RSPO MANUAL on Bmps for MANAGEMENT & REHABILITATION of PEATLANDS VOLUME 2 VOLUME
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
RSPO PEATLAND BMP MANUAL RSPO MANUAL ON BMPs FOR MANAGEMENT & REHABILITATION OF PEATLANDS VOLUME 2 SU P P O R T E D B Y Investing in rural people VOLUME 2 RSPO MANUAL ON BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) FOR MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF PEATLANDS JUNE 2019 Editorial team: Faizal Parish Lew Siew Yan (Serena) Muhamad Faizuddin Zainuddin Wim Giesen RSPO MANUAL ON BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) FOR MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF PEATLANDS SUPPORTED BY: COMPILED BY: Also known as RSPO Peatland BMP Manual Volume 2 Parish, F., Lew, S.Y., Faizuddin, M. and Giesen, W. Investing in rural people (Eds.). 2019. RSPO Manual on Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Management and Rehabilitation of Peatlands. 2nd Edition, RSPO, Kuala Lumpur. Editorial team: Disclaimer: Faizal Parish The statements, technical information and Lew Siew Yan (Serena) recommendations contained in this Manual are based Muhamad Faizuddin Zainuddin on best practice and experience and have been prepared Wim Giesen by the members of the RSPO Peatland Working Group 2 (PLWG 2) established by decision of the RSPO Board e-ISBN: 978-967-11292-4-1 of Governors. The guidance in this Manual does not RSPO Publication Reference number: necessarily reflect the views of the RSPO Secretariat RSPO-GUI-T04-010 V2 ENG or any of the individual contributors, sponsors and supporters of the process. The publication of this Manual Book design: does not constitute an endorsement by RSPO, the PLWG Yap Ni Yan, GEC or any participants or supporters of the development of This publication may be reproduced in whole or new oil palm plantations in peatland areas. Every effort in part and/or in any form for educational or non- has been made to make this Manual as complete and profit purposes without special permission from the accurate as possible. However there may be omissions copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the or errors, both typographical and in content and over source is made. time the contents may become superseded. Therefore this text should be used as a guide and not the sole No use of this publication may be made for resale or basis for management of plantations on peatlands. The for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without result of implementation of these practices may vary express written consent from the Roundtable on according to local conditions. Neither RSPO nor the Sustainable Palm Oil. PLWG or any contributors or supporters of the process can be held liable for the results of application of the Please direct all inquiries to guidance. RSPO Secretariat Sdn Bhd Unit A-37-1, Menara UOA Bangsar No. 5 Jalan Bangsar Utama 1 59000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia [email protected] www.rspo.org First Edition in English, published October 2012. Second substantially revised Edition in English, e-book, published June 2019. _ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Development of the RSPO manual on Best Management Practices for Management and Rehabilitation of Peatlands 1 1.2 Purpose of BMP manual and benefits of adoption 1 1.3 Reasons for management and rehabilitation of peat swamp forests 2 1.4 Regulations and guidelines related to management and rehabilitation of peat swamp forests 5 1.4.1 RSPO Principles & Criteria (P&C) 2018 5 1.4.2 Indonesian laws, regulations and guidelines relating to conservation of peatlands 8 1.4.3 Malaysian laws, regulations and guidelines relating to conservation of peatlands 11 1.4.4 Other countries 15 2.0 PEATLAND ECOSYSTEMS 17 2.1 Definition, formation, distribution and classification of peatlands 17 2.2 Function and values of peatlands 22 2.3 Characteristics of tropical peatlands 24 2.3.1 Ombrotrophic domed peatlands 24 2.3.2 Valley or basin peat 27 2.4 Flora in peat swamp forests 31 2.5 Fauna in peat swamp forests 33 2.6 Zonation of peat swamp forest ecosystems 36 2.7 Degradation of peat swamp forests 39 3.0 MaNAGEMENT OF EXisTING PEAT SWAMP FOREST AREas IN OR ADJACENT TO OIL paLM PLANTATIONs 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Maintaining the integrity of peatland hydrological units 43 3.3 Integrated management of peatlands 46 3.4 Rewetting and revegetation management of natural hydrological regime 53 3.4.1 Systematic blocking of canals and ditches 53 3.4.2 General recommendations for canal and ditch blocking 55 3.4.3 Further recommendations for canal and ditch blocking 56 3.4.4 Maintaining high water levels along boundary canals between plantations and conservation areas 71 3.4.5 Natural recovery following restoration of water regime 72 3.4.6 Avoiding elevated water levels 73 i 3.5 Fire prevention and control 73 3.5.1 Guidelines for fire prevention 75 3.5.2 Preparedness 79 3.5.3 Peatland fire response 83 3.6 Management of extractive uses 84 3.7 Avoiding fragmentation 85 4.0 REHABILITATION OF PEAT SWAMP FORESTS IN DEGRADED siTES 87 4.1 Addressing the root causes of degradation 87 4.2 Guiding principles for rehabilitation 91 4.3 Planning for peat swamp forest rehabilitation projects 94 4.3.1 Rehabilitation strategy 94 4.3.2 Establishment of an appropriate hydrological regime 101 4.3.3 Identification of suitable species for rehabilitation 102 4.3.4 Encouraging natural regeneration 107 4.3.5 Enrichment planting/replanting 108 4.4 Paludiculture 109 4.4.1 Potential paludiculture crop species 110 4.4.2 Selected paludiculture species 111 4.4.3 Economics of paludiculture 114 4.4.4 Upscaling paludiculture 117 5.0 IMPLEMENTING PEAT SWAMP FOREST RE-VEGETATION 119 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Seed stock collection and development of nurseries 119 5.2.1 Seedling preparation 120 5.2.2 Selecting plots for nursery 120 5.2.3 Construction of nursery house and seedling nursery 121 5.2.4 Establishment of water provision 122 5.2.5 Sowing seeds and replanting seedlings 122 5.2.6 Preparation of polythene bags 123 5.2.7 Soil used for filling polythene bags 123 5.2.8 Nurturing seedlings 124 5.3 Preparation of rehabilitation plots and planting of seedlings 124 5.3.1 Site survey for preparation of rehabilitation area 124 5.3.2 Preparation of rehabilitation areas 125 ii 5.3.3 Construction of temporary walkway to access planting plots 125 5.3.4 Poling for planting and planting space 125 5.3.5 Preparation of planting pits and planting 126 5.3.6 Seedling transportation 127 5.4 Maintenance 128 5.4.1 Replacement planting 128 5.4.2 Weeding the planting plots 129 5.4.3 Fire-prevention and control 129 5.4.4 Pest and disease control 129 5.5 Evaluation of rehabilitated areas and the setting up of vegetation growth study plots 130 5.5.1 Evaluating the survival of seedlings 130 5.5.2 Setting up of plant growth study plots 130 6.0 PARTNERSHips BETWEEN PLANTATION COMpaNIES, GOVERNMENT, LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND NGOs 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Landscape approach 138 6.3 Community involvement 145 6.4 Research, education and awareness 149 7.0 REFERENCES 151 iii FIGURES Figure 2-15: Basin peat in edge of lake in Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Peatland landscape in Figure 1-1: Current definition of HCV 3 northern Riau Province, Indonesia 30 Figure 1-2: RSPO Manual on Best Management Figure 2-16: Probability map for organic soils/ Practices (BMPs) for the Management and peatlands in East Africa 30 Rehabilitation of Riparian Reserves 7 Figure 2-17: Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) 31 Figure 2-1: Map of peatland distribution in the world 18 Figure 2-18: Examples of A) buttress, B) stilt root, and C) pneumatophores which enable breathing Figure 2-2: Formation of tropical domed of the tree at different water levels 32 peatlands 19 Figure 2-19a: Open/pole forest peatland in Figure 2-3: Schematic diagram of Ombrogenous Chambira River Basin, Peru 33 domed peatland 19 Figure 2-19b: Mauritia flexuosa palm forest Figure 2-4: Cross section diagram of basin peat peatland in Chambira River Basin, Peru 33 in Tasek Bera, Malaysia 20 Figure 2-20: Mammals found living within the Figure: 2-5: Map showing distribution of tropical tropical PSFs 34 peatlands in Southeast Asia region 21 Figure 2-21: Betta livida – an endemic PSF Figure 2-6: Peatland ecosystem of Cuvette fighting fish from North Selangor PSF, Centrale, Congo Basin – the world’s largest Malaysia 35 tropical peatland ecosystem 21 Figure 2-22: Paedocypris progenetica – the Figure 2-7: Satellite image of peatlands in world’s smallest vertebrate animal – a fish Pastaza-Marañón Foreland Basin in Peru 22 species found in PSF in Sumatra and first Figure 2-8: Fishery in peat swamp rivers is described in 2005 35 mainly for subsistence 23 Figure 2-23: Betta uberis – an endangered Figure 2-9: Non-Timber Forest Products endemic fish that lives in small blackwater rivers (NTFP) 23 of PSFs in Borneo 35 Figure 2-10a: LiDAR-DTM profile of the peat Figure 2-24: Lateral zonations of vegetation in landscape in the Berbak region, Sumatra, the six phasic communities 37 Indonesia 25 Figure 2-25a: Peat swamp forest dominated by Figure 2-10b: Five LiDAR digital terrain map Shorea albida in Brunei Darussalam 38 cross sections of the Berbak Landscape, Jambi, Figure 2-25b: Ground level view of Shorea Sumatra 26 albida dominated forest in Brunei Figure 2-11: Cross-section of a peatland at Darussalam 38 Maludam Peninsular, Sarawak showing peat Figure 2-26: Degraded peatlands next to dome 26 plantations are susceptible to fire 40 Figure 2-12: Location map of the Tasek Bera Figure 3-1a: Map of Peatland Hydrological Unit Basin 27 Sg Kampar to Sg Gaung, Riau province 44 Figure 2-13: Schematic diagram of the possible Figure 3-1b: Map of online data base on paleo-ecological and sedimentological evolution Peatland Hydrological Units 44 of the Tasek Bera peat deposits over the past 20,500 years BP