby enough, yet when the days of their spring fiesta come they smilingly hide all suggestions of poverty in the bravery of their blossoms. "It is interesting, too, to notice the in­ genious methods used by the various plants in order that their living may not only be possible, but, in spite of their difficult environment, fairly comfortable. With all the plants every precious drop of water obtained either by direct rainfall or by drainage must be economically, even parsimoniously, used. "As has been suggested, none of these valiant colonists can afford the luxury of large leaves. Large leaves demand too much water; so not only do the plants adopt the fashion of wearing them small, but sometimes, after a short spring season, discard them altogether. "A conspicuous example of this is found in the palo verdes. Only in the favorable weather after winter rains will they indulge themselves with their tiny leaves, even though they know that their poverty will demand that they be soon left off. During the desert spring fiesta, in April and May, these trees fairly cover themselves with a flame of yellow blossoms. The ocatilla, too, is of the same brave,

1. Hall, Dick Wick The Salome Sun. The Saturday Evening Post, lll!arch 29, 1924. 69

gay school, only she wears her colors in March. First blossoms of the spring they are -- these brilliant red tips on long coachwhip stalks." I

An interesting description of the giant cacti is that

given by James O. Pattie of fur-trapping fame.

"A species of tree, which I had never seen before, here arrested my attention. It grows to the height of forty or fifty feet. The top is cone shaped, and almost without foliage. The bark resembles that of the prickly pear; and the body is covered with thorns. I have seen some three feet in diameter at the root, and throwing up twelve distinct shafts." 2

To Sharlot Hall, in The Desert Queen, the saguara is

a queen of ancient times.

"I was Zenobia in the olden time And ruled the desert from Palmyra's Walls; I flung my challenge to imperial Rome So far that still across the years it calls In proud defiance - but my halls are dust; The jackal suns him at the temple door; The wind-blown sand hide street and corridor And heap the temple floor.

"Forgotten is Aurelian and his might; Above his grave the beggar children smile; And I, who ruled the East in other days, Am mistress now of many a Western mile: Crowned with a coronal of snowy flowers, And armed and guarded with a thousand spears, I dream - while dim mirages recreate In shimmering light the splendor of past years." 3

Of the origin of the giant cacti, Alvin K. Stabler has

written �he following legend:

"Then was a ruler of the people who was known as Drinker Man. During his reign there came a great

1. Robinson, Will H. Under TUrquoise Skies. pp. 261-2. 2. Pattie, James O. The Personal Narrative of James O. Pattie of Kentucky, p. 104. 3. Hall, Sharlot Cactus and Pine. p. 67. 70

tlood which destroyed most of the people, and in order to repopulate the earth, Drinker Man sent the Rosesucker and the Coyote to bring him a certain kind of mud. "Of this mud Drinker Man made men whom he scattered over the land - some upstream and some downstream. Later he sent servants to these men for the purpose of learning whether they talked. The reports of the servants were that the men did talk, but the upstream men spoke a language which they could not understand; the dovmstream men, although they spoke a language different from the servants; could be understood. These reports made Drinker Man very angry, because he had given no permission for his creatures to develop a language. As a punishment for their having gone contrary to his wishes, Drinker 1:a.n struck many of the upstream men with sudden death, and left them standing throughout the country just where they were when overtaken by the calamity. The stroke was of such character that they were transformed into giant cacti, with arms thrown up as if to shield themselves from Drinker Man's vengeance.f1 1

Another legend, How the Flowers get their Color,has

come from the same author. One of the Corn Maidens gathers

the spray from Bridal Veil Falls in Cataract Canyon, and 2 wherever she lets fall a drop, flowers grow and blossom.

The Fines

The pines also have spoken in numerous ways to many, many writers. The Song of the Pines is the song of peace of a nation after strife.

"When the long array of shadows Had van�uished the hosts of light, I saw the purple evening Swoon into the arms of night;

1. Stabler , Alvin K. Origin of the Giant Cacti. Manu- script loaned by Mrs. Stabler, librarian at Phoenix Union High School. 2. Ibid. 71

"And a sob crept through the forest - A low sob, choked with tears, Like the grief of a mother-nation O'er her war-slain children's biers.

"Then came a note of wailing That echoed from pine to pine Till it rose in the measured choral Of a solemn dirge divine.

"It swelled to the mist-veiled mountain, It sank to the fallow plain, Till the great pines throbbed with sorrow For the vanquished hosts and the slain.

"The soft winds came to soothe them And the sweet dews brought them balm, But far too deep was their anguish For a tender kiss to calm.

"The notes of their lamentations Grew deep and full and strong, Till it seemed that the far skies echoed The strains of their mournful song.

"Then I heard a voice in the forest That the whole world seemed to thrill, And full o'er the plaintive measures It cried out: 'Peace! Be still!

"'The vanquished shall give new battle And the dead shall live again; And over the hosts of darkness The Prince of Light shall reign!'

TTl Twas God's own voice in the forest, And 10, even as he spake, In the east I saw the Archer His myriad troops awake;

nAnd, in his high car whirling, In his radiant robes of might, He hurled on the fleeing shadows His glorious hosts of light.

"Then the great pines calmed their sorrow; But a low sob, half a sigh, Crept out of the heart of the forest Ere she saw the Day-god nigh. 72

"In a pine for a while it lingered, Then rose to a tender song That swelled to majestic measure, Till an anthem, full and strong,

"From pine to· tall pine sweeping, To their sorrow brought surcease; Then it sank to a gentle murmur ,It Whose one note echoed, 1 Peace! I

In A Forest Lullaby the soul seeks rest in the bosom

of the pines.

".Nestled close to my mother-pine, In an undertone that is half a sigh She sings to me in her soft, sweet tongue, The tender strains of a lullaby, I watch the stars as they journey on Across the limitless breadth of skies, Till my mother-pine bends low her arms And shuts them out from my drooping eyes.

"And then, as close to her feet I lie, Low bending over her pilgrim child, (�nile far in the wood the mountain wind Waketh his long notes, weird and wild) My mother-pine, in her strange, sweet tongue, With half a wail in her cadence deep, Lulls me to rest as gently she sings, 'Sleep! sleep! my pilgrim child, oh, sleep!'ft 2

Animal Life

The animal life of Arizona in all its pecularities has appealed in various ways to writers. The Desert 1:ourner, a fable by Etta Gifford Young of Phoenix at the time it was written, is only one of the legends of the coyote.

Long ago, ere the paleface ever saw this land, when its desert floor resounded but to the heavy tread of the buffalo and the scampering hoof beats of ponies, it was the home of our tribe. And then as now, in the chief's family, there was

1. Conrard, Harrison �livira. pp. 50-1. 2. Ibid. p. 52. 73

always one son to whom was given the power of prophecy, miraculous healing and incantation, and that son became his father's successor. As ye know, I am the seventh son of my grandfather's seventh son, and we who inherit the magic gift are always called "Macato" , which meaneth, "He on whom resteth the blessing of God." .Back in the mists which surround the dawn days of creat ion, came the first l�acato, fully formed from the hand of the Great Father, and so, ere my Steed of Death is fitted with his trappings and while the incense of my pipe still sweetens the air about me, I will tell ye, my children, of was the Macato who my great grands ire , and his eldest son. This son early showed signs of the wondrous gift, and the father watched the growth and development of the younger Macato with ex­ ceeding great care, and, as is the habit of the fathers, early began planning his future.

One, day after the death of the ruler of a neighboring tribe, the daughter Neahma was brought to the Macato's house. Not being happy in this household, she would sit in the mesquite trees near an arroya and sing the love song of her tribe.

"0 my warrior lover, thou'rt away, Thy bow now speeds thy arrow in the fray, The golden sunlight seemeth turned to gray, As watching, waiting, lonely here I stay, o my warrior lover, thou'rt away.ll

And here Aguila found her.

Aguila was the son of the Royal Mourner. He loved

Neahma. As time went on, he "donned the black headdress of crows' feathers and the mantle of white fox skins, and sat in the seat of his fathers."

Now my grandsire, seeing the maiden full grown in stature and beauty, called her to him and told her that she was to be honored above all women of his tribe. He had chosen her as the wife of his son and a mother of the line of Macatos, and being old and full of his o�� thought, 74

pe saw not her pale lips and the dumb agony of her eyes and knew not that her low acqulescence came from gratitude for his meny years of tender care, and not from love or ambition. As ye know, my children, our people are not given to the sobs and cries of the white man, and the Princess Neahma bade farewell to her lover, promising to be faithful to him in heart though she must be false in life, telling him that she felt they would soon be joined in the land of brave spirits; then, with the stolid endurance of our race, she saw the preparations made for her marriage with Macato. But the grief of the red man, like the earthworm, burrows deep, and some­ times his heart aches and breaks as surely as does the heart of his paleface brother. Through all the mazes of the marriage dance, went Aguila, leading the young braves, who knew not how fast their feet Vlere trampling down the earth upon the grave of his hopes. Bravely he ate of the barbecued venison and drank the fiery juice of the mescal; yet bitterer to him than a brew of gourd root, was the meat and wine of the wedding feast.

A very short time after the wedding, in an outburst with the Hassayampa tribe, the young Macato was killed.

��en they returned to the camp, the brave old warrior bowed above his son in almost hopeless grief, believing that before him lay the last of the famous line of the Macatos. He saw the still form laid in state upon a couch of skins in his wigwam, then sending for the Royal Mourner, he told him to prepare for the ceremony of burial. But Aguila, standing before him, replied: "Y.y chief, ever have I done thy bidding, as did my father before me; when thy youngest son died five moons ago, three nights and days I sat beside the funeral fire on yon high mountain and dripped tar from the burning greasewood bush upon the cere-cloth to bind about his body. And now, my chief, thou hast told me to perform the duties of my office and mourn thy son who was my rival. He knew, 0 chief, if thou didst not, that the bride thou gavest him, went with faltering step and slowly beating heart; her love was mine. And so I will not mourn, 0 chief, but rather do I exult and call aloud in joy, that death'so soon hath set her free." With fiercely flashing eyes, beneath his beetling brows, my great grandsire arose to his 75

full height, and pointing a quivering fore­ finger at the defiant Aguila, said: "Thou insolent dog! How darest thou stand before my face and call my peerless son thy rival? Thinkest thou that because I am old, I have lost the power of enchantment, which is always the gift 'of the Macatos? Thou hast rebelled and refused to do thy duty, as becometh the polder of thy office; so now I abolish forever­ more the line of Royal Mourners in the tribe of the Uacatoways; henceforth thou Aguila and all who are akin to thee shall be coyotes and known to all men as the mourners of the desert, be­ cause of your desolate howling as ye skulk about the camps of men." I

The Mourning Dove by Mrs. Frank Last is just one

interpretation of the call of the dove.

"I hear thy plaint, oh mourning dove; The crooning protest of they love Comes to me on the evening breeze From thy retreat among the trees.

"I know the ache that grips thy heart, The longing pain that is thy part In this wide world of grief and woe, Where even birds must sorrow know.

"Hast thou, poor dove, grief of thine own Vfuich thou must bear, as I, alone. That thou dost cry unceasingly To me, from shadow of the tree?

"Or, grieving heart, is it for me Thou mournest thus so plaintively? Hast thou the sympathy to feel What I cannot to men reveal?

TfThat thou dost from thy trembling throat Sound thus, in tune, the lonely note Which swells within my aching breast And will not cease, nor be at rest?

"Ah, dove, the world is full of woe Each heart must its own burden know.

1. Young, Etta Gifford The Desert Mourner. The Arizona Magazine, October, 1913. 76

But even birds our sorrows bear, And seek witn us the grief to share.

"When thou dost mourn and. utter plaint, Thou s�eakest another's sorrows faint; And as I find relief in tears Thou bindest up the shattered years." 1

The beautiful re-winged blackbird is a messenger from

France to the late Katherine Winsor McCluskey of Phoenix in

The Red Winged Blackbird.

"Troubadour, poet, Back from Provence, Lilting the tales that you told her, Is that a pomegranate flower from France, Fastened so CHIC at your shoulder?

"Troubadour, warrior, You sing as you dance, Whimsical fancies no older; Scarlet the burst of your song to enhance That impudent shrug of your shoulder?

"Troubadour, warrior, When with a lance Tilting, you thrust bold and bolder, Was it your red blood, spurting for France, Painted the splash on your shoulder?

"Troubadour, lover, Prince of gallants, Heart-of-flame, never grow colder! You wear your passion and fury for France, Like a live coal on your shoulder." 2

Even the wild hogs brought forth from James O. Pattie this interesting description of them.

"The bottoms on each side (of Beaver Creek) afford a fine soil for cultivation. From these bottoms the hills rise to an enormous height, and

1. Last, Mrs. Frank The Mourning Dove. The Arizona Magazine, July, 1913. 2. McCluskey, Katherine Winsor The Red Winged Blackbird. The Arizona Magazine, March, 1922. 77

their summits are covered with perpetual snow. In these bottoms are great numbers of wild hogs, of a species entirely different from our domestic swine. They are fox-colored, with their navel on their back, towards the back part of their bodies. The hoof of their hind feet has but one dew-claw, and they yield an odor not less offensive than our polecat. Their figure and head are not uhlike our swine, except that their tail resembles that of a bear. We measured one of their tusks, of a size so enormous, that I am afraid to commit my credibility, by giving the dimensions. They remain undisturbed by man and other animals, whether through fear or on account of their offensive odor, I am unable to say. That they have no fear of man, and that they are exceedingly ferocious, I can bear testimony my­ self. I have many times been obliged to climb trees to escape their tusks. We killed a great many, but " could never bring ourselves to eat them. I

Of the many uses made of the gila monster in story and novel, the essay, The Gila Monster, A Convicted Suspect, probably a psuedo-scientific treatment, is alive and fascinating.

"Gila monsters have been found as far east as Western Texas and as far south as Northern Sonora. They are found as far west as the Pacific Ocean and on the north do not get far from the Gila and Salt rivers. Formerly they were more numerous right along the Gila than anywhere else but have been killed off in large numbers by hunters and settlers and are nov; more often seen back in the foothills. "A large specimen is twenty inches in length, nine and one-half inches in girth and forty-three ounces in weight. The record for length is twenty­ three inches and the average runs from twelve to eighteen inches. When well fed the body and tail seem stuffed to the point of discomfort. Externally the body appears to be covered with round glass beads of jet black and orange, in a Navajo pattern. The gila monster is the king of all lizards, so far

1. Pattie, James O. The Personal Narrative of James O. Pattie. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Early Western Travels - 1748-1846. Vol. 18, pp. 103-4. 78

as colors are concerned. He has a dIose second in his cousin, the coltetepon. "The internal organs consist of a complete pair of lungs, a heart with two cavities, the same as a bird's, a stomach, large and small intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, testes in the male and ovaries in the female. The circu­ lation of the blood is slow, the heart making only ten or fifteen pulsations per minute. Respiration is extremely slow, air being drawn into the lungs at intervals of about five minutes. "The body consists of a skeleton, very little muscle and the hard, beady skin. The bones are all small except for the backbone and tail, the spine being about three-fourths of an inch and the tail bone an inch in circumference. The skull is not covered by skin, though this escapes the eye of the casual observer. The skin of the back merges into the skull at the neck. The brain is about the size of a pea, dirty gray in color, slightly flattened and without convolutions. The tongue is lance shaped and split half an inch back. "The teeth are very small, being about the size of a needle and one-eighth of an inch in length. They are set close together, deep in the jaws. There are from eighteen to twenty-four in each jaw and they are perfectly solid, having no grooves or ducts of any kind. Fangs are entirely absent from the gila monster's mouth. "��en the body is opened up a strong and disagreeable odor fills the room. This odor clings for days to objects coming in contact with any of the fluids from the body. One fair whiff of the monster's breath will turn an ordinary stomach.t1 1

The rattlesnake is responsible for a vivid chapter in

L. N. Wallace's The Lure of the West. The two Whitworth brothers had taken refuge in an old cliff dwelling to guard themselves against the Apaches. Poking into the den of the

" rattlesnakes, the Apaches released them upon the white men.

"From within the adjoining cell came the tumUltuous hissing of the rattlers. Doc whirled to face the crack in the wall. They were coming, that second enemy; eyes and fangs gleamed through

1. Douglas, Ernest The Gila II�onster, A Convicted Suspect. The Arizona Magazine, December, 1910. 79

the dark opening. Bang! - a snake head spun by a thread of skin - crackl - roar! - a bit of loosened wall tumbled! - hUm of rattlers! - smoke of powder and of pitch pine! - M�tthew felt and heard it; yet, with that strange impassiveness of his nature, fought coolly on. Six times he looked down the short barrel at some red body he descried mistily through the smoke; six times he pulled the iron finger, and six times he heard the howl of death. A cold coil crossed his naked foot - but the rattler struck with his fangs in the dead horse. A red hand clawed at him from behind the buckskin's flank. A face gleamed - a face in war­ paint framing diabolical laughing eyes. Matthev{ struck with the butt end of his pistol; but it was jerked from him. The lean hands were everywhere. A wild hissing of rattlers! - cold passage of a snake across his neck! - it was an Apache who stumbled backwards over the ledge with the rattle­ snake hanging to his naked shoulder. The tender­ foot felt himself dragged out of the smoke amid unnumbered pounding heels and fists. His hands were wrenched out and back, and then bound to his feet; whereupon, throwing him face down over a cactus, they left him." 1

The faithful burro has also found his place among literary styles.

"Sad visaged, jaded, sleepy brute, Standing alone on hillside bare; Weary and worn, marked, roained, and mute, Vfuat says thy silly, stupid stare?

"Could'st thou but speak like Balaam's beast, vVhat tale would' st thou to us unfold; Wiser than man wast thou at least, Vfuen besor's son rode thee of old.

"The cross of Christ is on thy back, As on the robe of sainted priest; This heavy burden and thy pack; One crushes man, one crushes beast.

nOn cross the Savior thy prone rode,. Upon the cross erect He died; One bore Him on triumphal road, The other to the Father's side.

1. Wallace, L. N. 11he Lure of the West. pp. 56-64. 80

"Thy l�aster thou hast never mocked; Most faithful hast thou been to Him; The dog has never truer stalked The prey, than thou has served man's whim.

flJehovah open now thy mouth, That thou may'st tell thy saddening tale, Here is this land of West and South, Where pity doth too sca.rce avail.fI I

Will C. Barnes has found inspiration from the camel

in his interesting tale, "Camel Huntin'ff. The books that

tell most of the animal life and the desert and the

mountains and the canyons and the trails of Arizona are:

w. F. Hornaday's Campfires on Desert and Lava,

Will H. Robinson's Under Turquoise Skies, The

Story of Arizona, and The l��an from Yesterday,

Lynde's The City of Numbered Days,

R. A. Bennet's Bloom of Cactus,

E. T. Foster's Little Tales of the Desert,

Raphael Pumpelly's Across America and ASia,

Henry Inman'S Old Santa Fe Trail,

c. F. Lummis's Mesa, Canlon and Pueblo,

G. w. James's Arizona! the Wonderland,

J. A. l\�unk' s Southwest Sketches, and

Mary Austin's The Land of Little Rain.

Natural Wonders

The natural wonders of Arizona appealed from earliest days to people who came into the state. On June 20, 1776,

1. Donovan, Jr. J. L. The Burrow. The Arizona Magazine, June, 1913. 81

Garces wrote of the nrand Canyon and the Colorado and

the Little Colorado.

"I arrived at a rancheria which is on the Rio Jabesua (Colorado), which I named Rio de San Antonio; and in order to reach this place I traversed a strait which I called the Nuebo Can­ fran. This extends about three quarters (of a league); on one side a very lofty cliff, and on the other a horrible abyss. This difficult road passed, there presented itself another and a worse one, which obliged us to leave, I my mule and they their horses, in order that we might climb do�rn a ladder of wood. (Cataract Canyon) All the soil of these caxones is red; there is . in them much mezcal." I

On June 28, 1776, he wrote:

"I traveled three and a half leagues on courses south, southeast, and east, and I arrived at the Rio Jaquesila, and I called it the Rio' de San Pedro (Little Colorado). It was running water enough, but very dirty and red, that could not be drunk; but in the pools of the border of the river there was good water. This river runs to the westnorthwest, and unites with the Rio Colorado a little before this passes through the Puerto de Bucareli. The bed of this river, as far as the confluence, is a trough of solid rock, very profound and wide about a stone's throw, and on that account impassable even on foot." 2

On AU�lst 27, 1776, Garces further wrote of rivers.

"The river which the Yumas call Javill and we Colorado - not, as some think, because its but is cauae the waters be always reddened, it be , whole region being colored, they become tinged in the month of April, that in which the snows melt, and there are the greatest freshets - is very peculiar, inasmuch as in all the year it rises and falls more or less, but in each case for a long space (of time); it commences to rise from the last days of February until the end of June, and

1. Coues, Elliott On the Trail of a Spanish �ioneer - Garces' Diary. Vol. 2, pp. 336-7. 2. Ibid. p. 354. 82

continues to subside until the last of December. Its source it draws from the septentrional parts, and even in its beginnings did they assure me it was full of water. This much is certain, that from the Yutas, who are on the north of the Moqui, unto its disemboguement in the Golfo de Californias, it gathers to itself no notable volume of water; wherefore is it very likely that the greater part of its abundance comes from far beyond. I have not been able to obtain more particular information about that, though I have solicited it; only that among the Yutas there unite with it two small streams, of which one comes from the north and the other from the northeast; and among the Yabipais the Rio de San Pedro Jaquesila which, though in times of snow-waters it is of some volume, when I passed it was dry. Among the Jabesuas falls in the Rio de San Antonio (Cataract Canyon) which rather can be called an arroyo than a river. Among the Jalchedunes and Jamajabs falls in the Rio de Santa Maria (Bill Williams River), which also is usually dry. Among the Yumas falls in the Gila, which though it is so voluminous, yet is not so all the year. I inquired likewise if, on the pa-rt of the north or northwest, there ent.e re d into the Colorado any others and all answered me nay, reducing their information solely to those (rivers) mentioned." I

The power and sweep of the Colorado is well expressed in The Song of the Colorado by Sharlot Hall.

"From the heart of the mighty mountai�s strong­ souled for my fate I came, NW far-drawn track to a nameless sea through a land Vii thout a name; And the earth rose up to hold me, to bid me linger and stay; And the brawn and bone of mother's race were my " set to bar my way.

"Yet 1 stayed not, I could not linger; my soul was tense to the call The wet winds Sing when the long waves leap and beat on the far sea wall. I stayed not, I could not linger; patient, resistless, alone,

1. Ipid. pp. 431-3. 83

I hewed the trail of my destiny deep in the hin­ dering stone.

"How narrow that first dim pathway - yet deepening hour by hour! Years, ages, eons, spent and forgot, while I gathered me might and power To answer the call that led me, to carve my road to the sea, Till my flood swept out with that greater tide, as tireless and ta�eless and free.

"]-;rom the far, wild land that bore me I drew my blood as wild - the I , born of glacier's glory, born of the uplands piled Like stairs to the door of Heaven, that the Maker of All might go Down from His place with honor, to look on the wo rId and knO'VIT.

"That the sun and the wind and the waters, and the white ice cold and still, Were moving arignt in the plan He had made, shaping His wish and will. When the spirit of worship was on me, turning alone, apart, I stayed and carved me temples deep in the mountain's heart.

"Wide-domed and vast and silent, meet for the God I knew, With shrines that were shadowed and solemn and altars of riches hue; And out of my ceaseless striving I wrought a victor's hymn, Flung up to the stars in greeting from my far track deep and dim.

"For the earth was put behind me; I reckoned no more with them That come or go at her bidding and cling to her garment's hem. Apart in my rock-hewn pathway, where the great cliffs shut me in, The storm-swept clouds were my brethren and the stars were my kind and kin.

"Tireless, alone, unstaying, I went as one who goes On some high and strong adventure that only his own heart knows. 84

Tireless, alone, unstaying, I went in my chosen road -

I trafficked with no man's burden - I bent me to no man's load.

"On my tawny;;. sinuous shoulders no salt-gray ships swung in; I washed no feet of cities, like a slave whipped out and in; N� will was the law on my moving in the land that my strife had made - As a man in the house he has builded, master and unafraid.

"0 ye that would hedge and bind. me - remembering whence I came - I, that was, and was mighty, ere your race had breadth or name! Play with your dreams in the sunshine - delve and toil and plot - Yet I keep the way of my will to the sea when ye and your race are not!" 1

In all its over-powering grandeur, the Grand Canyon

has been the subject of poems, as well as the subject of

the influence for stability of character in novels. The

Grand Canyon of Arizona, by J. William Lloyd, leaves one

with the eternal question one carries away from a visit

to it.

"Gulf, glorious, untellable; I see your world of temples; I see your depths, breath-stopping; Restful, restful, yet awful; Drawing me, drawing me, back-shrinking. I see your colors, colors, colors; Deep, soft, tender, pervading, blending, Your greens, Olives, browns, yellows, blue-grays, red-purple-blacks; Above all, back of all, staining all, sustaining all, Your rich, reaching, embracing, warming reds, �ymbol of the Soul of Love.

1. Hall, Sharlot Cactus and Pine. pp. 18-21. 85

"A symphony of form and color and silence, Dream-like in your deep of luminous ether, Your sea of strata- faint-blue, shimmering haze, - rippled - Am I not indeed looking down into some lake enchanted, Seeing the-city that all men seek forever Reflected there from heaven? Surely this is not real, earth-born or earth includedt

"Hark! from far, far below a murmur, A roar in a breath and a whisper, The Still, Small Voice audible, The sound of the sea in a shell.

"Save this, over all, holding all, the Arizona stillness, Color-steeped, sun-saturated, The great, wide, brooding, wonderful hush of the desert.

no what wait you for, 0 Desert, soft and terrible, Motionless, beautiful and infinite? Why are you so calm and expectant? Vfuat god, what cycle is coming? Are you only the wise, 0 Desert? Is it you that hold the meaning?" 1

The Grand Canyon, by Harrison Conrard, leaves one with

the feeling of its divine origin. Its age, its immensity,

its grandeur, its influence - all are there.

God said: "Earth, child of If.y will, That spinnest the web of Time And weavest thereof the warp and the woof of Life, A city I would have for thee, With a palace and throne of infinite splendor, �bither shall come, when ended thy long toil- plodding, I and My hosts and :My legions To judge of thy fabric.

"Time I have made thy master - Time who sheareth the flocks for the web whereof thou spinnest and weavest - And him I commission My architect,

1. Lloy�, J. William Songs of the Desert. pp. 22-3. 86

�bo, with his servants, the artisan-elements, Out of thy noblest matter, Thy granite and onyx and bronze, Thy gold and thy silver, Shall build the city, The throne and the palace, For the ultimate coming Of thy King and thy Master Eternal."

Saying, He dreamed.

Time, stealing up to the gates of Eternity, Saw not within, But near, Of the Dream caught from beyond An atom-breath, Saw an atom-gleam, Heard an atom-measure.

Then, from God's otherland turning, Straight unto earth he whirled, And, all about him the artisan-elements calling, Bade them to hew and to carve and to build.

Counting each punctual moment with patient preciSion, Through ages of eons they hewed and they carved and they builded - Time and his servants - Slow working Out of a chaos of matter The design of the city, The throne and the palace, Caught in an atom-breath, An atom-ray, An atom-sound, From an Infinite Dream.

Vast temples of onyx and gold, Vast courts of bronze and of silver, Vast palaces manN, Embrasures, battlements, ramparts, Minarets, pinnacles, towers, And walls of enduring granite, In the midst the Throne of the King, They hewed and they carved and they builded, Till out of their toil came the Wonderful City, Vast as empire.

Then rested Time and his servants, The artisan-elements. 87

God saw and smiled; And over the City Y�sterious, The City of Glory, From His countenance fell A miracle �f light and of mists, Of color and glow, And He said: "It is well!" I

Mary E. Thompson has woven out of shiprock a legend of

its origin. Two missionaries journeying to the Indian

School near Ship Rock listen to the following story:

"Ages ago the Navajos lived in a land far across the black waters. They were a prosperous people; but in time a war with a neighboring nation arose that proved to be long and almost exterminating. City and town, tower, palace and hovel fell, and the people were either slain or taken captive, until only a handful were left. Then this remnant, with their wives and children, fled to a ship anchored in the offing, with a faint· hope they might escape on it. nAnd now a wonderful thing happened, for their gods, seeing their sorry case, extended pity, and taking their ship in charge drove it on and on over the black water. Sometimes friendly breezes blew helpfully. Sometimes the breezes were so strong they trembled with fear. Sometimes loneliness and homesickness almost broke their hearts. Sometimes clouds arose, from whose depths came gales that bellied out their matting sails and tugged at their cordage. Sometimes famine threatened, but shoals of fish appeared in time to prevent it. Sometimes they mourned their lost friends and land, and looked forward to a strange one with shrinking hearts. But ever on they carne, through the track­ less deep, to the.music of the wind through their cordage and the rustle of the waves around their prow, until distant, mountainous shores met their land-hungry eyes. "Coming safely to it, they disembarked and set up rude hogans. Once set.tIed, the men hunted and fished and the women planted seeds and in due time reaped the harvest. They also made grass mats, as they had done in their old homes, and this art their descendants long after turned to use in blanket­ weaving. Increasing to a tribe, they sometimes lived

1. Conrard, Harrison Quivira. pp. 32-4. 88

in peace and prosperity, and sometimes in war with neighboring tribes. "Gradually they were driven inland, farther and farther yet, until they reached these foot­ hills, and thus, one bright morning, lifting up their eyes they saw, afar in the desert, what looked like the ship their forefathers had sailed in across the black waters. There it stood, with its big butterfly-shaped sails spread, its mast sticking up between, � ship of stone! "Surely their gods in their might had lifted it from the water, and turning it to stone had planted it there in the desert, a memorial of their wonderful voyage, and in some sort a Navajo Ebenezer, even to the present time. Thus it became a sacred thing." 1

Camelback Mountain has been the inspiration of one of

the most beautiful legends in modern literature. Annie

Fellows Johnston tells the story in The �ittle Colonel in

Arizona to one who has become impatient of being ill.

In the Desert Waiting has as its lesson the following:

Shapur worked diligently at this new task, until there came a day when Ornar said to him, "Well done, Shapur! Behold the gift of the desert, its reward for thy patient service in its solitude!" He placed in Shapur's hands a crystal vase, sealed with a seal, and filled with the precious attar. n\AJherever thou goest this sweetness will open for thee a way and win for thee a welcome. Thou carnest into the desert a common vendor of salt, thou shalt go forth an Apostle of my Alchemy. wTherever thou seest a heart bowed in some Desert of Waiting, thou shalt whisper to it, 'Patiencel Here if thou wilt, in these arid sands, thou mayst find thy garden of Ornar, and even from the daily tasks that prick thee sorest, distil some precious attar to sweeten all life.' So like the bee that led thee to my teaching, thou shalt lead others to hope.fI Then Shapur went forth with the crystal vase, and the camel, healed in its long time of waiting,

1. Thompson. ]I:ary E. The Legend of Ship Rock. The Arizona GraphiC, December 16, 1899. 89

bore him swiftly across the sands to the City of his Desire. The Golden Gate, that would not have opened to the vendor of salt, swung wide for the Apostle of Omar. Princes'brought their pearls to exchange for drops of his attar, and everywhere he went its sweetness opened for him a way and won for him a welcome. Vllierever he saw a heart bowed do�m in some Desert of Waiting he whispered Ornar's alchemy, that from the commonest experiences of life may be distilled its greetest blessings. At hi$ death, in order that men might not forget, he willed that his tomb should be made at a certain place where all caravans passed. There at the crossing of the highways he caused to be cut in stone that symbol of patience, the camel, kneeling on the sand. And it bore this inscription, which no one could fail to see as he toiled past the City of his Desire: "Patience! Here, if thou'wilt, on these arid sands, thou mayst find thy Garden of Omar, and even from the daily tasks which prick thee sorest distil some precious atter to bless thee and thy fellow man." 1

Ruth Lawrence, in her poem Camelback's Message, has also had the mountain give her its meaning of patience and calm endurance in life's problems. The mountain has appealed to Harold S. Goldberg in the tone of ancient

Egypt, in The Law of Allah. W. I. Lively's The Legend of

Camel back !\{ountain tells in poetry the Indian chief's lack of reverence for the mountain.

Superstition Mountain has been the theme of many writers.

Hoom-a-thy-a (Wet Nose) of Mike Burns, a descendant of the one remaining Apache Indian after an attack by the United

States soldiers, writes The Legend of Superstition Mountain as his fathers told it.

1. Johnston, Annie Fellows In the Desert of Waiting. pp. 25-9. 90

"All people, who look upon the Superstition llountains, do so with more or less of superstitious awe. The l�aricopa and Pima Indians are of all people the most superstitious regarding these mountains. They are so superstitious that it is a fact that not for love nor money can you induce any member of these tribes to ascend the slopes of these mountains. They will tell you that it is because, long years ago, hundreds of their bravest warriors were enticed into the deep recesses of canyons in these mountains by Evil Spirits and there slain, leaving only a few of their number to tell the story. They also claim that the same sudden death will over­ take any Pima or lSaricopa who attempts to scale these mountains, and further, that the departed ghosts of the Braves, who fell at the hands of the Evil One on that day, still haunt these mountains and that you can still hear their sighs and groans as you climb into the canyons that are interspersed among the peaks that make up the Superstition Range. "The Pimas and Karicopas have sufficient reason to be afraid of these �ountains, because, as I have been told by my ancestors, who were the people who made their homes upon the slopes, and in the Super­ stition �ountains, a great disaster overtook some two hundred of their Braves at one time in these mountains." 1

When the Apache warriors were 2..way looking after their

horses, the women, children, and old men who went out

hunting for the fruit of the cacti were most cruelly clubbed

to death by the Pimas and �aricopas. Then, the fifteen

Apache warriors hid themselves on the mountain sides that

guarded the only gap leading out of the canyon. As the

robbers and murderers passed through, the warriors hurled

large stones upon them. As they could not see the Apaches hidden above, the few that escaped believed that the Evil

Spirits had caused the stones to fall.

1. Hoom-a-thy-a The Legend of Superstition �ountain. pp. 7-8. 91

"The Pimas and Maricopas from that day have never gone into these mountains end they will tell you that their o�� legends are true. That these two hundred brave men were killed by Evil Spirits. They say no Apache could have been brave enough for such a small bend of men to destroy such a great number of their people; but I, Hoom-a-thy-a (Mike Burns) tell you here the story that my grandfather told me. He lived all his life in the Superstition Mountains and he was a wise man and hlew all the old true legends of his people." 1

Krs. R. A. Windes, a dear old pioneer woman over

ninety and a resident of the dese�t, finds God in ali

nature. God in nature is the result of her surroundings.

"God must have made, the wood, The deep, dark wood, The cool, sweet wood - The swaying boughs that lap and lean To form a soothing, fairy screen. God took the nand of nature in his own J�d thus the seeds of the great wood were sown.

"God must have made the desert, The sun-clad desert, The age-old desert - The rugged rimmed, and gray-green land, By solitude and silence spanned. God gave the brush to nature, 'Paint,' said he, 'This myst'ry-hidden, wondrous land for me.'

"Go d must have made the sky, The day�bright sky, The midnight sky - Suns, moons, and planets in their race Thro' aeons, and throW boundless space. God breathed in nature's heart the vital fire And 10, unnumbered worlds at his desire." 2

In very recent years Harrison Conrard's garden of wild flowers was a real joy to him.'

1. Ibid. p , 13. 2. Windes, Mrs. R. A. God in Nature. Christian Century, June, 1927. 92

"God 'loves my garden Better far than I: He gives it dew, He gives it rain And then a sunlit sky; And day by day, my plants reach up His Name to glorify.

"God loves my garden, But whd Le he gives it all To make a garden beautiful, I let the weeds grow tall, And, careless of their keep, my plants Droop faint and swoon and fall.

"How desolate my garden ��en now I pass it by; But God still gives it dew and rain And then a sunlit sky. Ah, God must love my garden Better far than 1. n 1

Out of 'nature and the conquering of its forces has

come a toast from Alvin K. Stabler.

"Spirit of this great, new state! That broods o'er man and land, That's of the mountains, wild and wide, The desert, and the clear, blue dome above - Spirit of this great, new state! Free and unhampered by the past, That looks the future in. the face 'And grasps its possibilities - Spirit of this great, new state! That bounds forth to its task, That conquers forces that oppose And makes them captive to its ends - Spirit of this great, new state! That dreams an empire just beyond, That dares and does and never halts At difficulties howe'er great - Spirit of this great, new state! Rev'ling in the strength of youth And dreaming dreams of wealth, With ne'er a thought of failure - Spirit of this great, new state! Thy conquest ne'er will know defeat. The mountains, desert, and the streams Will bow to thee, their conqueror,

1. Conrard, Harrison God Loves My Garden. Iv�anuscript.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION Conclusion

Since this type of thesis on Arizona has never before

been attempted, it has been my purpose to show by definite

illustrations that the peoples - the Spaniards, the Indians,

the Americans - and nature have appealed to many writers.

The Spanish invasions have colored the literature from

the first entrada to the present day. Included in the

materials are George P. Winship's description of Coronado's

elaborate preparations for his march, and Harrison Conrard's

Quivira, dealing not only with the gay buoyancy of the march

but also with the spiritual outlook of the friars included

in the company. Ida Flood Dodge gives the Indians' ex­

pression of the march, and Oliver La Farge today speaks of

the fine horses that accompanied the conquistadores.

The Spanish missionaries also form the basis of many

literary productions. Ida Flood Dodge speaks of the in­

fluence of old Tumacacori on its surroundings; Harrison

Conrard of the religious fervor of Kino and his followers;

and Mary E. Forbes of the sweeter influence that San Xavier

has on idle tourists.

Of the Spanish-Indian-Mexican-American mixture much

is found in all types of writing. Will H. Robinson has given

all the early mingling of Papago, Mexican, and Spanish life

and superstitions in The Witchery of Rita. Garces found

the acequias, and around them Clarissa P. Coudert has woven her poem Under the Alamo. D. Maitland Hushby has pictured a Spanish dance. James H. McClintock has given 95

Tucson a real Spanish flavor, and Sharlot Hall and Harrison

Conrard have portrayed Spanish Tucson in In Old Tucson.

Kari Dovre's Roll Call is a roll of Mexican children in an

Arizona schoolroom.

Of the Indians living when they were found and of those today much has been written. Kino was interested in their friendliness and in their amusements. He also taught them horse-racing. He was confident of, their religious conversion, for he wrote of the simplicity of their beliefs. He found that the Opa nation had a story of creation. He and later

Garces were interested in the life of the Moquis and in their conversion. Both spoke of the squash-blossom coiffure of the Moqui women. Harrison Conrard also uses it in

A Hopi Pastoral.

Kino also wrote of sending the Indian children to school as a punishment to their parents or tribe. Marah

Ellis Ryan gives the Ropis' attitude toward the white man's school and religion, and Oliver La Farge forcefully expresses the Navajos' point of view. Soothingly comes Mary E.

Hughston's delightful expression of the quiet, happy, peace­ ful influence of San Xavier in the life of the Papagoes.

Indian Warfare fills many volumes. Kino found thefts and depredations committed by the Apaches. Will H. Robinson lays the Apache trouble with the Americans at the hand of a

United States officer. Raphael Pumpelly graphically describes his adventures dodging Apache vengeance. 96

Among the Americans is found the real cowboy

immortalized by Badger Clark and Walt Coburn. The sheep­

herder and his trials are well pictured by Will C. Barnes.

The meagerness of a homestead is given by Richard V. Carr,

and the hardships endured by the women and children are

portrayed by Will C. Barnes.

The mineral wealth of Arizona was of interest from the

earliest Spanish days. Among the Americans Elwyn Hoffman

portrays the prospector as an empire bUilder, and Romaine

H. Lowdermilk finds interest in the character of the

freighters.

Buckey O'Neill has given an inSight into the life at

a military post. The Mormons are immortalized in their

I great work of building a road, the builders and first users

being the Uormon Battalion. They are also praised for their

clean communities by Frederick S. Dellenbaugh.

Of the early ones who dared adventure are the Patties

as trappers. The Personal Narrative of James O. Pattie

of Kentucky teems with interest. R. B. Stratton has given most realistically the experiences of the Oatman girls as

captives of the Indians. Nothing is so daringly bold as

is Colonel William Stover's Red Earon who claimed as a descendant of the Peralta family all of Arizona and parts of New Mexico and California.

Among the daring politicians are Will H. Robinson's

The Man from Yesterday and Grace Reeve Fennell's The Man 97

the People Chose. The unusual characters that c�use thrills

are found also. The two bad men in Rose del Nieve's Early

Days in Arizona are well depicted. Dan Rose's Billy

Brazelton is Arizona's own highwayman. Sharlot Hall has

made the gambler live in The �ercy of Na-chis, and the squaw

man in The Squaw Man.

The frontiersmen and the pioneers are sung by Ned White

and Theodore O'Hara. Of the people today in Arizona,

Gladwell Richardson has given the airpilot, Christianna

Glass Gilchrist the sick, and J. William Lloyd the out-of­

doors sleeper.

Nature fills pages and pages. Of her climate Kino

wrote; and humorously are included Charles O. Hrown's version

that the devil made Arizona and Alvin K. Stabler's satire

on the trite expression It Is Unusual. The rains are

pleasingly given by Badger Clark, and powerfully given by

Minnie K. Bisby. The snow, in its beauty and purity, is given

by J. William Lloyd, and in its .cruelty by Will C. Barnes.

The sand and the sand storms are also given again and again

in the writings on Arizona, even Kino picturing very vividly

a sand storm. Included are John C. Van Dyke's comments on

the survival of life on the desert, E. W. Everett's poem of

the desert's calmness, Edith D. Rockwood's the feeling of a

desert mother, and Dick Wick Hall's satire on desert living

and its hazards. Of the desert's growth, the trees, shrubs,

cacti, and the color of the flowers are included. The pines are given in poetry. Of the animal life, the coyote, the 98 dove, the red winged blackbird, the wild hog, the gila monster, the rattlesnake, the burro, and the camel are included.

Of the natural wonders, Garces' accounts of the rivers and c�nyons are given. Sharlot Hall writes of the Colorado, and Harrison Conrard and J. William Lloyd of the Grand

Canyon. Legends of some of the natural wonders, of Camel­ back Mountain, of Ship Rock, of Superstition Mountains, are

also included.

These illustrations, although only a few of the many

that have been collected, amply illustrate my thesis, that

the peoples and nature have an important place in the

literature of Arizona. BIBLICGRAl'RY Bibliography

Books

Poetry

Ashurst, Joseph Thurman and Whiteside, Richard'Roward Desert Odyssey and Other Poems. Phoenix, A.rizona: l;�anufacturing Stationers Inc., 1925.

Bushby, D. Kait1and Kesqui te Smoke. Philadelphia: Dorrance and Company, 1926.

Carr, Richard V. Cowboy Lyrics. Boston: Small, Maynard & CompaL.Y, 1908.

Clark, Badger Sun and Saddle Leather. Boston: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press, 1922.

Conrard, Harrison Quivira. Boston: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press, 1907.

Downing, Andrew The Trumpeters. Boston: Sherman, French & Company, 1913.

Hall, Sharlot Cactus and Pine. Phoenix, Arizona: Arizona Republican Print Shop, 1924.

Lively, W. I. The Legend of Camel back l\:lount�dn. Phoenix, Arizona: A. Truman Helm, 1928.

Lloyd, J. William Songs of the Desert. Phoenix, Arizona: The Berryhill Company, 1911.

Poston, Charles D. Apache Land. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Co'., 1878.

Stabler, Alvin K. Arizona Sunshine. Phoenix, Arizona: KcNei1 Co., 1915. 100

Prose

Austin, 1�ary The Land of Little Rain. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1903.

Barnes, Will C. Tales from the X-Bar Horse Camp. Chicago, 542 S. Dearborn Street: The Breed.ers' Gazette,1920.

J3echdolt, F. R. When the West was Young. N'ew York: 'I'he Century Co., 1922.

Bennet, R. A. Bloom of Cactus. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1920.

Bolton, Herbert Eugene Kino's Historical Memoirs of Pimeria Alta, Vol. 1 & 2. Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark �ompany, 1919.

Bolton, Herbert 1ugene Spanish Borderlands. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1921.

Bourke, John Gregory On the Border with Crook. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1891.

Breakenridge, William :M. Helldorado. New York: Houghton 11.1iff1in Company, 1928.

Burns, Walter Noble Tombstone. Nevr York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1927.

Cady, J. H. Arizona's Yesterdays. Los Angeles: Times-Mirror Printing and Binding House, 1915.

Clark, Badger Spike. Boston: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press, 1925.

Coburn, Walt The Rin_gtailed Rannyhans. New York: The Century Co., 1927. 101

Conrard, Harrison Desert Madness. Ne,w York: The Macaulay Company, 1928.

Conrard, Harrison The Golden Bowl, New York: Chelsea House, 1925.

Coues, Elliott On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer - Garces' Diary. New York: F. P. Harper, 1900.

Del1enbaugh, Frederick S. Breaking the Wilderness. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1905.

Ellis, Edward S. Trailing Geronimo. New York: F. F. Lovell & Company, 1889.

Foster, E. F. Little Tales of the Desert. Los Angeles: Kingsley, Mason and Collins Co., Printers and Binders, 1913.

Garces' Diary, 1775-6, Vol. 1 & 2. Coues. On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer. New York: F.�. Harper, 1900.

Grey, Zane The Call of the Canyon. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916.

Grey, Zane The Heritage of the Desert. Hew York: Harper & Brothers, 1910.

Grey, Zane To the Last Man. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1922.

Grey, Zane Rainbow Trail. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1915.

Hartmann, George . Wooed by a Sphinx of Aztlan. New York: Burr Printing House, 1907.

Hoom-a-thy-a (Mike Burns), The Legend of Superstition Mountain. Phoenix, Arizona: A. Truman Helm, 1927. 102

Hooker, Forrestine C. Vfuen Geronimo Rode. New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1924.

Hornaday, William F. Campfires on Desert and Lava. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908.

Hoyt, T. C. Rimrock. Boston: The Four Seas Company, 1923.

Hughston, Mary Caroline The Shrine in the Desert. Tucson, Arizona: F. H. Keddington Co., 1910.

Inman, Henry Old Santa Fe Trail. St. Austin, Texas: Gammel's Book Store, 1917.

James, George �Tharton Arizona, the Wonderland. Boston: The Page Company, 1917.

Johnston, Annie Fellows In the Desert of Waiting. Boston: The Page Company, 1904.

Kino, Eusibio Francisco Historical Memoirs of Pimeria Alta. Vol. 1 & 2. Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1919.

La Farge, Oliver Laughing Boy. Chicago: }Ioughton Mifflin Company, 1929. Lewis, Alfred Henry Wolfville. NeVI York: Frederick A. 1897. -. Stokes,

Lummis, Charles F. ,Mesa, Canyon and Pueblo. NevI York: ,The Century .ce... 1925.

Lynde, Francis The City of Numbered. Days. New.York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914.

Mazzanovitch, Anton Trailing Geronimo. Los Angeles: Gem Publishing Company, 1926. 103

McC1intock,-James H. Arizona, the State. Chicago: TheYoun�ests .. Clarke Publishing Co., 1916.

McCrackin, Josephine Clifford The Woman Who Lost Him. Pasadena, California: George Wharton James, 1913.

Munk, J. A. Southwest Sketches. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1920.

Pattie, James O. The Personal Narrative of James O. Pattie of Kentuck�. Cincinnati, Ohio: John H. Viood, 1831. Edited by Rueben Gold Thwaites. Early Travels - 1748 - 1846. Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1905.

Pumpe11y, Raphael Across America and Asia. New York: Leypoldt & Holt, 1870.

Rice, o. S. Ra�hael Pumpelly. Travels and Adventures of Raphael Pumpelly. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1920.

Rinehart, Mary Roberts The Out Trail. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1923.

Robinson, Will H. The Man from Yesterday. Boston: Roxburgh Publishing Co., 1915.

Robinson, Will H. The Story of Arizona. Phoenix, Arizona: The Berryhill Company, 1919.

Robinson, Will H. The Witchery of Rita. Phoenix, Arizona: The Berryhill Company, 1919.

Robinson, Will R. Under Turquoise Skies. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1928

Ryan, Marah Elli"s Indian Love Letters. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1907. 104

Siringo, Charles A. Riata and Spur. New York: Houghton r�ifflin Company, 1912.

Siringo, Charles A. The Cowboy Detective. Eanta Fe, New Mexico: Chas. A. Siringo, 1919.

Sparks, William The Apache Kicl. Los Angeles: Skelton Publishing Co., 1926.

Stratton, R. B. Captivity of the Oatman Girls. New York: Carlton & Forter, 200 Mulberry Street, 1858.

Thomason, Hugh On the Heels of Geronimo. Stockton, California: Photomount Phemph1et Binder, Gaylord Bros., 1921.

Van Dyke, John C. The Desert. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1901.

Wallace, L. N. The Lure of the West. Chicago: Joseph H. Meier, 64 West Randolph Street, 1924.

Wells, Edmund Argonaut Tales. New York: Frederick H. Hitchcock, The Grafton Press, 1927.

Vfuite, Stewart Edward Arizona Nights. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1927.

Winship, George P. The Story of Coronado. Los Angeles: Land of Sunshine Publishing Company, 1898.

Wister, Owen Red Men and White. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1895.

Wister, Owen The Virginian. New York: The Me.cmillan Company, 1905.

Wright, Harold Bell The Winning of Barbara Worth. Chicago: The Book Supply Company, 1911. 105

Wright, 'Harold Bell 'When a Man's a Man. Chicago: The Book Supply Company, 1916.

Magazines

Adventure Lowdermilk, Romaine H. The Passing of Pete Davila. June, 1924.

The Arizona Graphic O'Hara, Theodore The Pioneer. November 25, 1899.

Thompson, Mary E. The Legend of Ship Rock. December 16, 1899.

The Arizona Magazine Poetry Brown, Charles O. The History of Arizona. . September, 1916.

Coudert, Clarissa P. Under the Alamo. April and May, 1914.

Donovan, Jr. J. L. The Burrow. June, 1913.

Everett, E. W. A Desert Reverie. J'anuary, 1917.

Hoffman, Elwyn The Prospector. January, 1913.

Last, 1�rs. Fz-ank The Illourning Dove. July 1913.

Lawrence, Ruth Camelback's Message. April, 1919. 106

McCluskey, Katherine Winsor The Red Winged Blackbird. March, 1922.

Rockwood, Edith D. The Desert Mother. November, 1915.

Prose

Douglas, Ernest The Gila Monster, A Convicted Suspect. December, 1910.

Fennell, Grace Reeve �he Man the People Chose. September-October, 1913.

Goldberg, Harold S. The Law of Allah. February, 1922.

del Nieve, Rose Early Days in Arizona. August, 1914.

Rose, Dan Billy Brazelton. March, 1916.

Stover, Col. Wm. Story of the Red Baron. September, 1919.

Young, Etta Gifford The Desert Mourner. October, 1913.

Christian Century Windes, Mrs. R. A. God in Nature. April, 1924.

Cosmopolitan O'Neill, Buckey The Requiem of the Drums. February, 1901, Vol. 30, pp. 401-5.

Flying Stories Richardson, Gladwell Above the Rainbow. May and June, 1929. 107

The Saturday Evening Post Hall, Dick Wick The Salome Sun. March 29, 1924.

Newspapers

Tucson Daily Citizen Dodge, Ida Flood When the White Men Came to Tusayan. May 8, 1928.

Dovre, Kari Roll Call. January 17, 1929.

Forbes, Mary E. San Xavier. February 17, 1929.

Manuscripts

Bisby, Minnie K. The Torrent. Written in my class in 1926.

Dodge, Ida Flood Tumacacori.

Conrard, Harrison God Loves My Garden.

Stabler, Alvin K. How the Flowers Get their Color and Origin of the Giant Cacti.