13 Original Article IDENTIFICATION and RESTORATION of LATE

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Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies "EJARS" An International peer-reviewed journal published bi-annually

Volume 4, Issue 1, June - 2014: pp: 13-23 www. ejars.sohag-univ.edu.eg

Original article

IDENTIFICATION AND RESTORATION OF LATE ROMAN AMPHORA, 4TH-6TH CENTURIES AD. FROM EL-BAHNASA SITE, MINIA, EGYPT

Madkour, F. Asses. Prof. Conservation dept., Faculty of Fine Arts, Minia Univ., Minia , Egypt

E-mail: [email protected]

Received 12/12/2013 Accepted 21/4/2014

Abstract Amphoras are large ceramic vessels which were used, in the Greaco-Roman period, to ship wine and other liquid products throughout the Mediterranean. An amphora was excavated at El-Bahnasa archaeological site at the south of Egypt and it dates back to the Late Roman period (4th-6th centuries AD.). The condition of the amphora was very poor and suffered from many deterioration phenomena including, accumulation of dirt and soil residues, narrow and wide cracks, decay and fragility of pottery body and crystallization of salts. Furthermore, many shards are broken from the body and some are missing. The aim of the present paper is to study the chemical and the mineralogical composition of the clay body, the soil residues and the crystallized salts and to restore it. Different analytical methods were used including; X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X- ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results obtained by (XRD) reported that clay body contains Quartz (SiO2), Calcite (CaCO3), Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), Halite (NaCl), Magnetite (Fe3O4), Dolomite (Ca Mg(CO3) and Hematite (Fe2O3), while the salt is Halite mineral (Sodium chloride). The soil residues sample consists of Halite, Quartz and Calcite. Different restoration treatments were carried out on the amphora comprising; mechanical and chemical cleaning, consolidation, bonding and replacement processes.

Keywords: Roman, Amphora, El-Bahnasa, Deterioration, Accumulation, Wide cracks.

1. Introduction Commercial amphoras are large bodies, ranging from egg to bottle ceramic vessels that were used from shapes, were designed specifically for 1500 BC. to 500 AD to ship wine and shipping a large quantity of liquids other products to the ancient Greek and (wine, olives, oils, and processed fish Roman empires throughout the Medite- sauce or dry products such as grain, rranean [1][2]. As the Roman Empire nuts, and salted fish [1][3]. Greek and grew, so did the shipping of goods for Roman clay shipping amphoras were military an trade, which required more difficult to throw away. They had to be packaging. Amphoras supplied the thick-walled, as a protection against Empire and were especially important breakage and seepage during rough and for bringing wine and other products dangerous sea voyages [4]. Amphoras back to Rome. Amphoras differ from were produced on a wheel in a other ceramic jars in that their fat multistep process with intermittent

13 drying to add rigidity. Some were deterioration phenomena including, produced as modular pieces and then accumulation of dirt and soil residues, joined. After forming the body and narrow and wide cracks, decay and base, the vase was turned upright and fragility of pottery body, flaking and supported by a chuck while the neck lamination of the body resulting from and rim were formed and the handles the re-crystallization of salts within the were attached last [1]. Unglazed pores. Furthermore, many shards are ceramic pottery is porous, and so an broken from the body and some are impermeable lining was required for missing. The main aim of this study is wine or other no viscous liquids. Resin to identify the chemical and the made from pine trees or an interior mineralogical composition of the clay coating of pitch was most often used as body of amphora, the soil residues and the barrier lining for wine amphoras the crystallized salts furthermore, carry [1][3]. Regarding of the shapes of out restoration process to it. The amphoras, the main part of the jar was chemical, mineralogical and structural belly and the rim or lip at the top of the characterization of ancient pottery can neck was an aid in controlling the flow shed light to the provenance of raw of the liquid being poured. The main materials for ceramic production and part was joined to the neck by a sloping determine the technological processes shoulder and the bottom was tapered related to pottery manufacture [5][6]. shape [4]. Throughout the Roman Different analytical methods were used periods, the shapes from about 30 BC. including; X-ray diffraction (XRD) and on became more indicative of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) contents than of the producing region. coupled with energy dispersive X-ray Olive oil jars were bulbous and wine spectroscopy (EDS) to study different jars were more columnar. After about samples of clay body, soil residues and 400 A.D., the diversity of shapes crystallized salts. Complete restoration decreased and they superseded by processes were carried out on amphora, cylindrical shapes [1]. During the season such as cleaning, consolidation of the of 2008 at El-Bahnasa excavation site, an fragile body, bonding of broken parts amphora was discovered and it belongs and replacement of the missing areas. to the Late Roman period in Egypt (4th- Paraloid B-72 (an acrylic co-polymer of 6th centuries AD). The village of El- ethylmethacrylate and methylacrylate Bahnasa is situated on the west bank of (70/30) was used for consolidation and the Nile, to the west of the road bonding processes and it is used between Maghagha and Beni Mazar in frequently in the consolidation treatment Minia Governorate, Middle Egypt. of ancient pottery and ceramics [7][8]. Amphora was suffered from many

2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Discovery of amphora Through the excavation works one only is present and the other was which were carried out by the Spanish lost completely. The paste has a rough mission at the El-Bahnasa archaeological texture and reddish color and it is site during the season of 2008, an wheel-made with thick wall. The height amphora was discovered. The amphora of amphora before restoration was dates back to Late Roman period (4th- about 78 cm. and after restoration is 92 6th centuries AD) and it has belly body cm., the diameter of the body is 90 cm. with a long narrow neck and tapered while the diameter of the rim is 10 cm. bottom shape. It has two handles but and the height of the neck is 30 cm, fig.

14 (1-a, b, c. d). The village of El-Bahnasa name of El-Bahnasa through the Roman is situated on the west bank of the Nile, age was Okserynekos, and this name to the west of the road between was derived from a holy fish called El- Maghagha and Beni Mazar in Minia Kanoma which was a god of this place. Governorate (Middle Egypt). Today the The Okserynekos was more important village occupies part of the towns of Middle Egypt through the archaeological site and it is far around Roman age [9][10]. 200 km south to Cairo. The ancient

a b

c d

Figure (1) different shapes of amphora and the fragments before restoration processes.

2.2. Deterioration phenomena of amphora Amphora has suffered from and texture reached with the firing many deterioration phenomena temperature is a key factor on salt including stains and soil residues which crystallization decay and hence on the were adhered strongly with the surface durability of pottery artifacts. Salt of the clay body resulting from the crystallization in porous materials is burial for a long time in the soil. In one of the primary causes of stone and addition to cracks, flaking and ceramic decay, especially in marine lamination of body which related to re- environments and that found at crystallization of soluble salts within archaeological sites [11][12]. Water is the pores after rapid excavation in the vitally involved in most weathering site, fig. (2-a, b, c, d). The composition processes. In porous pottery and

15 ceramics, water acts as a transporting fabric of the pottery and these may be agent for chemicals that react with the sufficient to cause the surface to flake clay minerals and as a solvent [13]. For off or to disintegration and fracture of example, during burial period, the high the body [7][16][17]. These salts can be level of the ground water can carry the crystallized at just below the surface of dissolved salts into the pottery pores the pottery and at times, masses of leaving them (dissolved salt) behind needle-like crystals can cover the when the saline water evaporates [14]. surface, hiding all details which give an The soluble salts are hygroscopic and as unaesthetic appearance to it [11][15][18]. the relative humidity rises and falls, the Furthermore, many shards from the clay salts repeatedly dissolve and crystallize body of amphora are broken and some [15]. The newly forming salts eventually are missing, fig. (3-a, b, c) occupy a enormous pressures on the

a b

c d

Figure (2) different deterioration phenomena of amphora a the soil residues, b. cracks in the clay body, c. the lamination, d. illustrates the crystallized salt on the surface.

a b c

Figure (3) the missing parts of amphora a missing parts in the body, b. missing parts in the neck, c. missing parts in the base.

16 2.3. Analytical techniques The mineralogical composition estimated from the mineral phases of the pottery samples, salts and soil obtained by X-ray diffraction [19]. residues were determined by XRD using Microstructure and chemical constitution x-ray powder diffractometer (X’ PORT of the pottery sample was carried out by PRO. PANALYTICAL) with Ni-filtered scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Cu Ká target with secondary monochr- JEOL, JXA- 840A, Electron Probe Micro omator at operating conditions of 45 Analyzer which coupled with energy kV/40 mA. Furthermore, the firing dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) temperature of pottery body was INCA- Sight.

3. Results 3.1. XRD results Mineralogical analysis obtained dolomite begins at 700 ºC and both by X-ray diffraction of ancient ceramic phases decomposed completely on firing and pottery bodies can provide useful around 800-850 ºC [21][22][23][24]. This information about raw materials and result indicates that the firing temperature determine the technological processes of amphora may be around 700-800 ºC. related to manufacture [6][20]. The XRD The sample of salt no. (2) contains halite result of sample no. (1) belongs to clay as a major beside quartz and calcite. The body consists of quartz as a main sample of soil residues no. (3) consists component, both of calcite and anorthite both of halite and quartz as major as minor components as well as halite, components and calcite as trace, all of magnetite, dolomite and hematite as theses results are listed in tab. (1) & traces. Decomposition of calcite and shown in fig. (4).

Table (1) XRD results of body sample, soil residues and crystallized salts Identified Minerals No. Sample kind Major Minor Traces 1 Clay body Quartz SiO2 Calcite CaCO3 Halite NaCl Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 Magnetite Fe3O4 Dolomite Ca Mg(CO3) Hematite Fe2O3 2 Salt Halite NaCl Quartz SiO2 Calcite CaCO3

3 Soil residues Halite NaCl _ Calcite CaCO3 Quartz SiO2 S 1 S2 S3

Figure (4) XRD patterns of analyzed samples shows "Q= Quartz, C= Calcite, He= Hematite, Ha= Halite, A= Anorthite, M= Magnetite, D= Dolomite"

3.2. Scanning electron microscopy results The analysis carry out by revealed high proportions of silicon, SEM/EDS provided important calcium, aluminum with relatively low information about Microstructure and concentrations of sodium, potassium, elemental composition of the ancient magnesium, chlorine and iron, as shown pottery and ceramic [19][25]. The sample in fig. (5-a, b, c, d).

17 ------a b

c d

Figure (5) a, c. SEM images of the red coarse body & b, d. EDS microanalysis of the body of amphora.

4. Treatment processes 4.1. Cleaning process Before cleaning, it is essential to this case, mechanical cleaning identify the type of pottery, its techniques was not enough to remove mineralogical composition and the the previous layer; therefore a wet nature of dirt and deposits. It is also cleaning method was applied. Cotton important to understand the cleaning poultices immerged in water were means that will use to remove the soil effectively used to soften the hard residues or deposits and encrustation [7]. crusts on the surfaces and makes it easy So different samples of pottery body, to remove, as shown in fig. (6-a, b). soil residues and crystallized salt were Then, different tools such as a needle, analyzed by XRD. Because of the sharp scalpel were required to pick or object was very poor and unstable, cut carefully the hard deposits [7]. The initial consolidation with Paraloid B-72 thin layers of insoluble surface deposits with concentration of 5% was applied such as calcium require chemical before treatment to handle the object. cleaning methods which involve water, Mechanical cleaning was firstly used to solvents, acids, and alkalis [27]. A remove the fragile or non- coherent soil useful chemical for removing calcareous deposits on all the body of amphora deposits is ethylene diaminetetra-acetic using brushes with appropriate sizes acid (EDTA) which is best for and dry cotton wool swabs. The removing calcareous material [15][26]. advantage of using mechanical cleaning A 5 % solution of the tetra-sodium salts is mainly more easily controlled than of EDTA which gives a pH of 11.5 was chemical methods [26]. The soil used to remove the black stains and the residues were deposited on the surface thin layer of insoluble salts from the of amphora as a thick layer (around 1- 2 surface without seriously affecting the cm) and it was strongly adhered to it. In iron content of the object.

a b

c d

Figure (6) illustrates the different treatment processes of amphora. a, b cleaning of hard deposits with cotton poultices immerged in water, c initial consolidation of fragile and lamination body, d bonding of the broken shards located at the neck of amphora.

4.2. Removable of soluble salts Identifying the damage caused by case the soluble salt was halite (sodium soluble salts is easily done visually [28]. chloride). Mechanical cleaning tools such The soluble salts (chlorides, phosphates as brushes, needles and scalpels were and nitrates) are potentially the most used to remove crystallized salt and then dangerous and they must be removed in cotton poultices immerged in water were order for the pottery to be stable. The used to extract the salt through the pores method used will depend on the type of of object. object and its condition [7][15]. In this 4.3. Consolidation Consolidation is the process in chemical inertness and environmental which the fabric of the ceramic is stability in the conservation of artworks strengthened by introducing a material and acetone is the most suitable solvent into the fabric that will bind together. The for it [8][29][30]. Paraloid B-72 was used most common pottery and ceramics that with concentration of 5% dissolved in need consolidation are excavated objects acetone for initial consolidation of fragile because they tend to lose their binding and lamination body and 10% for fixing constituents through leaching or have chips of the body before treatment as suffered damage through the absorption illustrated in fig. (6-c). After all of soluble salts [7]. Paraloid B-72 is an restoration processes were completed, a acrylic co-polymer of ethylmethacrylate permanent consolidation treatment was and methylacrylate (70/30) used as an carried out by 5 % Paraloid B-72 in adhesive, consolidant and protective acetone which was applied by the brush. coatings due to their non-wettability,

19 4.4. Bonding process The broken shards located at the will depend on the ambient temperature, neck of amphora were bonded by using and the thickness and porosity of the Paraloid B-72 dissolved in acetone with pottery [7]. Different narrow and wide concentration 40% as adhesive. The cracks on the amphora surface were adhesive was applied to one half of the reinforced by using Paraloid B-72 break only, and the two halves are adhesive where it was applied along the brought together as shown in fig. (6-d). surface of the crack from one side by a Paraloid B-72 is suitable for bonding fine paintbrush. earthenwares objects and the drying time 4.5. Replacement process Many parts of amphora were lost Alternatively, the edges were sealed including the base, neck, rim and body, using Paraloid B-72 10 % to makes the as well as one of two handles was lost filling easier to reverse. Regarding the completely. Choosing of the material lost handle, the present handle was used which will use to fill the missing area as a guide to can form the new one. The depended on the type of ceramic or earthenware clay (iron clay) was used pottery object that is being treated and the and the similar handle was formed by method used to apply the filling material freehand inside the ceramic laboratory at [7]. The missing parts were filled by the Faculty of Fine Arts, Minia using polyfilla (calcium sulphate with University. The handle was dried in the cellulose fibbers), fig. (7-a, b). The filling open air and then was fired in an materials can be applied to small chips electrical kiln at 800 ºC. Finally the and cracks without using any form of handle was polished and fixed in its support. Larger fillings often require original place with Paraloid B-72 some forms of support for the filling adhesive, as shown in fig. (7-c). A material until it has cured and this is permanent consolidation treatment was usually a temporary and external support. carried out by 5 % Paraloid B-72 in Because of the missing parts in amphora acetone which was applied by the brush, were large, unfired clay was used as a as shown in fig. (7-d). After the support material through curing the restoration process finished, an iron filling material used (polyfilla). Before support was made to display the amphora applying the filler, the break edges are until moving it to the museum and dampened first with water to avoid the displaying it with appropriate method, as rapid absorption of water from the filler. illustrated in fig. (8-a, b, c, d).

a b c

Figure (7) a the base of amphora after replacement, b, c. the replacement the neck and fixing the new handle, d a permanent consolidation treatment by Paraloid B-72.

a b c d

Figure (8) a, b the amphora after restoration processes, c, d the displaying the amphora on the iron support

5. Discussion The obtained results by XRD Mechanical tools such as brushes and attested that the local coarse clay rich in needles and then cotton poultices iron oxides was used for production of immerged in water were used to extract amphora. Furthermore, calcite was used the salt through the pores of the body. as a temper which was added to the clay Paraloid B- 72 is suitable for bonding through the preparing process. The result earthenwares objects so it was used at obtained by SEM/EDS for body sample concentration 40% dissolved in acetone showed a good agreement with the XRD as adhesive [7]. Polyfilla was used as a result. Because of the object was fragile filler for the missing parts. It is used in and unstable, initial consolidation with preference to plaster of Paris by many Paraloid B-72 with concentration of 5% conservators as it is easier to shape, was applied before treatment procedures. remaining workable for longer and being Mechanical cleaning was firstly used to softer when cured, thus makes it more remove the fragile or non-coherent soil easily to cut back and carved [31]. A deposits. Then chemical cleaning by similar handle was formed by using iron different solvents and aqueous materials clay and it was dried in the open air. It such as EDTA were applied to remove was fired at 800 ºC, and then it was the soil residues and stains. The polished and fixed in its original place crystallized salt was cleaned firstly by with Paraloid B-72 adhesive.

6. Conclusion The amphora belongs to the Late Roman period in Egypt (4th-6th centuries AD) discovered at El- Bahnasa site during season 2008. It was used to ship wine and other products through this period. The results obtained by different analytical techniques (XRD, SEM/EDS) showed that clay used for production of the amphora was rich in iron oxides, whereas calcite was added to the clay as a temper. The firing temperature of the amphora was around 700- 800 ºC. which was estimated from the phases determined by XRD analysis. Amphora was suffered from many deterioration phenomena including stains and soil residues resulting from the burial for a long time in the soil. In addition to cracks, flaking and lamination of body which related to re-crystallization of soluble salts within the pores. Because of the amphora was very poor and instable condition, initial consolidation with Paraloid B-72 dissolved in acetone with concentration of 5% was applied before treatment. Mechanical cleaning tools were firstly used to remove the different soil deposits while chemical cleaning was carried by different solvents and EDTA solution. Mechanical cleaning tools such as brushes, needles and scalpels were used to remove crystallized salt (halite) and then cotton poultices immerged in water were used to extract the salt. The broken shards were bonded by using Paraloid B-72 dissolved in acetone with concentration 40%. A new handle was manufactured by using iron clay and it was fixed by Paraloid B-72 adhesive. Polyfilla (calcium sulphate with cellulose fibbers) was used as a filler to replace the missing parts of amphora. After the restoration processes were completed, an iron support was made to display the amphora until moving it to the museum.

Acknowledgement The author wishs to thank Dr. Mostafa Azmy, the manager of El-Bahnasa site, the Ministry of State for Antiquities Affairs of Egypt for kindly helpful and for his aid to carry out this study. The author grateful to Dr. Mohamed Shbrawy at Department of Sculpture, Faculty of Fine Arts, Minia University for his helpful in the manufacture of a new pottery handle at the ceramic laboratory.

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