AIX 5L Basics Student Notebook Worldwide Certified Material IBM

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

AIX 5L Basics Student Notebook Worldwide Certified Material IBM V1.1 AIX 5L Basics (Course Code AU13) Student Notebook ERC 6.0 IBM Learning Services Worldwide Certified Material Student Notebook Trademarks The reader should recognize that the following terms, which appear in the content of this training document, are official trademarks of IBM or other companies: IBM® is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. The following are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, or other countries, or both: AIX™ AIXwindows™ Common User Access™ Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. eXceed™ is a trademark of Hummingbird Communications Limited. Windows™, Windows NT™ and the Windows logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries and or both. UNIX® is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. Other company, product, and service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. June 2001 Edition The information contained in this document has not been submitted to any formal IBM test and is distributed on an “as is” basis without any warranty either express or implied. The use of this information or the implementation of any of these techniques is a customer responsibility and depends on the customer’s ability to evaluate and integrate them into the customer’s operational environment. While each item may have been reviewed by IBM for accuracy in a specific situation, there is no guarantee that the same or similar results will result elsewhere. Customers attempting to adapt these techniques to their own environments do so at their own risk. The original repository material for this course has been certified as being Year 2000 compliant. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1995, 2001. All rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM. Note to U.S. Government Users — Documentation related to restricted rights — Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to restrictions set forth in GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. V1.0 Student Notebook Contents Trademarks . xiii Course Description . xv Agenda . xvii Unit 1. Introduction to AIX . .1-1 Objectives . 1-2 AIX Operating System . 1-3 Working on an AIX System . 1-4 Working on an AIX System (Cont) . 1-5 Activity: Fill in the Blanks . 1-6 The Shell: User Interface to AIX . 1-7 Useful AIX Utilities . 1-8 AIX Graphical User Interfaces . 1-9 Unit 1: Checkpoint . 1-10 Summary . 1-11 Unit 2. Using the System . .2-1 Objectives . 2-2 Logging In and Out . 2-3 Passwords . 2-4 Command Format . 2-5 Command Format Examples . 2-6 date and cal Commands . 2-7 The clear, echo, and banner Commands . 2-8 Activity: Questions and Answers . 2-9 The who and finger Commands . 2-10 Sending Mail . 2-11 Receiving Mail . 2-12 write and wall . 2-13 talk With Another User . 2-15 mesg . 2-16 Keyboard Tips . 2-17 Next Step ... 2-18 Unit 2: Checkpoint . 2-19 Summary . 2-20 Unit 3. AIX Documentation . 3-1 Objectives . 3-2 man Command . 3-3 man Example . 3-4 man -k: Working with a keyword . 3-5 AIX V5.1 Documentation . 3-6 © Copyright IBM Corp. 1995, 2001 Contents iii Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM. Student Notebook AIX V5.1 Documentation Library . .3-7 Navigating the Document Tree . .3-8 Search AIX Version 5.1 Documentation . .3-9 Search Results . .3-11 Next Step ... .3-12 Unit 3: Checkpoint . .3-13 Summary . .3-14 Unit 4. Files and Directories . 4-1 Objectives . .4-2 A File . .4-3 File Types . .4-4 Directory Contents . .4-5 Hierarchical Structure . .4-6 Pathnames . .4-8 Where Am I...? . .4-9 Listing Directories . .4-10 Long Listing of Files . .4-11 Change Current Directory . .4-13 Creating Directories . .4-14 Activity: Q + A . .4-15 Removing Directories . .4-16 Working with Multiple Directories . .4-17 Displaying Directory Information . .4-18 AIX Filenames . ..
Recommended publications
  • IBM Tivoli Decision Support for Z/OS: Guide to Reporting Figures
    IBM Tivoli Decision Support for z/OS Version 1.8.2 Guide to Reporting IBM SH19-6842-12 IBM Tivoli Decision Support for z/OS Version 1.8.2 Guide to Reporting IBM SH19-6842-12 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page 113. Thirteenth Edition (May 2019) This edition applies to version 1, release 8, modification level 2 of IBM Tivoli Decision Support for z/OS (program number 5698-B06) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. This edition replaces SH19-6842-11. © Copyright 21st Century Software Inc. and IBM Corp. US Government Users Restricted Rights - Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. 1994, 2019 Contents Figures ............... v Opening a report definition ......... 33 Opening a report definition when QMF is used 33 Preface .............. vii Opening a report definition when the built-in report generator is used ......... 35 Who should read this book ......... vii Opening the definition of saved report data ... 37 What this book contains .......... vii Publications .............. viii Accessing publications online ....... viii Chapter 4. Working with report groups 39 Using LookAt to look up message explanations viii Listing report groups ........... 39 Accessibility .............. ix Displaying the contents of a report group .... 40 Tivoli technical training .......... ix Viewing and modifying a report group definition . 40 Support information ........... ix Changing the report group definition..... 41 Conventions used in this book ........ x Adding a report to the group ....... 42 Typeface conventions .......... x Deleting a report from the group ...... 42 Creating a report group .........
    [Show full text]
  • Visualage for Smalltalk Handbook Volume 2: Features
    SG24-2219-00 VisualAge for Smalltalk Handbook Volume 2: Features September 1997 SG24-2219-00 International Technical Support Organization VisualAge for Smalltalk Handbook Volume 2: Features September 1997 IBM Take Note! Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the general information in Appendix A, “Special Notices.” First Edition (September 1997) This edition applies to VisualAge for Smalltalk, Versions 2, 3, and 4, for use with OS/2, AIX, and Microsoft Windows 95/NT. Comments may be addressed to: IBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization Dept. QXXE Building 80-E2 650 Harry Road San Jose, California 95120-6099 When you send information to IBM, you grant IBM a non-exclusive right to use or distribute the information in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you. Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1997. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users — Documentation related to restricted rights — Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to restrictions set forth in GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Preface . xiii How This Redbook Is Organized ....................... xiv ITSO on the Internet ................................ xv VisualAge Support on CompuServe ..................... xvii About the Authors ................................ xvii Acknowledgments . xviii Comments Welcome . xix Chapter 1. AS/400 Connection . 1 Multiple Programs with a Single Remote Procedure Call ......... 1 RPC Part Sets Commit Boundary ........................ 1 Connection Problem with V3R1 ......................... 2 AS/400 Communication Error .......................... 2 Strange Characters on Log-on Window .................... 3 Quick Form from AS/400 Record Classes ................... 3 Communication . 4 Read Next/Previous . 4 SQL Statements . 5 Data Queues and Records ............................ 6 ODBC Requirements .
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook - Informations About Operating Systems Version: August 15, 2006 | Download
    eBook - Informations about Operating Systems Version: August 15, 2006 | Download: www.operating-system.org AIX Internet: AIX AmigaOS Internet: AmigaOS AtheOS Internet: AtheOS BeIA Internet: BeIA BeOS Internet: BeOS BSDi Internet: BSDi CP/M Internet: CP/M Darwin Internet: Darwin EPOC Internet: EPOC FreeBSD Internet: FreeBSD HP-UX Internet: HP-UX Hurd Internet: Hurd Inferno Internet: Inferno IRIX Internet: IRIX JavaOS Internet: JavaOS LFS Internet: LFS Linspire Internet: Linspire Linux Internet: Linux MacOS Internet: MacOS Minix Internet: Minix MorphOS Internet: MorphOS MS-DOS Internet: MS-DOS MVS Internet: MVS NetBSD Internet: NetBSD NetWare Internet: NetWare Newdeal Internet: Newdeal NEXTSTEP Internet: NEXTSTEP OpenBSD Internet: OpenBSD OS/2 Internet: OS/2 Further operating systems Internet: Further operating systems PalmOS Internet: PalmOS Plan9 Internet: Plan9 QNX Internet: QNX RiscOS Internet: RiscOS Solaris Internet: Solaris SuSE Linux Internet: SuSE Linux Unicos Internet: Unicos Unix Internet: Unix Unixware Internet: Unixware Windows 2000 Internet: Windows 2000 Windows 3.11 Internet: Windows 3.11 Windows 95 Internet: Windows 95 Windows 98 Internet: Windows 98 Windows CE Internet: Windows CE Windows Family Internet: Windows Family Windows ME Internet: Windows ME Seite 1 von 138 eBook - Informations about Operating Systems Version: August 15, 2006 | Download: www.operating-system.org Windows NT 3.1 Internet: Windows NT 3.1 Windows NT 4.0 Internet: Windows NT 4.0 Windows Server 2003 Internet: Windows Server 2003 Windows Vista Internet: Windows Vista Windows XP Internet: Windows XP Apple - Company Internet: Apple - Company AT&T - Company Internet: AT&T - Company Be Inc. - Company Internet: Be Inc. - Company BSD Family Internet: BSD Family Cray Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
    Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2 February 15, 2006 . DRAFT Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as part of the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kits to aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out with support from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe. For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk or contact Dr. Peter Long Prof. Alex Slocum Cambridge University Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trumpington Street, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge. Cambridge MA 02139-4307 CB2 1PZ. USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1223 332779 tel: +1 617 253 0012 For information about the CMI initiative please see Cambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org CMI CMI, University of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10 Miller’s Yard, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Mill Lane, Cambridge MA 02139-4307 Cambridge. CB2 1RQ. USA tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207 tel. +1 617 253 7732 fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891 fax. +1 617 258 8539 . DRAFT 2 CMI-MDP Programme 1 Introduction This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi- neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a number of existing glossaries together with a number of local additions.
    [Show full text]
  • Blueprint for the Decade
    Blueprint for the Decade In the 1990s, Apple will expand its role in both personal computing and enterprise computing. This will be driven by a focused product strategy that provides: • Rapid advances in our System 7 software architecture • Breakthroughs in how people interact with computers, fostered by the power of RISC • Enterprisewide client/server integration and A/UX-based open Macintosh computers and servers • An object-oriented operating system that will revolutionize the economics of software development for enterprise computing, code-named “Pink.” Our goal is to help people, individually and in organizations, transform the way they work, learn, and communicate by offering exceptional computing products and customer services. Apple will continue to be known as the company that leads the industry by providing powerful, innovative technologies that are easy to use. Our product strategy begins, as always, with Macintosh. The new products will complement and coexist with our current products, sharing data, networks, printers, file servers, and application software. A smooth migration path is a fundamental part of each new product development effort. We think that these new products will be important to the entire industry. Apple believes that its role is to develop rich platforms upon which powerful and easy-to-use applications software can be created by other companies. As the computer industry increasingly requires complex interdependencies for the development of new industry standards, Apple will no longer go the distance alone. Whenever technologies can best be developed and marketed through partnerships, alliances, and licensing arrangements, we will do so. We expect to work closely with other major industry players.
    [Show full text]
  • Reinventing User Applications for Mission Control
    Reinventing User Applications for Mission Control Jay Trimble NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View CA, 94035, USA Alan Crocker NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston TX, 77062, USA I. Introduction Scenario, Present Day – In a simulation de-brief, flight controllers discover the need to build a multi-discipline composite display. They submit a software change request to platform services. Constrained by a traditional software change process, the changes roll out and are available for use months later. Scenario 2011 – In a simulation, flight controllers discover the need to build a multi-discipline composite display. After the de-brief is over, one flight controller stays an extra hour. Using Mission Control Technologies (MCT) certified composable user objects, the controller builds the new displays. Within the hour, the display is ready for use. Exploration Scenario – A future mission control center has continued what the International Space Station Flight Controllers have begun—the combining of what were previously multiple flight control positions into one. A slimmed down mission control center is guiding a descent to the lunar surface. Using an MCT multi-disciplinary display composition, a flight controller executes a procedure. Within each procedure step, commands and telemetry are composed, so no context switching between software packages is required. On a nearby console, another operator is viewing some of the same information. She has composed only the telemetry points she needs, and she’s viewing them as plots, not alphanumerics, as in the procedure steps. These scenarios illustrate the capability of technology now being installed and tested in NASA Johnson Space Centers (JSC) Mission Control Center (MCC).
    [Show full text]
  • Abkürzungs-Liste ABKLEX
    Abkürzungs-Liste ABKLEX (Informatik, Telekommunikation) W. Alex 1. Juli 2021 Karlsruhe Copyright W. Alex, Karlsruhe, 1994 – 2018. Die Liste darf unentgeltlich benutzt und weitergegeben werden. The list may be used or copied free of any charge. Original Point of Distribution: http://www.abklex.de/abklex/ An authorized Czechian version is published on: http://www.sochorek.cz/archiv/slovniky/abklex.htm Author’s Email address: [email protected] 2 Kapitel 1 Abkürzungen Gehen wir von 30 Zeichen aus, aus denen Abkürzungen gebildet werden, und nehmen wir eine größte Länge von 5 Zeichen an, so lassen sich 25.137.930 verschiedene Abkür- zungen bilden (Kombinationen mit Wiederholung und Berücksichtigung der Reihenfol- ge). Es folgt eine Auswahl von rund 16000 Abkürzungen aus den Bereichen Informatik und Telekommunikation. Die Abkürzungen werden hier durchgehend groß geschrieben, Akzente, Bindestriche und dergleichen wurden weggelassen. Einige Abkürzungen sind geschützte Namen; diese sind nicht gekennzeichnet. Die Liste beschreibt nur den Ge- brauch, sie legt nicht eine Definition fest. 100GE 100 GBit/s Ethernet 16CIF 16 times Common Intermediate Format (Picture Format) 16QAM 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 1GFC 1 Gigabaud Fiber Channel (2, 4, 8, 10, 20GFC) 1GL 1st Generation Language (Maschinencode) 1TBS One True Brace Style (C) 1TR6 (ISDN-Protokoll D-Kanal, national) 247 24/7: 24 hours per day, 7 days per week 2D 2-dimensional 2FA Zwei-Faktor-Authentifizierung 2GL 2nd Generation Language (Assembler) 2L8 Too Late (Slang) 2MS Strukturierte
    [Show full text]
  • Flio'j HEWLETT A:~ PACKARD
    Using HP BASIC/UX 6.2 FliO'J HEWLETT a:~ PACKARD HP Part No. E2040-9000 1 Printed in USA Notice The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) shall not be liable for any errors contained in this document. HP MAKES NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS DOCUMENT, WHETHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. HP SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. HP shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages, whether based on contract, tort, or any other legal theory, in connection with the furnishing of this document or the use of the information in this document. warranty Information A copy of the specific warranty terms applicable to your Hewlett-Packard product and replacement parts can be obtained from your local Sales and Service Office. Restricted Rights Legend Use, duplication or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(l)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause of DFARS 252.227-7013. Use of this manual and magnetic media supplied for this product are restricted. Additional copies of the software can be made for security and backup purposes only. Resale of the software in its present form or with alterations is expressly prohibited. Copyright © Hewlett-Packard Company 1988, 1989, 1991 This document contains information which is protected by copyright. All rights are reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.
    [Show full text]
  • PROFESSIONAL COMPUTING Deskpac - MAESTRO Super Executive V 32 MODEM
    PROFESSIONAL COMPUTING No.76 THE MAGAZINE OF THE AUSTRALIAN COMPUTER SOCIETY MAY 1992 workstations to SE/ty - A Brighter Future for DeskPAC Australian Computing GRAPHICS COMPUTER SYSTEMS MAESTRO Super Executive V 32 MODEM 'Ifyou are still using a2400 BPS modem - You could be barking up the wrong tree. Perhaps its time you moved into the fast lane with thenewbfaestro S600 BPS modem . AUSTEL PERMIT NO:A91/37D/0413 INCREDIBLE VALUE INC TAX 1200 SOME PEOPLE SELL 2400 BPS MODEMS FOR THIS PRICE 2400 ’’CRAZY” 4800 UHI I WONDER WHAT THE 9600 SPEED LIMIT IS AROUND HERE? 19200* 38400** 14 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE MNP5 Depending on file * V42bis Depending on file IF YOU FIND A MODEM THAT PERFORMS BETTER, THEN YOU MAY RETURN YOUR SUPER EXECUTIVE WITHIN 14 DAYS FOR A REFUND. (14 DAYS FROM DATE OF PURCHASE) V.32 - 9600 BPS FULL DUPLEX ASYNQSYNC ERROR CORRECTION / DATA COMPRESSION V.32 - 4800 BPS FULL DUPLEX ASYNQSYNC V.42bis - ERROR CORRECTION AND COMPRESSION TO 38400 BPS ** V.22bis - 2400 BPS FULL DUPLEX ASYNQSYNC V.42 - ERROR CORRECTION AND COMPRESSION V.22 - 1200 BPS FULL DUPLEX ASYNQSYNC MNP 5 - ERROR CORRECTION AND COMPRESSION TO 19200 BPS* V.21 - 300 BPS FULL DUPLEX ASYNC MNP 24 - ERROR CORRECTION NEW 9642XR DATA / FAX 1 MODEL WITH V.42his &A£NP2 - 5 AUSTEL PERMIT C88/37A/145 FANTASTIC VALUE AT ONLY $449 SEND AND RECEIVE FAX MODEM AUSTEL PERMIT C88/37A/145 9600XR DATA / FAX MODEM ONLY $399 INC D nnnmnnr SEND AND RECEIVE FAX MODEM WITHOUT DATA COMPRESSION OR CORRECTION 'mmamm, 'AUSTRALIA GITAL COMMUNICATIONS A.C.N.
    [Show full text]
  • "User's Guide for Regulatory Program Database (RPD) Version 2.0
    W~~~.I Prepared for Nuclear Regulatory Commission Contract/N RC-02-93-005 Prepared by Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses San Antonio, Texas September 1994 USER'S GUIDE FOR REGULATORY PROGRAM DATABASE (RPD) VERSION 2.0 INCLUDING OPEN ITEM TRACKING SYSTEM (OITS) Preparedfor Nuclear Regulatory Commission Contract NRC-02-93-005 Preparedby Aaron R. DeWispelare Joseph H. Cooper Patrick C. Mackin Robert L. Marshall Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses San Antonio, Texas September 1994 CONTENTS Section Page LIST OF FIGURES ......................... ix ABBREVIATIONS ......................... xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................... xiii INTRODUCTION ............................ 1-1 1.1 PURPOSE . 1-1 1.2 SCOPE AND CONTENT ................................... 1-1 1.3 REGULATORY PROGRAM DATABASE BACKGROUND ...... 1-2 1.4 OPEN ITEM TRACKING SYSTEM BACKGROUND ............ 1-3 1.5 REGULATORY PROGRAM DATABASE VERSION 2.0 ......... 1-3 2 REGULATORY PROGRAM DATABASE RECORD DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION . .......................... 2-1 2.1 REGULATORY PROGRAM RECORD DEVELOPMENT PROCESS . .2-1 2.2 SYSTEM CONCEPT AND DESIGN APPROACH .2-1 2.3 SYSTEM CAPABILITIES .2-2 2.4 REGULATORY PROGRAM DATABASE DESIGN . .2-2 2.5 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS .......... ............ 2-3 2.5.1 Viewing and Printing Reports .2-3 2.5.1.1 Database Content Reports .2-4 2.5.1.2 Database Reports .2-4 2.5.2 Search and Retrieval .2-5 2.5.3 Displaying Data .2-5 2.5.4 Incorporating Regulatory Program Database Information in WordPerfect Documents .2-5 2.5.5 Copying Regulatory Program Database Information . 2-5 2.5.6 Editing Regulatory Program Database Information Using WordPerfect Software .2-5 3 REGULATORY PROGRAM DATABASE DESIGN .
    [Show full text]
  • Prism User's Reference Manual Version
    Prism User’s Reference Manual Version 1.5 Ira J. Kalet, Mark H. Phillips, Jonathan P. Jacky and Robert S. Giansiracusaa Technical Report 2004-08-01 Radiation Oncology Department University of Washington Box 356043 Seattle, WA 98195-6043 September 14, 2005 aIt is a pleasure to acknowledge many helpful discussions with and other contributions from members of the faculty and staff of the Radiation Oncology Department of the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA and the Oncology Institute of Soroka Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel. 2 c 2004 by Ira J. Kalet, Mark H. Phillips, Jonathan P. Jacky, and Robert S. Giansiracusa. This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or part for any commercial purpose. Permission to photocopy in whole or part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such copies include the following notice: a notice that such copying is by permission of the author(s); an acknowledgement of the author(s) of the work; and all applicable portions of this copyright notice. All rights reserved. Contents 1 About this manual 11 1.1 Whatyouneedtoknow............................... 11 1.2 What this manual includes . 11 2 Capabilities, inputs and outputs 13 2.1 Functional capabilities . ...... 13 2.2 Components and products of the planning task . .......... 14 2.3 The shared treatment planning database . ......... 16 2.4 Dosecomputation................................. 16 2.4.1 Types of radiation sources . 16 2.4.2 What the system produces . 18 2.5 Graphicdisplays ................................. 18 2.5.1 Transverse, coronal and sagittal views .
    [Show full text]
  • Graphic User Interface
    УДК 004.4 V. V. Mahlona GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE Vinnytsia National Technical University Анотація В даній роботі було досліджено значимість графічного інтерфейсу історію виникнення графічних інтерфейсів та їх перші застосування, проведено порівняння з іншими інтерфейсами. Ключові слова: графічний інтерфейс користувача, дослідження, інтерфейс, ОС, Windows, Linux, MacOS Abstract The article deals with the importance of a graphical user interface, the history of graphic interfaces and their first applications are presented, the comparison with other interfaces is given. Keywords: GUI, research, interface, OS, Windows, Linux, MacOS The graphical user interface (GUI) is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, instead of text- based user interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (CLIs), which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard. The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements. Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld mobile devices such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices, smartphones and smaller household, office and industrial controls. The term GUI tends not to be applied to other lower-display resolution types of interfaces, such as video games (where head- up display (HUD) is preferred), or not including flat screens, like volumetric displays because the term is restricted to the scope of two-dimensional display screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.
    [Show full text]