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Hopewellian Figurative Sculpture Dissertation

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Hopewellian Figurative Sculpture Dissertation o HOPEWELLIAN FIGURATIVE SCULPTURE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University B y Robert Elias Myron, B.A., A.K. The Ohio State University 1953 Approved by: 'MAdvi ser T* TA 3 L E 0 / C O D T H K T S <j Pas PREFACE ..................................................... 1 CHARIER I Introduction ..................... 6 CHAPTER II Classification and Analysis of Styles . 16 Part I: Three-Dimensioi.al Sculpture . 16 Pipes................................. 17 Hollow Effigies.....................6i Human Figurines.................... 74 Human Heads.........................93 Part II: Two-Dimensional Sculpture . .114 Style 1 ............................ 119 Style 2 ............................ 126 Style 3 ............................ 134 CHAPTER III Regional Distribution of Styles .... .146 O h i o ................................152 I l l i n o i s ........................... 165 Louisiana........................... 163 Indiana............................. 171 CPA I-.t IV Conclusion.....................173 Character!zation of hopewellian Sculpture .......... 174 Arcnaeological Development . .177 Summary............................. 13 0 CHAPTER V Appendix: Adena Art..................... 133 3IBLI0GRAP4Y................................................ 194 o LIST OK ILLUbTitATxOKS iii o PI. I fig. 1 Map of the Hopewellian aegion. PI. II fig. 2 Plan of the Turner Round doup, Ohio. II.Ill fig. 3 Clay mask modeled on human skull, ,7i scon sin. PI. IV fig. 1+ Tubular pipe, Tremper i-.ound, Ohio. fig. 5 Lodifieu tubular pipe, Tremper *.ound, Ohio. fig. 6 Platform pipe, Tremper nountl, Ohio. PI . V fig. 7 Platform pipe, Tremper Round, Ohio, fig. 8 rlatform pipe, Tremper aound, Ohio. PI. VI fig. 9 Platform pipe, Hopewell Round Group, Ohio, fig,10 Platform pipe, Pound City Group, Ohio. PI. VII fig. 11 Platform pipe, Tremper mound, Ohio. PI. VIII fig.12 Platform pipe, Hopewell mound Group, Ohio. PI. IX fig. 13 Platform pipe, Xilson mound Group, Illinois fig.14 Platform pipe, Ggden-Fettie mounds,Illinois fig. 15 Platform pipe, Liverpool . ouno. Group, Illinois. fi '.lo Platform pipe, Liver.-ool . ounu Group, Illinois. Pi . X fig. 17 rlatform nine, , .arksville . .ound Group, LOlli SiSllc . fi?r.lH Platform oiue, Crook's ^ite, Louisiana. .1. XI fig. 19 rlatform pipe, irompealeu County, ,/i sconsin. fig. 20 Platform pipe, Portage County, Wisconsin. M . XII Pig. 21 Gffigy platform pipe, Tremper .ound, Onio. PI. XIII Fig. 22 Lffigy platform pipe, ^ound City Group,Ohio, PI. XIV-XVIII fig. 23-3 Lffigy platform pistes, Tremper r.ouna, Ohio. iv FI. XIX fig. 29 Effigy platform pipe, iound City Group, Ohio PI. XX-XXII figs. 30-2 Effigy platform pipes, Tremper hound, Ohio PI. XXIII-XXVI figs. 33-6 Effigy platform pipes, Wilson rounds, Illinois. PI. XXVII fig. 37 Effigy pipe, Fann Site, Indiana. PI. XXVIII fig. 33 Effigy platform pipe, Crook’s oite, Louisiana. PI. XXIX fig. 39 Effigy pipe, Hopewell Pound Group, Ohio. PI. XXX fig. 40 Effigy pipe, Hoss County, Ohio. PI. XXXI fig. 41 Effigy pipe, Hopewell mound Group, Ohio. PI. XXXII-XXXIV figs. 42-6 Effigy Pipes, Seip i-.ound Group, Ohio. PI. XXXV-XXXVII figs. 47-9 Hollow effigies, Hopewell . .ounu Group, Ohio. Pi. XXXVIII-XXXIX figs, 50-1 Hollow effigies, Seip i-.ound Group, Ohio. PI. XL figs. 52-3 Hollow effigies, Hopewell Louna Group, Ohio. M . XL I fig. 54 Solid effigy, Hopewell i ound Group, Ohio. PI. XLII fig. 55 Hollow effigy, Seip mound Group, Ohio. PI. XLIII-XLV figs. 56-8 Hollow effigies, Turner i-.ound Group, Ohio. PI. XLVI-LII figs. 59-66 Human figurines, Turner i.ouna Group, Cnio FI. LIII-LVII figs. 67-71 Human figurines, Knight hound Group, Illinoi s. PI. LVIII fig. 72 Human figurine, Whitnan Village Site, Illinois v o P1. LIX figs. 73-4 Human figurines, Baehr houna Group, Illinois. PI. LX-LXII figs. 75-7 Human efxPLgy pipes, I.ound City Group, Ohio. i’l. LXIII fis. 78 Human effigy pipe, Howard Harness kound, Ohio PI. LXIV fig. 79 Human head, beip Mound Group, Ohio. PI. LXV fig. 80 Human head, mound City Group, Ohio. fig. 81 Human head, Hopewell .-lOunci Group, Ohio PI. LXVI-LXVII figs, 82-4 Human heads, Hopewell Mound Group, Ohio. n . LXVIII fig. 65 Human head, Twenhafel Bite, Illinois. fig. 86 Human head, Steuben Village Site. Illinois. PI. LXIX fig. 87 Human head, Delaware County, Oklanoma. PI. LXX fig. 88 Human neads, Mann Site, Indiana. PI. LXXI fig. 89 Human head, Crook’s oite, Louisiana. fig. 90 Human nead, arksviile i'.ouna Group, Louisiana,. Pi. LXXII figs. yl-2 Cut-out copper effigies, round City Group, Ohio. ’1. LXXIII fig. 93 Cut-out copper effigy, uopewell v.ound Group, Onio. rl. LXXIV fig. 94 Cut-out copper effigy, kouna City Group, Ohio. rl. LXXV fig. 95 Cut-out copper effigy, Hopewell r.ound Group, Ohio. fl. LXXVI fig. 96 Cut-out mica effigy, Tremper i ound, Ohio VI o o PI. LXXVII fig. 97 Cut-out mica effigy, Turner mound Group, Ohio. Pi. LXXXVIII fig. 9# ingraved taolet, Hopewell > .ound Group, Ohio. PI. LXXIX figs.99-100 Cut-out copper effigies, ..ound City Group, Gnio, PI. LXXX figs.101-2 Cut-out mica effigies, iiopeweii l-.ouna Croup, Ohio. 1. LXXXI fig. 10.3 ingraved shell, Seip . oun'd' Group; .Ohio Pi. LXXX 11 . ■ fig. 104 Cut-out mica nand, nopewell Pound Group, Ohio. .1. LXXXIII fig._ 105 Cut-out copper hands, Pound City Group, Ohio. : 1. LXXXI/ fig .- 106 Out—out .aca Cis.i1 Hopewell i-.ound Group, Ohio. Pi. L.XiX’/ fig.- 107 • Cut-out copper cla.g iiopeweii mound ' . " . • Group, Ohio. PI. LXXXVI ■' ’ f i g . Xngraved bone, Hopewell isound Group, Ohio. fig. 109 Copper headaress, Hopewell mound Group, Ohio. 11. LXXX VII ' fig. 110 . Cut-out mica effigy," "Turner mound Group, Ohio. :i. l x x x viii fig. Ill Cut-out mica effigy, Turner i-.ound Group, Onio. PI. LXXXIX fig. 112 Cut-out cooper effigy, iiopeweii i ound Group, Ohio. PI. XC fir:. 113 Cut-out shell effigy, Seip mound Group, Ohio. PI. XOI fig. 114 Cut-out cooper effigy, Pound City irouj uhio. vii -) PI. XCII fig. 115 Engraved conper tablet, i.ound City Group, Ohio. PI. XCIII fig. 116 Pottery vessel, I-.ound City Group, Ohio. PI. XCIV figs. 117-^ Pottery vessels, Pound City Group, Ohio. PI. XCV-XCVI figs. 119-21 Pottery vessels, l-.arksville round Group, Louisiana. .1, XC7II-XCVIII figs. 122-3 Pottery vessels, Avoyelles iarisu, Loui'suajia. .1. XCIX fig. 124 Pottery vessel, aynur i ounas, . ississipyi . ' -"i . 1 I. ^ fig. 125 lotsheru, Snyder’s bite, Illinois. PI. Cl—CIV figs. 126-9 Engraved bones, nopewell Pound Group, Ohio. PI. CV fig. 130 Engraved bone, ^uwara harness ..ound, Uhi o . PI. CVI fig. 131 Engraved bone, Turner i>.ound Group, Ohio. PI. C7TI fig. 132 Engraved bone, Cincinnati, Ohio. PI. CVIII fig. 133 Cut-out shell effigy, iiopeweii , ound Group, Ohio. fig. 136 Cut-out bone effigy, ho.:.ewe 11 i ound Grouu, Ohio. PI. CIX fig. 135 Cut-out cotter effigy, i.ound City Group, Ohio. PI. CX fig. 13o-7 Cut-out copper effigies, nopewell round Group, Ohio. PI. CXI figs. 13$-9 Pottery vessels, havana uita, Illinois .1. CXII fig, 140 Adena effigy pipe, Adena i.ouno, Onio. r 1 . s X .1.11 fig. 141 Adena engraved tablet, Wilmington, uhio 1. CXIV fig. 142 Cut-out n.ica effigy, Adena j-.ouna, Ohio viii PREFACE 1 Hopewellian Art is narked by impressive two and three-dimensional carvings representing naturalistic and geometric forms. These forms are treated in a highly characteristic fashion; once seen they can be recognized * anywhere. Located in the eastern half of the United States,' these Hopewellian peoples fashioned artifacts from a con- • • siderable variety of materials which were deposited within . earthen burial mounds. Since the middle of the nineteenth century innumerable examples have been recovered from excavations by both professional and amateur archaeologists. Housed in museums and institutions, these objects have been, briefly described in articles and field reports. No attempt, however, has been made with any degree of detail to analyze and interpret this spectacular art style, whose high aesthet­ ic qualities merit it worthy of such consideration. The object of this work is to establish and evaluate the art styles in the Hopewellian region. By means of a careful analysis the study attempts to discover what values can be derived both for the art historian and archaeologist. It is thus a pioneering work. Every effort has been made in the use of the objects themselves and the literature pertain­ ing to the region to allow the styles to emerge in the con­ text of their culture so that they may be seen in proper perspective. With this in mind, the analyses upon which the conclusions are based have been thorough. It.bedame advisable to restrict this study to • o figurative representations of human and animal forms. • ■ e These .are the most 'impressive and aesthetically satisfying.. The geometric designs, however, will be generally conslder- ■ . * , . ed where 'associated with the figurative forms. * To further ^ * '■ * 4 clarify the distinctive Hopewelliaif %rt style several * * • 4 typical forms of the neighboring Adena culture have been . * * * • , * * . briefly described in* the Appendix. For this study-all the available specimens were * • examined first hand, except those- few'examples found in • • . institutions situated alcng the Gulf Coast area. In ‘addic­ tion to the characteristic Hopewellian carvings, those that represent the divergent types and styles of their art have been selected and included in this.analysis. The large majority of objects are documented while others possess a reliability of provenience. Without the generous cooperation of many persons and institutions, the writing of this paper would not have been possible. The author is particularly grateful for the one ‘ year fellowship from the Ohio State Museum which has enabled .
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