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East Texas Historical Journal Volume 24 Issue 1 Article 1 3-1986 ETHJ Vol-24 No-1 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation (1986) "ETHJ Vol-24 No-1," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 24 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol24/iss1/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the History at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LUME XXIV 1986 NUMBER 1 ~ ;......----­ 'J "I , EA TTEXA HISTORICAL JOURNAL EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OFFICERS Mrs. Jewel Cates President Joe L. White First Vice President Mrs. H.L. Long Second Vice President Ms. Tommie Jan Lowery Treasurer DIRECTORS Ms. Linda Cross Tyler 1986 Ms. JoAnn Stiles Beaumont 1986 Gwin Morris Marshall 1986 Melvin Mason Huntsville 1987 Ms. Marilyn Rhinehart Houston 1988 Ron Hufford Lufkin 1988 Lincoln King Gary 1988 Mike Kingston Dallas 1988 Bob Bowman Lufkin ex-President William J. Brophy Nacogdoches ex-President F. Lee Lawrence Tyler Director Emeritus William R. Johnson Nacogdoches ex-officio James V. Reese Nacogdoches ex-officio EDITORIAL BOARD Valentine J. Belfiglio Garland Bob Bowman , Lufkin Garna L. Christian Houston Ouida Dean Nacogdoches Patricia A. Gajda Tyler Robert L. Glover Tyler Bobby H. Johnson Nacogdoches Patricia Kell Baytown Max S. Lale Fort Worth Irvin M. May, Jr '" Bryan Bill O'Neal Carthage Chuck Parsons South Wayne, WI Fred Tarpley Commerce Archie P. McDonald EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND EDITOR MEMBERSHIP INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS PAY $100 annually. LIFE MEMBERS pay $250 or more. SUSTAINING MEMBER, PATRON pays $75 and BENEFACTOR pays $50 annually. REGULAR MEMBERS pay $12 dues annually. STUDENT MEMBERS pay $8 dues annually. P.O. Box 6223 STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY Nacogdoches, Texas 75962 $7.00 per copy .to non-members. $3.00 per copy to members. XXIV - East Texas Historical Association EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL JOURNAL Volume XXIV 1986 Number 1 CONTENTS ANTHONY BUTLER: A FLAWED DIPLOMAT by Gerald D. Saxun . 3 LES COMMUNISTES IN EAST TEXAS by Harry E. Wade 15 THE TEXAS PRESS AND WILLIAM WALKER IN NICARAGUA by .Jeffrey A. Zemkr 27 PORT ARTHUR IN 1923 by Jane A. Preddy . ..... 39 EAST TEXAS COLLOQUY .... 52 BOOK REVIEWS " .. , ,.""" , ", ..58 Archie P. McDonald, Executive Director and Editor STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY P.O. BOX 6223 NACOGDOCHES, TEXAS 75962 2 EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION BOOKS REVIEWED Truett and Lay, Land ofBears and Honey. A Natural History ofEast Texas, by Fred Tarpley Fox, Traces ofTexas History. Archeological Evidence ofthe PG!;l 450 Years, by Irvin M. May, Jr. Weniger. The Explorers' Texas. The Lands and Waters, by Richard Chardkoff Davis, Exploration in Texas. Ancient and Otherwise with Thoughts on the Nature of Evidence, by B. Byron Price Hernandez, Mutual Aid for Survival: The Case ofthe Mexican American, by Donald C. Cutter Miller, Mexico: A History, by Donald C. Cutter Burke, David Crockett. The Man Behind the Myth, by Jim Collins Hoff, Johnny Texas on the San Antonio Road, by Frank H. Smyrl Simpson, Texas in the War, 1861-1965, by Thomas L. Dunn Dabney, The Last Review. The Confederate Reunion, Richmond 1932, by Thomas L. Dunn ,. Edmonds, The Guns of Port Hudson, by Hubert H. Humphreys Poe, Green W. Hartsfield. A Biography: 1833-1896, by Hubert H. Humphreys Oates, To Purge This Land With Blood, by Lisa Williams Romero, The Louisiana Strawberry Story. by C. Howard Nichols Ancelet, The Makers of Cajun Music, by Kay Mauritzen Wunder, AtHome on the Range. Essays on the History ofWestern Sucial and Domestic Life, by Sandra L. Myres Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Suuthern Agriculture 1865-1980, by Irvin M. May, Jr. Barnes, Farmers in Rebellion. The Rise and Fall of the Southern Farmers Alliance and People's Party of Texas, by Henry C. Dethloff Marinbach, Galveston: Ellis Island of the West, by Maury Darst von der Mehden, The Ethnic Groups ofHoustun, by Howard Beeth Rumbley, A Century of Class: Public Education in Dallas, 1884-1984, by Michael Everman Daniel, Daniel and Blodgett, The Texas Governor's Mansion, by Marilyn McAdams Sibley Ragsdale, Wings Over the Mexican Border, by Mark Steven Choate Bohlender and McCallum, H,PN. Gammel, Texas Bookman, by A.C. Greene Ransom, The Other Texas Frontier, by Robert F. O'Connor Kolodny, The Land Before Her: Fantasy and Experience ofthe American Frontier, Vista Kay McCroskey Yabsley, Texas Quilts. Texas Women, by Ouida Whitaker Dean Alberts, Rebels on the Rio Grande. The Civil War Journal ofA.B. Peticolas, by Nor­ man D_ Brown Olien and Olien, Wildcatters: Texas Independent Oilmen, by John O. King Isenberg, Puzzles ofthe Past: An Introduction to Thinking About History, by Karen Guenther Beverley, Hometown Restaurants of Texas, by Max S. Lale Carleton, Red Scare, Right-Wing Hysteria, Fifties Fanaticism and Their Legacy in Texas, by Anthony Champagne Andereck and Pence, Computer GenealoftY. A Guide to Research Through High Technology, by Carolyn Ericson Spiller, Dictionary ofAmerican Biography, by Andrew L. Leath Stowers, The Cowboy Chronicles: A Sportswriter's View ofAmerica's Most Celebrated Team, by Steve Lindsey Kelton, The Time It Never Rained, by Lee Schultz Tennant, The Snakes of Texas, by Francis Edward Abernethy Smith and Doughty, The Amazing Armadillo: Geography ofa Folk Critter, by Francis Edward Abernethy I EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 3 ANTHONY BUTLER: A FLAWED DIPLOMAT by Gerald D. Saxon Anthony Wayne Butler tried desperately to shape the destiny of both the United States and pre-revolutionary Texas. As the American charge d'affaires to Mexico during the Andrew Jackson administra­ tion, Butler, driven by contravening motives of duty to himself and duty to the country, doggedly pursued one of Old Hickory's primary diplomatic objectives - the acquisition of Texas from the Republic of Mexico. With his political and financial future tied to the success of the Texas initiative, Butler worked zealously and at times unscrupulously to acquire the land west ofthe Sabine River. Despite his untiring efforts, Butler's mission ended in failure, a failure resulting as much from his ambition and ego as from the political instability of the Mexican Republic. Butler was born in South Carolina in 1787 (the exact date of his birth is unknown), and he spent his life scrambling for prestige and position. Before his appointment as American envoy to Mexico, the ambitious Butler married the sister of politically influential John J_ Crittenden of Kentucky, attained the rank of colonel during the War of 1812, served as a Jeffersonian Republican in the legislatures of Kentucky (1818-1820) and Mississippi (1826-1828), and launched a successful slave "rental" business.' It was as a businessman that Col­ onel Butler made his first trip to Texas in 1828 to collect payment for the use ofsome of his slaves from Stephen F. Austin.' Butler not only settled his business with Austin, but also traveled extensively throughout Texas, keeping copious notes on the region's geography, politics, and precarious ties to Mexico. He left Texas convinced that its acquisition should be an American diplomatic priority_' Returning to his home in Mississippi in 1829, Butler was pleas­ ed to learn that his friend Andrew Jackson had been elected presi­ dent. Butler had served under Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans and he believed that his friend would be receptive to ideas concern­ ing the acquisition ofTexas. Eager to share these ideas with Jackson, and perhaps intending to lobby for a political appointment at the same time, Butler set out that summer for Washington, D.C. He reached the nation's capital in early August and quickly arranged a meeting with Jackson's secretary of state, Martin Van Buren. During his in~ l terview with Van Buren, Butler briefly outlined his expansionist views and gave the secretary a copy of his Texas notes to give to the president.4 Gerald D. Saxon is associated with the Texas/Dalla.', History and Archives Division of the DaLlas Public Library. I""'1------------------ i 4 EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION In these notes Butler forcefully argued his belief that future American security depended heavily on the acquisition ofTexas. He maintained that the boundary between the United States and Mex­ ico, the Sabine River, was inadequate. In his opinion, a foreign na­ tion was too close to the important trading center at New Orleans, and that the Sabine failed to provide a formidable enough natural barrier between the Mexican and American republics. Moreover, Butler feared that under Mexico's tenuous control the potentially rich and strategically located Texas presented tempting opportunities for the extension ofGreat Britain's influence in North America. British ascendancy in the region could permanently block further American expansion in the West, thus limiting American economic and ter· ritorial growth. Only by acquiring Texas could the United States ef­ fectively secure, in Butler's words, the "weakest and least defensi­ ble" of its borders and, at the same time, assure American expan­ sion to the Pacific. And as far as Butler was concerned, only Mexico stood in the way.' Butler expressed confidence that the Republic of Mexico - rent with factional interests and still locked in a struggle for independence with Spain - could be persuaded to sell Texas. He reasoned that a combination ofelements, particularly the increasing influx ofindepen­ dent American pioneers to Texas and Mexico's internal instability and virtual bankruptcy eventually would convince Mexican leaders to swallow their pride and accept a reasonable offer from the United States. Arguing that the separation of Texas from Mexico was in­ evitable, Butler conjectured that the Mexican government must already realize this and would be eager to capitalize on an American proposition of this kind before the fact.
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