Rearing of the Seahorse Hippocampus Guttulatus: Key Factors Involved in Growth and Survival

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rearing of the Seahorse Hippocampus Guttulatus: Key Factors Involved in Growth and Survival Rearing of the seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus: Key factors involved in growth and survival ANDREU BLANCO CARTAGENA Marine Ecology doctorate programme PhD Thesis 2014 Dr. Miquel Planas Oliver, scientific researcher from the department of Marine Ecology and Biodiversity at the Institute of Marine Research of the National Council of Scientific Research, certifies that: The present thesis, entitled “Rearing of the seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus: Key factors involved in growth and survival” is a novel work and has been fully written by Andreu Blanco Cartagena and carried out under the advisement of Dr. Miquel Planas Olvier. The University tutor, Dr. Gabriel Moyà Niell allows its defence to the Department of Biology, responsible of the doctorate programme of Marine Ecology. University tutor, Doctorand, Thesis director, Dr. Gabriel Moyà Niell Andreu Blanco Cartagena Dr. Miquel Planas Oliver Professor and researcher Researcher University of the Balearic Marine Research Institute Islands (UIB) (IIM-CSIC) Rearing of the seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus: Key factors involved in growth and survival PhD Thesis presented by: ANDREU BLANCO CARTAGENA to obtain the degree in: Marine Ecology Palma de Mallorca, 2014 “Y no pienses, recuerda” Guillermo Cartagena Tello, 2003 “Hombre libre, ¡siempre adorarás la mar!” Charles Baudelaire A mi familia, os quiero. Index Acknowledgements XI Abstract / Resum XV 1. Introduction 1 2. Objectives 31 3. General Material and Methods 35 3.1. Seahorse Collection 37 3.2. Broodstock captive conditions 38 3.3. Rearing of juveniles 41 3.4. Production of live food 43 3.4.1. Microalgae 43 3.4.2. Rotifer, Brachionus plicatillis 44 3.4.3. Brine shrimp, Artemia sp. 45 3.4.4. Calanoid copepod, Acartia tonsa 45 3.5. Juvenile sampling 46 3.6. Proximal biochemical composition 47 3.6.1. Total Lipid content 47 3.6.2. Total Protein content 48 3.6.3. Soluble Carbohydrate content 48 3.6.4. Ash content 48 CHAPTER 1: Implications of physical key factors in the early rearing of the long-snouted seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus 49 1.1. Introduction 52 1.2. Materials and methods 54 1.2.1. Broodstock 54 1.2.2. Rearing system 55 1.2.3. Experiment 1: Aquaria Design and Photoperiod 56 1.2.4. Experiment 2: Aeration Intensity 58 1.2.5. Sampling and data analysis 59 VII 1.3. Results 60 1.3.1. Experiment 1: Aquaria Design and Photoperiod 60 1.3.2. Experiment 2: Aeration Intensity 63 1.4. Discussion 63 1.5. Conclusions 69 CHAPTER 2: Temperature-induced changes of growth and survival in the early development of the seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus 71 2.1. Introduction 74 2.2. Materials and methods 75 2.2.1. Broodstock 75 2.2.2. Rearing system 76 2.2.3. Experiment 1: Feeding conditions 77 2.2.4. Experiment 2: Starvation conditions 77 2.2.5. Sampling and data analysis 78 2.3. Results 80 2.3.1. Feeding juveniles 80 2.3.2. Starving juveniles 84 2.4. Discussion 85 CHAPTER 3: Mouth growth and prey selection in juveniles of the European long-snouted seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus 91 3.1. Introduction 94 3.2. Materials and methods 95 3.2.1. Seahorse culture 95 3.2.2. Prey culture 96 3.2.3. Experimental procedures 96 3.2.4. Sampling and data analysis 98 3.3. Results 100 3.4. Discussion 105 3.5. Conclusions 111 VIII CHAPTER 4: Improvements in the rearing of the seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829 by the use of copepods 113 4.1. Introduction 116 4.2. Materials and methods 118 4.2.1. Seahorse culture 118 4.2.2. Rearing system 118 4.2.3. Prey culture 119 4.2.4. Experimental design 119 4.2.5. Seahorse sampling 120 4.2.6. Proximal biochemical composition 121 4.2.7. Data analysis 121 4.3. Results 122 4.4. Discussion 123 4.5. Conclusions 130 CHAPTER 5: Ontogeny of digestive enzyme activities in juvenile long snouted seahorses Hippocampus guttulatus fed on different live diets 131 5.1. Introduction 134 5.2. Materials and methods 135 5.2.1. Broodstock 135 5.2.2. Rearing system 136 5.2.3. Feeding conditions 137 5.2.4. Seahorse sampling 138 5.2.5. Enzyme activities determination 139 5.2.6. Data analysis 141 5.3. Results 141 5.4. Discussion 146 5.5. Conclusions 151 IX CHAPTER 6: Closing the life cycle of the European long-snouted seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829 153 6.1. Introduction 156 6.2. Materials and methods 157 6.2.1. Broodstock 157 6.2.2. Rearing system 158 6.2.3. Feeding conditions 158 6.2.4. Prey culture 159 6.2.5. Experimental procedure 160 6.2.6. Data analysis 161 6.3. Results 161 6.4. Discussion 165 6.5. Conclusions 168 4. Summary 169 5. Conclusions 177 6. References 183 7. Annexes 219 X A. Blanco, 2014 Acknowledgments ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Esta es mi aventura: la historia de un chaval con una mochila en una ciudad nueva. Pero esta aventura no empieza en esa nueva ciudad, sino en Mallorca (“Sa roqueta”), ese pedacito de tierra en medio del mar que me vio nacer y crecer. Rodeado por mar, mi pasión por él y sus habitantes fue in crescendo desde pequeño. Con el inestimable apoyo de mi familia hice y deshice para empezar carrera en la investigación marina, la cual comencé en 2006 en el laboratorio de la Dra. Salud Deudero, a quien debo mis inicios, muchas gracias. De ahí, mi aventura se materializó con el beneplácito del Dr. Miquel Planas quien confió en mí y me brindó la oportunidad de salir de mi isla y conocer mundo, quien me apoyó durante momentos de flaqueza y me permitió poder realizar un sueño; sin tu respaldo jamás hubiera podido hacer todo lo que he hecho. Por el lado burocrático-administrativo quisiera agradecer al Dr. Biel Moyà, gracis per fer-me de pont entre institucions. Quisiera agradecer también al Dr. Pepe Pintado, cuya aportación profesional y personal ha permitido mejorar mi orden ambiental y, consecuentemente, mental. Tengo que agradecer a Sonia Valladares su ayuda en la búsqueda de caballitos en los mares de Galicia. Este mar gallego me ha enseñado tanta diversidad que no ha dejado de asombrarme desde la primera inmersión. A Patricia Ruiz me gustaría agradecerle su constante sonrisa y su capacidad logística. Especialmente quisiera agradecer al resto del equipo: A Tomás Hermelo, galego onde os haxa; moitas grazas por falarme galego dende o inicio e ensinarme os costumes da terra, dende as agrolimpiadas e o licor café ata o carnaval do Hio e os petroglifos, entre outros moitos, e grazas por presentarme a túa xente do Morrazo. A la Dra. Patricia Quintas, Patri, quien me facilitó todo desde el primer día, por tu amistad y ayuda en todo, mil gracias. A Alex Chamorro, a quien prácticamente debo esta tesis. Me enseñaste de todo, desde el cultivo en acuarios hasta cómo hacer una mesa, siempre a tope y dispuesto a echarme una mano con lo que fuera, muchísimas gracias. A Claudia Ofelio, quien además de compañera de laboratorio ha sido una gran amiga y un buen apoyo en momentos duros. No sólo te has ocupado de los cultivos durante mis últimos fines de semana, sino que, además, me has sacado muchas sonrisas. A todos estos compañeros os lo agradezco de corazón, cuando las cosas se me pusieron realmente difíciles siempre me lo facilitasteis todo. Mis primeros pinitos en la ciencia quisiera agradecerlos al Dr. Toni Box, Dra. Silvia Tejada, Dr. Antoni Sureda, Dr. Guillem Mateu y demás compañeros del laboratorio de biología marina de la UIB. Además, no quisiera olvidarme de quienes, de un modo u otro, han XI A. Blanco, 2014 Acknowledgments puesto su granito de arena en la realización de esta tesis ayudándome en cultivos, experimentos y rutinas: Juanpi, Fernando, Mariana, Jarintzin, Vanessa, Tania, David, Rita, Irene, Lucía, Alba, Diana, Manuel, Rachel, Jose, Beto, Alex y algún otro que haya volado de mi cabeza cual pájaro al viento. A todos aquellos que habéis hecho que el IIM no fuera sólo un lugar de trabajo, haciéndolo lugar de risas y divagación intelectual: Fiona, Isabelinha, Silvinha, Marcelo, Alba, Maruxa, Lorena, Marcos, Jose, Miguel, Raquel, personal de conserjería y otros tantos que han amenizando mi paso por el centro. Los inicios en una nueva ciudad pueden hacerse difíciles, pero al final, cuando haces lo que te apasiona y lo haces rodeado de gente buena, todo es mucho más llevadero. A mi arribada me reencontré con Laura y Judit, que hicieron que Galicia tuviera alguna razón para convertirse en mi destino y en mi hogar, gracias desde el minuto 0. Al inicio de mi sendero no pude cruzarme con mejor compañía que la de JuanPi, con quien recorrí tierra firme en busca de conciertos, ciudades y demás lugares, gracias pana! Cris e Isa, mis coleguiñas, salieron a mi paso y desde entonces han compartido esta experiencia conmigo; llevándome a crear, junto a Jorge, Noha y Sergio, el grupo de apoyo a doctorandos marinos mediante el uso terapéutico del humor gráfico, y así conseguir arrancarme sonrisas durante las largas horas de trabajo. Bego, has sido un apoyo indispensable en este paseo gallego, un bastón que me ha permitido avanzar cuando flaqueaba, gracias. A Peque, Iago y Marisa, por disfrutar conmigo de los placeres de vuestra tierra y pasar mi única noche vieja gallega a mi lado. Jari y nuestra niñita, Vane, con quienes pasé a un estado de euforia neurótica de risoterapia asistida tanto dentro como fuera de nuestro hogar; buenos momentos de un verano memorable. La cronología de los acontecimientos me lleva a recordar con cariño y apego a mucha gente que ha compartiendo conmigo techo, lar y microaventuras paralelas: Juanpi, Victorine, Justyna, Edyta, Dani, Arturo, Lois, Manu, Clau, Paolo y Alex.
Recommended publications
  • Teleostei, Syngnathidae)
    ZooKeys 934: 141–156 (2020) A peer-reviewed open-access journal doi: 10.3897/zookeys.934.50924 RESEARCH ARTICLE https://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae) Graham Short1,2,3, Louw Claassens4,5,6, Richard Smith4, Maarten De Brauwer7, Healy Hamilton4,8, Michael Stat9, David Harasti4,10 1 Research Associate, Ichthyology, Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, Australia 2 Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA 3 Ichthyology, Burke Museum, Seattle, USA 4 IUCN Seahorse, Pipefish Stickleback Specialist Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada5 Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa 6 Knysna Basin Project, Knysna, South Africa 7 University of Leeds, Leeds, UK 8 NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA 9 University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia 10 Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW, Australia Corresponding author: Graham Short ([email protected]) Academic editor: Nina Bogutskaya | Received 13 February 2020 | Accepted 12 April 2020 | Published 19 May 2020 http://zoobank.org/E9104D84-BB71-4533-BB7A-2DB3BD4E4B5E Citation: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141–156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924 Abstract A new species and the first confirmed record of a true pygmy seahorse from Africa,Hippocampus nalu sp. nov., is herein described on the basis of two specimens, 18.9–22 mm SL, collected from flat sandy coral reef at 14–17 meters depth from Sodwana Bay, South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Secret Lives of Seahorses” Exhibit Press Kit Click on Headings Below to Go Directly to a Specific Page of the Press Kit
    “The Secret Lives of Seahorses” Exhibit Press Kit Click on headings below to go directly to a specific page of the press kit. 1. Main Exhibit News Release 2. Exhibit Fact Sheet 3. Exhibit Gallery Tour 4. Exhibit Animals 5. Seahorse Conservation News Release NEWS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE For information contact: March 23, 2009 Angela Hains: (831) 647-6804; [email protected] Karen Jeffries: (831) 644-7548; [email protected] Ken Peterson: (831) 648-4922; [email protected] DURING ITS SILVER ANNIVERSARY YEAR, AQUARIUM UNVEILS “THE SECRET LIVES OF SEAHORSES” ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ New special exhibition offers an intimate look at these fascinating, fragile fishes Seahorses have been celebrated in art, literature and mythology for centuries, so you’d think we know a lot about them. In “The Secret Lives of Seahorses,” the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s new special exhibition, you’ll discover that nothing could be further from the truth. Beginning April 6, more than 15 species of seahorses, sea dragons and pipefish will beckon visitors into the elusive world of these charismatic creatures. The Secret Lives of Seahorses highlights the varied habitats in which seahorses and their relatives live, and shares important stories about the threats they face in the wild. “Seahorses are wonderful ambassadors for ocean conservation because they live in the most endangered habitats in the world – coral reefs, sea grass beds and mangrove forests,” said Ava Ferguson, senior exhibit developer for The Secret Lives of Seahorses. “When you save a seahorse, you also save some of Earth’s most precious marine habitats.” Through wrought-iron gates, visitors will enter the first gallery, “Seahorses and Kin,” and meet the seahorse family: fishes that have fused jaws and bony plates in place of the scales normally associated with fish.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Trade in Marine Ornamental Species
    From Ocean to Aquarium The global trade in marine ornamental species Colette Wabnitz, Michelle Taylor, Edmund Green and Tries Razak From Ocean to Aquarium The global trade in marine ornamental species Colette Wabnitz, Michelle Taylor, Edmund Green and Tries Razak ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNEP World Conservation This report would not have been The authors would like to thank Helen Monitoring Centre possible without the participation of Corrigan for her help with the analyses 219 Huntingdon Road many colleagues from the Marine of CITES data, and Sarah Ferriss for Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Aquarium Council, particularly assisting in assembling information Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 Aquilino A. Alvarez, Paul Holthus and and analysing Annex D and GMAD data Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 Peter Scott, and all trading companies on Hippocampus spp. We are grateful E-mail: [email protected] who made data available to us for to Neville Ash for reviewing and editing Website: www.unep-wcmc.org inclusion into GMAD. The kind earlier versions of the manuscript. Director: Mark Collins assistance of Akbar, John Brandt, Thanks also for additional John Caldwell, Lucy Conway, Emily comments to Katharina Fabricius, THE UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION Corcoran, Keith Davenport, John Daphné Fautin, Bert Hoeksema, Caroline MONITORING CENTRE is the biodiversity Dawes, MM Faugère et Gavand, Cédric Raymakers and Charles Veron; for assessment and policy implemen- Genevois, Thomas Jung, Peter Karn, providing reprints, to Alan Friedlander, tation arm of the United Nations Firoze Nathani, Manfred Menzel, Julie Hawkins, Sherry Larkin and Tom Environment Programme (UNEP), the Davide di Mohtarami, Edward Molou, Ogawa; and for providing the picture on world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Americas
    iSeahorse.org – Saving Seahorses Together seahorses of the Americas Seahorses of the Americas Masters of Disguise There are currently fi ve recognized species of Seahorses are well-camoufl aged, and individuals seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) in the Americas, can be covered by seaweeds and sediments in one in the Pacifi c Ocean and four in the the wild. Color and lengths of skin fi laments (“hairs”) Atlantic. All of these American seahorses tend can vary for individuals within the same species to live in relatively shallow coastal areas with and so are NOT useful for identifi cation. Practice 3D-structured habitat, including seagrasses, your identifi cation skills before starting surveys. corals, and mangroves. Above: Potential seahorse habitats. Left to right: coral reef, seagrass bed, mangrove forest. Photos by Tse-Lynn Loh and Ria Tan/Wild Singapore. Seahorse Parts Hippocampus barbouri Coronet Trunk Eye spine Nose spine Dorsal fi n Cheek spines Snout Brood pouch (males only) Tail Female Male In females, the belly does not extend past the bottom of the dorsal fi n. If you are uncertain, it is likely male. Pacifi c Seahorses Don’t Know Which Seahorse Species? How to Photograph for ID For unknown species, record the Head length following characteristics: • Torso length Torso length (distance from top of coronet to base of dorsal fi n) • Head length (from immediately behind the operculum – the fl ap covering the gills – to tip of snout) • Snout length Snout length (from bump immediately in front of the eye to tip of snout) or Take a photo of the side profi le of the seahorse with a ruler and calculate these measurements from the photo.
    [Show full text]
  • An Invitation to Monitor Georgia's Coastal Wetlands
    An Invitation to Monitor Georgia’s Coastal Wetlands www.shellfish.uga.edu By Mary Sweeney-Reeves, Dr. Alan Power, & Ellie Covington First Printing 2003, Second Printing 2006, Copyright University of Georgia “This book was prepared by Mary Sweeney-Reeves, Dr. Alan Power, and Ellie Covington under an award from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of OCRM and NOAA.” 2 Acknowledgements Funding for the development of the Coastal Georgia Adopt-A-Wetland Program was provided by a NOAA Coastal Incentive Grant, awarded under the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Coastal Zone Management Program (UGA Grant # 27 31 RE 337130). The Coastal Georgia Adopt-A-Wetland Program owes much of its success to the support, experience, and contributions of the following individuals: Dr. Randal Walker, Marie Scoggins, Dodie Thompson, Edith Schmidt, John Crawford, Dr. Mare Timmons, Marcy Mitchell, Pete Schlein, Sue Finkle, Jenny Makosky, Natasha Wampler, Molly Russell, Rebecca Green, and Jeanette Henderson (University of Georgia Marine Extension Service); Courtney Power (Chatham County Savannah Metropolitan Planning Commission); Dr. Joe Richardson (Savannah State University); Dr. Chandra Franklin (Savannah State University); Dr. Dionne Hoskins (NOAA); Dr. Charles Belin (Armstrong Atlantic University); Dr. Merryl Alber (University of Georgia); (Dr. Mac Rawson (Georgia Sea Grant College Program); Harold Harbert, Kim Morris-Zarneke, and Michele Droszcz (Georgia Adopt-A-Stream); Dorset Hurley and Aimee Gaddis (Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve); Dr. Charra Sweeney-Reeves (All About Pets); Captain Judy Helmey (Miss Judy Charters); Jan Mackinnon and Jill Huntington (Georgia Department of Natural Resources).
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Larval Fish Rearing Techniques and Nutrient Requirements for the Green Mandarin, Synchiropus Splendidus: a Popular Marine Ornamental Fish
    ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Shao, Luchang (2016) Development of larval fish rearing techniques and nutrient requirements for the green mandarin, Synchiropus splendidus: a popular marine ornamental fish. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/47308/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/47308/ Development of larval fish rearing techniques and nutrient requirement for the green mandarin, Synchiropus splendidus: a popular marine ornamental fish Thesis submitted by Luchang Shao (MSc) in September 2016 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the College of Marine and Environmental Science James Cook University Declaration on Ethics The research presented and reported in this thesis was conducted within the guidelines for research ethics outlined in the National Statement on Ethics Conduct in Research Involving Human (1999), the Joint NHMRC/AVCC Statement and Guidelines on Research Practice (1997), the James Cook University Policy on Experimentation Ethics Standard Practices and Guidelines (2001), and the James Cook University Statement and Guidelines on Research Practice (2001). The proposed research methodology received clearance from the James Cook University Experimentation Ethics Review Committee. Approval numbers: A1851; Principal investigator: Luchang Shao; Finish date: September 30, 2015 i Statement of contribution of others Financial support for this study was provided by Graduate Research School of James Cook University, JCU Postgraduate Research Scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade in Seahorses and Other Syngnathids in Countries Outside Asia (1998-2001)
    ISSN 1198-6727 Fisheries Centre Research Reports 2011 Volume 19 Number 1 Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001) Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001) 1 Edited by Amanda C.J. Vincent, Brian G. Giles, Christina A. Czembor and Sarah J. Foster Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(1) 181 pages © published 2011 by The Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia 2202 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4 ISSN 1198-6727 1 Cite as: Vincent, A.C.J., Giles, B.G., Czembor, C.A., and Foster, S.J. (eds). 2011. Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001). Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(1). Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia [ISSN 1198-6727]. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(1) 2011 Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001) edited by Amanda C.J. Vincent, Brian G. Giles, Christina A. Czembor and Sarah J. Foster CONTENTS DIRECTOR ’S FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Methods ...........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Seahorse Manual
    Seahorse Manual 2010 Seahorse Manual ___________________________ David Garcia SEA LIFE Hanover, Germany Neil Garrick-Maidment The Seahorse Trust, England Seahorses are a very challenging species in husbandry and captive breeding terms and over the years there have been many attempts to keep them using a variety of methods. It is Sealife and The Seahorse Trust’s long term intention to be completely self-sufficient in seahorses and this manual has been put together to be used, to make this long term aim a reality. The manual covers all subjects necessary to keep seahorses from basic husbandry to indepth captive breeding. It is to be used throughout the Sealife group and is to act as a guide to aquarist’s intent on good husbandry of seahorses. This manual covers all aspects from basic set, up, water parameters, transportation, husbandry, to food types and preparation for all stages of seahorse life, from fry to adult. By including contact points it will allow for feedback, so that experience gained can be included in further editions, thus improving seahorse husbandry. Corresponding authors: David Garcia: [email protected] N. Garrick-Maidment email: [email protected] Keywords: Seahorses, Hippocampus species, Zostera marina, seagrass, home range, courtship, reproduction,, tagging, photoperiod, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Artemia, Rotifers, lighting, water, substrate, temperature, diseases, cultures, Zoe Marine, Selco, decapsulation, filtration, enrichment, gestation. Seahorse Manual 2010 David Garcia SEA LIFE Hanover,
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Seahorse Species (Hippocampus Spp.) in the International Aquarium Trade
    diversity Review Diversity of Seahorse Species (Hippocampus spp.) in the International Aquarium Trade Sasha Koning 1 and Bert W. Hoeksema 1,2,* 1 Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] 2 Taxonomy, Systematics and Geodiversity Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) are threatened as a result of habitat degradation and over- fishing. They have commercial value as traditional medicine, curio objects, and pets in the aquarium industry. There are 48 valid species, 27 of which are represented in the international aquarium trade. Most species in the aquarium industry are relatively large and were described early in the history of seahorse taxonomy. In 2002, seahorses became the first marine fishes for which the international trade became regulated by CITES (Convention for the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), with implementation in 2004. Since then, aquaculture has been developed to improve the sustainability of the seahorse trade. This review provides analyses of the roles of wild-caught and cultured individuals in the international aquarium trade of various Hippocampus species for the period 1997–2018. For all species, trade numbers declined after 2011. The proportion of cultured seahorses in the aquarium trade increased rapidly after their listing in CITES, although the industry is still struggling to produce large numbers of young in a cost-effective way, and its economic viability is technically challenging in terms of diet and disease. Whether seahorse aqua- Citation: Koning, S.; Hoeksema, B.W.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL REPORT Director’S Message
    2017 ANNUAL REPORT Director’s Message Amanda in Howe Sound, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Amanda Vincent/ Dear friends Project Seahorse I am so pleased to share some of the Project Seahorse findings and doings from 2017. It was a rich and full year, not least because I was on sabbatical from my UBC professorial post from September to December. That meant I could spend time on field visits and policy development, both of which I love. It also meant I had time and opportunity to refl ect on marine conservation in general and on our Project Seahorse work in particular. Allow me to share a few of those experiences and thoughts. Six weeks in India, the majority of it surveying bottom trawl landing sites with Tanvi Vaidyanathan, hugely supported Project Seahorse’s decision to throw a lot of time and eff ort at ending this absurdly wasteful method of extracting marine life. It’s time to target our take and stop trawling. Five weeks in southern Chile and Argentina allowed me to wallow in marine wildlife and help support the most southerly populations of seahorses in the new world. It was clear from working with Diego Luzzatto (IUCN SSC Specialist Group member) that the Project Seahorse combination of a research and management feedback loop would serve the Patagonian seahorses very well. Five weeks in China gave me hope that the country might be mobilizing for marine conservation. Xiong Zhang and I spent time encouraging better enforcement of new laws directed at phasing out bottom trawling, planning the establishment of MPAs and training young colleagues who will fight for the ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Ruffles the Rescued Seahorse Released
    Ruffles the Rescued Seahorse to Return Home Clearwater Marine Aquarium cared for and will release seahorse impacted by storm CLEARWATER, FL (Oct. 24, 2018) – Clearwater Marine Aquarium (CMA) rescued, rehabilitated and will release a female lined seahorse, named Ruffles, after she was found washed up on Belleair Beach by a tourist. CMA suspects the rough waves following Hurricane Michael impacted the small seahorse. Ruffles will be released by boat near Clearwater Marine Aquarium on Thurs., Oct. 25 at 11:30 a.m. Media advised to arrive no later than 11:15 a.m. Lou Banholzer found Ruffles on Thurs., Oct. 11 while looking for shark teeth in Belleair Beach, FL. Banholzer and his wife have been vacationing in Florida for 14 years from their Indianapolis home. Banholzer noted there were more shells than usual along the shoreline after Hurricane Michael ripped through the Gulf of Mexico the day prior. While searching for shark teeth, Banholzer discovered a tiny seahorse with seaweed wrapped around it. Banholzer says he knew the seahorse was in distress, as it was 15 – 20 feet inland from the shoreline. He promptly placed it in a container of water and called the CMA rescue team for help. Banholzer’s grandchildren love to visit Winter and Hope at Clearwater Marine Aquarium when they join him on vacation, so he knew all about CMA’s rescue, rehabilitation and release efforts. “It’s remarkable that along the 26 miles of Pinellas County beaches, Ruffles was found just in time to be saved and her rescuers knew who to call,” says David Yates, CEO.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology, Ecology and Conservation of White's Seahorse
    THE BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF WHITE’S SEAHORSE HIPPOCAMPUS WHITEI by DAVID HARASTI B.Sci. (Hons), University of Canberra – 1997 This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. July 2014 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP I certify that the work in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of requirements for a degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help that I have received in my research work and the preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. Signature of Student: ____________________________ ii ABSTRACT Seahorses are iconic charismatic species that are threatened in many countries around the world with several species listed on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable or endangered. Populations of seahorses have declined through over-exploitation for traditional medicines, the aquarium trade and for curios and through loss of essential habitats. To conserve seahorse populations in the wild, they are listed on Appendix II of CITES, which controls trade by ensuring exporting countries must be able to certify that export of seahorses is not causing a decline or damage to wild populations. Within Australia, seahorses are protected in several states and also in Commonwealth waters. The focus of this study was White’s seahorse Hippocampus whitei, a medium-sized seahorse that is found occurring along the New South Wales (NSW) coast in Australia.
    [Show full text]