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The Metazoan Parasite Fauna of Loons

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The Metazoan Parasite Fauna of Loons THE METAZOAN PARASITE FAUNA OF LOONS (AVES: GAVIIFORMES), ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE BIRDS' EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND BIOLOGY, AND A COMPARISON WITH THE PARASITE FAUNA OF GREBES BY ROBERT W. STORER MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITYOFMICHIGAN, NO. 191 Ann Arbor, June 18,2002 ISSN 0076-8405 l'he r~~t)licatiorrsol'the MLIS~LIIT~of Zoology, 'Il'hr Ilnivrrsity of Michigan, consist pr-ilnal-ilyof two scl.ics-the Mi,cc.ollcrr~~ou.sI'c~/)~r.salrtl tlie Occ.ci~ionc~lPi~l)lic.nlior~.\.Both series were loulrtlctl Ily 1)n KI-yant Walker; MI-.Bl-adsllaw H. Swales, ant1 Dr. W. W. Newcornb. Occasiollally the Museum publislrcs contl-i- butions outside of these series; I~egilltririgiri 1990 these ;lt-r titled S/)rc.ic~lI'u1~lic.nlion.s and 211-c rluln- bered. All srrl)lr~irtrdtrlatruscripts rrceivc external I-eview. Tlie Mi,\c.(~lla.nc~o~i.\IA~rDlic.ntion.s, which iricludc rnonogr;~pJricstrtdies, papers on lieltl alrd tli11sc111n tecllniqucs, and other contriblrtions not withi11 the scopc of tlic 0c.c.ntionnlI'np~\, are r)ublish(.tl sept- mtcly. it is ~iotilltended chiit they bt. grouped illto volurllcs. Each ~iurnbcr-has a title page and, wheli 11ecrss;u-y, a tablv ol'c.olrterrts. 'l'he Oc.c.c~sionn1I'(L/)(Ts, pllblicatiotl of' wllicli was beg1111 in 1913, scrvc ;IS a metlium 101- 01-igin;~l studies basetl principally upon tlle collections ill tlrc Musc~lrn.They at-e issiled srl)aratc,ly. M'lreti a sufficient n11mbt.l-of pages has I)?rn pri11tc.tl to rrlakc a volurric, it title pagc, table of contc.llts, :111tl an index il1.e slrpplirtl to lihr.;u.ies and illdividuals on the mailing list for tlie set-ies. A cornplctc. list of l,rlblicatiotrs on Bit-ds, Fishes, I~isccts,Mamlnals, Mollusks, 12cptilcs i111tlAtllpllil>- ians, ;lnd othcr topics is available. Address inquit-irs to the Dit.ccto1; M~lsclrrnof%oolo~y, '1-lie LJnivt*l-- sity of Michigall, All11 AI-hor, Michigan 48 105)-1079. All,rrt, J.S. 2001. Species diversity alltl ~)liyloge~icti~systcln;rtics of' Anlet-ican knif'tl'ishrs (C;ylnnotili)rrnc.s, 'lklcostei). Misc.. PII~~.MIIS. Zool. Uriiv. Mielrigall, I!)O:I-127, 50 figs. N~~ssbat~tm,K.A. & <;:I. Raxwor-thy. 2000. Sysrcrna~icrevision of the genus I'UI-OO(~UM<;iilrthel. (Ke11- tilia: S(lllill~lat;~:Gekkorlidae), with thr descriptioll of' five licw species. Misc. 1'11111. Is!). 26 pp., 12 figs., 7 tables. Stover, li. W. 2000. l'hc mcti~zo;~~~pal-asite liut~aof'gt-rl~rs (Aves: Poilicipcttifi)~.~ilcs)ir~itl its rclirtion- ship lo tlrc birtls' biology. Misc. Prtbl. 188. 90 PI).,9 ligs., 7 tables. Nussbar~~n,1i.A. & M.E. PSrcntlcl: 1998. Revision of the African ciiecili;~ngetllls Srltislom~rlo/~~trn1':~-krt- (Amphil~iit:<:ylilrrol~hioria: (:acciliidac). Misc. I'ubl. 187. 35 pp., 15 figs., 15 tahlcs, 2 colol- plittcs. Nussba~uir,li.A., (::I. R'rxwot-thy & 0. Pr-o~lk.19!)8. The glrost geckos of' M;iti>igasc.:i~.:a lil~.tllu~. rcvi- siorl or tlle M;~l;~gasyIeal~toetl geckos (Reptilia, Squ;~~rlata,(kkkonitlae). Misc. Puhl. 186. 26 pp., 25 figs., 5 tal)lcs. Not-I-is,S.M. 2001. Osteolog of tl~cso11tllwcstel.rl tl;+rtcl.s, I://~ro.\totncc(Oligoc.~/)hnlii.s) (Trlrostri. Percidi~e)-withcompi~risorl to other North Amet-ican percid fislres. Occ. pap. 733. 44 pp., 18 figs. Ng, H.H. & W:[. 1Ciint)otIi. 2001. i\ rcvicw of' tllc sisoritl catfish gcnlls 0roogLa11i.s(Silul-ifi)rmcs: Sisoritlae) with descriptions 01' li)lrr new spec.ies. 0cc. Pap. 732. 31 pp., I3 ligs., 3 cables. <:ollcr tc, R.R. 200 1. Oj)nsn'r~usekic-/~ro.stotnu.s, a new toatlfisli ('kl(:ostci: Bi~trachoididat)horn the wcstet.11 Oa~-it)l)ea~iSea arid soutllern (:uIf of Mexico. Occ. Pap. 73 1. I (ipp., 5 figs. Fink, W. I,. & A. M;~chado-Alliso11.2001. S(7m,snlrnu~.the~stntus, a tlcw spccics otpi~~nhafi.orn Krafil, with corrlliictits or1 S(v-rcl.\nImi~.cnllrruri and Srrrcrstrltnuc con~,t~r(~s.sus('l'elcostci: (:llaracifo~~~iics).Occ. Pilp. 7:30. 18 pp., 16 figs. GraP, U.1,. 2000. 'I'he Ethel-ioidei~I-rvisitetl: a pliylogcrictic iillalysis otllyr-iitl relationships (Mollllscil: Rivalvii~: P;~lcohctct-otlolrta:IJnionoida). Occ. I'ap. 729. 21 pp., 2 figs., 3 t;ll,les. Rarnanatrlaliji~to,J. R., li. A. Nussbautn & (:..j. Kaxwor-thy. 1999. A new species of' Mnh,~ry(~Fitzinger (Sq~la~nat;~:Scincitlirr: 1.ygosorninae) fi-om nol-thern Madagascan Occ. Pap. 528. 22 pp., 5 figs., '3 titblcs. Sp;rrks,.I. S. & P. N. Kcinthal. I!)!K). I'c/rc.lt-oj)lu.\ tnaromc~ndin,a new cichlid fish SI-or11the not-thwcst 01 Madagascar: Occ. l'irp. 727. 18 pp., 5 figs., 3 tahlcs. TI3E KE(;ENTS OF THE LJNlVEKSlTY H.,joscph Wl~irc,1.x c~/]irio I);ll~irl1). Horllir~g,(;rand Havrrr Andrra Fisc11c.r Nc\\~rnal),ht111 iZrl>or D;ivitl A. Rfiurtlo~~,All11 Arl,ol- Olivia P. Maynard, (hodrich S. Mart~n7:,iylor, C;rossc I'oi~rccFar-ms I.;ulrcl~cr8. Lleitcl~,Kloo~r~licld I lills Kcbecc;~McGowari, An11 Arbor ICatherine E. White, Ann Arl,or The Metazoan Parasite Fauna of Loons (Aves: Gaviiformes), Its Relationship to the Birds' Evolutionary History and Biology, and a Comparison with the Parasite Fauna of Grebes Robert W. Storer Bird Division Museum of Zoology The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48 109-1079, USA MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. 191 Ann Arbor, June 18, 2002 Ann ilrboi-,June 18, 2002 The life cycle of the digenean, Micr@hnlllrs nicolli. (a) The adult parasite, whicl~reaches a Inearl length oS0.54 nlm, inhabits the small intestine of the definitive host, a Co~nrnonLoon, (;n.r/ic~irn,nur (b).The minute (0.02 mm) egg (c) is passed illto the water where it hatches as a iniricidiurn (d) which penetrates the first intermediate host a snail, B%tt%umc~lt(~r1,aturn (e) in which cercai-ia (I') are produced. These penetr-ate the second intermediate host, a blue crab, Cn1li.necle.s sn;l,%tl~is(g). The definitive loon host becomes infectcd by eating by the crab. Infections of this parasite in the Common Loon occur most frequently when the bii-ds are unable to catch their usual, kxer- moving prcy, lishes, and it has been coninionly Pound in ailing loons on the wintering grounds oft'Floi.ida. Microphallids like this one show marked specilicity in their two intermediate hosts (first a snail, and then a crustacean), but are generalists i11 their definitive hosts. Original drawing by,John Megahan from sources listed in the ackrlowledglner~ts(p.32). Slo7i.r; X. W 2002. 7Xr motnzoon fjn.rtc,sil(>Jiczrlra ojloons (Aucs: (;ar,jj/Orm,r~.),its ~rlnlon,,shiplo lhfj hids' c.-i,olution.crry hi.slo,rj~an,d biology, and (1 co,rnf)nrisonru%tlz th~pornsZt~/nulzn ofgrebes. iV1zsc. PubL. MILS.Zool. Ulziv. Michigan,, 191: zv+l- 44, 4Jg:s, 7 tcrblcs. Tllc data base of this work parallels that of Storcr (2000) on the grebes and contains lists of the multicellli1a1-parasites known to parasitize loons and a list of the known species of prey taken by each species of loon. The forrner includes information on w1lt.1-e in the bird the parasites are found, the distribution of the parasite species by continents, the degree of'host specificity, and life cycles (whether in fresh or salt water), and lists of' kilown intermediate and paratenic hosts. These data sets are used to sllow how the parasite bunas are related to the l~iologyof the birds and their evolutionary histories. The known species of hclminths of loons incltide 47 digeneans, 22 cestodes, 14 acanthocephalans, and 15 nematodes, niost ofwhich have aquatic life cycles. No families or suhfilrnilies ;-~ildonly 2 genera and 23 species of helrninths are considered loon specialists. Several [actors appear to have contributed to the greater numbers oS genera and species of parasites in grebes than loons. Most loons spend the breeding season 011 bodies of oligotrophic watel; which have fewer species and nunlbci-s of potential prey than the eutropl~icwaters where most grebes nest. All species ol'loons winter on salt water, whereas inally grebes are resident on fresh waters, althol~ghthose nesting in regions where tlie fresh waters f'reeze in winter spend that season on salt waters. Much of the difference can also be attributed to the greater number of'genera (7 versus 1 ) and species (21 versus 5) in the two groups of the birds, and the wider distribution (nearly cosmopolita~lin the grebes 71ersu.sholarctic in the loons). The diff'erence is also consistent with the grebes' 91-eaterage and degree of parasite host specificity. Otller tjctors aLfecting differences in the two l~elmintl~faunas are a preslnned marine origin for the loons in contrast with a fi-esh-waterone [or the grebes, and the greater size ailcl hence greater spccd of' loons underwatcr. The smaller size of grcbcs for wllich a greater number of prey species ol' optimal size is presumably available, the grebes' breeding on eutrophic bodies of water in which a greater variety ofprey species (and l~enccgreater number of species of hosts for parasites) is available, and grebes' greater diversity in bill form and Soot proportions which are associated with specializatiorls for taking a greater varicty of prey, may all be involved. Adaptations for pursuit diving, include larger size, which makes possible a relatively larger mass oSlcg muscles, lollgel-cnemial crests, which provide a larger area Ior the attachment of' these muscles, and the possible affect of the coiled barbulcs on the outer par1 of grebe's contour reathers, which act as capillaries in ahsorbing water, which rnay decrease buoyancy and may also cause this part of the combined featlicrs to act like a flexible skin which cause movement of the water in the feathers to act like tlie skin of a cetacean in produciilg laminar flow orwater across the surface of the birds.
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