Index

Page references to Notes will contain the page number followed by the letter ‘n’ and note number. Titles of publications will be followed by the name of the author in parentheses.

Aarseth, Espen, 42 Adventure, Mystery, and Romance Abbott and Costello, 314 (Cawelti), 37, 88–89 ABC network, 526 adventure genre, 104, 115–117 Abrams, J.J., 90 advertising agencies, 345, 349 Abstract Expressionism, 158 advertising industry, 343–360, 522, 527 Abu Ghraib prison, 486, 488–490 boundary establishment for early photos of male Iraqi prisoners, 432, 508 advertising industry, 345–347 see also Ghosts of Abu Ghraib buzzwords, 344 (documentary) and capitalism, 344, 346 acidification, paper, 74 critical responses, 357 ACT UP group, 506, 513 fashion television, 367–368 activism see media activism, and culture new media and struggle to contain jamming advertising, 348–350 Adams, Franklin Pierce, 312 parody ads, 508, 509 Adams, Robert, 105 and popular culture, 344–345, 349, 352 Adbusters (magazine), 508 promotional culture and content, Adorno, Theodor,COPYRIGHTED 125, 174, 305, 350, MATERIAL351–357 353, 407 radio, case of, 348–350 and culture industries, 444, 447–448, social effects and responsibility, 346 449, 451, 452, 454 wartime, 250, 251 and music genres, 137, 138 An Aesthetics of Junk Fiction (Roberts), 88 see also Frankfurt School Africa, 15, 56, 124, 127 Adrian, Gilbert, 363 sub‐Saharan Africa, 126 Adrian, Jack, 108 African Diaspora, United States, 126–127

A Companion to Popular Culture, First Edition. Edited by Gary Burns. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The African Queen (Forester), 117 American Culture Association, 4, 189 African Americans, 18, 22, 274, 376 The American Democrat (Cooper), 324 and genres, 92, 93 The American Dream in Vietnamese girls, 411–413 (Lieu), 23 musical performance, 127, 130, 137 American Federation of Musicians (AFM), and sports, 272, 274, 275, 281 131, 135 and visual culture, 150, 160 American Girl doll, 412, 414, 418 see also Blacks; race/ethnicity; sports, American Gothic (Wood), 157 race, and gender American High (TV series), 87 Age of Electricity, popular genres in, American Humor Studies Association, 311 128–139, 141 American identity, 24, 347, 473 Agee, James, 310–311, 333 food and drink preferences, 247, agribusiness, 258, 259 248, 250 Ahmed, Sara, 194 American Idol (reality TV program), 92–93 air travel, 292, 336 American Material Culture and Folklife An Air‐Conditioned Nightmare (Bronner), 186–187 (Miller), 326 American Material Culture (Mayo), 189 Aladdin (film), 411 American Museum, New York, 148 Alaia, Azzedine, 375 American Popular Entertainment Alaska‐Yukon fair, Seattle (1909), 293 (Matlaw), 298 Alba, Jessica, 24 American Public Transportation Aldama, Frederick Luis, 58 Association, 336 Aldean, Jason, 93 American Revolution, 254 Ali, Muhammad (Cassius Clay), 273 American Road (Davies), 324 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll), American Society of Composers, Authors 69–70 and Publishers (ASCAP), 129 Alive Day Memories: Home from Iraq American studies, 5, 305 (documentary), 485, 492–495 American Television Genres (Kaminsky and All Around the Year (Santino), 191 Mahan), 98 allegory, 34, 40 Ames, Kenneth, 188–189 Allen, Chris T., 350 amusement parks, 153, 157, 296, 395 Allen, Robert C., 206, 217, 219 see also Disney World; Disneyland; Allen, Woody, 312, 314 theme parks All‐Story Magazine, 117 Anagnostou, Yiorgos, 49 Alpert, Jon, 490 analog sound recording, 128 Alpert, Tami, 493 Analytic Engine, 232 Altman, Joel B., 33 analytical editing, film, 209, 210 Altman, Rick, 87, 89, 92, 98, 99 Anand, N., 127 Alvarez, Luis, 21–22 Ancient Greeks, 269, 306 Amateur Sports Act (1978), 275 philosophers, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, Ambler, Eric, 97 181, 228, 260, 306–307 Ambrose, Stephen, 327 Anderson, Benedict, 248 American Art Union, 149, 150 Anderson, Christopher, 216 American Association of Advertising Anderson, Tammy L., 55 Agencies, 345 Andrejevic, Mark, 91, 99, 447 American Bandstand (television program), Andrews, David, 275 25, 26, 372 The Andromeda Strain (Crichton), 117 American Civil War, 130, 149, 150, 151, animal rights activists, 288 267, 291 Annie Hall (film), 366

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anthropology, 37, 50, 51, 303, 323 The Artist in His Museum (self‐portrait by and humor, 309–310 Peale), 147–148 anticolonial revolutions, 15 artists and genre, 95–98 Appadurai, Arjun, 54–55, 191, 254 visual culture, 146, 153 Apple Boutique, 372 Asia, 15, 124, 169 Applebaum, Stanley, 294 Asimov, Isaac, 114 Arbuckle, Roscoe, 305, 313 Aspray, William, 232 archeological research, 189 assembly‐line production method, 105 archetypes, 37, 89 Associated Advertising Clubs of the architecture, 66, 160, 186, 207, 231, 290, World, 345 299, 334 Associated Apparel Manufacturers of Los archival evidence, 13, 14–15, 16, 18, 69 Angeles, 363 archivists, 64, 66, 67, 77 Associated Department Stores, 375–376 Arendt, Hannah, 449–450, 451 Association of American Artists (AAA), 157 Argosy (fiction magazine), 106 Astley, Philip, 285 Argyris, Chris, 167 athletic body, 265 Aries, Philippe, 401–402 Atkinson, Paul, 49 Aristotle, 306, 307 Atlantic Monthly, 355 Arkham House, 112 Attfield, Judith, 194 Armani, 377 Atwood, Margaret, 113 Armstrong, Karen, 383 audiences Armstrong, Louis, 135 fairs, 294 Arnaz, Desi, 24 films, 206, 208, 210 Arnheim, Rudolf, 207, 211 and genres, 88–91, 94–95 Aronczyk, Melissa, 352 niche or cult, 215 art ownership of culture, 518, 521 European modern art, 154 see also films; television film as, 207, 211 Audit Bureau of Circulations, 346 fine, 144, 145 Ault, Donald, 31–32 folk, 144 Austen, Jane, 93, 94, 112, 113 graffiti, 17 Austin, Joe, 17 historians, 205 auteur theory, 96, 97 and materials of popular culture, 66 authenticity, 214 popular see visual culture authorship Regionalist, 157 authorial intent, 13, 33, 34, 35 sequential, 42, 43 deceased authors, 34–35 see also architecture; artists and genre; and materials of popular culture, 70 visual culture and ownership, 530 Art and Illusion (Gombrich), 205 popular fiction, 102–103 Art Basel, Miami, 160 professional writers and history of Art Institute, Chicago, 152, 160 fiction, 104 Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows professionalization of writing, 104, (Baum), 405 108–109 artifacts, popular culture, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, see also copyright; literature and fiction; 69, 76, 397 popular fiction genres; storytelling heritage, and material culture, 185, Autobahn, Germany, 325 186, 198 auto/ethnography, 49, 57 see also heritage, and material culture; automobiles, 19, 158, 186, 292, 324, materials, popular culture 329–335, 371

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The Avant‐Garde Finds Andy Hardy (Ray), 39 Bartholdi, August, 153 Avila, Eric, 20, 21, 409 Barton, Bruce, 391 baseball, 268, 270, 272 Babbage, Charles, 231, 232 Basic Instinct (film), 434 Baby Boomer humanities scholars, 42 basketball, 268, 272, 276, 281n1 Baby Monkey (YouTube video), 401, Bass, Amy, 273 415–418 Batman, 520 A Bachelor’s Drawer (painting), 154 Battle of Alexandria (Porter), 147 Back Channel Media, 369 Baudrillard, Jean, 44, 69, 298, 409–410 Badgley Mischka (fashion label), 369 Baum, L. Frank, 401, 405–407 Bado‐Fralick, Nikki, 396, 397 Bazin, André, 44, 89, 208, 214 Bagdikian, Ben, 7, 523, 529 Beach Boys, 372 bagel, 248 Beadle, Erastus and Irwin, 105 Baghdad ER (documentary), 484, 485, Beatles, The, 136, 174, 530, 532 490–492 beats, hip hop, 56 Baker, Josephine, 127 Beau Geste (Wren), 117 Baker, Nicholson, 73, 74–75, 79 bebop, 133 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 24–25, 125, 298, 308 Bechet, Sidney, 134 Bakker, Jim, 394–395 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 127 “balanced budget conservatism,” 20 Beijing, China, 255, 256 Ball, Lucille, 366 Being Digital (Negroponte), 231 ballads, 13, 53 Belasco, Warren, 332 Balmer, Randall, 398n5 Bell, Daniel, 455 bands (music), 18, 129, 131–132, 138, 139, Bell & Howell, 73–75 503, 533 Bellamy, Francis J., 152 and fashion, 372, 373, 374 Bellow, Saul, 538 see also Beatles, The; music, popular Belmas, Genelle, 528, 529, 530 Bandura, Albert, 168 Beltrán, Mary, 24 Banet‐Weiser, Sarah, 276 Belton, John, 215 Bannister, Roger, 277 Benchley, Robert, 310, 312 Banton, Travis, 363 Benjamin, Walter, 69, 71, 128, 211, 234 Banvard, John, 147 Bennett, William, 542 Baraku, Imamu Amiri, 134 Bentham, Jeremy, 40 Barbarella (film), 366 Berg, Barbara, 413 The Barbie Chronicles (McDonough), 412 Berger, Arthur Asa, 303, 353 Barbie doll, 190–191, 412 Berger, Harris M., 56 Barbie’s Queer Accessories (Rand), 412 Berger, Kenneth, 131, 132 Bargaining for a Horse (painting), 149 Berger, Peter, 396 Barker, Clive, 112 Bergesen, Albert J., 519 Barks, Carl, 31–32 Bergson, Henri, 307–308 Barnet, Charlie, 19 Berish, Andrew, 19, 21 Barnouw, Erik, 7, 215–216 Berlin, Irving, 370 Barnum, P.T., 148, 161, 267, 286, 287, 288, Berlin Olympics (1936), 272 291, 292 Berliner, Emile, 128 Barnum and Bailey Circus, 284, 287, 288 Berman, Shelley, 315 Barr, Charles, 214 Berners‐Lee, Tim, 226 Barry, Dave, 312 Bernstein, Leonard, 138 Barthes, Roland, 38–39, 185, 246, 247, Bernstein, Robin, 193, 413 250, 252 bestsellers, 109, 112

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Betamax, 531 Bloom, Allan, 538, 539, 540, 541, 544, 546 Beyoncé, 377 Bloom, Clive, 109 Beyond the Culture Wars (Graff), 544 Blount, Roy, Jr., 312 Bible, 33, 391, 392, 397 Blue Valentine (film), 427 bicycle travel, 329 Blues People (Baraka), 134 Bieber, Justin, 140 Bochner, Arthur P., 6 Bielby, Denise D., 54 Boddy, William, 216 Bierce, Ambrose, 312 body Bierley, Paul, 129, 132 athletic, 265, 266, 271, 280–281 Bierstadt, Albert, 149 and food studies, 260–262 Big Brother, 87, 93, 527 body building, 268 The Big Sleep (Chandler), 118 Boellstorff, Tom, 57–58 Big Top see circuses Bolden, Charles, 134 Billboard (trade journal), 133, 136 Bollywood, 124, 140, 468, 470 Billboard Liberation Front, 508 Bolter, Jay, 44–45, 229 billboards, 507 Bombeck, Erma, 312 The Billionaires (activists), 512, 513 Bond films, 423–424, 426 binarism, 223, 224, 227, 231, 233, 239 Bon Jovi, Jon, 377 binary code, 227 books and journals, 63, 64, 192 biodiversity, 258 see also literacy, technological Biograph films, 207 determinism; literature and fiction; Bird, Larry, 275 magazines; newspapers; popular Birrell, Susan, 276 fiction genres birthday cake, symbolism of, 246 Books of Blood short‐story collections Bishop, Jack, 533 (Barker), 112 Black, Gregory, 212 Boon, Kevin, 112 The Black Album (Jay‐Z), 532 Boorstin, Daniel, 181 The Black Angel (Woolrich), 118 Borderlands (Lundy), 327 Black Mask, 108, 118 Bordo, Susan, 260, 261 Black Swan (film), 443, 444, 445 Bordwell, David, 39, 209 Blacks, 88, 271, 335 Bork, Robert, 424–425 Black style, 273–275 Born Digital (Palfrey and Glasser), 415 churches, 398n2 Bostock, Frank C., 289 historical study, 16, 18, 22, 25, 26–27 Boston, 153, 154, 160 musical performance, 127, 135 bottled water, 259 New Negro Movement, 158 Bouissac, Paul, 287, 288 see also African Americans; race/ boundary violation, 428–429, 431 ethnicity; sports, race, and gender Bourdieu, Pierre, 245–246, 520 Blacula (film), 92 Bowden, Bobby, 278 Blatty, William Peter, 112 Bowie, David, 373 Blesh, Rudi, 158 Bowling Green State University, Blige, Mary J., 377 Ohio/“Bowling Green” approach, 4, bling (hip‐hop jewelry), 376–377 8, 185, 186 Bloch, Robert, 111–112 boxing, 268, 270–271, 274 Blodgett, William T., 149 Boyd, Andrew, 513 Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond Bradby, Barbara, 7 (Bruns), 237–238 Brady, Matthew, 150 The Bloody Massacre (painting), 146–147 brain metaphor, computers, 226, 227 Bloody Murder (Symons), 86 Brand, Max, 108

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branded content, promotional culture, and ethnographic/folkloristic study, 48, 355–356 50, 51, 52, 56 Brando, Marlon, 365 and humor, 305, 318, 319 brands, 252, 279, 352, 524 Mission Underway, 32, 37 fashion, 364, 376, 377 Bruce, Jack, 138 and globalization, 462, 467 Bruce, Lenny, 308, 313 Branson, Missouri, 382 Brumberg, Joan Jacobs, 261 Bratz dolls, 413, 414 Bruns, Axel, 237–238 Braudy, Leo, 89 Brusca, Frank, 335 Braverman, Harry, 450, 453–454, 457 Bruzelius, Margaret, 116 Brazil, 533 Bryman, Alan, 408 Breen, Joseph, 212 Buchan, John, 97 Breen, Timothy, 254 Bunyan, John, 405 Brennan, Timothy, 127, 139 Burke, James Lee, 118 BRIC countries, 481 burlesque, 312, 313, 314 The Bride Wore Black (Woolrich), 118 Burnett, William R., 119 Briggs, Patricia, 115 Burns, Ed, 496 British authors, 93, 94 Burns, Ken, 135, 327 popular fiction, genres and formulas, Burns, Tommy, 270 106, 108, 110–13, 115–117, 118 Burr, William, 147 see also penny dreadfuls/bloods (early Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 108, 117 novels), England Burroway, Michael, 457 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Bush, George W., 484, 485, 489, 512 79n1, 132 Bush, Vannevar, 226 British cultural studies, 5 Butcher, Andy, 397–398 British Film Institute (BFI), 72, 79n1 Butcher, Jim, 115 British Library, 73 Butterick Patterns, 364–365 British singers, 136 Butterworth, Benjamin, 291 Brittain, Donald, 174 Buzzfeed (media company), 355 Broadway, New York, 131 buzzwords, in advertising, 344 Broccoli, Albert, 97 B.V.D. (knitwear company), 364 Brokaw, Tom, 277 Byrd, Joseph, 130 “broken windows” theory, 17 Bronner, Simon J., 52, 186–187, 190 The Cabinet of Mephistopheles (film), 207 Brontë sisters, 113 cable and satellite technologies, 107, 161, Brooklyn Bridge (Trachtenberg), 185 353, 367, 375 Brooks, Daphne, 23 and documentaries, 484, 485, 486, Brooks, Mel, 314 491, 492 Brooks, Tim, 77, 79 film and television in popular culture, Brookville Equipment Corp. (BEC), 204, 213, 218, 219, 220, 221 336, 337 and globalization, 395, 466, 467 Brown, Bill, 106, 193 ownership of culture, 525, 526 Brown, Helen Gurley, 159 see also television Brown, J. Purdy, 286 Cable News Network (CNN), 219 Brown, James, 160 Cahill, Holger, 156 Brown, Jim, 273 Cain, James M., 118 Browne, Pat, 3–4, 8 Caldwell, Melissa L., 256 Browne, Ray B., 3–5, 7, 8, 41, 186, 188, calendars, 154 298, 537 Calhoun‐Brown, Alison, 382, 383

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California, 159, 174, 295, 362 Catlin, George, 149 and fashion, 362, 363, 364, 366, 374, 378 Cavicchi, Daniel, 54 see also Los Angeles, California; San Cawelti, John, 38, 85, 97, 103, 437n4, 537 Francisco, California Adventure, Mystery, and Romance, 37, California Department of Corrections 88–89 group, 508 CBS Corporation/network, 87, 107, Callender, Colin, 499 523, 526 Callois, Roger, 90 CD‐ROMs, 75, 78 calorie sources, in United States, 247 CDs (compact discs), 531 Campbell, Joseph, 37, 89 celebrities, 24–25, 378 Campbell‐Kelly, Martin, 232 sex goddesses, 433–434 Canada, 171 see also bands (music); rock stars; specific Canclini, Néstor García, 138 artists, such as Madonna canon wars, textual criticism, 37, 38, 42, 45 celebrity magazines, 161 Cantonese cinema, 468 censorship, 204 Cantril, Hadley, 167–168, 350 Central Asia, 169 capitalism, 102, 408, 409 Central Park, New York, 153 and advertising, 344, 346 Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, and consumption, 252–254 Birmingham (England), 187 and culture industries, 455, 456 Centuries of Childhood (Aries), 401 historical aspects, 17, 18, 24, 253 CGI (computer‐generated imagery), 234 specialty coffee consumption, chamber music, 126 significance, 253, 254 Chandler, Raymond, 108, 118 Captain Blood (Sabatini), 116 Chanel, Coco, 362 car radios, 195 Channels of Discourse, Reassembled Carey, James, 171, 179, 235, 236, 237 (Allen), 219 Caribbean, 127, 132 Chaplin, Charles, 153, 208, 212, 305, 313, Carlin, George, 313 316, 317 Carlisle Indian School, 270 Chapman, James, 97 Carlos, John, 273 Chappell, Ben, 58 Carnegie, Andrew, 208 Chapple, Steve, 7 carnivals, 284, 288, 288–290, 297–298, 299 “character zones,” 24–25 Carpentier, Alejo, 132, 134 Charlie’s Angels (TV program), 366–367 Carr, Nicholas, 181 Charry, Eric S., 56 Carrie (King), 112 Cheney, Dick, 489 Carrington, Ben, 271 Cher, 373 Carroll, Lewis, 69–70 Chesterton, G.K., 382 Carroll, Michael Thomas, 56 Chevron company, 514, 515 cars see automobiles Chicago, 154 Carter, Jimmy, 392 Art Institute, 152, 160 Carter, Ron, 139 Columbian Exposition (1893), 151–152, Cartland, Barbara, 113 269, 289, 291–292, 296 Cartoon Channel, 219 families, study of, 191, 195 Castle, Irene and Vernon, 370 Historical Society, 76 The Castle of Otranto (Walpole), 110, 115 Monet exhibition, 160 Cather, Willa, 181 as “The White City,” 291, 296 Catherwood, Frederic, 147 Woman’s Building, 152 Catholicism, 172, 386, 387, 389 Chicago Sun‐Times, 75, 76 see also Christianity; Protestantism; religion Child, Lee, 117

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children, 401–418 semiotics in, 38–39 African‐American girls, 412, 413 total, 214, 215 childhood, concept, 402 see also films; genres; television and Internet, 415–418 Cinema Fashions (chain of shops), 364 literature, 70 CinemaScope, 214, 215 Magic Kingdoms, 404, 408–411 cinematic storytelling, 205, 207, 210 and popular culture, 404, 415, 418 The Circus Age (Davis), 287 series books for, 406–407 circuses, 285–288, 297–298, 299 specific works for Barnum and Bailey Circus, 284, 287, 288 Harry Potter series, 34, 35 compared to carnivals, 289 A Little Pretty Pocket‐Book, 401–404, decline in United States, 287 406, 407, 417 as “Greatest Shows on Earth,” 288 Pilgrim’s Progress, 405 origins, 285 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, 401, as peripatetic or nomadic societies, 289 405–407, 418 spectacle, 285 toys/dolls, 190–191, 411–414 tents, 286, 287 and violent films, 430–431 see also clown tradition Children’s Books in England (Darton), cities, development of, 329–330 402–403 citizenship, 20, 21, 25, 347, 406, 475, 540 Chin, Elizabeth, 413 and food studies, 250, 252 China, fast food consumption, 255–256 civil religion, 388, 398n6 choirs, 126 Civil Rights Movement, 22, 23, 160 Christian Bookstore Association (CBA), 392 and food studies, 254–255 Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), 394 and sports, 273, 278 Christianity civilization, 172, 422–423, 425 and Bible, 33 Claire, Ina, 363 Catholicism, 172, 386, 387 Clapton, Eric, 377 contemporary Christian music (CCM), 393 Clark, Beverly Lyon, 403 dominance of, 381, 386 Clark, Dick, 26 evangelicalism, 34, 382, 393–395, 398n5 Classical Hollywood Cinema (Bordwell, Protestantism, 382, 387, 397, 399n7 Staiger and Thompson), 209 publishing and bookstores, 391–392 Classon, Albrecht, 401–402 retailing, 390–391, 398 Clay, Cassius (Muhammad Ali), 273 see also churches; Judaism; religion Clerks (film), 31 Christie, Agatha, 118 Cleveland, Grover, 291 Christy, Howard Chandler, 154 close‐ups, film, 210, 214 Chudacoff, Howard, 405, 418 The Closing of the American Mind (Bloom), Church, Frederic Edwin, 149 538, 539 churches 40, 384–94, 398n2, 399n9, 538 cloud technologies, 78, 225, 521 cowboy churches, 382, 397 clown tradition, 310, 315–317 megachurches, 395–396 see also circuses; humor see also Christianity; religion Club Penguin (online game), 408, 415, 416, cinema 417, 418 cinema studies, 42 Clues (detective‐fiction journal), 4 Hollywood film industry see Hollywood CNN (Cable News Network), 219, 367 film industry Cobley, Paul, 117 and materials of popular culture, 71 Coca‐Cola drink, 188, 250–252, 254, 255 pre‐cinematic forms of moving Cocteau, Jean, 370 images, 205 code hierarchy, computers, 178–179

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coffee consumption (specialty coffee), as interdisciplinary field, 6 252–254 new communication technologies, 177–178 cognitive mapping, 40 research methods, 167 Cohen, Lizabeth, 16, 19, 347 Toronto School of communication Cohen, Sara, 57 studies, 171–174 Cohn, Nudie, 371 Communications Act (1934), 348 Colbert, Claudette, 364 computational theory of the mind, 226, 227 Colbert, Stephen, 429 computer mentality, 223–224 Cold War, 135, 250 computer‐generated imagery (CGI), 234 end of, 462 computers Cole, C.L., 276, 277 applications, 224, 226, 230–234 Cole, Thomas, 149 binaristic structure of technology, 223, Coleman, Ornette, 135 224, 227, 231, 233 collectibles, visual culture code hierarchy, 178–179 early American visual culture, 145–147 communication, 235–236 following World War II, 159–160 computation function, 224, 225 inter‐war years, 157–158 representation and computation, mid‐nineteenth‐century visual culture, 230–234 148–151 computational tools, 224, 231–233 turn‐of‐the‐century (twentieth), 153–155 and culture, 223–242 see also performative aspects, visual definitions, 226 culture; visual culture dialogue regarding technology, 223–224, Collier’s (magazine), 154 230, 238 Collins, Joseph, 257 elements, 225 Collins, Wilkie, 108, 111, 118 hardware, 224, 225–228 Coltrane, John, 135 historical aspects, 224 Columbian Exposition (1893), Chicago, human brain metaphor, 226, 227 151–152, 269, 289, 291–292, 296 and human thought processes, 226, 228 Columbian Fountain (sculpture), 152 influence, 223 comedy, 313 input devices, 225 comedians, 308, 312, 317–318 IPOS cycle, 225 romantic, 314 mathematical aspects, 225 stand‐up, 308, 312 ownership of culture, 521 vs. tragedy, 306 and popular culture, 225–228 “Comedy’s Greatest Era” (Agee), 310 production and consumption tools, comic books, 109, 159, 312 235–238 The Comic Mind (Mast), 308 representational medium, 233–234 comic strips, 305, 312 software, 178, 224, 228–230 comics studies, 31, 42, 43 technological determinism and social commercialism, 348, 349, 352, 413, 525 constructivism, 228–230 Committee on Public Information, as tools of popular culture, 225–228 Division of Pictorial Publicity, 154 Web 1.0 and Web 2.0, 235, 236–238 commodification, 54, 209, 281, 351, 471 woman’s work, computation perceived and religion, 388, 393 as, 225, 226–227 communication see also Google; Internet; Microsoft; “bias” of, 171–172 search engines/search engine channels, 168 companies; social media/social computers, 224, 235–236 networking sites; technological content, 168 determinism; World Wide Web

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Condé Nast (media company), 364 duration, 528–529 Condry, Ian, 56 licenses, 530, 531 Coney Island, New York, 153, 284, 289, parodies, 529–530 290, 291, 294, 409 protections, 532 Luna Park, 292, 296 reach of, 532–533 Conference on the History of American Copyright Act (1976), 528, 529 Popular Entertainment (CHAPE), Copyright Term Extension Act (1998), 529 New York (1977), 297–298 Cornwell, Bernard, 116 confessional talk shows, 93 corporate agribusiness, 258 conflict‐resolution‐equilibrium structure, corporations, mass media, 523 narratives employing, 93 corsets, 376 conglomeration, 462, 524 Cortissoz, Royal, 154 Conquest (Smith), 428 Cosby, Bill, 313, 315 conservation, 65, 68–76 Cosmopolitan Art Journal, 148 consumer culture, 345, 347, 353 Cosmopolitan magazine, 159 consumer movement, 346, 350 costume making, 53 consumerism, 294, 297, 402 Coubertin, Pierre de, 269 and advertising, 344, 347 Counihan, Carole, 245 and citizenship, 347 counterinsurgency, 27 and culture jamming/media activism, country dance, English, 132 503, 507, 509 country music, 18, 21, 53 and documentaries, 485, 498 Coup, William Cameron, 286 see also advertising industry The Course of Empire (landscape), 149 Consuming Visions (Bronner), 190 Couse, E. Irving, 154 consumption Coveney, Peter, 402 and capitalism, 252–254 cowboy churches, 382, 397 and democracy, 249–252 Cox, Richard J., 65–66 and embodiment, 260–262 Crafton, Donald, 211 and food, 249–254, 260–262 Craig, Daniel, 423 see also advertising industry Crais, Robert, 118 contemporary adventure genre, 116–117 Crane, Stephen, 108 contemporary Christian music (CCM), 393 Crawford, Cindy, 368 content farms, promotional culture, Crawford, Joan, 363, 364 354–355, 356 Cream (band), 138 contradanza, 132 creative industries, 451, 454, 455, 456 convenience foods, 247 see also culture industries Convention on Cultural Diversity “creature features,” 87 (UNESCO), 475–480 Creature from the Black Lagoon (film), 87 convergence, 194 Creeber, Glen, 85–86 media, 520–521, 526 Creel, George, 346 Convergence Culture (Jenkins), 45, 194, Crichton, Michael, 117 220, 230, 234, 534 crime genre, 104, 109, 117, 118 conversion, 63, 65, 68–76 Critical Mass group, 507 Cooney, Gerry, 274 criticism Cooper, Alice, 373 historical, 34–35 Cooper, Anderson, 443, 459n1 New Criticism, 35, 37 Cooper, James Fenimore, 116, 324 textual see textual criticism Copley, John Singleton, 146 Cronkite, Walter, 484 copyright, 68, 518, 528–533 Crosby, Bing, 136

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crosscutting, film, 210 and globalization, 462, 463 Croteau, David, 522 internships, unpaid, 443–446, 452, 458, Crow, Sheryl, 377 459n1 Crystal Palace, London, 148, 290, 291 labor of production, 450–457 Crystal Palace, New York, 148 shift from singular to plural, 452 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihalyi, 191, 195 structures and business operations, 521–528 Cthulhu Mythos (story‐cycle), 111 see also creative industries; labor Cuba, 130, 132 “The Culture Industry” (Horkheimer and cuisine, 246, 247 Adorno), 350 see also food and drink studies culture jamming, 503–516 Cultivating Humanity (Nussbaum), 544 concept, 503–504 cultural capital, 252, 485 examples, 504 cultural content, promotional culture, 355 culture warriors, concept, 537 cultural discount, of United States, 463 culture wars (1990s), 7, 539–540, 546 The Cultural Front (Denning), 19 Culver, Stuart, 405 cultural hegemony school, 293–294 curators, 187, 188, 189 cultural heritage see heritage, and material Currier, Nathaniel, 151 culture cutaways, film, 210 cultural imperialism, 171, 257, 437n3, Cutting, James, 128 477–478 cybernetics, 178 The Cultural Industries (Hesmondhalgh), 453 cyberpunk, 114 cultural memory, 66, 170, 171 cybersociality, 58 cultural particularities, 304 Cybertext (Aarseth), 42 cultural studies, 5, 6, 50, 66 Cyborgs and Barbie Dolls (Tofeletti), 412 film and television, 217, 218 Czitrom, Daniel, 17 and food studies, 252, 260, 262 see also popular culture studies Dadswell, Jack, 289–290 culture Daguerreotype (photographic concept, 49, 50, 54, 519–521 technology), 233 culture making, 50, 52 Dallmayr, Fred, 538 and economy, 454–455 Daly, Carroll John, 118 formal analyses, 323 Dance Hall Days (McBee), 21 high and low cultures, 51, 323, 449, 519 Dancing in the Street: Motown and the humor, cultural context, 303–304 Cultural Politics of Detroit (Smith), 22 mass culture see mass culture Dandridge, Dorothy, 433 screen, 205, 220 Danner, Mark, 488 shared, 540 Darton, Harvey, 402–403 subdivision, 55 databanks, 226 tangible and intangible, 66, 67, 72 David (statue by Michelangelo), 66, 67, 69 and tradition, 52 Davies, Pete, 324 in twentieth century, 448 Davis, Bette, 363 see also cultural studies; culture Davis, Janet, 287 industries; culture jamming; Davis, Miles, 138 popular culture studies Davis, Theodore R., 151 culture industries, 6, 443–460 daytime television, 93 and capitalism, 455, 456 de Certeau, Michel, 407 centrality of labor to culture, 457–458 De La Soul (group), 139 “culture” of, 447–450 De Witt, Robert, 105 free labor of, 444–447 Dead in the West (Lansdale), 103

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Dean, James, 365 dialogue, 548 Death in the Dining Room and Other Tales Dibdin, Charles, 130 of Victorian Culture (Ames), 189 dichotomies, primitive and modern Death of General Wolfe (painting), 146 societies, 169 Debord, Guy, 504–505 Dickens, Charles, 111 deceptions (trompe l’oeil pictures), 150, Dietrich, Marlene, 363 153–154 Difference Engine, 231, 232 The Declaration of Independence digital databases, 75 (painting), 146 digital divide, 239 deconstruction, 40 digital media, 23, 99, 205, 234, 351, 479, 521 defense theory, 307 materials, popular culture, 75, 76, 78 Defoe, Daniel, 115 Digital Millennium Copyright Act DeForest, Tim, 104 (1998), 532 dehumanization, 177 digital rights management (DRM) Del Rio, Delores, 24 applications, 531, 532 Delamont, Sara, 49 digitization, 63–64, 75, 78, 178, 526 Delmont, Matthew, 25–26 dime novels, United States, 104, 105–106, Dembroski, Theodore M., 290 107, 112 DeMille, Cecil B., 208, 362 Dinerstein, Joel, 273 democracy Dingus, Anne, 331 and consumption, 249–252 Dior, Christian, 365 of humor, 318–319 Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), 466 demonstrations, racial, 22 “Dirt Road Anthem,” 93 Dempsey, Jack, 272 Disciples of Christ, 387 Denning, Michael, 17, 19, 447, 448, 455, Discipline and Punish (Foucault), 40 457–458 disco, 137, 374 Denzin, Norman K., 57 diseases, dietary‐related, 256, 257 Depression see Great Depression Disney, Walt, 284, 294, 295, 405, 409 The Depth of Shallow Culture The Disney Channel, 524 (Bergesen), 519 Disney comics, 31 Derecho, Abigail, 54 Disney empire, 408 Derleth, August, 112 see also Walt Disney Company Derrida, Jacques, 40, 41, 43, 123 Disney World, 395 Dery, Mark, 503, 504, 508 “Disneyization,” 408 Descartes, René, 174 Disneyland, 295, 395, 408–410 design, product, 194, 195 Distinction (Bourdieu), 245–246, 520 Designing Woman (film), 362 division of labor, 453, 455 desire, 409–410 Dixon, Willie, 533 Desperate Housewives (TV program), 369 Doane, Mary Ann, 98 detective agencies, 90 documentary film detective stories, 86, 90, 104, 108, 115, 118, 193 and HBO (cable giant), 484–485 determinism see technological particular documentaries determinism Alive Day Memories: Home from Iraq, Deuze, Mark, 527 492–495 Devault, Marjorie, 260 Baghdad ER, 484, 490–492 Dewey, John, 174 Generation Kill, 484–485, 495–500 Dialectic of Enlightenment (Horkheimer Ghosts of Abu Ghraib, 484, 487–490 and Adorno), 353 political aspects, 484–501 dialogism, 24 and reality TV, 92–93

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documentation, popular culture see eating disorders, 261 materials, popular culture eBay, 198 Dogmatic Wisdom (Jacoby), 547 EBSCO, 75 Doha Round of WTO negotiations, 467 Eck, Diana, 386 Do‐It‐Yourself (DIY) activism, 506 economies of scale, 463 Dolce & Gabbana, 369, 376, 377, 378 Eddison, E.R., 115 dolls, 190–191, 193 Ederle, Gertrude, 293 twenty‐first century, 411–414 Edgerton, Gary, 213 Donald Duck stories, 31 Edison, Thomas, 128, 207, 233 Donen, Stanley, 211 Ego (Freudian theory), 307 Double Indemnity (Cain), 118 Ehrenreich, Barbara, 411, 412 Double‐Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Eiffel Tower, Paris, 291 Paper (Baker), 73 eighteenth century, commercial culture, 254 Douglas, Aaron, 158 Eisenberg, Eric M., 6 Douglas, Mary, 260 Eisenhower, General Dwight, 251, 325 Douglass, Frederick, 152 Eisenstein, Sergei, 44, 409 Dow Chemical, 514 Eisner, Will, 43 Downing, John, 445, 446 electronic books (e‐books), 103, 110 Doyle, Arthur Conan, 108, 118 Electronic Frontier Foundation, 479 Doyle, Gillian, 521 electronic media, 173, 175 Dr. Who, 43 see also electronic books (e‐books) Dracula (film), 92 Eliot, T.S., 35, 541 “dramedies,” 94 elite fiction, 110 Dream Works, 470 Elite Patterns, 364 Dreiser, Theodore, 326 Elizabethan literature, 174 drinking water, availability of, 259 Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine, 113 D’Souza, Dinesh, 541, 542–543, 544 Ellison, Harlan, 114 du Maurier, Daphne, 113 embodiment, and consumption, 260–262 dual‐product model, media markets, 522, 523 EMI Group, 523, 532 Duchamp, Marcel, 293 Emmett, Dan, 130 Ducheneaut, Nicolas, 57 emoticons, 230 Dumas, Alexandre, 116 emotion, expressions of, 194 Duncan, Dayton, 327 employment insecurity, 457 Duncanson, Robert Soctt, 150 England Durgnat, Raymond, 303, 432 Centre for Contemporary Cultural During, Simon, 56 Studies, Birmingham, 187 Dylan, Bob, 174 English country dance, 132 Dynasty (TV program), 367, 368, 375 English language, 124 dystopian science fiction, 114 penny dreadfuls/bloods (early novels), 104, 106 EA Sports, 279, 280 Queen Victoria and Prince Albert fair, Eagleton, Terry, 298 London (1851), 290–291 Early, Gerald, 270 slick fiction magazines, 108 Earnhart, Dale, 279 see also British authors; British East Africa, 56 Broadcasting Corporation (BBC); Eastern European Jewry, New York, 248 British Film Institute (BFI) Eastman, George, 155 Engle, Mary K., 343 Easto, Patrick, 288–289, 290 engravings, 146 Eastwood, Clint, 323 Enlightenment, 174, 177

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Ensminger, David A., 55–56 The Exorcist (Blatty), 112 Enstad, Nan, 17–18 Experiments Against Reality (Kimball), 543 entertainment industries explorers, 323–324 audiovisual, 462–463 and genres, 86–88 Facebook, 237 historical study, 26 facsimilies, 68–69 and ownership of culture, 520 fade‐ins and fade‐outs, film, 210 Entine, Jon, 277 Fahrenheit 9/11 (documentary), 496 EPCOT (Environmental Prototype City Fair America (Rydel, Findling, and Pelle), of Tomorrow), 296 290, 293–294 epic fantasy, 115 Fair Trade Campaigns, 516 Episcopal Church, 387 fair use, copyright, 529 Episcopalians, 386 Fairbanks, Douglas, 208 epistephilia, 500 fairy tales, 405–408 Epstein, Brian, 372 see also Aladdin (film); children; Disney, ergodic literature, 42 Walt; Disney World; Disneyland; eroticism and aggression, 434–436 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ESPN, 278, 279, 280, 367 (film); Walt Disney Company; Walt Estleman, Loren D., 116 Disney World ethnographic/folkloristic study, 5, 13, 37, A Faith of Our Own (Merritt), 545 48–62 Falwell, Jerry, 394 auto/ethnography, 49, 57 family sitcoms, 93, 95 connections between folklore and fan cultures/studies, 42, 43, 53–54 popular culture, 49–50 online fan sites, 90 critique of ethnography in fan studies, 54 Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers (Jenkins), 57 definition of ethnography, 48–49 Fans: The Mirror of Consumption definition of folklore, 52 (Sandvoss), 54 fan studies, 42, 43, 53–54 Fanta (orange carbonated drink), 251 heritage, and material culture, 191, 196 fantasy genre, 104, 115, 193 and humor, 310 Faris, John T., 326 interdisciplinarity, 48, 50, 51, 57 Farm Security Administration (FSA), 155 material culture, 186 farmed content, promotional culture, participant observation, 49, 57 354–355, 356 popular culture and folklore, 48, 49–50, fashion, 361–380 51, 52–53 designer labels, 369 popular culture studies, 48, 50, 51 and filmmaking, 362–366 textual analysis, 50 hippie dress, 372–373 Ethnography and Virtual Worlds (Boellstorff, Hollywood designers, 363 Nardi, Pearce, and Taylor), 57 magazines, 157 European languages, 124 mass‐produced, 17–18, 365 European Union, Television Without and MTV network, 368, 370, 371, Frontiers Directive, 472, 473 375–378 evangelicalism, 34, 382, 393–395, 398n5 and music, 361, 370–378 evidence, archival, 13, 14–15, 16, 18, 69 from 1900 to 1950, 370–371 Evil Influences (Starker), 543 from 1950 to 1981, 371–373 exhibition venues, specialized, 215 in 1970s, 373–375 exhibitions, 147, 148, 149, 152, 154, 156, and popular culture, 361–362 160, 194 fashion television, 366–369 see also world fairs and expositions rise of, 367–369

0002675591.indd 563 2/10/2016 2:34:22 PM 564 Index

Fashions of 1934 (film), 362 lasting appeal, 193–194 Fassa, Lynda, 416 and materials of popular culture, 66–67 Fast, Susan, 54 melodramas, 86, 97, 98 Fast Food Nation (Schlosser), 250 and music, 124, 131 fast foods, 247, 249, 250, 257 narrative feature film, rise of, 208 consumption in China, 255–256 Nollywood, 124, 140 Faulkner, William, 94 one‐shot, 207 Fauser, Annegret, 126 prints, 71–72 Fawcett, Farrah, 367 realism, 214 Fay, Frank, 313 rivalry between industries, 470 FCC see Federal Communications semiotics in cinema, 38–39 Commission (FCC) seventh art, film as, 207 Feather, Leonard, 135 sex and violence in, 422–424, 426–436 Federal Arts Project (FAP), 155, 156 silent, 72, 91–92, 153, 314 Federal Communications Commission sound technology, 210–211 (FCC), 216, 485, 488 soundtracks, 124 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 343, storytelling, 205, 207, 210 344, 350, 351 technological change and Classical Feder‐Kane, Abigail, 275 Hollywood cinema, 208–215 feminism/feminist analysis transnational flows, 468–469, 470 feminist historians, 15–16 Westerns, 85, 86, 89, 97 and food studies, 260, 261, 262 widescreen technologies, 214, 215 and sexual terrorism, 431–434, 435 Zatoichi films, 124, 140 see also gender; sex and violence; women see also cinema; genres; media; television Fen, John, 56 Finch, Christopher, 284 Ferris wheel, 291–292 Findling, John E., 290, 293–294 Fetterman, David M., 49 fine art, 144, 145 Feuer, Jane, 276 Fink, Alexander, 147 Field, Patricia, 369 first sale doctrine, 531, 533 Fielding, Henry, 110 First World War see World War I Fields, W.C., 314 Fishwick, Marshall, 186, 188 Fifties Television (Boddy), 216 Fiske, John, 52, 217, 218, 219 Fifty Shades of Grey (film), 433, 434 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 108 Film History (Allen and Gomery), 206 Flashdance (film), 366 film noir, 98, 114 Fleming, E. McClung, 188 film reception theory, 215 Fleming, Ian, 97, 117 Film/Genre (Altman), 87 Flesh, Alfred, 364 films, 6, 131, 178, 207, 323 Florida, Richard, 454–458 as art form, 207, 211 flow, concept of, 217, 218 Bollywood, 124, 140, 468, 470 flower paintings, 150 Bond, 423–424, 426 Fluke, Sandra, 425 documentary see documentary film Focillon, Henri, 91 fashion and filmmaking, 362–366 folios, newspapers, 73 feature‐length, 210 folk art, 144 “film talk,” 206 folk cultures, 530 “Golden Age,” 209, 211 Folk Housing in Middle Virginia historical study, 17, 18, 313–314 (Glassie), 186 Hollywood film industry see Hollywood folk music, 77, 530, 533 film industry folklore see ethnographic/folkloristic study

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“Folklore–Popular Culture Continuum,” 52 Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, 151 Fonda, Jane, 366 Frankenstein (Shelley), 113–114 food and drink studies Frankfurt School, 54, 174, 234, 451 American identity and food and drink and culture industries, 444, 448, 449 preferences, 247, 248, 250 and humor, 304, 305, 318 Coca‐Cola drink, significance, 250–252, see also Adorno, Theodor; 254, 255 Horkheimer, Max consumption, 249–254, 260–262 Franklin, Benjamin, 311 and culture, 245–264 Franklin, C.L. (Reverend), 23 fast, processed, and convenience foods, Frazier, Ian, 312 247, 249, 250, 255, 256, 257 Free Trade Agreements, 472 global movement for food security, 259 French Revolution, 14 hegemony and globalization, 254–256 Freud, Sigmund/Freudian theory, 39, 307, nationalism and food, 247–249 309, 423 nutritionally balanced diets, in peasant Freudian theory, 40 cultures, 257 Friedman, Ted, 227 polysemy of food, 246–247, 252 Frito‐Lay (snack food company), 527 “proletarian hunger killers,” 249, 253 frontier narrative, 105, 106, 116 purposes of food beyond nutrition, Fruit in a Yellow Bowl (painting), 150 246–247, 256 Fry, Sir Edward, 541 rituals, food‐based, 248, 249 Frye, Northrop, 308–309 social class and food preferences, 246 FTC see Federal Trade Commission (FTC) specialty coffee consumption, Fuller, Charles E., 394 significance, 252–254 functionalism, 384–385 and taste, 245–246, 252 fusion genre, 93, 124, 138 Thanksgiving festival, 248, 249 future of popular culture, 45 transforming food system, 256–259, 260 football, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273, 278 Gabaccia, Donna, 247–248 Forbes, Cameron, 270 galleries, 145 Forbes, David Bruce, 381 game narrative (narratology), 42 Forbes 500 list, 523 game shows, 7, 93, 314 Ford, Henry/Fordist regime of flexible game studies, 42, 43 accumulation, 208–209, 210, 463 The Games Black Girls Play (Gaunt), 412 Ford, John, 96 gaming, 57, 279 Forester, C.S., 117 Gandolfini, James, 485, 492–494 Forever Barbie (Lord), 412 Gane, Nicholas, 177 formats, 204, 526, 527 “gangsta rap,” 139 formulas, in literature, 102–104, gangster films/stories, 86, 119 111–112, 193 Gans, Herbert, 519 sub‐formulas, 103, 104, 114 Garber, Jan, 19 Forrest Gump (film), 429 Garbo, Greta, 363 Foucault, Michel, 40, 41, 260, 261, 298, 401 Garcia, Matt, 16 Four Freedoms (Rockwell), 157 gardening advice programs, 93 Fox, Charles Philip, 285, 286 Gardner, Erle Stanley, 108 Fox network, 87, 211 Garnham, Nicholas, 448, 452, 453 Fox Searchlight Pictures, law suit against, Garofalo, Reebee, 7 443, 445 Garvey, Ellen Gruber, 190, 192 fractionalization, 107 Gaskell, Elizabeth, 108, 111 France, 56, 126, 127, 132, 153 Gasset, José Ortega y, 541

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Gates, Bill, 353 historical events, dependence on, 90 GATT see General Agreement on Tariffs identification, 88 and Trade (GATT) innovation, 89, 95 Gaultier, Jean Paul, 368, 376 logic, 99 Gaunt, Kyra Danielle, 412 and marketing, 87 Gauntlett, David, 237 modern theory, 96 Gawker Media, 356 popular fiction see popular fiction genres Geertz, Clifford, 15 popular music, 57, 123–143 Geist, Christopher, 186, 226 semantic and syntactic elements, 85 Gelber, Steven, 195 study of, 85–100 gender factors sub‐genres, 115 computation perceived as woman’s work, television, 85–86, 90 225, 226–227 texts, 96 female writers, 114 visual arts, 144–163 and food studies, 256, 260 George, Nelson, 281n1 objects and gender, 190 The German Ideology (Marx), 457 social roles, blurring of, 176 Gernsback, Hugo, 114 stereotypes, 413, 422, 504 ghost story, 111 videogames, 57 The Ghosts of Abu Ghraib (documentary), votes for women, 267 484, 485, 487–490 “woman’s film,” 98 Giannetti, Louis D., 95 women athletes, 269–270, 275–276 Giardina, Michael, 279 see also feminism/feminist analysis; race/ Gibbons, Cedric, 362 ethnicity; sex and violence; women Gibney, Alex, 485 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gibson, Charles Dana, 154 (GATT), 465, 475, 476, 477 Gibson, William, 114 cultural exemption clauses, 481 The Gibson Goddess (film), 362 Uruguay Round, 472, 474 Gilborn, Craig, 188 General Agreement on Trade in Services Gillespie, John Birks, 135 (GATS), 472–473, 474 Gilligan, James, 425–426 Generation Kill (documentary), 484–485, Gilman, Sander, 23 486, 495–500 Gilroy, Paul, 134 genetic engineering, 258 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo The Genius of the System (Schatz), 209 (Larsson), 435 Gennep, Arnold van, 298 Giroux, Henry, 408, 411 Genre and Hollywood (Neale), 86 Gitlin, Todd, 7, 464, 543 genre painting, 149 Givenchy, 365, 366 genres Glacier National Park, 328 artist and genre, 95–98 Glasser, Urs, 415, 416 and audiences, 88–91, 94–95 Glassie, Henry, 186 auteur theory, 96, 97 GLBT themes, 99 cinema, 90 Gleick, James, 181 construction, 87 “Global Fandom/Global Fan Studies” and corporate business practice, 87–88 (Harrington and Bielby), 54 critic and genre, 98 globalization, 461–483 definition of genre, 85–86 Convention on Cultural Diversity and entertainment industries, 86–88 (UNESCO), 475–480 evolution, 88–91 cultural exemptions, international trade genre cycles, and hybridization, 91–94 agreements, 472–475

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and culture industries, 462, 463 Grant, Amy, 393 global counterflows, 467–472 Gravenites, Linda, 373 “global village,” 173 Great Depression, 26, 107 and hegemony, 254–256 and advertising, 346, 350 Hong Kong as film‐production center, and genres, 155, 157 468–469 Great Lakes, North America, 147, 157 impact on popular culture, 56 Great Migration (1930s), 158 and ownership of culture, 533 Great San Francisco Earthquake state interventionism of United States, (1906), 293 regarding popular culture exports, The Great Train Robbery (film), 207 463, 465–467 Greek Slave (sculpture), 148 United States as worldwide trendsetter, Greeley, Horace, 291 461–465 Green, Simon R., 115 glocalization, 470 Greene, Graham, 97, 108 GMO seeds, 258 Greenpeace, 516 The Godfather (Puzo), 119 Greer, Howard, 363 Goffman, Erving, 175, 298 greeting cards, 194 Goldberg, David Theo, 278 Gregory, Dick, 313 “Golden Age” of film and television, 209, Gregory, Marshall, 545 211, 216, 217, 368, 524 Gresham, Bob, 331 Goldfinger (Bond film), 423–424 Grey, Zane, 116 Goldwyn, Samuel, 362 Grier, Pam, 434 golf, 276 Griffith, D.W., 96, 97, 207, 208, 293, 362 Gombrich, E.H., 205 Gripp, Parry, 416–418 Gomery, Douglas, 180, 206, 209, Grisham, John, 117, 392 210–211, 212 Grizzard, Lewis, 312 Gone with the Wind (film), 529 grunge, 376 Good Housekeeping, 157 Grusin, Richard, 44–45, 229 “Good Roads Movement,” 329 Guerra, Juan Luis, 140 Goodstone, Tony, 107 Guha, Ranajit, 27 Goody, Jack, 169, 171 “Theme Park, The” (King), 296 Google, 181, 236, 343, 354 Gunkel, David J., 227 Gordon, Beverly, 195 Gurak, Laura J., 223, 236 Gordy, Berry, 23, 136 The Gutenberg Galaxy (McLuhan), 173, 174 Gosling, Ryan, 427 Guthrie, Woody, 21 gospel music, 135 Gospel Music Association, 393 Haberle, John, 154 gossip, 53 Habermas, Jürgen, 174 gothic fiction, 110, 111, 112, 113 Haggard, H. Rider, 108, 116–117 Graff, Gerald, 544, 546 Haggard, Merle, 21 graffiti, New York, 17 Haining, Peter, 106 Grafton, Anthony, 76, 78, 79 Haiti, 132, 134 Graham, Billy, 391, 394, 399n7 Hale, Nancy, 65 Grahame‐Smith, Seth, 93 Hall, David, 384 Gramsci, Antonio, 133, 298 Hall, Stuart, 38, 44, 179–180, 281, 519 grand narratives, 40 Hamilton, Laurell K., 115 Grandma Moses Properties, 159 Hammett, Dashiell, 108, 118 Grange, Red, 272 Hamnett, Katharine, 368 Grano, Dan, 278 Hancock, Herbie, 138

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Handel, George Frideric, 126 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 177, 381 The Handmade Object and Its Maker hegemony, and globalization, 254–256 (Jones), 186 Heidegger, Martin, 174 Handy, W.C., 134 Heim, Michael, 227 Haneke, Michael, 429–430 Heineman, Arthur, 331 The Hangover (film), 429 Heinlein, Robert, 114 Hanson, Matt, 234 heirlooms, 196 harassment, of young people, 17 Held, David, 449 Harding, Tonya, 276 Hemmingson, Michael, 49 hardware, computer, 224, 225–228 Hench, John, 297 Haring, Keith, 161 Hendrix, Jimi, 66, 67, 138 Harkness, Peter, 337–338 Henie, Sonja, 364 Harlem, 158 Henry, Lyell, 334, 335 Harlequin (Canadian publishing Hentoff, Nat, 135 house), 113 Hepburn, Audrey, 365, 366 Harlow, Jean, 363 Hepburn, Katharine, 363 Harmon, Mella Rothwell, 335 heritage, and material culture, 184–203 Harold, Christine, 509 circulation of material goods, 185 Harper’s Bazaar, 157 concept of heritage, 196–198 Harper’s Weekly, 149, 151, 154 definition of material culture, 188 Harrington, C. Lee, 54 ethnographic/folkloristic study, Harris, George Washington, 312 191, 196 Harris, Mary, 327, 328 everyday life and material culture, 189, Harrison, Anthony Kwame, 56 195–196, 198 Harry, Deborah, 374 negative cultural heritage, 197 Harry Potter series, 34, 35 presentation of heritage, 197–198 Hartmann, Doug, 273 tangible links to heritage, 196 Hartz, Louis, 15 see also materials, popular culture; Harvey, David, 253 objects, and material culture Haskell, Molly, 98 Heritage USA (amusement park), 395 Havelock, Eric, 169, 171 hermeneutics, 33 Hawn, Goldie, 314 heroic figure, 307 Hayden, Sophia, 152 Hersh, Seymour, 485 Hays, Will, 212 Hesmondhalgh, David, 453 Hayworth, Rita, 433 Heuretics (Ulmer), 44 HBO (cable network), 484–486 Hiaasen, Carl, 312 see also Alive Day Memories: Home from Hicks, Bill, 313 Iraq (documentary); Baghdad ER The Hidden Persuaders (Packard), 353 (documentary); Generation Kill high and low cultures, 51, 323, 449, 519 (documentary); Ghosts of Abu high fantasy, 115 Ghraib (documentary) High School Musical, 524, 525 Head, Edith, 365, 366 Highbrow/Lowbrow (Levine), 540 Healy, Ted, 313 Hightower, Jim, 255 hearing, sense of, 123 Hildebrandt, Hugo John, 297 Heart of the Andes (painting), 149 Hilfiger, Tommy, 368, 377–378 heavy metal, 373 Hill, Lauryn, 139 Hebdige, Dick, 187 Hills, Matthew, 54 Hebrew, 172 Hilton, James, 117 Hedges, Chris, 181 hip hop, 124, 138–139

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flow, layering, and rupture features, Holly, Buddy, 530 16–17 Hollywood Censored (Black), 212 global, 56 Hollywood film industry, 77, 274, 464, jewelry, 376–377 523, 524 hippie dress, 372–373 Classical Hollywood Cinema, 206, 207, Hirsch, E.D., Jr., 539–540 208–215 Historic Newspaper Archives, Inc, 74 global hegemony, 208 historical adventure, 116 as motion picture factory, 208–209 historical criticism, 34–35 sex goddesses, 433 historical events, 15, 90 Studio Era, 96–97, 209, 210 historical study, 13–30 techniques, 209 academic history, institutionalization, 14 Hollywood Genres (Schatz), 86 archival evidence and record keeping, The Hollywood Pattern Book 13, 14–15, 16, 18, 64, 65–68, 79n3 (magazine), 364 “bias” of communication, 171–172 Hollywood Patterns, 364 capitalism, 17, 18 Hollywood TV (Anderson), 216 criticism, historical, 34–35 Holmes, Larry, 274 feminist historians, 15–16 “Holy Commodity Fetish, Batman! The films, 17, 18, 313–314 Political Economy of the migration, 16, 18, 19 Commercial Intertext” modern, 14–15 (Meehan), 520 music, 18, 19 Homer, Winslow, 151 objective knowledge, 14 Homeric epics, 169–170, 171 orality and literacy, 170 homophobia, 426 popular culture, contribution to, 14 Hone, Philip, 149 race, 13, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26–27 Hong Kong, 468–469 shortcomings of conventional historical hooks, bell, 127 records, 14 A Hoosier Holiday (Dreiser), 326 social class, 16, 18 Hoover, Herbert, 348 social history, 16, 20, 25, 26, 70, 77 Hope, Bob, 314 study methods, 18 Horatio’s Drive (Duncan and Burns), 327 see also materials, popular culture; Horkheimer, Max, 137, 138, 350, nineteenth century; twentieth 353, 407 century and culture industries, 444, 447–448, A History of Broadcasting in the United 449, 451, 452, 454 States (Barnouw), 215 see also Frankfurt School History of the American Cinema Hornung, E.W., 118 (Crafton), 211 horror genre, 103, 104, 111–112 The History of Tom Jones (Fielding), 110 see also Hitchcock, Alfred Hitchcock, Alfred, 34, 72, 79n1, 96, horse racing, 268 112, 432 House of Style (TV program), 368 Hobsbawm, Eric, 248 Housley, William, 49 Hodges, Donald Clark, 458 Houston, Whitney, 377 Hoeckel, Summer, 55 Howard, Robert E., 108, 111, 112, 115 Hoffman, Abbie, 505 Howes, Nathan, 286 Hofstadter, Richard, 15 Hoynes, William, 522 holidays, 191 Hubbard, Freeman, 286 Holland, 126, 132 Huber, Patrick, 18, 21 The Hollow Men (Sykes), 541, 542 Hudson, John Adams, 147

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Hudson River/Hudson River Valley, I, The Jury (Spillane), 430 147, 149 I Love Lucy (TV series), 366 Huffington Post (media company), 355 I Want You for the Navy (poster), 154 Hughes, Howard, 362 Iberia, 127 Hull, Geoffrey P., 531 IBM, 232 Hulu streaming, 205, 215, 218, 220 Icons of Popular Culture (Fishwick and The Human Centipede (First Sequence) Browne), 186, 188 (film), 429 ideology, triumph of, 541 The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence) Iglesias, Julio, 139 (film), 428, 430, 431 Illiberal Education (D’Souza), 542 The Human Condition (Arendt), 451 The Image (Boorstin), 181 humanities, 5, 36 The Image of the City (Lynch), 40 Baby Boomer scholars, 42 Image/Music/Text (Barthes), 38–39 humor, 302–321 imaging, low‐resolution, 74 audio recordings, 314–315 IMAX format, 204, 205 boundary marking/boundary The Immigrant (Chaplin film), 153 transgressing, 317–318 Immigration and Nationality Reform Act burlesque, 312, 313, 314 (1965), 386–387 clown tradition, 310, 315–317 immigration/migration, 68, 158, 267, 323 comedians, 308, 312, 317–318 historical study, 16, 18, 19 comedy vs. tragedy, 306 Impressionism, 205 cultural context, 303–304 improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 490 defined, 303 In the Houses of the Holy (Fast), 54 democracy of, 318–319 inclusion and exclusion, 18 ethnic, 305 incongruity theory, 307 ideas on, 306–309 Index of American Design, WPA, 156 magazines, 312 India, Bollywood films from, 124, 140, in media, 311–315 468, 470 move from mass to popular, 304–306 Indian painting, 149 narrative, 309 individualism, 171 nonsense, 313 industrial revolution, 101, 102, 110, 284 physical, 313 information sciences, study of, 68–69 primary function, 319 Information Web, 236, 237 public, 312 Informational Media Guaranty Program, 465 scholarship, 309–311 Innis, Harold, 171, 172, 174 sense of humor, 303 innovation, in genres, 89, 95 sitcoms, 93, 95, 314 input devices, computers, 225 slapstick, 304 Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), 488 vaudeville, 131, 209, 312–313, 314, intangible culture, 66, 67, 72 316, 319 Integral Pluralism: Beyond Culture Wars word play, 304 (Dallmayr), 538 HUMOR (journal), 311 intent, authorial, 13, 33, 34, 35 hunger, 257, 258 interculture, 55 Hunt, Richard Morris, 153 interdisciplinarity, 5, 6, 194 Hutchinson, Sydney, 58 ethnographic/folkloristic study, 48, 50, Huxley, Aldous, 211 51, 57 hybridization programs, 547–548 ethnographic/folkloristic study, 51–52 International Association for the Wireless and genre cycles, 91–94 Telecommunications Industry, 235

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International Game Developers James, William, 268, 381 Association, 42 James Bond films, 423–424, 426 International House (film), 212–213 Jameson, Fredric, 40, 41, 44, 94 International Intellectual Property Jamestown Tercentenary, Norfolk Alliance, 466 (1907), 293 International Society for Humor Studies jamming, culture see culture jamming (ISHS), 311, 319 Japan, 55, 56, 471 international trade agreements, cultural Zatoichi films, 124, 140 exemptions, 472–475 Jappe, Anselm, 505 Internet, 78, 198, 224, 230, 235 Jarrett, Keith, 138 and children, 415–418 Jarry, Alfred, 510 see also computers; World Wide Web Jazz: A Film by Ken Burns, 134 Internet Archive (Kahle), 79 jazz music, 19, 124, 127, 131, 133–136 internships, unpaid, 443–446, 452, 458, and fashion, 370–371 459n1 jazz age, 135 interpretation, 49 types, 133 textual criticism, 33, 35 The Jazz Singer (film), 210 interracial coalitions, 16 Jean, Norma, 382 Interstate Highway System, 325–326, Jeffreys, Jim, 271 334, 335 Jenkins, Henry, 53–54, 55, 520–521 intertextuality, 34, 35 Convergence Culture, 45, 194, 220, 230, interurbans, 329 234, 534 The Interview (film), 220 Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers, 57 Interview with the Vampire (Rice), 112 Textual Poachers, 43, 53 interviews, 18 Jenkins, Jerry, 392 inter‐war years, visual culture, 155–158 Jernigan, Michael, 494 Inventing Popular Culture (Storey), 51 Jesus Christ, 393, 397, 398n5, 545 IPOS cycle, computers, 225 see also Christianity Iraq War, 485, 487, 496, 497, 500 Jesus Movement, 392, 395 see also documentary film Jett, Joan, 374 Ireland, 34 Jiménez, Michael, 252 Irving, Washington, 312 Johnson, Betsey, 368 Isherwood, Baron, 191 Johnson, Brian David, 231 ISHS (International Society for Humor Johnson, Calvin, 265, 281 Studies), 311, 319 Johnson, Craig, 104 It Happened One Night (film), 365 Johnson, David M., 297 Italy, 56 Johnson, Jack, 270, 271 Ives, James Merritt, 151 Johnson, Ken, 421, 423, 428, 434 Johnson, Leola, 274 Jackson, Horatio Nelson, 327 Johnson, Lyndon, 335 Jackson, Kathy Merlock, 297 Johnson, Magic, 275 Jackson, Michael, 88, 93, 530 Johnson, Nicholas, 7 Jacobs, Marc, 376 Johnson, Steven, 181 Jacobs, W.W., 108 Johnston, Henrietta Deering, 146 Jacoby, Russell, 7, 546, 547, 548 Johnston, Joshua, 146 Jacquard, J.M., 232 joking relationships, 310 Jakle, John, 332 Jones, Bobby, 272 James, Edward, 115 Jones, Daryl, 105 James, M.R., 111 Jones, George, 93

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Jones, Grace, 377 Kilbourne, Jean, 413 Jones, Michael Owen, 186 Kim (Kipling), 117 Joplin, Janis, 373 Kimball, Jeffrey, 75–76 Jordan, Jason A., 55 Kimball, Roger, 541, 543, 544 Jordan, Joel T., 55 Kindade, Thomas, 159 Jordan, Michael, 275, 279 Kinder, Marsha, 7 Joseph‐Witham, Heather R., 53 King, Margaret J., 294, 296, 297 Jourdain, Robert, 123 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 160 Journal of American Culture, 4, 189 King, Stephen, 112, 392 Journal of Popular Culture, 3, 189, 288, 290, King Solomon’s Mines (Haggard), 117 296, 305 Kingman Daily Miner, 328 Journal of Popular Film & Television, 4 Kipling, Rudyard, 117 journalism, 19, 174, 268, 413, 414, 491, 492 Kirby, Julia, 352 and advertising, 353, 355, 356 Kiss (group), 374 American Marxist journalists, 446, 447 Kittler, Friedrich, 177, 178, 179, 181 and culture industries, 445, 446 Kitts, Thomas, 4 see also magazines; newspapers; printed Klein, Naomi, 507, 508, 509 materials/print media Klensch, Elsa, 368 JSTOR, 75 Klimt, Gustav, 519, 520 Judaism, 386 Kline, Stephen, 402 Eastern European Jewry, New York, 248 Knowles, Beyoncé, 377 Passover Seder, 262 Kodak cameras, 155 see also Christianity; religion Koons, Jeff, 161 Judt, Tony, 328 Koontz, Dean, 117 Jules‐Rosette, Bennetta, 127 Koppel, Ted, 492 Jungian psychology, 37, 89, 99 Koster, Ralph, 42 junk fiction, 88 Koszarski, Richard, 209 junk foods see fast foods; processed foods Kotler, Phillip, 279 Jurassic Park (Crichton), 117 Kottak, Conrad, 303–304 Krens, Thomas, 160 Kahle, Brewster, 64, 79 Kristeva, Julia, 35 Kalb, Jonathan, 511 Kurzweil, Ray, 181 Kaminsky, Stuart, 98 Kusz, Kyle, 279 Kane, Kate, 260 Kansas, 405, 406 La Chapelle, Peter, 20–21 Karpinski, Janis, 487, 488, 489 Laba, Martin, 52–53 Kaye, Danny, 314 labor Keaton, Buster, 305, 314 centrality to culture, 457–458 Kelley, Robin, 16, 26–27 defining, 458 Kelly, Emmett, 316 division of, 453, 455 Kelly, Orry, 363 free labor of culture industries, 444–447 Kennedy, Rory, 485, 487, 488 and leisure, 456, 457 Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), 255 neglect of cultural labor, 451 Kerouac, Jack, 326 precarious, 456 Kerrigan, Nancy, 276 of production, 450–457 Keys, Alicia, 377 regulation, 457 Keystone Kops, 313 separation of labor and work (Arendt), Keystone Studios, 305, 313 449–450 Khan, Lina, 336 see also culture industries

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Ladies of Labor: Girls of Adventure Leighton, George R., 293 (Enstad), 17–18 Leno, Jay, 313 Lady Gaga, 377 Leonard, David, 279 LaGuardia, Fiorello, 421 Leonard, John, 497 LaHaye, Tim, 392 Leonardo, Micaela di, 23 LaHood, Ray, 336, 337 Lerner, Gerda, 67 LaMothe, Ferdinand Joseph, 134 lesbians, 262 L’Amour, Louis, 116 Letty Lynton dress, 363, 365 landscapes, 147, 148–149, 154 Levin, Diane, 413 Langdon, Harry, 314 Levin, Ira, 112 Lange, Dorothea, 156 Levine, Lawrence W., 50, 407, 540–541 Langer, Susanne, 206 Levinson, Paul, 231 The Language of New Media (Manovich), 45 Lévi‐Strauss, Claude, 298 Lansdale, Joe R., 103 Lewis, C.S., 115 Lappé, Frances Moore, 257 Lewis, Edmonia, 150 Larian, Isaac, 413 Lewis, Matthew Gregory, 111 Larsson, Stieg, 435 Lewis, Sinclair, 108 The Last Intellectuals (Jacoby), 546 Lewis and Clark Exposition, Portland late capital, 44 (1905), 293 The Late Great Planet Earth (Lindsey), “The Liberty Bell” (theme song), 132 391–392 libraries Latham loop, 208 and literature, 102 Latin America, 15, 253, 387, 469 and materials of popular culture, 63, 64, and globalization, 468, 469, 470, 471 66, 68, 69, 74, 77 popular music genres, 124, 130, 135, 139 License to Thrill (Chapman), 97 Latino popular cultures, 58 licenses, music industry, 530, 531 Lauper, Cyndi, 375 Lieu, Nhi, 23, 24, 25 Lauren, Ralph, 368 Lievrouw, Leah, 509 Lavin, Maud, 431 The Life in the Studio (Hale), 65 Lazarsfeld, Paul F., 167, 350 Life magazine, 157 Le Carré, John, 97 light opera, 131 Le Guin, Ursula K., 114 Limbaugh, Rush, 425 Leach, William, 405 Limón, José E., 58 “League of American Wheelmen,” 329 Lincoln, Abraham, 248 Leavis, F.R., 541 Lincoln Center, New York City, 297 Led Zeppelin (rock band), 533 Lindsay, Vachel, 207 Lee, Jennifer, 445–446 Lindsey, Hal, 391–392 The Left Hand of Darkness (Le Guin), 114 linear thinking, 173 legal thriller, 117 Lingua Franca, 41 Legaspi, Larry, 374 Linthead Stomp (Huber), 18 legitimacy, 42, 272, 276, 305, 515 Lippy, Charles H., 384, 386 and advertising, 345, 347, 350, 355 Lipsitz, George, 7, 55 aesthetic, 350 Lister, Martin, 228 cultural, 347 literacy, technological determinism, economic, 347 168–171, 175–176 film, 207 post‐literacy, 174 and humor, 302, 304 pre‐literate world, 172–173 Legman, Gershon, 310 literary studies, 37 Lehuu, Isabel, 192 see also textual criticism

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literature and fiction Los Angeles, California, 16, 20, 22, 137, children’s, 70 363, 364 classic novels, 106 Lost Chords (Sudhalter), 134 classification, 102 Lost Horizon (Hilton), 117 elite, 110 Louis, Joe, 272 Elizabethan literature, 174 Louis Vuitton, 377 ergodic literature, 42 Love at First Bite (parodic text), 92 fiction factory, 104, 105 love romance genre see romance genre “high‐brow,” 88 Lovecraft, H.P., 108, 111, 112 humor, 312 Lovelace, Ada Augusta, 232 inanimate objects in literary texts, Lovelace, Martin, 53 significance, 193 low cultures see high and low cultures investigative, 90 low fantasy, 115 junk, 88 Lowe, Donald, 13–14 mass‐produced, 17–18 lowrider culture, 58 predictability, in popular fiction, 102–103 Lowry, Brian, 497 print, 101 ludology (study of fun), 42, 284 professionalization of writing, 104, Lugosi, Bela, 92 108–109 Lumière, Auguste, 204 profit and loss margins, 105, 110 Lumière Brothers, 206, 207 prose, 104 Lundin, Ann, 406 see also books and journals; genres; Lundy, Derek, 327 literature and fiction; popular Luria, A.R., 169, 170 fiction genres; storytelling Lynch, Kevin, 40 The Little Mermaid (film), 430–431 A Little Pretty Pocket‐Book (Newbery), Macdonald, Dwight, 305 401–404, 406, 407, 417 MacDonald, Ian, 7 Littlefield, Henry, 405 MacDonald, Mary, 279 Litzlberg on the Attersee (Klimt painting), 519 Mackie, Bob, 373, 375 Lloyd, Harold, 305, 313 MacKinnon, Catharine, 422 localism, 20, 25 MacMonnies, Frederic, 152 localization practices, 470 MacNeil, Joe, 336 Locke, Alain, 158 Macy’s, 375–376 Locke, John, 403 Madison, James, 387 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 268 Madonna, 374, 375, 376, 378 logic, 170, 171, 232 Madrid, Alejandro L., 58 London, Jack, 108 madrigal choirs, 126 Lonesome Dove (McMurtry), 116 magazines, 158 Lonesome Roads and Streets of Dreams celebrity, 161 (Berish), 19 fashion, 157 The Long March (Kimball), 543 “glossies,” 159–160 A Long Road Home (O’Gara), 327 humor, 312 Longman, Phillip, 336 illustrations, 151 Lopez, Jennifer, 24, 378 mass‐circulation, 154 Lord, Daniel, 212 pulp‐fiction, 106–107, 108, 109, 114, Lord, M.G., 412 115, 267 “Lord of the Rings” trilogy, 115 slick (serial) fiction, 108 Lorimer, George Horace, 108 women’s, 159, 216, 345 Lorraine Motel, Memphis, 335 see also newspapers; specific magazines

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magical beliefs and practices, 388–389 fiction, 17–18, 102, 105 magical thinking, 407 globalization, 462 Mahan, Jeffrey, 98 objects, and material culture, 185, Major League Baseball, 275 190–191 Make Room for TV (Spigel), 216 printed images, 150–151 Making a New Deal (Denning), 19 see also production Malaeska, the Indian Wife of the White Mast, Gerald, 308 Hunter (Stephens), 105 Material Christianity (McDannell), 391 malnutrition, 257 Material Culture and Mass Consumption The Maltese Falcon (Hammett), 118 (Miller), 191 The Man Nobody Knows (Barton), 391 materiality, 171, 196, 197 The Man with the India‐Rubber Head materials, popular culture, 63–81 (film), 207 accessibility, 63, 78 Manning, Peyton, 279 artifacts, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 76, Manovich, Lev, 45, 231, 233, 234 185, 186 Mansfield‐Kelley, Deane, 117 “aura,” 69 Marc, David, 7 conservation, 65, 68–76 Marchand, Roland, 348 conversion, 63, 65, 68–76 marches, military, 131, 132 decisions as to retaining or throwing Marching Along (Sousa), 129, 140 away, 64, 65, 67, 77 Marchino, Lois A., 117 destruction of, 64, 69, 71, 73 Mardi Gras Indians, 55 digitization of physical documents, Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum, 63–64, 75, 78 Rochester (New York), 189 duplicates, 77, 79n2 marketing, 87 editions, 70 Marling, Karal Ann, 297 facsimiles, 68–69 Marquis, Don, 312 “generation loss,” 75 Marsden, Michael T., 51 history, significance, 64, 65–68, 73, 79n3 Martin, Henry, 135 “legacy” texts, 64 Martin, Ricky, 377 and libraries, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 74, 77 Martin, Steve, 314 material culture and memory, 64, 65 Martineau, Harriet, 381–382 microfilm, 68, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 79n3 Marvin, Carolyn, 180 newspapers, 64, 72–76 Marx, Groucho, 317 preservation of primary sources, 64, 65, Marx, Karl/Marxist theory, 5, 40, 238, 298, 68, 77 457, 505 primary sources, 64, 65, 68, 75, 76, 79n3 American Marxist journalists, 446, 447 printed, 63, 64, 71–72, 77–78 Marxism, 40 record keeping, 64, 67 Mary Quant, 366 recycling, 63, 71 Mashable (media company), 355 secondary sources, 75, 80n3 “mashups,” 93 weeding process, 63, 67 mass culture, 7, 207, 350, 412, 519 the “work,” 69, 70 and advertising, 353, 362 see also heritage, and material culture and culture industries, 444, 447 Mathers, Marshall “Eminem,” 139 Mass Culture (Rosenberg and White), 305 Matlaw, Myron, 298 mass media corporations, 523 Matrix series, 234 mass printing, 102 Mauro, James, 294 mass production, 145, 185, 210, 520 May, Earl Chapin, 286 fashion, 17–18, 365 May, Lary, 208

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Mayo, Edith, 189 ownership, 522, 523, 524 McAllister, Matthew P., 351 post‐theory disciplines, 42–43 McBee, Randy, 21 roles in a democratic society, 522 McCabe, Jess, 382 sports, 267, 272–273 McCartney, Paul, 530 see also films; literature and fiction; McChesney, Robert W., 474, 522 music, popular; new media; McCloud, Scott, 43 ownership of culture; popular McCoy, Alfred, 488 fiction genres; printed materials/ McCracken, Grant, 191 print media; radio; television McDannell, Colleen, 391, 393, 397 media activism, and culture jamming, McDonald, Ronald, 316 503–517 McDonald’s, 255, 462, 508 Media and the American Mind McDonough, Yona, 412 (Czitrom), 17 McEvoy, Emma, 110 media convergence, 520–521, 526 McFerrin, Bobby, 138 media determinism, 169 McGovern, Charles, 347 see also technological determinism McGrady, Tracy, 279 media fragmentation, 525 McHenry, James, 149 media industries, 524–525 McKennon, Joe, 290 media products, 520, 521 McKercher, Catherine, 451 dual‐product model, media markets, McKinley, William, 290, 292 522, 523 McLean, Lindsey, 260 “media sense,” 52 McLeod, Kembrew, 530, 533 media studies, 42–45, 171 McLuhan, Marshall, 7, 44, 309 medium theory, 229 and technological determinism, 168, Meehan, Eileen, 520 171, 172–181, 228, 229 megachurches, 395–396 McMurtry, Larry, 116 Méliès, Georges, 206, 207 McPherson, Aimee Semple, 394 melodramas, 86, 97, 98, 104 McQueen, Alexander, 377 memex devices, 226, 227 Mead, Margaret, 256 memory, 26 Meader, Vaughn, 315 cultural, 170 Meadows, Mark Stephen, 233 and materials of popular culture, 64, 65, Mechanic Accents (Denning), 17 66, 67 The Mechanical Bride (McLuhan), 174 Men in Black 3 (film), 427 mechanical license, 531 Mendlesohn, Farah, 115 Mechling, Elizabeth Walker and Jay, 297 Mercure Galant (fashion magazine), 370 media, 6, 171, 522, 524 Meredith, George, 308, 317 activism see media activism, and culture mergers, 462 jamming Merritt, Jonathan, 537, 545 content, 520, 521, 525 Messer, Don, 53 digital, 23, 75, 76, 78, 99, 205, 234, 351, metadata, 78 479, 521 Metropolitan Museum of Art, Boston, dual‐product model, media markets, 153, 160 522, 523 Metz, Christian, 38, 39, 91 electronic see electronic books (e‐ Mexican‐American community, 13, 16, 22, 58 books); electronic media Mexico City Olympics (1968), 273 humor in, 311–315 Meyrowitz, Joshua, 175, 176–177 media life, 351 MGM, 209, 211, 314, 362, 364 newspapers, 72–76 Miami, 160

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Miami Vice (TV program), 368, 375 Monty Pythons’ Flying Circus (UK TV Micheaux, Oscar, 18 show), 132 Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Mooney, Andy, 410 Simoni, 66, 67, 69 The Moonstone (Collins), 118 microfiche cards, 74 Moorcock, Michael, 115 microfilm, 68, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 79n3 Moore, Alexander, 298 microphotography, 73 Moore, Gordon, 225 Microsoft, 343 Moore, Michael, 484 Microsoft Word, 178–179 Moore, R. Laurence, 385, 388 Migrant Mother: Nipomo (portrait), 156 Moore, Robin, 130 Migrating to the Movies: Cinema Moorehead, Scipio, 146 and Black Urban Modernity Moore’s law, 225 (Stewart), 18 moral equivalency, and wartime migration see immigration/migration advertising, 250 Milgram, Stanley, 488–489 Moran, Albert, 526 military bands, 131 Moreno, Rita, 24 mill workers, historical study, 18 Mormons, 386, 398n4 Miller, Geoffrey, 489 Morris, Errol, 489 Miller, Henry, 326 Morris, Richard, 153 Miller, Mark Crispin, 7 Mosco, Vincent, 451 Miller, Nolan, 367 Moses, Anna Mary Robertson, 159 Miller, Toby, 5, 265 Mosher, Howard Frank, 327 Millings, Dougie, 372 Mosse, George, 23 mind, computation theory of, 226, 227 Most Favored Nation (MFN) principle, 474 Minogue, Kylie, 377 motels, 331–334 minstrel show, studies of, 17 motifs/motif complexes (units of a story), minstrelsy, 124, 130, 131 103, 112, 114, 117 Mintz, Lawrence E., 50 Motion Picture Association of America Mintz, Sidney, 247, 249, 253 (MPAA), 427, 478, 533 Mission Underway (Browne), 32, 37 Motion Picture (movie magazine), 363 Mississippi River, 147, 149 Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Mitchell, Margaret, 529 of America (MPPDA), 212 Mitchell, Tony, 56 Motion Picture Production Code, 426 Mitchell, W.J.T., 43, 145 motion picture sound, 210 Mittell, Jason, 89 Motown Records, 22, 23, 133, 136, 371–372 “mockumentaries,” 94 Mount, William Sidney, 149 Model T Ford, 331 The Mountain Eagle (Hitchcock), 72 Modern Jazz Quartet, 371 Mouse That Roared (Giroux), 408 Modern Times (film), 212–213 movies see films “A Modest Proposal” (Swift), 33–34 MPAA (Motion Picture Association of Monet exhibition, Chicago, 160 America), 427, 478, 533 The Monk (Lewis), 111 MPPDA (Motion Picture Producers and Monk, Thelonious, 26–27 Distributors of America), 212 monocultures, 257, 258 MTV network, 88, 93, 161 monomyth, 89 and fashion, 368, 370, 371, 375–378 Monroe, Marilyn, 366, 374, 433 Mukerji, Chandra, 51, 354 Monsanto seeds, 258 Muller, Marcia, 118 montage editing, film, 210 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Montana, Joe, 279 Service (MMDS), 466

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multiculturalism, 45 rock/rock and roll, 26, 93, 124, 136–138, 393 multiple spaces, film, 209 swing, 133, 134 Mundy, Talbot, 108 techno music, 55 Munro, George, 105 theaters and bands, late nineteenth and Munsey, Frank A., 106 early twentieth centuries, 131–132 Murder by Television (film), 212–213 Tin Pan Alley, 124, 130, 131, 133 Murphy, Eddie, 314 transnational flows, 470–471 Murray, Albert, 19 Western music, 530 Murray, Ray, 7 world music, 471–472 Murray, Susan, 87 see also Motown Records Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 153 Music Genres and Corporate Cultures museums, 66, 68, 145, 153, 160 (Negus), 87–88 curators, 187, 188, 189 musicals/musical theater, 86, 131 heritage, and material culture, 187–188, Muslims, 386 189, 194 Mutual Film Corporation vs. Ohio wax museum, 147–148 Industrial Commission (1915), 212 music, popular Muybridge, Eadweard, 207, 233, 291 in Age of Electricity, 128–139, 141 My Country, My Country (documentary), 485 ballads, 13, 53 MySpace, 237 bebop, 133 The Mysteries of Udolpho (Radcliffe), 112 country music, 18, 21, 53 myth, 39, 89, 248–249, 257 defined, 125–128 Mythologies (Barthes), 185 disco, 137, 374 myth‐symbol analysis, 185 and fashion, 361, 370–378 from 1900 to 1950, 370–371 Nachbar, Jack, 186, 226 from 1950 to 1981, 371–373 Nardi, Bonnie, 57 in 1970s, 373–375 narrative, 6, 93 and film, 124, 131 frontier, 105, 106, 116 folk music, 77, 530, 533 historical, 13–14, 15 fusion, 124, 138 narrative formula concept, 102–103 genres, 57, 123–143 narrative humor, 309 hip hop see hip hop narratology, 42 historical study, 18, 19 narrowcasting, 176 jazz, 19, 124, 127, 131, 133, 133–136, Narváez, Peter, 52–53 370–371 NASCAR (auto‐racing competition), 279 lyrics, melodies, and rhythms, 530 Nash, Steve, 279 means of production, 132–133 Nast, Thomas, 151 minstrelsy, 124, 130, 131 A Nation of Victims (Sykes), 541, 542 most‐popular music, 139–140 National Basketball Association, 272, 275 new styles, 140–141 National Council of Churches (NCC), 387 and new technologies, 127 National Football League, 274 nineteenth‐century precursors, 130 National Geographic magazine, 157 opera/operetta, 131, 134 nationalism, and food, 247–249 and ownership of culture, 520 Nationwide Hotel Association (NHA), 335 punk see punk native content, promotional culture, 355, 356 ragtime, 124, 131, 132, 134, 370 Nauman, Bruce, 158 rap, 16, 56, 124, 138–139 Nayak, Anoop, 56 rave music, 55 NBC network, 107, 523, 526 rhythm and blues (R&B), 16, 87–88, 124 Neal, John, 146

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Neale, Steve, 86, 90, 96 New Zealand, 56 Neff, Ali Colleen, 56 Newbery, John, 401–404 Negativland (band), 503 Newcombe, Tod, 336, 337 Negritude, 127 Newfield, Christopher, 458 Negroponte, Nicholas, 231 Newhart, Bob, 315 Negus, Keith, 87–88, 452, 454, 455 Newman, Joshua, 279 Neil, J. Meredith, 297 Newman, Kathy M., 349 Neill, John R., 406 News Corporation, 523 neoliberalism, 17, 278–279 newspapers, 105, 154, 167, 267 Netflix, 205, 215, 218, 220 and advertising, 346 Netherlands, 126, 132 materials, popular culture, 64, 72–76 network oligopoly, 216 see also magazines; media; specific Nevins, Sheila, 485, 491, 494 newspapers New Christian Right, 381 Niagara (film), 159 New Criticism, 35, 37 Niagara (landscape), 149 New Deal, 20, 21, 25, 155 The Nicest Kids in Town (Delmont), 25 The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, 130 niche marketing, 252, 253 New Humanities, 306 Nichols, Bill, 486 new media, 231, 344 Nigeria, Nollywood films from, 124, 140 and advertising, 348–350 nineteenth century and sports, 266–267 academic history, institutionalization, 14 and television, 90, 206 advertising in, 344, 345 see also computers; media; technological and childhood, 402 determinism detective agencies, 90 The New Media Monopoly (Bagdikian), 523 fiction, 106, 109, 111 The New Negro (Locke), 158 film production, 131 New Negro Movement, 158 newspaper production, 105 New Orleans, Louisiana, 336, 337 parades and festivals, Black‐led and New York, 17, 58, 137 African‐influenced, 16 American Museum, 148 popular music, 130, 131–132 Armory Show exhibition, 154, 160 visual culture, 145, 148–151 Broadway, 131 Nixon, Richard, 75, 76, 137 Central Park, 153 Nixon’s Vietnam War (Kimball), 75 Chambers Street, 147 No Logo (Klein), 507 Coney Island, 153, 284, 289, 290, 291, Nodelman, Perry, 404 292, 294, 409 Noguchi, Isamu, 157 Crystal Palace, 148 Noise subculture, United States and Lincoln Center, 297 Japan, 55 Macbeth Gallery, 154 Nollywood films (Nigeria), 124, 140 Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum, Normand, Mabel, 313 Rochester, 189 Norris, Rebecca, 396, 397 rotunda, 147 North, John Ringling, 285, 287 Stock Market, collapse see Great North American Free Trade Agreement Depression (NAFTA), 476, 477 World’s Fair (“The World of Tomorrow,” Northanger Abbey (Austen), 112 1939), 156, 213, 293 Northern Mexico, 16 New York Herald, 271 Norton, Peter, 330 New York Illustrated News, 151 Nosferatu (film), 91–92 New York Times, 91, 109, 117 nostalgia, 65, 66, 136

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Novak, David, 55 On the Road (Kerouac), 326 Ntarangwi, Mwenda, 56 O’Neill, Matt, 490 nuclear family, 304 Ong, Walter, 169, 170, 171 Nude Descending a Staircase (painting), 293 The Onion (newspaper), 34 Nussbaum, Martha, 544–545 online databases, 63, 75 Nye, Russel B., 292, 297, 306, 537, 541 online fan sites, 90 opera/operetta, 131, 134, 323 Obama, Barack, 337, 338, 478, 497, oral history interviews, 18 512–513 Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association Obedience experiments (Milgram), 488–489 (OREA), 394 obesity, 256, 257 oral societies, 170 objective knowledge, 170 orality, technological determinism, 168–171 objects, and material culture, 184–185 Orangeburg Massacre, South Carolina books, 192 (1968), 22 collections, 195 Orwell, George, 510 dematerialization, 198 The Osbournes (reality TV show), 93, 94–95 gifts, 191 Osterman, Paul, 456–457 heirlooms, 196 Ouellette, Laurie, 280 identity and affiliation, 191 Our Dancing Daughters (film), 362 inanimate, in literary texts, 193 Our Modern Maidens (film), 362 mass production, 185, 190–191 Overbeck, Wayne, 528, 529, 530 replicas, 194 “overlapping diasporas,” 24 significance as carriers and creators of Owens, Jesse, 272 meaning, 196–197 ownership of culture, 518–536 on television, 194, 195 and authorship, 530 toys, 190–191 Big Five companies, 524, 525 virtual objects, 198 copyright, 528–533 see also heritage, and material culture culture industry structures and business obscenity, 425, 426 operations, 521–528 occult, 389 defining culture and cultural ownership, Occupy Movement, 511 519–521 Occupy Wall Street protests (2011), 513 licenses, 530, 531 Office of War Information (OWI), 157 media industries, 524–525 Offman, Sharna, 413 vertical integration, 524, 525 O’Gara, Geoffrey, 327 see also media O’Guinn, Thomas C., 350 Oxford English Dictionary, 125 O’Keeffe, Georgia, 157 Olmos, Edward James, 24 Packard, Vance, 353 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 153 Page, Anita, 364 Olympic Games, 269 Painted Dreams (soap opera), 349 Berlin Olympics (1936), 272 Palfrey, John, 415 Mexico City Olympics (1968), 273 Palmer, Bertha Honoré, 152 Winter Olympics (1968), 276 Palmer, Potter, 152 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act Pamela (Richardson), 110 (1988), 466 Pan American Exposition, Buffalo Of Grammatology (Derrida), 40 (1901), 292 “On the Fetish‐Character in Music and Panama–Pacific International Exposition the Regression of Listening” (1915), 293 (Adorno), 125 Panati, Charles, 292

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panopticon allegory (Foucault), 40 Penner, Joe, 314 Panorama of Charleston (painting), 147 penny dreadfuls/bloods (early novels), Panorama of Jerusalem (painting), 147 England, 104, 106 Panorama of Westminster and London Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 150 (painting), 147 People for the Ethical Treatment of paperbacks, 109, 110, 112 Animals (PETA), 288 Parade (ballet), 370 Perelman, S.J., 312 parades and festivals, Black‐led and performance‐based social science, 57 African‐influenced, 16 performative aspects, visual culture parallax error, microfilm, 74 early American visual culture, 147–148 Paramount, 211 following World War II, 158–159 The Paramount Decision, 525 inter‐war years, 155–157 paranormal, belief in, 389 mid‐nineteenth‐century visual culture, 148 Paredes, Americo, 13, 14, 27 turn‐of‐the‐century (twentieth), 151–153 Paretsky, Sara, 118 see also collectibles, visual culture; visual Paris, 126, 127, 362 culture French Exposition (1844), 291 performativity, 54 French Exposition (1878), 291 and visual culture see performative Parker, Tom, 136 aspects, visual culture Parkinson, Tom, 285, 286 Perlin, Ross, 443–444, 445, 446 Parks, Gordon, 160 Perullo, Alex, 56 parodic period, genre cycle, 91, 92 “perverse spectator,” film reception theory, parodies, 529–530 215, 220 parody ads, 508, 509 Peters, John Durham, 168–169 Parrish, Maxfield, 154 Peterson, Richard A., 127 Parsegian, V.L., 226 Petra, 393 Parsons, Talcott, 15 Pew Research Center, 396 participant observation, 49, 57 Phaedrus (Plato), 168, 169, 172, 181, 228 Passover Seder, 262 Phening, Fred D., 286, 287 pattern companies, 364 Philadelphia, 154 pattern recognition theory, 307 Philadelphia Exhibition (1876), 291 Paul, Saint, 538 Philadelphia Museum, 147 Pavlik, John V., 224, 233 Philip Morris, 160 Pax 1901 (fair), 292 Phillips, Irna, 349 pay‐movie channels, 107, 219 Philosophical Hall, Philadelphia, 147 Payne Fund, 167 philosophy, 171 payola, 125 phonetic alphabet, 175, 177 PBS network, 87 phonography, 178 PCA see Popular Culture Association (PCA) photocopying, 73, 79n3 Peale, Charles Willson, 147–148, 150 photography, 66, 67 Peale, James, 150 black‐and‐white, 205 Peale, Margaretta Angelica, 150 and computers, 233, 234 Peale, Raphaelle, 150 digital camera technology, 161 Pearce, Celia, 57 and film, 205 peasant cultures, 257 microphotography, 73 Peirce, Kimberly, 427 popular genres, 146, 149, 150, 155, 158, 160 Pelham, Peter, 146–147 pianos, 128 Pelle, Kimberley D., 290, 293–294 Picard, Robert G., 521 Pendle, Karin, 137 Picasso, Pablo, 370

0002675591.indd 581 2/10/2016 2:34:23 PM 582 Index

A Pictorial History of the Carnival Popular Culture and High Culture (McKennon), 290 (Gans), 519 Picture Theory (Mitchell), 43 Popular Culture Association (PCA), 3–4, 5, Pieterse, Jan Nederveen, 480 6, 37, 189 Pilcher, Jeffrey M., 257 popular culture exports, state Pilgrims, 248–249 interventionism of United States, Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 405 465–467 pin images, 198 Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Pink, Sarah, 49 Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Pinto, Nelson Ned d’Ávila, 139–140 Angeles (Avila), 20 Pitts, Dexter, 494 popular culture studies, 3, 4, 5, 7, Plato/Platonism, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 322–323 181, 228, 260 challenges facing, 546 play, 42, 190 and ethnographic/folkloristic study, 48, The Pleasure Garden (Hitchcock film), 72 50, 51 Plymouth, Massachusetts, 189 future for, 537–549 Poe, Edgar Allan, 117, 118, 312 origins, 48 Pogue, David, 416 textual criticism, 32, 36–38, 42, 43 Poiret, Paul, 370 see also cultural studies Poitras, Laura, 485 popular fiction genres, 6, 88, 101–122 police dramas, 90 adventure, 104, 115–117 policing, “broken windows” theory, 17 bestsellers, 109, 112 political economy, 451–452 and capitalism, 102 Pollock, Grace, 411 comic books, 109 Pollock, Jackson, 158 crime, 104, 109, 117, 118 Pooley, Jefferson, 348 definition of popular fiction, 102–103 Pop Art, 158 detective stories, 86, 90, 104, 108, 115, Pop Idol, 527 118, 193 popcycle, 44 dime novels, United States, 104, 105–106, Popkin, Barry M., 257 107, 112 “poplore,” 51 electronic books (e‐books), 103, 110 popular arts, 305 fantasy, 104, 115, 193 popular culture formulas, 102–104, 111–112, 193 and advertising, 344–345, 349, 352 gothic, 110, 111, 112, 113 and children, 404, 415, 418 horror, 103, 104, 111–112 collapse of, 424–425 and industrial revolution, 101, 102, 110 computers as tools of, 225–228 metaphoric mirror, 119 concept/meaning, 3, 51, 354, paperbacks, 109, 110, 112 388, 448 penny dreadfuls/bloods (early novels), examples, studying, 548 England, 104, 106 exports, US, 463, 465–467 publishing rights, 109–110 and fashion, 361–362 pulp‐fiction magazines, 106–107, 108, and folklore, 48, 49–50, 51, 52–53 109, 114, 115 and globalization, 56 romance, 37, 104, 106, 111, 112, 113 regional US associations, 4 science fiction, 87, 104, 106, 109, 113, “revolution,” 4 114, 233 study of see popular culture studies “splatter‐punk” genre, 112 textual criticism of, future, 45 story papers, 104 unwillingness to study seriously, 50 sub‐formulas, 103, 104, 114

0002675591.indd 582 2/10/2016 2:34:23 PM Index 583

thrillers, 117 processed foods, 247, 249, 250, see also fiction; genres; literature and 255–256, 257 fiction; storytelling production Popular Music and Society, 4, 56 books, 102 Popular Press, 189 and consumption tools, 235–238 populism, 21 cultural, 453 The Porning of America (Sarracino and labor of, 450–457 Scott), 413 means of, 132–133 pornography, 425 see also mass production Porter, Edwin S., 207 Production Code Administration, 212 Porter, Robert Ker, 147 ProjectMUSE, 75 Porter, Rufus, 146 “proletarian hunger killers,” 249, 253 Portland, Oregon, 336 promotional culture, advertising, 351–357 portraits, 146, 150, 156 propaganda analysis, 346 possessions see objects, and material ProQuest (CD‐ROM database), 75 culture prose fiction, 104 posters, 154 PROTECT IP Act (PIPA), 533 Postman, Neil, 405 Protestantism, 382, 387, 389 The Postman Always Rings Twice conservative Protestants, 397, 399n7 (Cain), 118 see also Catholicism; Christianity; postmodernism, 40–42, 253 religion “Postmodernism and Consumer Society” Proud to Be an Okie (La Chapelle), 20–21 (Jameson), 94 Pryor, Richard, 313 poststructuralism, 39–40, 45 pseudonyms, 105 Potts, John, 229, 230 Psycho (Bloch), 111–112 poverty, 257 Psycho (film), 432 Power, Eugene, 73 psychoanalysis, 39, 40 The Power of the Zoot (Alvarez), 21–22 psycho‐killer formula, 111–112 Powers, Devon, 352 psychology, Jungian, 37, 89, 99 Powers, Hiram, 148 publishing Prang, Louis, 151 Christian publishing and bookstores, Presbyterian Church USA, 387 391–392 Presbyterians, 386 and copyright, 528–533 Presley, Elvis, 136, 371, 388 see also textual criticism Prest, Thomas Presket, 106 Puente, Tito, 138 Prêt‐à‐Porter (film), 366 Pulitzer, Joseph, 153 Pretty Woman (film), 366, 433 Pulp Art (museum show), 421 Pride and Prejudice and Zombies pulp‐fiction magazines, 106–107, 108, 109, (Grahame‐Smith), 93 114, 115, 267 primitivism, 126, 127 Punch (British magazine), 312 Prince, 377, 378 punch cards, 232 Princeton, New Jersey, 270 punk, 55–56, 137, 374 printed materials/print media, 63, 64, cyberpunk, 114 77–78, 345 “splatter‐punk” genre, 112 film prints, 71–72 Putnam, Hilary, 226 technological determinism, 173, 174 Puzo, Mario, 119 printing press, 102 Prinze, Freddie, 24 qualitative social‐scientific study, 5 privatism, 20 quantitative social science, 5

0002675591.indd 583 2/10/2016 2:34:23 PM 584 Index

quasi‐religion, 388 rape, 429–430 Queen Victoria and Prince Albert fair, rape‐revenge genre, 435 London (1851), 290–291 Raskind, Richard (later Renée Quigley, Martin, 212 Richards), 276 Quindlen, Anna, 412 Rationale of the Dirty Joke (Legman), 310 quiz show scandals, American, 89 rave music, 55 Ray, Robert, 39 Raban, Jonathan, 327 Raye, Martha, 314 Rabanne, Paco, 366 Rayport, Jeffrey F., 356 Race Rebels (Kelley), 26 reader‐response critics, 37–38 race/ethnicity reading, act of, 173, 407 Black artists, 88 Reading the Romance (Radway), 37 Civil Rights Movement, 22, 23, 160, Reagan, Ronald, 137 254–255, 273, 278 Real Time with Bill Maher (TV show), 485 comparative racial abilities, reality television, 87, 92–93, 369, 527 measuring, 269 Rebecca (du Maurier), 113 gospel music, 135 Rebel Without a Cause (film), 365 historical study, 13, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, reception theory, 38 26–27 Reclaim the Streets group, 507 humor, 305 record keeping, 64, 67 Negritude, 127 Recording Industry Association of America New Negro Movement, 158 (RIAA), 531 and objects, 190 Recreational Vehicle Industry riots, 271 Association, 331 segregation, 18, 19, 23 recycling, 63, 71 and sports see sports, race, and gender see also materials, popular culture stereotypes, 117, 130, 193 Reed, Luman, 149 see also African Americans; Blacks Reed, T.V., 506 Racial Innocence (Bernstein), 193 reformatting see conversion Radcliffe, Ann, 112, 113 Regarding the Pain of Others (Sontag), 498 Radcliffe‐Brown, A.R., 310 Regionalist art, 157 Rader, Paul, 394 Reilly, Rick, 278 Radical Media (Downing), 445 Reimer, Mavis, 404 radio, 53, 128, 135, 140, 167, 168, 195, 314, Rein, Irving, 279 348–350 relief theory, 307, 309 car radios, 195 religion, 381–400 evangelicalism, 393–395 belief in God, 385–386 invention, 348 Catholicism, 389 see also media; television Christian publishing and bookstores, Radio Act (1927), 348 391–392 Radway, Janice, 37, 38, 112 Christian retailing, 390–391 Ragland, Cathy, 58 civil, 388, 398n6 ragtime, 124, 131, 132, 134, 370 and commodification, 388, 393 rail transportation, 325, 328–329, contemporary Christian music 330, 337 (CCM), 393 Rand, Erica, 412 cowboy churches, 382, 397 Rand McNally, 70 current American religiosity, 385–387 Randall, Alice, 529 Eastern European Jewry, New York, 248 rap music, 16, 56, 124, 138–139 formal and informal, 383–384

0002675591.indd 584 2/10/2016 2:34:23 PM Index 585

frontier and urban revivalism, 390 Robertson, Marion “Pat,” 394 and magical beliefs/practices, 388–389 Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 115 megachurches, 395–396 Robinson‐Patman Act (1936), 350 Passover Seder, 262 Rochberg‐Halton, Eugene, 191, 195 pluralism, 386 Rock, Chris, 313 popular, conceptualizing, 383–385 Rock, Mick, 375 and profanity, 383 rock stars, 138, 375, 377 Protestantism, 389 rock/rock and roll music, 26, 93, 124, quasi‐religion, 388 136–138, 393 and sacredness, 383 Rockwell, Norman, 157, 248, 249 and secularization, 385, 396 Rocky Mountains: Lander’s Peak sources in America, 387–396 (painting), 149 and spirituality, 384 Rodríguez, Ramón Ayala, 139 substantive vs. functionalist approaches, Roediger, David, 16, 274 384–385 Rogers, Jefferson, 332 syncretism, 385, 398n1 Rogers, Will, 312 and textual criticism, 33 “Rogers Group” (sculptures), 153 in United States, 248, 382, 385–396 role‐playing games (RPGs), 161 unregulated, 389 Rolling Stones, 136–137 Remediation (Bolter and Grusin), 44 Roman Empire, 426 Remington, Frederic, 151 romance genre, 37, 104, 106, 111, 112, 113 Republic (Plato), 169 Romanticism, 131, 134 restaurants, 255 Romney, Mitt, 425 retailing, Christian, 390–391, 398 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 155, 156, 251 Return of the Jedi (film), 31, 32 Roosevelt, Theodore, 208, 268, 271, 292 Revere, Paul, 146–147 Rose, Helen, 363 revisionist texts, 92 Rose, Tricia, 16–17 Reynolds, Simon, 55 Roseberry, William, 252, 253, 254 rhythm and blues (R&B), 16, 87–88, 124 Rosemary’s Baby (Levin), 112 Rice, Anne, 112 Rosenberg, Bernard, 305 Richards, Keith, 377 Rosenberg, Bruce, 97 Richards, Renée (formerly Richard Rosenberg, Neil V., 53 Raskind), 276 Rosenzweig, Roy, 78 Richardson, Samuel, 110, 111 Ross, Kristen, 190 Ricketts, John Bill, 285 rotary press technique, steam‐driven, Riders of the Purple Sage (Grey), 116 150–151 rights locker, 532 Roth, Matt, 7 Rihanna, 433–434 Rowland, Pleasant, 414 Ringgold, Faith, 160 Rowling, J.K., 35, 392 Ringling Brothers and Barnum Rubin, Jerry, 505 and Bailey Combined Shows, Inc., Ruiz, Vicki, 16 287, 288 Rumsfeld, Donald, 489 rituals, food‐based, 248, 249 Runner’s World, 277 Rivers, Joan, 313 Runyan, Damon, 312 RKO (Radio‐Keith‐Orpheum), 211 Rushdie, Salman, 485 Roach, Hal, 313 Ruth, Babe, 272 roads, 324, 329 Ryan, Eddie, 493 Roberts, Oral, 394 Rydell, Robert, 290, 293–294 Roberts, Thomas, 88 Rymer, James Malcolm, 106

0002675591.indd 585 2/10/2016 2:34:24 PM 586 Index

Sabatini, Rafael, 116 sciences Sabrina (film), 365 hard and soft, 114 Sahl, Mort, 313 “naïve scientists,” 167 Saldivar, Ramon, 27 “science wars,” 41 Salina, Irena, 259 scientific vs. faith‐based reasoning, 90 Salinger, J.D., 529–530 scientific management, 267 salsa, 58 scopophilia, 500 Sampson, Robert, 108 Scott, Kevin M., 413 San Francisco, California, 336, 337 Scott, Walter, 116 Sanchez, George, 16 screen culture, 205, 220 Sanders, Terry, 73 Sculle, Keith, 332 Sandler, Adam, 314 sculpture, 66, 148, 152, 153, 156 Sandow, Eugene, 268–269 see also David (statue by Michelangelo) Sandvoss, Cornel, 54 search engines/search engine companies, Santana, Carlos, 138 343, 344 Santino, Jack, 191, 194 The Searchers (film), 422–423, 426, 437n2 Sargent, Dudley Allen, 268 Searching for the Perfect Beat (Jordan, Sarnoff, David, 213 Hoeckel, and Jordan), 55 Saroyan, William, 333 Second Life (computer activity), 57–58 Sarracino, Carmine, 413 Second World War see World War II satellite see cable and satellite technologies secularization, 385, 396 Satie, Erik, 370 Sedaris, David, 312 The Saturday Evening Post, 108 “See America First” campaign, 156 Saturday Night Fever (film), 366, 374 seed DNA, 258 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 38 segregation, racial, 18, 19, 23 Sawyer, Eric, 506 Seidman, Steve, 317 Sayers, Dorothy L., 118 Seiler, Cotton, 335 Scahill, Jeremy, 485 Seinfeld, Jerry, 313 Scannell, Paddy, 168 Selber, Stuart A., 227, 239 scanning, 173 Seldes, Gilbert, 7, 304–305, 306, 310, 318 Scaramouche (Sabatini), 116 self‐presentation, everyday, 175 Schatz, Thomas, 86, 90, 95, 96, 97, 209 Selznick Productions, 209 Schechter, Harold, 436 Semenik, Richard J., 350 Schiaparelli, Elsa, 362 semiotics, 40, 185 Schiemer, Percy (case law, Canada), 258 cuisine, semiotic analysis, 246 Schloss, Joseph G., 56 and structuralism, 34, 38–39 Schlosser, Eric, 250 Semon, Larry, 314 Schmeling, Max, 272 Sennett, Mack, 313 Schudson, Michael, 51, 354 Sennett, Richard, 450 Schuller, Gunther, 138 sequential art, 42, 43 Schuller, Robert, 394 Serageldin, Ismail, 259 Schurk, William, 79 Serazio, Michael, 355 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 426 series books, 406–407 science fiction genre, 87, 104, 109, seriousness, 4–5 113, 233 Sesto, Camilo, 139 dystopian science fiction, 114 The Seven Lively Arts (Seldes), 304–305 early science fiction, 106 Sewell, Philip, 213 films, 207 Sex and the City (TV program), utopian science fiction, 114 368–369, 485

0002675591.indd 586 2/10/2016 2:34:24 PM Index 587

sex and violence, 421–438 Simpson, O.J., 273, 274, 275 aggression in women, 431 Simulacra and Simulation (Baudrillard), 44 apologists, 436 Sinatra, Frank, 136 boundary violation, 428–429, 431 Singin’ in the Rain (film), 211 causes of violence, 425–426 Siskind, Janet, 249 and children, 430–431 Situationists, 504–505 civilization, 422–423 The Six Gun Mystique (Cawelti), 85 eroticism and aggression, 434–436 Skelton, Red, 314 in films, 422–424, 426–436 Skidmore, Max J., 326, 327, 330 fusion of, 421, 424, 430 skiwear, 364 homophobia, 426 Skornia, Harry, 7 male and female sexuality, Slashdot (website), 36 assumptions, 422 Slater, Don, 347 misogyny, 432 slavery, USA, 15, 127, 267 mutilation, 432 slick (serial) fiction magazines, 108 obscenity, 425, 426 Slick, Grace, 373 pornography, 425, 432 Slobin, Mark, 54–55 rape, 429–430 Slouching Towards Gomorrah (Bork), sex goddesses, 433–434 424–425 sexual terrorism (feminist perspective), Slow Fires (documentary), 73 431–434, 435 SMCR (source/message/channel/receiver) Sex Pistols (group), 374 model, 235 Sexism in America (Berg), 413 Smith, Andrea, 428 The Sexualization of Childhood Smith, Clark Ashton, 111, 112 (Offman), 413 Smith, Erin A., 118 Shakespeare, William, 33, 174, 322, 540 Smith, Gregory, 335 Shales, Tom, 497 Smith, H. Allen, 310, 312 shaman, 318 Smith, Suzanne, 22–23 Shamberg, Michael, 7 Smith, Thorne, 310, 312 Shani (doll), 413 Smith, Tommy, 273 Shank, Barry, 194 Smoodin, Eric, 297 Sheeler, Charles, 157 Smothers Brothers, 308, 313 Sheffield, Carole, 432 Smythe, Dallas, 7 Shelley, Mary, 113–114 Snow, Jack, 406 Shepp, Archie, 135, 139 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (film), Sherlock Holmes, 108, 118 408, 409, 417 Sherman, Allan, 315 So Sexy So Soon (Levin and Kilbourne), 413 Shershow, Scott Cutler, 450 soap operas, 31, 93, 349 Shields, Ben, 279 social class Shirky, Clay, 181 and book production, 102 Shiva, Vandana, 258 and childhood, 402 Short Title Catalogue of English Books, 73 and coffee consumption, 252 shot‐reverse‐shot techniques, film, 214 and food preferences, 246 Shulman, Max, 310, 312 historical study, 16, 18, 20 Sicko, Dan, 55 and immigration, 267 sight, sense of, 145 and visual culture, 148–149, 151, 153 signs and symbols, 38 social clubs, 21 silent films, 72, 91–92, 153, 314 social constructivism, and technological Simon, David, 496 determinism, 228–230

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social history, 16, 20, 25, 26, 70, 77 commercialized sport and commercial The Social Life of Things (Appadurai), 191 media, 267 social media/social networking sites, 237, control fantasies and Black dominance, 344, 527 277–281 Social Text (journal), 41 crowded marketplace, 279 socialization, 176, 190, 397, 415, 416 elite sport, 266, 267, 270, 272, 280 Society for Commercial Archeology extreme sports, 279 (SCA), 334 and gender, 275–277 Socrates, 168, 169, 181 heroic status of players, 273–274 soft drinks, 251 male superiority, assumptions of, 276 see also Coca‐Cola drink marketing of Black style, 273–275 software, 178, 224, 228–230 memorabilia, 280 Sokal, Alan, 41 new sports, 268 Sontag, Susan, 498 power relations, 266 Sony, 523, 531 profile of mediated sport, growth, 266 The Sopranos (TV series), 485, 495, 497 spectacle, sport as, 266, 268 Sorkin, Aaron, 90–91 sports leagues, 273, 274, 275, 276 Soul Food, 262 “stacking,” practice of, 273 sound, 123, 125 steroid use allegations, 276–277 see also music, popular and television, 272–273 sound technology, film, 210–211 valorized athletic bodies, 265, 266 Sousa, John Philip, 129, 131, 132, 140, 293 White dominance, 266, 267–272, 274 South Korea, 468 women athletes, 269–270, 275–276 Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), 387 see also African Americans; Blacks; Southworth, E.D.E.N., 113 gender factors; race/ethnicity; space opera, 114 specific sports, such as boxing Spain, 126 Sports Illustrated, 273, 274, 277–278 Spanish‐American War (1898), 131 Springsteen, Bruce, 54 “spatial and social distance,” 52 Sprouse, Stephen, 374 Speaight, George, 286 spy fiction/thriller, 97, 117 Spears, Britney, 376 The Spy Story (Cawelti and Rosenberg), 97 Specialty Coffee Association of America St. John, Graham, 55 (SCAA), 252 St. Louis Fairgrounds Park, clashes at specialty coffee consumption, significance, (1949–56), 22 252–254 St. Louis Purchase Exposition (1904), Spencer, Lilly Martin, 149–150 292–293 Spengler, Oswald, 170 Staiger, Janet, 209, 210, 215, 220 Spicy Mystery (magazine), 421–422, 431 Standard Operating Procedure Spigel, Lynn, 180, 216 (documentary), 489 Spillane, Mickey, 430 stand‐up comedy, 308, 312 The Spirit (Eisner), 43 Star Trek Fans and Costume Art (Joseph‐ spirituality, and religion, 384 Witham), 53 “splatter‐punk” genre, 112 Star Wars, 31 spoken word, 172 Starbucks, 253 spontaneous shrines, 194 Stark, Richard, 118–119 Spooner, Catherine, 110 Starker, Steven, 543 sports, race, and gender, 265–283 starvation, global, 257, 258 athletic body, 265, 266, 271, 280–281 Statue of Liberty, 153 Black male athletes, 265, 270–275, 277 Stavans, Ilan, 58

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steam‐roller printing press, 102 The Strand Magazine, 108 Steel, Danielle, 113 Strauss, Leo, 547 steel‐ and wood‐engraving techniques, Street & Smith, 107 150–151 A Streetcar Named Desire (film), 365 Steely Dan, 93 streetcars, 329, 330, 336 Steichen, Edward, 157 string‐band music, 18 Steinbeck, John, 326 Strock, George, 492 Steinem, Gloria, 159, 432–433 structuralism Stephens, Ann S., 105 and genres, 96, 103 Stephenson, Neal, 36, 114 and semiotics, 34, 38–39 stereographs, 150, 155 Stryker, Roy, 156 stereotypes, 127, 316, 408, 432 Students for a Democratic Society, 543 gender, 413, 422, 504 Studies in American Humor (American racial, 117, 130, 193 Humor Studies Association), 311 Sterling, Andrew, 292 studying popular culture see popular Sterling, Bruce, 114 culture studies Sterling, Ford, 313 Sturken, Marita, 194 Stern, David, 275 Style with Elsa Klensch (TV program), 368 Stern, Lesley, 193 Styron, William, 407 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 108, 116 Subcultural Sounds: Micromusics of the Stewart, Jacqueline, 18, 21 West (Slobin), 54–55 Stewart, Nick, 22 subculture, 55, 56, 57 Stewart, Susan, 191–192 Subculture (Hebdige), 187 stichomancy, 389 sub‐genres, 115 Stieglitz, Alfred, 154 sub‐Saharan Africa, 126 still life, 150 suburban growth, twentieth‐century, 20, Sting, 378 21, 213 Stoker, Bram, 92 subvertising, 508 Stolen Harvest (Shiva), 258 Sudhalter, Richard, 134 Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), 533 suffragists, 504 Storer, Maria Longworth Nichols, 152 sugar, 246, 247 Storey, John, 50–51 Sullivan, John, 270 story papers, 104 Sumner, David E., 108 storytelling Sun Valley Resort, 364 artistic license, 204 Sunday, Billy, 390 cinematic, 205, 207, 210 superculture, 55 construction, 103 Superego (Freudian theory), 307 motifs/motif complexes (units of a Superiority Theory, 307 story), 103, 112, 114, 117 supernatural, the, 90, 112, 303, 386, oral‐storytelling tradition, 101–102 389, 432 predictability, 102 in popular fiction, 110, 111, 112, 115 significance of stories, 101 Surveillance Camera Players, 510–511, 513 textual criticism, 42 Survivor, 93 see also films; genres; literature and suspense thriller, 117 fiction; popular fiction genres; Swaggart, Jimmy, 394 television; specific types of story, Swift, Jonathan, 33–34 such as detective stories swimwear, 364 Storytelling in the Pulps, Comics, and Radio swing, 133, 134 (DeForest), 104 Sykes, Charles, 541–542, 543, 544

0002675591.indd 589 2/10/2016 2:34:24 PM 590 Index

syllogism, 170 fashion, 366–369 Sylvan, Robin, 55 genres, 85–86, 90 symbolism, 34, 187, 246, 396, 430 “Golden Age,” 216, 217 Symons, Julian, 86 historical study, 25 syncretism, in religion, 385, 398n1 living room culture, 215–216 objects, portrayal of, 194, 195 Taboo (Entine), 277 pleasure concept, 218–219 Taft, Michael, 53 producers, 96 Talbot, Margaret, 413 quality programming, 220 Talen, Bill, 511, 512 reality, 87, 92–93, 369, 527 The Talkies (Crafton), 211 regulation, 204 talking picture, 210, 211, 212 segmentation, 217–218 see also films; Hollywood film industry and sports, 272–273 Talmud, Hebrew, 33 technological determinism, 175, tangible culture, 66 176–177, 180 Tanselle, G. Thomas, 70–71, 72, 76–77 theorizing, 217–220 taste transnational flows, 469 and fashion, 362 watching, 217, 218 food and drink studies, 245–246, 252 see also cable and satellite technologies; and ownership of culture, 519, 520 films; genres; media; newspapers; Tawes, Millard, 335 radio Taxi to the Dark Side (Gibney), 485 Television Culture (Fiske), 218, 219 Taylor, Elizabeth, 366 The Television Genre Book (Creeber), 85–86 Taylor, T. L., 57 Television: Technology and Cultural Form Technical Observers (T.O.s), 251 (Williams), 217 techno music, 55 Television Without Frontiers Directive, technological determinism, 167–181 European Union, 472, 473 and computers, 227–230 Television Without Pity (website), 90, 91, legacy, 179–181 99, 447 and medium theory, 229 temporal relations, film, 209 orality and literacy, 168–171 Tenniel, John, 70 and social constructivism, 228–230 Texas Rangers, 13 television, 175, 176–177, 180 textual criticism, 31–47 Toronto School of communication antiquity, works from, 33 studies, 171–174 authorial intent, 33, 34, 35 see also communication; computers; canon wars, 37, 38, 42, 45 McLuhan, Marshall close readings of texts, 41, 44 techno‐thriller, 117 comics studies, 31, 42, 43 telenovelas, 469 deceased authors, 34–35 televangelism, 394 fan studies, 42, 43 television and hermeneutics, 33 analog to digital shift, 205 intertextuality, 34, 35 cable, 466 ivory tower, academia, 32–35, 37, 41 categories of programs, 85–86 media/media studies, 42–45 channels, 107, 219 of popular culture, future of, 45 criticism, 217 popular culture studies, 32, 36–38, 42, 43 daytime, 93 poststructuralism and postmodernism, digital, 161 39–42, 45 evangelicalism, 393–395 post‐theory disciplines, 42–43

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primary techniques, 32–33 The Time Machine (Wells), 114 reader‐response critics, 37–38 Time magazine, 158 semiotics and structuralism, 34, 38–39, 40 Time Warner, 523, 524, 525 theory, 38–42 time‐shifting technologies, 218, 220 in twentieth century, 36–37 Tin Pan Alley, 124, 130, 131, 133 Textual Poachers (Jenkins), 43, 53 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 323–324 Thanksgiving festival, United States, 248, 249 Today’s Children (soap opera), 349 theaters and bands, late nineteenth‐ and Tofeletti, Kim, 412 early twentieth‐centuries, 131–132 Toglia, Jessica, 279 Thelonious (Kelley), 26–27 Tolkien, J.R.R., 115 theme parks, 197, 284, 294–298, 299 Tomlin, Lily, 314 Disney, 409, 410 Tommy Hilfiger, 368, 377–378 see also amusement parks; Disney The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, World; Disneyland 394–395 theory Toronto School of communication studies, circuses, carnivals, world’s fairs and 171–174 theme parks, 297–298 total cinema, 214, 215 defense, 307 tourism, 156–157, 197 film reception, 215 see also travel and transport genres, 96 toys, 190–191, 193, 413, 414 humor, 307 TPP (Trans‐Pacific Partnership), 467, 478, Marxist see Marx, Karl/Marxist theory 479, 480 television, 217–220 Trachtenberg, Alan, 185 textual criticism, 38–42 trade agreements, international, 472–475 A Theory of Fun for Game Design (Koster), 42 trade unions, 16 “The Theory‐Methodology Complex” tradition, and culture, 52 (Browne), 5 trains see rail transportation They Shall Be Heard (television trams, 336–337 program), 25 see also streetcars Thiemeyer, Fleur, 374 Transatlantic Trade and Investment “Thing Theory,” 193 Partnership (TTIP), 467, 480 This Cybernetic World (Parsegian), 226 Transnational Encounters (Madrid), 58 This Film Is Not Yet Rated (documentary), 427 Trans‐Pacific Partnership (TPP), 467, 478, Thomas, Bob, 294 479, 480 Thomas, Danny, 313 Trans‐Pacific Strategic Economic Thompson, Becky Wangsgaard, 261, 262 Partnership Agreement Thompson, Florence, 156 (TPSEP), 478 Thompson, Frederic, 292 travel and transport Thompson, Kristin, 209 air travel, 292, 336 Thompson, Ruth Plumly, 406 and Americans, 323–328, 335–338 Thomson, Roy, 174 automobiles, 19, 158, 186, 292, 324, Thornham, Helen, 57 329–335, 371 Thorpe, Jim, 270 dominance, 328–335 The Three Musketeers (Dumas), 116 Interstate Highway System, 325–326, thrillers, 117 334, 335 Thumma, Scott, 395 rail transportation, 325, 328–329, 330, 337 Thurber, James, 310, 312 streetcars, 329, 330, 336 Tiersot, Julien, 126 trams, 336–337 time, concept of, 247 see also tourism

0002675591.indd 591 2/10/2016 2:34:24 PM 592 Index

Travels with Charley (Steinbeck), 326 twenty‐first century Travis, Dave, 395 advertising, 344 Travolta, John, 366, 374 dolls, 412–414 Treasury Department, 155–156 elite sport, 267 Section of Fine Arts, 155 heritage, and material culture, “trick” film, 207 192–193, 198 trickster, 318 labor in, 456 A Trip to the Moon (science fiction presentism, 66 film), 207 specialty coffee consumption, TRIPS (Trade‐Related Aspects of significance, 254 Intellectual Property Rights) visual culture, 160–162 Agreement, 466, 473, 475 Twilight series, 92, 433, 434 Trollope, Frances, 323–324 Twin Peaks (TV program), 219, 431 trompe l’oeil pictures, 150, 153–154 Twitter, 90, 237 True Lies (film), 426 typesetting technologies, 101 Trumbell, John, 146 typewriter, 178 Truzzi, Marcello, 288–289, 290 typographic culture, 14, 15 TTIP (Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership), 467, 480 Ulmer, Gregory, 44 Turim, Maureen, 365 UltraViolet cloud technologies, 78 Turing, Alan, 177, 178 underdogs, 411 Turner, Aaron, 286 Understanding Comics (McCloud), 43 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 152 Understanding Movies (Giannetti), 95 Turner, Lana, 433 Underwood, Doug, 538 Turner, Ted, 219, 367 The Unembarrassed Muse (Nye), 298, Turner, Tina, 374–375, 378 306, 537 Turner, Victor, 298 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Turner Broadcasting System, 219, 525 Scientific and Cultural Turow, Joseph, 354, 525 Organization), 66, 465 Turpin, Ben, 313 Convention on Cultural Diversity, Twain, Mark, 151, 312, 390 475–480 twentieth‐century United Auto Workers union, Detroit, 22 advertising in, 344 United Church of Christ, 387 American television industry, 7 United for a Fair Economy, 516 authors, 107–108 United States culture in, 448 African Diaspora, 126–127 fashion, 370–375 Bill of Rights, 522 heritage, and material culture, 198 comparative advantage, 463 historical events, 15 Constitution, 388, 522, 528 mass production, 17–18 cuisine, 247 mediated sport, profile, 266 cultural discount, 463 newspapers, maintenance of, 73 dime novels, 104, 105–106, 107, 112 origins of Popular Culture Association, 6 early American visual culture, 145–148 popular music, 131–132 elite sport in, 266, 270 positive changes, 539 First Amendment to Constitution, 522 suburban growth, 20, 21, 213 food and drink preferences and technological determinism, 171 American identity, 247, 248, 250 textual criticism, 36–37 “McDonaldization” of, 255 visual culture, 151–160 Noise subculture, 55

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religion in see religion video games, 57, 279–280, 520 slavery, 15, 127, 267 Video On Demand (VOD), 218, 220 state interventionism of, regarding videocassette recorder (VCR), 467, 531 popular culture exports, 465–467 Vietnam War, 273, 372 Thanksgiving festival, 248, 249 Vietnamese‐Americans, 23, 24 and travel, 335–338 vigilante thriller, 117 travel and Americans, 323–328 “vinegar syndrome,” microfilm, 74 twentieth‐century television industry, 7 Virginia Minstrels, 130 universality of American popular culture, The Virginian (Wister), 116 463, 465 virtual ethnography, 57 as worldwide trendsetter, 461–465 virtual worlds, 57, 58 see also American Art Union; American vision, sense of, 145 Civil War; American Culture visual culture Association; American identity; collectibles see collectibles, visual American Revolution; specific culture regions early American, 145–148 United States Army, 324 exhibitions, 147, 148, 149, 152, 154, United States Marine Band, 129, 131 156, 160 United States Trade Representative following World War II, 158–160 (USTR), 466 and Great Depression, 155, 157 United States vs. Paramount Pictures images, 145, 146 (1948), 213 inter‐war years, 155–158 Universal Music Group, 377–378, 523 landscapes, 147, 148–149, 154 Universal Studios, 87, 92, 209, 531 mid‐nineteenth‐century, 148–151 universalism, 19 in nineteenth century, 145 University Microfilms (UMI), 73 performative aspects see performative urban fantasy, 115 aspects, visual culture Urish, Benjamin K., 50, 56 popular genres in, 144–163 utopian science fiction, 114 portraits, 146, 150, 156 and social class, 148–149, 151, 153 Vallee, Rudy, 136 turn‐of‐the‐century (twentieth), The Vampire Lovers (film), 92 151–155 Van Der Zee, James, 158 in twenty‐first century, 160–162 Van Esterik, Penny, 245 see also art; photography Vanderlyn, John, 147 VOD (Video On Demand), 218, 220 Vanity Fair, 158, 423–424 Vogue, 157, 364 Varney the Vampire (serialized novel), 106 The Voice (English translation of the Vatican Collections exhibition, 160 Bible), 397 vaudeville, 131, 209, 312–313, 314, Voice of America radio, 135 316, 319 The Voyage of Life (landscape), 149 Venus Rising from the Sea ‐ A Deception Vuitton, Louis, 377 (painting), 150 Verdi, Giuseppe, 126 Wadleigh, Michael, 66–67 vernacular culture, 4 Wagner, Karl Edward, 115 Versace, Donatella, 375, 376, 377, 378 Wald, Kenneth, 382, 383 vertical integration, 211, 462, 524, 525 Waldman, Bernard, 364 Vertinsky, Patricia, 269–270 Walker, Alice, 434 Viacom, 523 Wallace, Edgar, 108 video cassette recorder, 467, 531 Walpole, Horace, 110–111, 115

0002675591.indd 593 2/10/2016 2:34:24 PM 594 Index

Walsh, Bill, 295 Westerns, 85, 86, 89, 97, 323 Walt Disney Company, 159, 295–296, 297, and popular fiction, 103, 104, 116 314, 511, 520, 523–524, 529 Westlake, Donald E., 119 Walt Disney World, 295, 296, 298 Weston, Randy, 27 Walter Reed Army Hospital, 494 Westward Movement, 322, 323 The War of the Worlds (radio drama), 168 Wheeler‐Lea Act (1938), 350 The War of the Worlds (Wells), 114 White, David Manning, 305 Ward, Douglas B., 347 White, E.B., 312 Warhol, Andy, 158–159 White, Margaret Bourke, 157 Warner, Daniel Sydney, 391 The White Album (Beatles), 532 Warner Bros., 209, 210, 211, 314 The White Shadow (Hitchcock), 72 Warner Music Group, 523, 529 Whitney, Casper, 270 Warshow, Robert, 89, 173 The Whole World is Watching (Gitlin), Washburne, Christopher, 58 543–544 Washington, Booker T., 152 Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Washington, George, 156 Why We’re Afraid to Talk About It Washington Post, 355 (Entine), 277 Washington Star, 324 Widener, Daniel, 22 Wasko, Janet, 297 Wie, Michelle, 276 The Waste Land (Eliot), 35 Wiegman, Robyn, 274 water, 259 Wiener, Norbert, 178 Waters, Keith, 135 Wiggins, Ella May, 19 Watson, James L., 256 The Wild One (film), 365 Watt, Ian, 169 Wild Things (Attfield), 194 Watts Riots, 22 Willard, Jess, 271 wax cylinder, 128–129 Williams, Linda, 424 wax museum, 147–148 Williams, Raymond, 128, 168, 180, 217, “Wayback Machine,” 79 218, 519 Wayne, John, 422, 496 Williams, Vanessa, 416 Web Commons, 236, 237 Willow Creek Community Weiner, Mark, 250, 251–252, 254–255 Church, 399n9 Weinman, Sarah, 113 Wilson, Brian, 138 Weismuller, Johnny, 293, 364 Wilson, Bryan, 396 Weissman, Kenneth, 71 Wilson, Mary R., 150 Wells, Alan, 137 Wilson, Woodrow, 154 Wells, H.G., 108, 114 wine, 246 Wells, Rachel, 147 Winner, Langdon, 229 Wells‐Barnett, Ida, 152 Winstandly, William, 147 Wernick, Andrew, 351–352 Winter, Milo, 70 West, Benjamin, 146 Winterthur Museum‐University of West, Emily, 351 Delaware Program, Early American West, Kanye, 139 Culture, 188, 189, 190 West, Mae, 314 Winthrop‐Young, Geoffrey, 177 West End, London, 131 Wister, Owen, 116 The West Wing (television series), 91 With His Pistol in His Hand (Paredes), Western intellectual tradition, 13, 14 assumptions of cultural Wolcott, Victoria, 22 superiority, 169 Woman’s Building, Chicago, 152 Western music, 530 women

0002675591.indd 594 2/10/2016 2:34:24 PM Index 595

aggressive, portrayal in popular culture, Pan American Exposition, Buffalo 431 (1901), 292 and film, 98 Panama–Pacific International Exposition in sport, 269–270, 275–276 (1915), 293 violence against, 261–262 Philadelphia Exhibition (1876), 291 women’s magazines, 159, 216, 345 Seville, Spain (1992), 293 see also feminism/feminist analysis; Shanghai, China (2010), 293 gender factors St. Louis Purchase Exposition (1904), The Women (film), 362 292–293 Women’s Figure Skating program World’s Fair (1904), St. Louis, 269 (1994), 276 see also amusement parks; carnivals; Women’s National Basketball circuses; theme parks Association, 276 The World of Goods (Isherwood), 191 Women’s Tennis Association (WTA), 276 World of Warcraft (computer game), 57 Women’s World Cup (1999), 276 World Trade Organization (WTO), 259, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (Baum), 401, 465–466, 472, 473, 474, 476, 514 405–408, 418 cultural exemption clauses, 481 Wong, Deborah, 23 Doha Round of WTO negotiations, 467 Wood, Grant, 157 World War I, 111, 154, 346 The Wood Beyond the World (Morris), 115 World War II, 73, 97 wood‐pulp paper, 73–74, 105 advertising, wartime, 250, 251 Woods, Georgie, 25–26 American entry, 213 Woodstock Music & Art Fair, 372 Coca‐Cola, significance to American Woollcott, Alexander, 312 servicemen, 254 Woolrich, Cornell, 118 and literature, 107, 109, 114 WordPerfect, 178–179 visual culture following, 158–160 “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical World Wide Web, 223, 224, 236, Reproduction” (Benjamin), 69, 238, 353 128, 211 Web 1.0 and Web 2.0, 235, 236–238 working classes Web Commons, 236, 237 and book production, 102 see also computers; Internet historical study, 16, 18, 19, 20 World’s Columbian Exposition, 152 see also social class World’s Fair Bulletin, 269 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 155 The Worm Ouroboros (Eddison), 115 Index of American Design, 156 Worthington, Marjorie, 410 World Bank, 259 Wren, P.C., 117 world fairs and expositions, 284, 290–294, Wright, Evan, 486 297–298 Wright, Frances, 323–324 Alaska‐Yukon fair, Seattle (1909), 293 Wright, Patience Lovell, 147 Columbian Exposition (1893), Chicago, written word/writing, 168, 172, 173 151–152, 269, 289, 291–292, 296 WTO see World Trade Organization (WTO) Hannover, Germany (2000), 293 Wutz, Michael, 177 Jamestown Tercentenary, Norfolk (1907), 293 X, Malcolm, 26 Lewis and Clark Exposition, Portland xerography, 55 (1905), 293 Lisbon, Portugal (1998), 293 Yamamoto, Yohji, 368 New York World’s Fair (“The World of Yan, Yunxiang, 255, 256 Tomorrow”) (1939), 156, 213, 293 The Yes Men (activists), 513–514, 515

0002675591.indd 595 2/10/2016 2:34:24 PM 596 Index

Yessis, Michael, 331 Zatoichi films (Japan), 124, 140 Yoo, John, 488, 489 Zboray, Mary Saracino, 192 youth cultures, 22, 26, 56, 366 Zboray, Ronald J., 192 Youth International Party/Yippies, 505 Zelazny, Roger, 114 YouTube, 205, 416, 527 Zipes, Jack, 408 see also Baby Monkey Žižek, Slavoj, 234 (YouTube video) zoot suit, 371 Yves St. Laurent, 366 Zumwalt, Rosemary Lévy, 51

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