Étude Phytochimique Bioguidée De Plantes Aromatiques Sahariennes

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Étude Phytochimique Bioguidée De Plantes Aromatiques Sahariennes RÉPUBLIQUE ALGÉRIENNE DÉMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTÈRE DE L ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ’ Université Abou Bekr Belkaïd – Tlemcen Faculté de Médecine Dr B. Benzerdjeb THÈSE Pour l obtention du DOCTORAT EN ’SCIENCES MÉDICALES Spécialité: Pharmacognosie ÉTUDE PHYTOCHIMIQUE BIOGUIDÉE DE PLANTES AROMATIQUES SAHARIENNES Soutenue publiquement le 30 Septembre 2017 Le Docteur DALI YAHIA Mustapha Kamel Maître Assistant en Pharmacognosie Devant le Jury Président Pr. ABED Lahouari Faculté de médecine d Alger ’ Membres Pr. BOUTEFNOUCHET Sabrina Faculté de pharmacie de Paris Pr. AMOURA-BOUGHANDJIOUA Nadia Faculté de médecine d Annaba Pr. KAJIMA MULENGI Joseph Faculté des sciences de’ Tlemcen Pr. AZZI Rachid Faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie, sciences de la terre et de l univers (Université de Tlemcen) Directeur de thèse ’ Pr. BENMANSOUR Mustapha Faculté de médecine de Tlemcen À la mémoire de mes grands-parents À mes parents que Dieu les protège À ma femme pour son soutien indéfectible et pour son rôle dans l’initiation de ce projet de thèse À ma fille Selma Je dédie ce travail, Kamel. REMERCIEMENTS Mes chaleureux remerciements et ma profonde gratitude vont à mon Maître le Professeur L. ABED qui a eu la bienveillance de présider le jury de cette thèse, Mesdames les Professeures S. BOUTEFNOUCHET et N. AMOURA-BOUGHANDJIOUA, Messieurs les Professeurs J. KAJIMA MULENGI et R. AZZI qui ont accepté d’examiner et de juger cette thèse. Mon Maître et Directeur de thèse Monsieur le Professeur M. BENMANSOUR Chef de service de Néphrologie au CHU Dr Tidjani Damerdji de Tlemcen. Je le remercie d’avoir accepté d’encadrer et de corriger ce travail de thèse, aussi je lui exprime toute ma reconnaissance et ma gratitude. Je souhaite vivement remercier un à un tous les membres du Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie de Paris-Descartes et à leur tête Madame la Professeure S. MICHEL, d’avoir accepté de m’accueillir dans l’enceinte de l’UMR-CNRS 8638 COMETE. Je remercie particulièrement Madame S. BOUTEFNOUCHET d’avoir accepté de diriger mes recherches dans le cadre du programme boursier algéro-français PROFAS durant l’année 2015 ; sans oublier son doctorant S. ORTIZ avec qui, j’ai partagé beaucoup de connaissances et de savoir-faire, notamment lors de l’étude de Pentzia monodiana. Mes remerciements vont également à : Monsieur le Professeur P. GRELLIER de m’avoir accueilli au niveau de l’UMR 7245 CNRS du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, le temps d’effectuer les tests in vitro sur Plasmodium falciparum et Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Monsieur A. AOUALI Directeur de l’Office National du Parc Culturel de l’Ahaggar (ONPCA), pour son appui matériel et logistique dans le cadre de la convention d’échange et de coopération. Monsieur M. BELGHOUL chef de Département des Études et de Développement du Patrimoine Naturel (ONPCA) pour sa disponibilité continue et sa précieuse contribution dans la connaissance des plantes de la région. Monsieur B. EBABER chauffeur et guide à l’ONPCA. Tous mes amis, spécialement le Docteur N. CHEIKHI, pharmacien d’officine à Tamanrasset pour son amabilité et pour son immense hospitalité. Mes collègues, particulièrement le Docteur D. BOUKHALFA qui a eu le mérite d’organiser toutes nos sorties sur le terrain pour les collectes des échantillons de plantes. Il devait à chaque fois faire les démarches auprès du Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication pour obtenir les autorisations de mission sur le terrain, jusqu’à l’établissement d’une convention d’échange et de coopération avec l’ONPCA dans le cadre de la recherche sur la flore de l’Ahaggar. Mes remerciements et ma reconnaissance s’adressent également à tout le personnel administratif de la Faculté de Médecine de Tlemcen et à leur tête Monsieur le Professeur N. BERBER, doyen actuel, et aussi à Monsieur le Professeur K. MEGUENNI, ex. doyen qui m’avait encouragé à m’inscrire en thèse. Ces remerciements ne seraient pas complets sans une pensée pour notre regretté F. ABDELAZIZ ex. photographe à l’Office du Parc National de l’Ahaggar (ancienne désignation de l’ONPCA) avec qui j’avais partagé ma passion pour la macrophotographie des végétaux et des insectes. Merci du fond du cœur à tous ceux que j’ai oublié de citer et qui ont collaboré de près ou de loin à l’élaboration de ce travail. SOMMAIRE Liste des abréviations............................................................................................................. XI Glossaire des termes scientifiques.......................................................................................... XIII Liste des tableaux................................................................................................................... XVII Liste des figures...................................................................................................................... XIX Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1 1. État de la question .............................................................................................................. 1 2. Objectifs ............................................................................................................................. 3 Chapitre I : Synthèse Bibliographique............................................................................... 5 I.1. Rappels sur le paludisme et sur les autres protozooses humaines graves........................ 5 I.1.1. Paludisme................................................................................................................. 5 I.1.1.1. Cycle biologique du Plasmodium.................................................................... 8 I.1.1.2. Rôle de l’hème et de l’hémozoïne dans le paludisme...................................... 11 I.1.1.3. Principaux médicaments antipaludiques et résistance du Plasmodium........... 12 I.1.2. Leishmanioses.......................................................................................................... 15 I.1.3. Trypanosomiase humaine africaine......................................................................... 18 I.2. Plantes à activité antipaludique........................................................................................ 22 I.2.1. Plantes à alcaloïdes.................................................................................................. 22 I.2.1.1. Quinquinas (Cinchona).................................................................................... 22 I.2.1.2. Ménispermacées à alcaloïdes benzylisoquinoléiques...................................... 23 I.2.1.2.1. Triclisia patens........................................................................................ 23 I.2.1.2.2. Cyclea barbata......................................................................................... 24 I.2.2. Plantes à terpénoïdes................................................................................................ 24 I.2.2.1. Astéracées à lactones sesquiterpéniques.......................................................... 24 I.2.2.1.1. Artemisia annua....................................................................................... 24 I.2.2.1.2. Artemisia afra.......................................................................................... 24 I.2.2.1.3. Arnica montana....................................................................................... 25 I.2.2.1.4. Neurolaena lobata................................................................................... 25 I.2.2.1.5. Parthenium hysterophorus....................................................................... 25 I.2.2.1.6. Tithonia diversifolia................................................................................. 26 I.2.2.1.7. Vernonia colorata.................................................................................... 26 I.2.2.2. Diterpènes du Laetia procera.......................................................................... 27 I.2.2.3. Simaroubacées à quassinoïdes......................................................................... 28 I.2.3. Plantes à flavonoïdes................................................................................................ 29 I I.2.3.1. Flavonoïdes prénylés....................................................................................... 29 I.2.3.1.1. Artocarpus champeden............................................................................ 30 I.2.3.1.2. Erythrina fusca........................................................................................ 30 I.2.3.1.3. Erythrina subumbrans............................................................................. 30 I.2.3.1.4. Artemisia indica....................................................................................... 30 I.2.3.2. Chalcones oxygénées....................................................................................... 32 I.2.3.2.1. Glycyrrhiza uralensis............................................................................... 32 I.2.3.2.2. Micromelum tephrocarpum..................................................................... 32 I.2.3.3. Plantes à flavonoïdes méthoxylés.................................................................... 32 I.2.4. Plantes à coumarines................................................................................................ 33 I.2.4.1. Grewia bilamellata.......................................................................................... 33 I.2.4.2.
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