ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT of WORLD BANK Public Disclosure Authorized FINANCED 2 X 150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT at SIDDHIRGANJ

POWER CELL, POWER DIVISION MINISTRY OF POWER, ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF BANGLADESH

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK Public Disclosure Authorized FINANCED 2 x 150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ

VOL. I REVISED Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

FINAL REPORT VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized Bureau of Research, Testing and Consultation (BRTC) Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka

Dec -2fJO7 POWER CELL, POWER DIVISION MINISTRY OF POWER, ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF BANGLADESH

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2 x 150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ

FINAL REPORT (Revised December 2007) VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT

Bureau of Research, Testing and Consultation (BRTC) Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka

December 2007 Executive Summary

INTRODUCTION

In order to increase the capacity of electricity production, the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, GOB has planned to establish a 2x1 50 MW Gas Turbine Peaking Power Plant at Siddhirga~ljwith the financial assistance of the World Bank. According to the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules 1997 (GOB, 1997), construction of a power plant project falls under the RED category. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) followed by Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) including Environmental Management Plan are required for these types of projects for getting environmental clearance from the Department of Environment (DOE). According to the World Bank (1999) operational policy OP 4.01, this project is classified as an Environmental Category A project, requiring an Environmental Assessment for the construction and operation of the project with recommendations for appropriate mitigation and management measures. Since a detailed environmental assessment of the proposed project is being carried out, the DOE has exempted the IEE of the project in response to the request by the Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh Limited (EGCB). Thus, as a regulatory requirement set forth in the Environment Conservation Rules 1997 and as a requirement by the project financier, a detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been carried out for the proposed 2x1 50 MW gas turbine peaking power plant project at Siddhirganj Power Station, Narayanganj.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT Project Location The Siddhirganj power generation complex is located on the western bank of Sitalakhya river, just outside and to the east of metropolitan Dhaka, and north of Narayanganj. The co~nplexis located in Siddhirganj pourashava under Narayanganj Sadar upazila within Latitude 23'41'14" to 23O40'45" North and Longitude 90°30'50" to 90°31'47" East. The entire complex is completely enclosed, covers an area of about 88 acres and is owned by the Power Development Board (PDB). Surrounding localities of Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex include Siddhirganj, Adamjee Nagar and Sumil para. The location of the Siddhirganj power generation complex, including the location of the proposed 2x150 MW peaking plant is shown in Figure El.

The major existing infrastructures within the Siddhirganj complex include: (i) A 210 MW steam turbine power plant; (ii) A 50 MW steam turbine power plant. The Government has already planned to replace it with 2x120 MW Gas Turbine Plant with ADB financing; (iii) Two 132 KV Sub-stations; (iv) Gas reducing main station; (v) A water treatment plant; (vi) Residential co~nplexfor almost 3000 people; (vii) A school located close to the site of the proposed 2x1 50 MW plant; (viii) A mosque; (ix) A hospital, and (x) Shops and sorne other colnmon facilities. Figure El: Satellite image showing location of proposed 2x 150MW plant within tlie Siddhirganj power plant complex

Equipment and Processes General components of the proposed peaking power plant project include the following: (i) Plant facility comprising 2 gas turbines, generators and ancillary plant; (ii) Higli voltage switchyard comprising high voltage transformers and switchgear; (iii) Security fencing and gatehouse; (iv) Generator and Substation Control room, administration, amenities, and workshop facility if necessary; (v) Fire protection tank, water tank and septic tank; (vi) Sedimentation pond and associated earth bund and diversion drain; (vii) Air cornpressor plant; (viii) Switch room; (ix) Emergency generator and transformers; (x) Evaporation pond to accommodate waste water discharges from tlie evaporative air inlet cooler; (xi) Internal roads.

'The proposed peaking plant at Siddhirganj is a gas turbine based generator, wliich would evacuate power to the existing 132 KV transmission line already existing or to tlie under construction 230KV transmission line through the grid substation owned by tlie Power Grid Company Bangladesh. The gas supply to the proposed peaking power plants can be tapped at present from the existing gas line coming from the gas grid junction at Narsingdi, which is connected wit11 the Ashuganj-Monohardi line and also with the Demra-Ri~pga~ijline from Bakhrabad. If the gas availability from these grid lines are found to be inadequate, construction of the proposed gas lines from Ashuganj to Meglinagliat from Baklirabad and Ashugnaj to Aminbazar through Monohordi and Dhanua shoi~ldbe expedited and co~npleted before the completion and commissioning of these peaking plants at Siddliirga~ij.Tliis is also necessary for the Meghna Ghat Phase 2 power station and any fi~rtherexpansion of Haripur Power Station in the near fi~ture.

DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT Physical Environment Climate, Geology, Soil Tlie region has a tropical climate. There are two marked seasons: the rainy season from May to October, during which more than 85% of the total annual rainfall occurs and the dry season from November to April. The mean annual rainfall in the area is about 2200 mm, with peak rainfall occurring during June to August. Maximum annual average temperature is around 30°C and minimum annual average temperature is 21°C. Maximum relative humidity for the project area is found as 94.8% in the month of September, whereas minimum relative humidity is 68.4% in tlie month of February. From November to February, the wind direction is from north to northeast and from March to October it is from south to southeast. The maximum wind speed prevails during the month of Clctober, which is 1157 kmlday. Flooding of the existing power plant complex is not yet a major concern.

The geology of tlie study area consists of Quaternary deltaic sediments, which have been strongly influenced by tectonic movements on deep-seated faults. The area lies on a tectonic block, which has been uplifted relative to tlie surrounding areas. The soil profile of tlie study area consists of about 12m thick clay deposit followed by sand, clay and progressively coarser sand as depth increases. With specific reference to the proposed power plant project site, the soil is light to medium gray, fine sandy to clayey silt.

As part of the baseline study, soil samples were collected from three different locations within the site at shallow depth and analyzed for concentration of 7 heavy metals (Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg). The heavy metal concentrations of the soil samples were found well within the usual ranges for natural soils. A grab sample of the bed sediment from Sitalakhya river was collected and was analyzed for these 7 heavy metals. The heavy metal contents of the bed sediment were well below those of tlie same soil samples collected from the proposed site.

Air quality Ambient co~ice~itratio~isof NO, and SO2 are significantly lower compared to the national air quality standard. Available air quality data of February 1998 and 2006 at Haripur, which is near the project site, also shows that except for particulate matter (SPM and PMlo), tlhe other air quality parameters (NO,, SO2 and CO) are within the national standard. Air quality measurement carried out in this study shows that the concentrations of SO,, NO, and CO in vicinity of tlie proposed site are relatively low and below the national ambient air quality standard, while concentrations of SPM and PMlo are higher than the national standards.

Noise As a part of EIA, baseline noise level measurements were carried out at different locations within the Siddliirganj complex. Noise level measured near the school located close to the proposed site shows that noise level exceeded 80 dB(A) a number of times during working hours; the mean and median sound levels were 70.7 and 68.3 dB(A), respectively with standard deviation of 7.45 dB(A). The Equivalent Noise Level (Leq-1Hr)was estimated to be 77.44 dB(A) during school hours at current operating conditions.

Water Quality Analysis of groundwater carried out in this study shows that the concentrations of the measured parameters satisfy the corresponding Bangladesh drinking water standards and the WHO guideline values. High concentrations of ammonia, BODs and COD in the water sa~nplefrom Sitalakhya river probably indicate that it receives organic pollutant from domestic and industrial sources. High concentration of sulfate and TDS is probabby due to discharge of ~uitreatedtextile dyeing waste.

Ecological Environment The project site is located in a peri-urban area. During the EIA process, a baseline study of tlie aquatic ecosystem was undertaken. According to fishermen, there is virtually n~ofish in the river Sitalakhaya during the dry season. Most fishermen mentioned that discharge of toxic wastes from the industries into the river is responsible for decline of fishes. A small-scale macro-invertebrate sampling campaign was conducted near the intake and the outfadl of the Siddhirganj power plant to assess the ecological health of the stretch of the river under consideration. The study, which was conducted during monsoon, showed that the ecological health of the river with respect to macro-invertebrates is "fair". However, the situation may become worse during the dry season.

Socio-economic Environment Household number and population in the study area within 5 km radius of the proposed plant location have been estimated and projected for 2006 taking census of 1991 and 2001 as base years. Total household and population of the study area have been estimated to be 133,235 and 590,982, respectively for the year 2006 with average household size 4.4, which is lower than the national average of 5.4. Overall sex ratio (Male 1 Female x 100) of the area is 1 18, which is higher than the national average. Most of the population is Muslim; Hindus are the second largest community, but way below in terms of percentage. The literacy rate in the study area is not very high, varying from 25.2% in Rupganj to 52.3% in Dernra. The main occupation in the study area is service and commerce. The project area is a semi urban industrial area and a number of polluting industries are located in the study area.

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATORY MEASURES Construction Phase Water, Waste water and Solid Waste Water and soil quality will be affected mainly by project activities such as lnobilization of equipment and personnel (.e.g., solid and liquid waste from labor sheds), site preparation, and possible construction of gas pipeline across Sitalakhya river. Possible gas pipeline construction activities will have adverse impact on the river water quality. However, since such activities will cover only a small stretch of the river, the overall negative impact of such activities is likely to be "short-term" and of "moderate" intensity.

The human wastes at the labour sheds should be appropriately disposed of through construction of sanitary latrines connected to appropriately designed septic tank system (consisting of septic tank and soakage pit). Wastewater generated from different construction activities is not likely to be significant and should be disposed of by draining them in shallow pits (1 to 1.5 m deep) dug in the ground at appropriate locations, and filling them LIP with sand at the end of the construction phase.

Project construction activities will result in generation of considerable a~nountof inert solid wastes, including lumber, excess concrete, metal and glass scrap, and empty containers used for non- hazardous substances. Management of these wastes will be the responsibility of the Contractor. Typical management practices include recycling, proper temporary storage of waste and debris, and house keeping of work areas. The wastes left after recycling will be transported to disposal site in municipal land fill area. No part of this type of construction waste should be mixed with the domestic solid waste generated within the Siddhirga~~j complex. Trrrffic Tlie negative impact of the traffic flow resulting from increased movement of ,vehicles carrying construction materials and personnel to the site and construction debris away from the site would be mostly concentrated primarily within the Siddhirganj plant clomplex, affecting people in residential areas and the school located close to the project site.

Traffic hazard during construction will increase and need to be carehlly managed for the safety of school going children and industrial workers of the surrounding area. An alternate route should be used for bringing construction materials to the project site.

Air Q~lrility Deterioration of air quality during construction phase may result from increased concentration of particulate matter in the air from construction activities such as stone (aggregate) crushing, vehicular movement and wind-blown dust. Construction materials at the site should be properly covered while hauled and stored, roads properly cleaned and water sprayed in order to miliimize concentration of dust in air. Vehicle movement to and from the site should be properly managed to ensure that it does not significantly aggravate the traffic problem and air pollution. Stone (aggregate) crushing activities should not be allowe~dwithin tlie Siddliirga~ijplant complex.

Noise Level For assessment of impact of increased noise level during the construction phase, the project activities were divided into two inajor classes - (i) general site and plant construction, and (ii) access road construction. Results of tlie assessment show that both the general site and plant construction and road construction activities would generate significant noise and would produce some adverse impacts. The cumulative noise near the school boundary caused by heavy truck, excavator and the pile driving activity for general site and plant construction is expected to be about 84.6 dBA, exceeding the acceptable level of noise. Therefore, the combiiied effect of these activities is likely to cause annoyance and physical discomfort if solneolie is exposed to the higher level of noise for a prolonged period. Similarly, the cu~nulativenoise caused by tlie heavy trucks, excavator and the concrete mixer operating simultaneously diiri~igtlie construction of the access road is about 85.5 dBA, well albove the acceptable limit. However, since tlie class rooms of the schools are located about 30m away from tlie access road and the trees and boundary walls will have some damping effect, the noise level is expected to come down to tolerable level in the school premises. Tlie adverse effect of project activities on noise level has therefore been categorized as "short term" and of "moderate" intensity. To mitigate adverse impact of noise during construction phase, it is suggested that adequate boarding be provided on top of the school boundary walls facing the project site.

Aquntic Environment There will be little or no impact on the aquatic environment of the Sitalakhya river from the proposed 2x1 50 MW power plant project. Gas pipeline construction activities, if undertaken during the proposed project, may destroy the benthic communities and obliterate the spawning and nursery grounds for fish. However, if the type of sediment remains tlie same, a rapid re-colonization by the same type of benthic community is expected. Mobile biota, such as fish, are the least affected, as they are capable of avoiding a disturbed area. Since the disturbances due to gas pipeline construction will only affect a small section of tlhe entire river, there is little risk of hampering fish migration. Macro-invertebrate community may however be temporarily affected due to the construction of gas pipeline. Therefore, impacts of project activities on fisheries, micro-invertebrates and aquatic plants have been categorized as "short-term" and of "moderate" intensity.

Public Health, Employment The project activities during construction phase will have some adverse i~iipacton public health and well being due to increased noise pollution and vibration, and local air pollution within and around the project site. Some beneficial effect of "low" intensity will come from job opportunities to be created for labors for construction of tlie proposed project.

Operation Phase Effect of project activities during operation phase on pliysico-chemical environmental parameters will be mostly of "low" intensity. Tlie noise level at the school boundary resuIting from the air condensers during the operational phase is expected to be below tlie Bangladesh Standard of 75 dBA at daytime.

During the operational phase, exceedingly high level of noise is expected to be generated within the confines of the turbine and generator installations. Prolonged exposure to such high level of noise may cause permanent hearing loss. Therefore, proper protective measures should be adopted during tlie operation and inspection of these equipment. Under no circumstances the operators should be allowed to enter these installations without proper protective gears such as ear muffs.

Some adverse impact during the operation phase of tlie plant will come from thermal emission and NO, emission from the power plant. Modeling study, carried out using SCREEN3 and AUSPLUME air quality models, suggests that the effect of increased NO, in the ambient air will not be very significant. Presence of excess particulate matter in tlie air may adversely affect the operation of the gas turbine power plant through reduction of air filter life. Hence efforts should be made to make sure that industries around tlie project site comply with national air quality standards. Restrictions may also be imposed on installation of industries in the area that emit significant amount of particulate matter. Assistance of DOE may be sought in this regard.

To reduce these adverse impacts of emission, especially thermal emission, within the power plant complex, plantation of indigenous species of trees sliould be undertaken around the project site, especially along the boundary of tlie school and residential areas located close to tlie project site.

Tlie project will mostly have beneficial impacts on socio-economic parameters during operation phase. National economy will be benefited by tlie availability of additional supply of power to industrial sectors. Since the power plant is located in an industrial zone, tlie industries will benefit from additional and uninterrupted power supply from this proposed plant. New industries will also come up, which will in turn increase socio-economic growth of tlie region; employment is also likely to increase in the industrial sector.

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES As part of the EIA process, alternative site and technology options for tlie proposed 2x1 50 MW gas turbine peaking power plant were assessed. A comparative site assessment was carried out between the Siddhirganj power generation complex (proposed site) and an alternative location at Aminbazar, which was considered for the power plant in an earlier feasibility study. The assessment shows that the Siddhirganj site is much more advantageous, especially with respect to a number of important aspects including land acquisition, land development, gas transmission line, and time of implementation. Analysis of alternative technology options suggests that considering the nature of peaking demand, the proposed technology seems to be the most suitable option.

PUBLIC CONSULTATION Group discussions were held with interested groups or their representatives, representatives of Union Parishad, fishing communities, workers at power plants both male and female, mixed groups of farmers, businessmen, laborers, shop keepers, rickshaw pullers, van drivers, unemployed youths, different women's groups, and students. In order to facilitate the discussions, tools like information on the project, certain socio-economic survey information, and illustrative maps and diagrams were used. A total of 10 group discussions were organized; participants in the discussions varied from 10 to 15. Within the study are,a, 9 key informants were interviewed who expressed their views and opinions on different aspects of the proposed project.

111 addition, a Consultation Workshop on the environmental assessment of the proposed project was organized on 17 March 2007 and representatives of EGCB, WB, DOE, Power Cell, Siddhirganj Power Station, LGED, DPHE, PDB, local NGOs, Siddhirganj Pourashava, local business community, and local school teachers were invited to attend the workshop. The workshop was attended by 40 participants, where a full presentation of the EA study was given. 111 the discussions that followed, the participants expressed their view of different aspects of the proposed power plant project and suggested mitigation measures to reduce certain adverse impacts.

The key findings of the public consultations and consultation workshop can be summarized as follows:

Baseline Sit~iatiotz

Noise pollution is high. There are not much fish in the river. Surrounding air appears to be hot. Soil quality of surrounding agricultural land is good. Homestead trees are few. Communication facilities are well developed. There are number of industries. Health facilities are rather poor. Drinking water supply is less and quality is poor. People face load shedding. There is 110 storm water drainage system. There is problem of water logging during heavy rain.

Possible Impacts

There wil! be no impact on river and other aquatic bodies. There will be 110 impact on fisheries. There will be no impact on soil and crops. There will be no impact on vegetation. Income will increase. There will be increase in traffic during construction. There will be more employment opportunities. Load shedding will reduce. The project will benefit the country. Mitigation Measures

Alternate route should be constructed for project traffic. The existing road connecting Dhaka should be widened to accommodate increased and heavy duty traffic during construction works. Proper residential facilities should be developed for increased number of employees.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) clearly laid out: (a) the measures to be taken during both construction and operation phases of the project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental impacts, -or reduce them to acceptable levels; (b) the actions needed to implement these measures; and (c) a monitoring plan to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures employed. Environmental management and monitoring activities for the proposed power plant project could be divided into management and monitoring: (a) during construction phase, and (b) during operation phase.

The environmental management during the construction phase should primarily be focused on addressing the possible negative impacts arising from: (a) Generation and disposal of sewage, solid waste and construction waste, (b) Increased traffic, (c) Generation of dust (particulate matter), (d) Generation of noise, and (e) Deterioration of water quality and disturbance of river bed ecosystem from possible gas pipeline construction. The environmental management should also focus on enhancing the possible beneficial impacts arising from employment of local workforce for construction works.

Table El summarizes the potentially significant environmental impacts during construction phase, the measures needed to eliminate or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts.

The environmental management during the operation phase should primarily be focused on addressing the following issues: (a) Emission from the power plant, (b) Generation of noise, and (c) Waste generation at the plant.

Table E2 summarizes the potentially significant environ~nental impacts during operation phase, the measures needed to eliminate or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts.

Table E3 and Table E4 provide a summary of the proposed monitoring schedule for the construction and operation phases, respectively. An "Environmental Management Unit" has been recommended to be established (details in Chapter 11) at the power plant complex in order to implement the EMP. Table El : Potentially significant environmental impact during construction phase and mitigation measures

Activity/Issues Potentially Significant Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Responsible Impacts Measures Parties Influx of Generation of sewage Construction of sanitary latrine and Contractor workers and solid waste septic tank system (Monitoring Erecting "no litter" sign, provision of by EGCB) waste binslcans, where appropriate Waste minimization, recycle and reuse Proper disposal of solid waste

Possible spread of Clean bill of health a condition for disease from workers employment Regular medical monitoring of workers Transportation Increased Scheduling of deliveries during non- Contractor of equipment, trafficlnavigation school hours and after regular working (Monitoring materials and Generation of noise, hours by EGCB) personnel; especially affecting the School going children should be storage of nearby school and protected from traffic hazard during materials residential areas construction phase, with installation of proper traffic sign and warnings Speed reduction to 10 km per hour within the Siddhirganj complex

Deterioration of air Keeping vehicles under good condition, quality from increased with regular checking of vehicle vehicular movement, condition to ensure compliance with affecting people in the national standards surrounding areas Wind-blown dust from Watering unpavedldusty roads material (e.g., fine Sprinkling and covering stockpiles aggregate) storage Covering top of trucks carrying materials areas to the site and carrying construction debris away from the site

Co~istruction Generation of noise Use of noise suppressors and mufflers in Contractor activities, from construction heavy equipment (Monitoring including activities (general Avoiding, as much as possible, by EGCB) operation of plant and access road construction equipment producing co~lstruction construction), excessive noise during school hours and equipment especially affecting the also at night nearby school and Avoid use of noisy equipment such as residential areas stone crusher at the project site Avoiding prolonged exposure to noise (produced by equipment) by workers Creating a buffer zone between the school and construction site to reduce disturbance to normal schooling and to protect school children from health hazard Deterioration of air Not using equipment such as stone 1 quality from wind- crushers at site, which produce blown dust and significant amount of particulate matter possible use of Immediate use of construction spoils as equipment, such as filling materials stone (aggregate) Immediate disposallsale of excavated crushers materials Continuous watering of bare areas ActivitylIssues Potentially Significant Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Responsible Impacts Measures Parties Generation of Hauling of construction debris away construction waste from the site and their appropriate

Accidents equipment Environmental health and safety briefing Provision of protective gear Spills and leaks Good house keeping leading to soil and Proper handling of lubricating oil and water contamination fuel with hydrocarbon and Collection, proper treatment, and PAHs disposal of spills Employment of Local people should be employed in the work/labor force prqject activities as much as possible. Possible gas Deterioration of river Regular monitoring of fisheries resources Contractor pipeline water quality Provision of fish-friendly structures (Monitoring construction Disturbance of fish by EGCB) movement and I ;:,"I% hy a breeding river Navigation problems Proper management of river traffic: in association with the BIWTA

Table E2: Potentially significant environmental impact during operation phase and mitigation measures ActivitylIssues Potentially Significant Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Responsible Impacts Measures Parties Power Emission from the Using tall stack EGCB Generation power plant Using low nitrogen oxide burners Installation of stack emission monitoring equipment for major pollutants Planting of indigenous trees around the project site, especially along the boundary of the school and residential areas located close to the project site Restrictions may also be imposed on installation of industries in the area that emit significant amount of particulate

- matter. Generation of noise Provision of silencers for generators and turbines Planting of indigenous trees around the project site Regular plant maintenance Regular noise monitoring, especially at the school and residential quarters located close by Use of ear-muffs and ear-plugs by plant personnel working in the generator and turbine facilities of the plant Water Depletion of Regular monitoring of groundwater level EGCB Consumption groundwater resources Activity/Issues Potentially Significant Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Responsible Impacts Measures Parties Waste Inappropriate disposal Good housekeeping EGCB generation of sewage causing Proper construction and maintenance of environmental wastewater disposal system for the plant pollution premises Generation of solid Ensuring proper storage, treatment, and waste including sludge disposal of all solid waste from demineralizer. Waste Hazardous waste Ensure proper storage, treatment and EGCB generation generation, e.g., disposal of hazardous waste during trans~nission/lubrication overhauling oil, sealant, wash fluid Scrap metals, cables, etc. should be recycled operation Scrap metals, cables, or properly disposed of etc. Non-hazardous solid wastes should be collected and transported to solid waste disposal site. Non-hazardous solid 1 waste

POWER PLANT RISKS ASSESSMENT The process of electricity generation from gas is by no means risk free because of high temperature and pressure conditions within the plants, rotating machineries and high .voltages involved. Apart from risks associated with emissions, noise generation, solid waste, hazardous waste and wastewater disposal as a result of construction and operation, the gas fired power plants put human beings and the environment inside and outside of the plant to a certain degree of risk of accident and sometime loss of life. It is therefore essential that a risk managetnent plan be devised in order to both reduce risk of accident and to take the correct action during accidents. Important risks of accidents in thermal power plants leading to disasters or emergency situations may occur during the following events:

Risks during emergency 3 Fire 3 Explosion 3 Oillacid spillage 3 Toxic chemical spillage 3 Electrocution Risks due to natural disasters 3 Flood 3 Cyclone 3 Earthquake 3 Storm 3 Lightning Risks due to external threats 3 Sabotage 3 War situation 3 Waterlfood poisoning Table E3: Monitoring plan during constructio~iphase of the project

Issue I Parameters Monitoring Frequency Ambient air quality CO, SO2, NO, and PMlo PMlotwice a month; CO, SO2and NO, once every two months River water Oil and Grease and heavy metals

Groundwater level Once every two months during October to May Soil quality Cr, Cd: Pb and Oil and Grease

I Noise level Noise at different locations 1 Every week, particularly during 1 operation of heavy equipment 1 Process waste I Solid waste 1 Every week 1 Health Health status of school children Once every 3 months by Siddhirganj Power Station Health Center Note: Actual tnonitoring time and location will be decided by EGCB. The Contractor will be responsible for cartying out the monitoring during the construction phase.

Table E4: Monitoring plan during operational phase of the project

) issue Parameters Monitoring Frequency Meteorological Wind direction and speed, Continuous monitoring by installing measurements temperature, humidity and appropriate instrument precipitation. Atmospheric emissions CO, SO2, NO,, PM,,, oxygen content Once a month and temperature Ambient air quality I NO., SO2, PMlo,temperature 1 Once a month

I River water Water temperature and DO, BODS, Once a month during March-May and --COD, Oil and grease October-December Soi Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb, Oil and Grease workshop l qualiry I Groundwater pH, Color, Turbidity, TDS. Ammonia, Twice a year Nitrate, Phosphate, As, Fe , Mn and Coliforms; Groundwater level Noise level Noise at different locations Once every three months River morphology River cross-section Once a year during design life of the -- Health I Health status of school children Once every 3 months by Siddhirgani Power Station Health Center for one I I year after construction period Note: Actual monitoring time and location will be decided by the proposed Environmental Managenzent Unit (EMLI). Dtlring the operation phase, the nzonitoring may be carried out by the EMU through its own stafland equipment, if mailable, or can be out-sourced to a competent Contractor Several strategic areas within the power plant can be identified as places of potential risks during plant operation:

Areas prone to explosion are: P Boiler area 3 Turbine hall Premises prone to fire and electrocution are: P Electrical rooms 3 Transformer area P Cable tunnel Premises where people can be exposed to toxic chemicals include: 3 Storage facilities for chemicals

111 power plants, accidents can occur at two different levels. First, these may occur due to fires, explosions, oil or chemical spillage and spontaneous ignition of inflammable materials. 111 such events, operators working inside the plant and at various strategic hazard locations will be affected. Second, risks are also associated with external threats of sabotage. Failure of automatic control/warning systems, failure of fuel oil storage tanks and chemical release from acid and alkali stores and handling also pose great degree of associated risks.

Managing the Risks As melitioned earlier, in order to reduce the risks associated with accidents, internal and external threats, and natural disasters, a risk management program is essential. Risk ma~iagementplanning can be done during design and planning stage of the plant as well as during plant operation. While risk management is mainly preventive in nature during the plant operation stage, the design and planning stage of the plant can incorporate changes in basic engineering to include safety design for all processes, safety margins for equipment, and plant layout. The following steps among others are important in managing the risks melitioned.

Tlie power plant should be located on a reasonably large plot of land giving ample space to locate all units whilst maintaining safe distances between them. Tlie plant layout should provide roads of adequate width and service corridors so that no undue problems arise in the event of fires or other hazards. Gas storage is to be designed with adequate precai~tionsin respect of fire hazard co~itrol. Storage of hazardous substances such as acids and alkalis should be sited in protected areas. With respect to plant operation, safe operating procedures should be laid down and followed to ensure safety, optimum operation and economy. A fire fighting group with adequate manpower and facilities such as water tank of sufficient capacity, COz tank, foam tank, portable fire extinguishers should be provided and facilities located at strategic locations e.g., generator area, high voltage panel, co~itrolrooms, and fuel tank area. Regular checks on safe operating practices should be performed. 111 order to achieve the objective of minimizing risks at the Siddhirganj power plant c:omplex, in addition to Environmental Management Unit for the complex, an emergency response cell with adequate manpower and facilities for the complex must be in place. The cell1 will be trained to act in a very short time in a pre-determined sequence to deal effectively and efficiently witli any disaster, emergency or major accident to keep the loss of life, human injury, material, plant machineries, and impacts on the environment to the minimum.

Emergency Response Plan Emergency response plans are developed to address a range of plausible risk scenarios and emphasize the tasks required to respond to a physical event. The emergency response plan (ERP) for the proposed power plant has been developed listing various actions to be performed in a very short period of time in a pre-determined sequence if it is to deal effectively and efficiently witli any emergency, major accident or natural disaster. The primary objective of the plan is to keep the loss of life, material, macIiinery/equip~nent damage, and impacts on tlie environment to a minimum.

It is highly recommended that an Emergency Response Cell (ERC) adequately equipped with highly trained manpower and appropriate gears is established within the power plant complex in order to effectively implement the emergency response plan. The ERC headed by a trained Manager should establish an Emergency Control Room with links to all plant control rooms and all other services.

The Senior Environmental Engineer of the proposed Environmental Managemelit Unit for the Siddhirganj Power Plant Coinplex with adequate skills of facing emergency situation can act as the Emergency Manager of ERC. The Emergency Manager shall have the prerogative of shutting down the relevant units or the complete plant, which are affected or may further deteriorate damages, in case of an emergency. The EM however, shall have to report to the Chief Engineer of the complex of such an event without any delay.

The team will be responsible for preparing and executing a specific emergency response plan for the power plant complex. The team should meet at regular intervals to update the plan, based on plant emergency data and changes in support agencies.

The teain should undertake some trial runs, e.g., fire drill, in order to be f~~llyprepared and to improve upon tlie communication links, response time, availability and workability of emergency gears and other critical factors.

CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Neither EGCB nor BPDB has yet developed any corporate environmental policy. It is important that EGCB develops its own environmental policy which will provide an overall sense of direction and set tlie principles of action for electricity generation. A tentative environmental policy statement for EGCB could be as follows. EGCB however, should review this carefully and make an appropriate policy statement accordingly.

"Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh strives to achieve "lotv environmental impact" generation ofelectricity. EGCB is committed to generate electricity in compliance with relevant existing environmental laws and regulations. It further strives to minimize environmental, health and safety risks to its employees and the communities in which it operates. The company proactively addresses environmental concerns resulting from any EGCB operation and provides appropriate environmental training and educates employees to be environmentally responsible on the job and at home. EGCB will make every effort to minimize emissions, creation of wastes, particularly hazardous wastes, and dispose of wastes through safe and responsible methods. EGCB will support research aimed at enhancing knowledge of the environment and minimizing environmental impacts ofpower generation. EGCB will communicate openly with those who live or work in the vicinity of its power generation complex to ensure their understanding of power plant's operations and EGCB 's understanding of their concerns. "

The EGCB makes this policy available and accessible to all its employees and publishes it for tlie public.

Environmental Management by EGCB The environmental policy that EGCB would establish must clearly reflect the environmental objectives required to be achieved. Once the direction is set through the establishment of the environmental policy, the next step is to develop a strategic plan to guide EGCB in accomplishing that policy. Identification of key environmental issues that EGCB would need to address constitutes the first element of the strategic plan. Implementation of the strategic plan, assessment and further improvement are the basic elements of an environmental management system that must be outlined in an environmental management manual. The manual will be used to ensure that the electricity generating plants at the Siddhirganj Power Co~nplexas well other power generating facilities managed by the EGCB are operated with minimum environmental impact.

It is beyond the scope of this environmental assessment study to develop an Environmental Management Manual for EGCB for application at its electricity generating plants. However, some important aspects are mentioned below that need to be clearly delineated in the manual for effective environmental management of the plant site. One of tlie first steps is to identify tlie key environmental aspects that EGCB will need to address for all its power generating facilities i~icludi~igtlie proposed 2x150 MW gas fired peaking power plant. Important environmental aspects are:

Waste generation and disposal Cooling water abstraction and discharge Air emissions Noise level Occupational health and safety Emergency response

These aspects are tlie results of operation and maintenance of the plants on the environment. Objectives and targets are then set for addressing each of these high priority issues. Other important aspects that need to be included in the environmental manual for its effective implerne~itationare:

Work plans and schedule Emergency response plan Resources, implementation and training Work plans and schedules are prepared for each of the key environmental aspects identified. These include management procedures, personnel requirements and responsibilities. appropriate equipment and time plan.

Environmental Management Unit Environmental Management Units should be establislied at all power generating facilities under the EGCB. For instance, environmental management system at Siddhirganj Power- Co~nplexwill need an Environmental Management Unit headed by a Senior Environmental Engineer with adequate training and executive responsibilities and wlio shall be responsible. among others, for the followings:

Ensuring that environmental protection procedures are followed Coordinate environmental monitoring Act as liaison with the public, local organizations and government Ensure and supervise record keeping, data storage and management for follow lip actions Monitoring hazardous materials storage and handling Promoting environmental awareness

The senior environmental engineer will be responsible for ensuring that the environmental management plan is effective and that the environmental standards outlined in this environmental assessment and Bangladesh environmental regulations are adhered to.

Environmental Training Environmental training will be required to effectively i~nplement the environmental management and monitoring plan in each of the facilities managed by the EGCB. However, training could be organized centrally by the EGCB involving relevant staff from all its electricity generating facilities. Important training needs include:

General environmental awareness training Specific training for staff working in sensitive areas Training on environmental regulations and standards Staff training on environmental monitoring

Integrated Environmental Management at Siddhirganj Power Complex Siddl~irganjpower generation complex houses several plants of varying generation capacities e~nployingdifferent technologies. The proposed World Bank financed 2x1 50 MW peaking power plant when operational will be only a part of the whole complex. Most of the environmental impacts will therefore, be cumulative and can not be attributed to any individual plant.

While it is possible to monitor emissions of individual plants, monitoring ambient environment will require a co~nprehensivemonitoring program to be designed for the entire power station. It is therefore, important that EGCB develops a comprehensive environmental management manual considering existing and new plants within the area of Siddhirganj power plant complex. The Environmental Manager of each plant will be responsible for the environmental monitoring and compliance at each plant, communicate with the Environmental Management Unit of the complex, and apply changes in environmental control when required for achieving overall environmental compliance within the complex.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions In this study, the impacts of the project activities on physico-chemical, ecological and socio- economic (i.e., human interest related) parameters have been identified, predicted and evaluated, and mitigation measures suggested for both construction and operation phases of the proposed power plant. The important physico-chemical environmental parameters that are likely to be affected by the project activities include air and noise pollution.

The study suggests that most of the i~npactson the physico-chemical environment are of low to moderate intensity and therefore', could be offset or minimized if the mitigation measures are adequately implemented. Since the project site is located in a developed area that does not appear to be very sensitive ecologically, the impact of project activities on most ecological parameters (e.g., wetlands, homestead vegetation, forest cover, bushes and trees, wild life, species diversity) are mostly insignificant.

Noise level has been identified as a significant potential impact of the proposed power plant during both the construction and operation phases. The noise generated from construction activities during the construction phase might become a source of annoyance at the school located close to the project site. However, since the class rooms of the schools are located about 30m away from the access road and the trees and boundary walls will have some damping effect, the noise level is expected to come down to tolerable levels within the school premises. The workers should not be exposed to the noise produced by the construction equipment for a prolonged period to prevent permanent hearing loss. A rotational work plan is advised for the workers and operators of these equipment. During the operational phase, high level of noise is likely to be generated within the confines of the turbine and generator installations. Prolonged exposure to such high level of noise may cause permanent hearing loss. Therefore, proper protective measures should be adopted during the operation and inspection of these equipment.

Some adverse impact during the operation phase of the plant will come from thermal emission and NO, emission from the power plant. However, modeling study, using SCREEN3 and AUSPLUME models, suggests that the increased NOx concentrations in the ambient air due to emission from the proposed power plants (i.e., 2x150 MW and 2x120 MW) will not be very significant.

During operation phase, no significant negative impact is anticipated on socio-economic environmental parameters. Significant positive impacts are expected due to improvement in power supply. This will reduce load shedding in Dhaka city and contribute to the national economy. Well being of the surrounding population, especially Dhaka city, will be significantly improved due to generation of electricity during peak hours.

Recommendations The environmental assessment carried out for the proposed gas turbine power plant at Siddhirganj Power Generation Complex, suggests low to moderate scale of adverse impacts, which can be reduced to acceptable level through recommended mitigation measures as mentioned in the EMP. It is therefore recommended that the proposed 2x150 MW gas turbine peaking power plant may be installed at the Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex, provided the suggested mitigation measures are adequately implemented. It is also recommended that tlie environmental monitoring plan be effectively implemented in order to identify any clianges in the predicted impacts and take appropriate measures to off-set any unexpected effects.

It is also highly recommended that the EGCB develops a corporate environmental policy of its own following the outline given in this report. In order to ensure implementation of its environmental policy, an "Environmental Management Unit" is to be instituted by the EGCB. The unit will be responsible for implementation of the environmental management and monitoring plan developed for this proposed project. Table of Contents

Page Executive Summary El-El8

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1.2 Project Outline 1.3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 1.4 Study Area 1.5 Outline of Methodology 1.6 Report Structure

Chapter 2: PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Demand-Supply Situation 2.3 Consequences of No-Project Situation

Chapter 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

Project Location Site Development and Construction Equipment and Processes Electricity Generation and Transmission Gas Transmission Line for Power Generation Water Management Waste and Emission Management Fire Fighting and Protection System Operation and Maintenance

Chapter 4: EXISTING ENVIRONMENT: PHYSICAL

Introduction Climate Topography and Drainage Geology and Soils 4.4.1 Geology 4.4.2 Soils Hydrology and Water Resources Air Quality Noise Level 4.7.1 General 4.7.1.1 Noise Generation, Transmission, and Reduction 4.7.1.2 Combined Effect of Multiple Noise Sources 4.7.2 Field Noise Level Data Water Quality Chapter 5: EXISTING ENVIRONMENT: ECOLOGICAL 5- 1

5.1 Terrestrial Ecosystem 5.2 Aquatic Ecosystem 5.3 Rare and Endangered Species

Chapter 6: EXISTING ENVIRONMENT: SOCIO-ECONOMIC 6- 1

Introduction Land Use and Utilities Demographic Characteristics Education Employment and Economics Industry Agriculture Public Health Transport

Chapter 7: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATORY MEASURES

7.1 Construction Phase 7-1 7.1.1 Identification of Impacts 7-1 7.1.2 Waste Generation and Disposal 7-2 7.1.3 Traffic Flow 7-3 7.1.4 Air Quality Impacts 7-3 7.1.5 Impacts on Noise Level 7-3 7.1.5.1 Sources of Noise 7-3 7.1 S.2 Description of the Noise Model 7-5 7.1.5.3 Reference Sound Level Data 7-6 7.1.5.4 Model Predictions - Construction Phase 7-7 7.1.5.5 Noise Impact - Construction Phase 7- 10 7.1.6 Ecological Impacts 7-1 1 7.1.7 Socio-economic Impacts 7-12 7.2 Operational Phase 7- 13 7.2.1 Overview of Impacts 7-13 7.2.2 Noise Levels 7-14 7.2.3 Solid Waste Management 7- 15 7.2.4 Water Quality Assessment 7-15 7.2.4.1 Processes within the Mixing Zone and Tidal Effects 7-16 7.2.4.2 Effect of the CDC Globeleq Thermal Discharge on Sitalakhya River7-18 7.2.4.3 Effect of Siddhirganj 21 0 MW ST Thermal Discharge 7-26 7.2.5 Air Quality 7-31 7.2.5.1 Emission of NO, from the Power Plant 7-32 7.2.5.2 Thermal Emission 7-34 7.2.5.3 Particulate Matter 7-34 7.2.6 Ecological Impacts 7-35 7.2.7 Socio-economic Impacts 7-35 7.2.8 Cumulative Impacts 7-36 7.2.8.1 Air Quality 7-36 7.2.8.2 Noise Level 7-40 7.2.8.3 Thermal Emission 7-40 7.3 Impact Evaluation 7.3.1 Construction Phase 7.3.2 Operation Phase 7.4 Mitigatory Measures 7.4.1 Construction Phase 7.4.2 Operation Phase 7.5 Economic Assessment

Chapter 8: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 8-1

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Project Location 8.3 Technology Options 8.4 No Project Scenario

Chapter 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING 9-1 9.1 Scope of EMP 9- 1 9.2 Worlc Plans and Schedules 9-1 9.2.1 Construction Phase 9-1 9.2.2 Operation Phase 9-4 9.3 Environmental Implementation and Training 9-6 9.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan 9-7 9.4.1 Monitoring Parameters 9-7 9.4.2 Monitoring Schedule 9-8 9.4.3 Resources and Implementation 9-10 9.5 Occupational Health and Safety 9-1 1 9.5.1 General Requirements 9-1 1 9.5.2 Workplace Environmental Quality 9-12 9.5.3 Work in Confined Spaces 9- 15 9.5.4 Hazardous Material Handling and Storage 9- 16 9.5.5 Training 9- 17 9.5.6 Record Keeping and Reporting 9-18

Chapter 10: RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 10-1

10.1 lntroduction 10.2 Power Plant Risks Assessment 10.3 Managing the Risks 10.4 Emergency Response Plan 10.4.1 Emergency Response Cell 10.4.2 Emergency Preparedness 10.4.3 Fire Fighting Services 10.4.4 Emergency Medical Services 10.4.5 Rescue Services 10.4.6 Security Services 10.4.7 Public Relations Services 10.5 Concluding Remarks Chapter 11: CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1 1.1 Environmental Policy 1 1.2 Environmental Management Manual 11.3 Environmental Management By EGCB 1 1.3.1 Environmental Aspects 1 1.3.2 Structure of Environmental Management Manual 1 1.3.3 Emergency Response Plan 1 1.4 Environmental Management Unit 1 1.5 Environmental Training 1 1.6 Integrated Environmental Management at Siddhirganj Power Complex

Chapter 12: PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

12.1 Introduction 12.2 Approach and Methods 12.3 Public Consultation 12.3.1 Focus Group Discussion 12.3.2 Individual Interviews with Key Informants 12.4 Consultation With Statutory Bodies and Non-Statutory Agencies 12.5 Findings 12.6 Recommendations

Chapter 13: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

13. I Conclusions 13.2 Recommendations

References Abbreviations

ADB - Asian Development Bank ANSI - American National Standard Institute BBS - Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BCA - Bangladesh Country Almanac BMD - Bangladesh Meteorological Department BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand BPDB - Bangladesh Power Development Board BRTC - Bureau of Research Testing and Consultation BUET - Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology BWDB - Bangladesh Water Development Board COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand CO - Carbon Monoxide DCS - Distributed Control System DESA - Dhaka Electric Supply Authority DESCO - Dhaka Electric Supply Company DGPS - Digital Global Positioning System DLN - Dry Low NO, DMDP - Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plant DND - Dhaka Narayanganj Demra DO - Dissolved Oxygen DOE - Department of Environment EA - Environmental Assessment ECR - Environment Conservation Rules EGCB - Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EM - Emergency Manager EMP - Environmental Management Plan EMS - Environmental Management System EMU - Environmental Management Unit E PZ - Export Processing Zone ERC - Emergency Response Cell ERP - Emergency Response Plan FGD - Focus Group Discussion GIs - Geographic Information System GOB - Government of Bangladesh GPS - Global Positioning System GT - Gas Turbine HYV - High Yielding Variety IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IPP - Independent Power Producer KI - Key Informant KII Key Informant Interviews NOX Oxides of Nitrogen OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PCB Poly Chlorinated Biphenyles PGCB Power Grid Company of Bangladesh PID Photo Ionization Detector PM Particulate Matter PRO Public Relations Officer QAIQC Quality Assurance I Quality Control REB Rural Electrification Board RMZ Regulatory Mixing Zone SIA Social Impact Assessment sox Oxides of Sulfur SPM Suspended Particulate Matter ST Steam Turbine TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon TSS Total Suspended Solids USDOT United States Department of Transportation USEPA United Stated Environmental Protection Authority Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

In order to increase the capacity of electricity production, the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, GOB has planned to establish a 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Peaking Power Plant at Siddliirganj with the financial assistance of the World Bank. The project site is a highly congested industrial area situated beside the Sitalakhya river. Moreover there exists a number of other Power Generation units in the vicinity of the project site all located within the Siddhirganj Power Generation Complex. The proposed project is therefore likely to have significant impacts on the surrounding environment, which has already undergone significant degradation due to the ongoing industrial and other a~itliropogeiiicactivities.

Accordiiig to tlie Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules ECR, 1997 (GOB, 1997, Schedule I), construction of a power plant project falls under the RED category. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) followed by Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) including Environmental Management Plan are required for these types of projects for getting enviroiimental clearance from the Department of Environment (DOE). According to the World Bank (1999) operational policy OP 4.01, this project has been classified as an Environmental Category A project, requiring an Environmental Assessment for the construction and operation of the project with recom~nendations for appropriate mitigation and management measures.

The Power Cell of tlie Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, GOB approached the Bureau of Research Testing and Consultation (BRTC), BUET for carrying out a detail environmental assessment of the construction and operation of the proposed power plant project. In accordance with the agreement with the Power Cell of tlie ministry, an Environmental Assessment (EA) of the proposed power plant project has been carried out, which included development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), covering both the construction and operational phases of the project. The detailed EA of the proposed 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant at Siddhirganj was co~iductedfollowing the guideline (GOB, 1997) of the Department of Environment (DOE) of GOB and the relevant operational policies (e.g., OP 4.01) of the World Bank, and in consultation with the Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh (ECCB) of Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB). 1.2 PROJECT OUTLINE

The major components of the proposed peaking power station at Siddllirganj include the following:

Plant facility comprising 2 gas turbines, generators and ancillary installations High voltage switcliyard comprising high voltage transformers and switchgear Security fencing and gatehouse Generator and Substation Control room, administration, amenities, and workshop Facilities, if necessary Fire protection tank, water tank and septic tank Sedimentation pond and associated earth bund and diversion drain Air compressor plant Switch room Emergency generator and transformers Evaporation pond to accommodate waste water discharges from the evaporative air inlet cooler Internal roads

The development will comprise two industrial gas turbines with the electricity generated fed into the 132 or 230 kV transmission network via a new switchyard on the project site that will include high voltage transformers and circuit breakers. Attached to each gas turbine will be an electrical generator that will generate electricity when rotated by the turbine. The generators will be assembled off site and delivered to the project site in one piece. There will be a black start generator, which is a diesel generator (enclosed in a container-like structure) used to start the plant or power auxiliaries under exceptional conditions when there are outages on the local distribution networks. Each gas turbine generator set would be connected to a switchyard operating at 230 kV. The high voltage switchyard will have the step-up transformers and switching equipment necessary to connect to the high voltage network. These transformers will be located in a switchyard adjacent to the existing 230 kilovolt lines running through the site with appropriate switchgear to ensure safe and reliable connection to the electricity network.

Natural gas will be the fuel for the gas turbines. To facilitate the extreme combustion conditions air has to be compressed and cooled prior to entry into the combustion chamber of the gas turbine. This requires a compressor attached to the turbine and an evaporative cooling unit. 1.3 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

As noted earlier, construction of a power plant project falls under the RED category of projects according to the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules 1997 (GOB, 1997). For projects under this category, it is mandatory to carry out Initial Enviro~nmental Examinatio~l (IEE) followed by Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) including Environ~ne~ltalManagement Plan for getting environmental clearance from the Department of Environment (DOE). However, since a detailed environmental assessment of the proposed project is being carried out, the DOE has exempted the IEE of the project (Memo No. DoE/Clearance/2341/2006/111dated 16 January 2007) in response to a request by the EGCB. Thus, as a regulatory requirement set forth in the Environment Conservation Rules 1997, a detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been carried out for the proposed 2x1 50 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant at Siddhirganj.

The proposed power plant project would be implemented with financial assistance from the World Bank. Since 1989, when the World Bank adopted "Operational Directive

(OD) 4.00 - Annex A: Environmental Assessment", environmental assessment (EA) has become a standard procedure for Bank financed investment projects. The directive was amended as OD 4.01 in 1991 and was converted into Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 (Annex-11) in 1999 (World Bank, 1999).

According to this policy, the primary responsibility for the EA process lies with the borrower. The Bank's role is to advise borrowers throughout the process and ensure that practice and quality are consistent with EA requirements and that the process is integrated effectively into project preparation and implementation. OP 4.01 provides the principles and procedures for implementing the EA process. It states that the purpose of EA is to improve decision making and to ensure that the project options under consideration are environmentally sound and sustainable. The OP further notes that the EA is a sufficiently flexible process to allow environmental issues to be addressed in a timely and cost-effective fashion during project preparation and implementation and to help avoid costs and delays due to unanticipated environmental problems. Guidance is also provided on consultation with and disclosure of information to affected groups and local non-government organizations.

As noted earlier, according to the World Bank (1999) operational policy OP 4.01, this project has been classified as an Environmental Category A project; Category A projects are those expected to have significant impacts that may be sensitive, diverse or unprecedented and require full EA. The terms of reference (Annex-I) prepared accordingly by the World Bank defines the scope of work and outlines the structure of the EA report.

World Bank's Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook (1998) has been consulted extensively particularly on air emission and wastewater discharge standards in assessing air and water quality impacts as well as noise level due to proposed plant construction and operation.

1.4 STUDY AREA

The Siddhirganj power generation complex is located on the western bank of Shitalakhaya River, just outside and to the east of metropolitan Dhaka, and north of Narayanganj (Fig. 1.1). The entire complex is completely enclosed, covers an area of about 88 acres and is owned by the Power Development Board (PDB). The administrative units of the areas surrounding the project site are shown in Fig. 1.2. The study area for the environmental assessment of the proposed power plant project covers an area within a 5 km radius boundary centering the project site and is shown in Fig. 1.2.

The Power Plant complex is located in the Siddhirganj Pourashava under Narayanganj Sadar Upazila within Latitude 23'41'14'' to 23'40'45" North and Longitude 90°30'50" to 90'31'47'' East. The study area (Fig. 1.2) includes parts of 4 Thanas under Narayanganj District namely Narayanganj Sadar, Bandar, Sonargaon, Rupganj and also some part of Demra Thana under Dhaka District. Surrounding localities of Power Siddhirganj Plant Complex include Siddhirganj, Adamjee Nagar and Sumil Para. Figure 1.1 : Map showing project location and its surroundings (Source: Banglapedia, 2003) : :Upazilla Boundary

-National Hlghway

WWUE W31UE WZVE WJLUE

Figure 1.2: Map showing the "study area" covering a 5-km radius area around tlie project site (Source: BCA, 2005) 1.5 OUTLINE OF METHODOLOGY

The major activities to be carried out as part of the environmental assessment may be summarized as follows:

Review of relevant literature on policy, legal and administrative framework focusing 011 environmental quality and discharge standards, health and safety issues, protection of sensitive areas and endangered species, land use controls, etc. Carrying out an environment baseline survey covering areas in and around the project site (i.e., the study area). Identification of major project activities, both during the construction and operational phases of the project Identification and prediction of environmental impacts of project activities on the surrounding environment, including cumulative impacts of the proposed power plant and the existing and ongoing (e.g., ADB funded power plant) projects / industries on selected environmental attributes. Identification of the most significant environmental and social impacts and suggestion of mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate negative impacts and to enhance positive impacts Arrangement of public consultation meetings to consult with potentially affected people. Development of Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) for both the construction and operational phases of the project Development of a Corporate Environmental Policy for the project authority regarding environmental protection and sustainability.

Analysis of alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, desiign, and operation. Identification of environmental and health risks associated with major accidents, natural disasters and external threats and recommendations of measures to reduce these risks. A quantitative risk assessment and characterization of individual hazards on human health was not performed due to the very limited time frame of this study and due to lack of pertinent data in the absence of a detailed feasibility study and design of the project.

A study team was constituted comprising specialists on various aspects for co:nducting the environmental assessment of the project. The list of team members is included in Annex-111. 1.6 REPORT STRUCTURE

This report presents the Environmental Assessment (EA) of the 2x1 50 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant to be constructed within the Siddhirganj Power Plant complex, with financial assistance from the World Bank. The EA, including a social impact assessment (SIA), has been carried out following the guideline (DOE, 1997) of tlie Department of Environment (DOE) and the World Bank's terms of reference developed for this project on the basis of operational policy OP 4.01 and the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook (1998).

The EA report has bee11 prepared and presented following the structure agreed up011 with the Power Cell and EGCB after submission of the Inception Report. It contains all the elements of an EIA report as suggested by the Department of Environment (DOE, 1997), along with some additional elements to suit tlie requirements of the present EA study.

Chapter 1 (Introduction) presents the background and a brief outline of the proposed power plant project. It provides a brief description of the policy and legal framework with regard to the environmental aspects of the project in the context of Bangladesh, where the regulatory requirement of conducting an environmental assessment of the proposed project has been discussed. The Chapter provides a brief description of the area covered by the present study and the methodology followed for environ~ne~ital assessment of the proposed project. Chapter 2 (Project Justification) presents an analysis on the justification of the project, with brief discussion on the present demand-supply situation and consequences of "no-project" scenario.

Chapter 3 (Description of the Proposed Project) provides a description of the different aspects of the proposed project, including project location, site develop~nentand construction activities, equipment and processes to be employed, electricity generation and transmission, gas transmission, water management, waste and emission management, fire fighting, and operation and maintenance.

An environmental baseline survey has been carried out within the study area as part of the present study. During the baseline survey, detailed information on the existing physical, ecological and socio-economic condition of the study area were collected. Chapter 4 (Existing Environment-Physical) provides a description of the existing physical environment of the study area. The elements of the physical environment of tlie study area that have been described here include climate, topography and drainage, geology and soils, hydrology and water resources, air quality, noise level, and water quality. Chapter 5 (Existing Environment-Ecological) describes the existing ecological environment, i~icludingthe terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem of the study area, and the presence of rare and endangered species. The existing socio-economic condition of the study area has been summarized in Chapter 6 (Existing Environment-Socio-economic). It provides description of the land use and utilities, demographic characteristics, education, employment and economics of the study area. It also briefly describes the industry, agriculture, public health and transport issues of the study area.

Chapter 7 (Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigatory Measures) describes the potential environmental impacts of the proposed power plant project and the mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate adverse impacts, along with measures to enhance positive impacts. For this purpose, the project activities has been divided into two phases - constructio~iphase and operation phase - and the major environmental impacts of the project activities during each phase have been identified. This Chapter then provides an evaluation of these potential environmental impacts and presents the suggested measures to reduce or eliminate adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts. An economic assessment of the impacts has also been presented at the end of the Chapter.

Chapter 8 (Analysis of Alternatives) provides an analysis of alternatives with respect to project location, technology options, cooling systems, and also a "no project" scenario.

Chapter 9 (Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring) presents the environmental management and monitoring plan for the proposed project, both during construction and operation phases. Among other issues, it addresses the detailed monitoring plan (including monitoring parameters, monitoring schedule and resource requirements), occupational health and safety issues and institutional arrangement. Chapter 10 (Risk Assessment and Management) identifies common risks in a power plant associated with accidents that may occur, natural disasters and external threats and outlines important measures to minimize those risks.

Chapter 1 1 (Corporate Environmental Management) presents a corporate environmental management plan, aimed at proper environmental management of power plants, following an appropriate environmental policy and management manual. Chapter 12 (Public Consi~ltations)presents the findings of various consultations carried out as part of the environmental assessment, including consultation with statutory and non-statutory bodies and public consultations. Finally, Chapter 13 (Conclusions and Recommendations) presents the conclusions and recommendations of this envirc~nrnental assessment study. Chapter 2 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh intends to provide affordable and reliable electricity to all citizens by 2020. According to the Power Cell of the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources of Bangladesh Government, at present electricity coverage in Bangladesh is only 38% and per capita electricity consumption is about 133 kwh, which is one of the lowest in the World (Power Cell, 2005). Despite some progress in reforming the power sector, Bangladesh's electrification ratio is still very low, providing access to electricity to only about a third of the population. Per capita generation is also very low, only about 155 kilowatt-hours (kwh) per capita per year, which is among the lowest rates in the world (Power Cell, 2005). The inadequate supply of electricity is a major constraint to economic growth in the country.

Consumption of electricity in Bangladesh grew at an average annual rate of 8.2% from fiscal year (FY) 1994 to FY2004 and is forecast to grow at an annual rate of about 8% for the following 10 years. The current dependable generating capacity of the country is about 3,950 megawatts (MW). During FY2005, load shedding in the range of above 1000 MW was resorted to on more than 250 days for a total duration of above1500 hours. During the months of August to November, 2006, load shedding in the range of 1000- 2500 MW per day was recorded almost every day (Power Cell, 2005).

Besides planned and forced outage of power generating units, one of the main reasons of such load shedding in the scale of one third to more than half the generating capacity of the country is the lack of adequate power generating units creating a mismatch between supply and demand. There is no alternative in this situation than to add more power generating units to the present power system. Bangladesh is facing an anticipated shortfall of about 2,500 -3,500 MW of generating capacity over the next 5 years. The Government envisions that overcoming this shortfall would be possible through implementing various sector reforms including those included in the Program. The pace of power sector development has to be accelerated in order to achieve overall economic development of the country.

Main components of power sector in electricity are generation, transmission and distribution. As power projects are capital intensive, developing adequate generation, transmission and distribution facilities to provide power to all is a challenge for Bangladesh.

2.2 DEMAND-SUPPLY SITUATION

Following is the present structure of power sector in Bangladesh: Owner and Regulator: Power Division, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources Generation: Bangladesh Power. Development Board (BPDB), Independent Power Producers IPPs), Power Generation Company, the Rural Power Company (RPC) and Captive Power Producers (CPP). Transmission: Bangladesh Power Development Board, Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Ltd. (PGCB) Distribution: Bangladesh Power Development Board, Dhaka Electricity Supply Authority (DESA), Dhaka Electric Supply Company Ltd. (DESCO) and Rural Electrification Board through Rural Electric Co-operatives.

Table 2.1 shows the present system condition of Bangladesh. Table 2.2 shows the generation mix and Table 2.3 shows the power consumption pattern.

Table 2.1 : Present power system condition of Bangladesh (source: Power Cell, 2005) 1 Installed capacity : 1 4230 MW -I Attainable capacity : 3300 MW Peak demand : More than 5000 MW Transmission lines (230 and 132 kv) 3730 km Grid sub-station capacity (132 and 66 kv) : 4054 MVA I 1 Distribution lines (33 kv and below) : 1 1,63,000 km 1 1 System load factor : 1 60% 1 1 System loss : 31% 1 Consumer number : 5.9 million Access to electricity : 30% of population %48Yo 1 Per capita consumption : 1 155 kwh 1 Table 2.2: Generation mix (Source: Power Cell, 2005) 7 Gas 87% Hydro 7% Liquid fuel 6%

Table 2.3: Distribution of power consumption (Source: Power Cell, 2005) 1 Industrial 44%

I I Others 7% I

According to the Power Cell, the Government issued its Vision and Policy Statement on Power Sector Reforms in February, 2000, with the following objectives:

1. Bringing entire country under electricity service by the year 2020 in phases. 2. Making the power sector financially viable and able to facilitate economic growth 3. Increasing the sector's efficiency 4. Making the sector commercial 5. Improving the reliability and quality of electricity supply 6. Using natural gas as the primary fuel for electricity generation 7. Increasing private sector participation to mobilize finance. 8. Ensuring reasonable and affordable price for electricity by pursuing least cost options. 9. Promoting competition among various entities

The Policy Statement includes the following on tlie power generation in tlie near future:

A. Under the "Private Sector Power Generation Policy", private power has been contracted, which is under operation B. Licenses have been issued to Small Power Plants under the "Policy Guidelines for Small Power Plants (SPP) in Private Sector" C. Existing Power Stations are being converted into corporate entities. D. Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh (EGCB) has been established to implement, own and operate the proposed 2x120 MW and 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plants at Siddliirganj and 360 MW combined cycle power plant at Haripur. E. Haripur 100 MW and Baghabari 170 MW Power Station have been converted into SBU F. Steps are to be taken to install new power plants under various mode of financing in their roadmap for year 2006-2008, power cell describes the following: Road Map for Time Frame: Year 2006-2008: D~~ringthis period, electricity demand is expected to grow at the rate of 8-10% per annum. As such, the demand is expected to rise to about 5,800 MW by 2008. Therefore, for reliable supply of power, the generation capacity would be raised to at least 7,000 MW with per capita consumption of 160 Kwh and access to electricity would rise to 48 %. T~LISabout 2,000 MW new generation addition would be needed to ensure adequate supply of electricity. Simultaneously about 850 km transmission line and about 45,000 km distribution line will have to be constructed for evacuation and distribution of power.

In the generation sector following is sought: New generation projects would be taken up to achieve the desired security of supply at generation level to be met at least cost and generation capacity would be sought through a mix of sources i.e. public, private, and public-private joint venture. Employlment of Private Sector resources in new generation will be encouraged. For public sector new generation, special attention would be given to good governance, efficient O&M and establish commercial environment.

2.3 CONSEQUENCES OF NO-PROJECT SITUATION

7I - here is no alternative than to add more power generating units to the existing power system of Bangladesh within a shortest possible time frame. This is due not only to meet the increase in demand, but also due to aging of the existing power generating units most of which will near their life cycle very shortly. Both, base load and peaking pllants are necessary to be added to the system, so that the whole system can run economically and efficiently. Technically peaking plants are necessary so that variation of electricity demand can be served with daily load curve of a power system. Chapter 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

3.1 PROJECT LOCATION

The Siddhirganj power generation complex is located on the western bank of Sitalakhya river, just outside and to the east of metropolitan Dhaka, and north of Narayanga~~j.The complex is located in Siddhirganj Pourashava under Narayanganj Sadar Upazila within Latitude 23'41'14'' to 23'40'45" North and Longitude 90'30'50" to 90'3 1'47" East. The entire complex is completely enclosed, covers an area of about 88 acres and is owned by the Power Development Board (PDB). The location of the Siddhirganj power generation complex, including the location of the proposed 2x1 50 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant is shown in Figures 3.la and 3.1 b. The GPS coordinate of the proposed plant site is Latitude 23'41 '3" North and Longitude 90'30'1" East.

The major existing infrastructures within the Siddhirganj complex include: A 210 MW steam turbine power plant: It produces 180-200 MW of electricity. The plant currently produces 44,60,400 KWHr electricity per day. A 50 MW stream turbine power plant: It is the oldest production unit currently producing about 30 MW of electricity. The Government has already planned to dismantle this plant and replace it with 2x120 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant with ADB financing. Two 132 KV Sub-stations. Gas reducing main station. A water treatment plant. Residential complex for almost 3000 people. A school located close to the site of the proposed 2x 150 MW plant. A mosque. A hospital, and Shops and some other common facilities that can be expected in a small township.

Figure 3.2 shows layout of the Siddhirganj power plant complex showing the major infrastructure within the complex. The 210 MW ST thermal power plant is located on the eastern side of the complex. The existing 50 MW ST plant is also located on the eastern side of the complex close to the bank of the Sitalakhya river (see Fig. 3.3). As noted earlier, this oldest production unit of the complex is going to be replaced by 2x120 MW gas turbine power plant with funding from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The site for the proposed 2x150 MW gas turbine power plant is the vacant land on the 1101-th- western corner of the complex (Fig. 3.4). The 132 KV sub-station is located on the eastern side of tlie proposed site (Fig. 3.5). A store yard is located to the south of the project site (Fig. 3.6). The backside boundary of the high school (Fig. 3.7) of the power plant complex is located just opposite to the 132 KV sub-station. The school boundary wall is about 200 ft (-60 m) away from the south-eastern boundary of the project site. Residential quarters (Fig. 3.7) are located to the east of the school and also to the south of tlie SC~OOI 011 the other side of the main road passing through the complex in the east-west direction. Because of the relatively close proximity of the school to tlie project site, the possible adverse impacts of noise to be generated during construction and operation phases of tlie proposed project is a significant concern and would be addressed in the EA in detail.

Figure 3. la: Satellite image showing location of project site (Image Source: Google Earth)

Fig~rre3.lb: Satellite image showing location of proposed 2xl50MW plant within the Siddliirganj power plant complex (Image Source: Google Earth)

Figure 3.3: The Team of Consultants having a discussion with EGCB and Siddhirganj plant officials in front of the existing 50 MW ST

Figure 3.4: The Team of Consultants along with EGCB and Siddhirganj plant officials taking a look at the proposed site for the 2x1 50 MW GT power plant Figure 3.5: The 132 KV sub-station adjacent (to the east) to the site of the proposed power plant

Figure 3.6: A view of the school yard, store yard is located to the south of the project site Figure 3.7: A view of tlie high scliool and the residential buildings located close to the project site

There are plans to establish the following power generation facilities within the Siddhirga~ijcomplex: (1) The WB funded 2 x 150 MW gas turbine (GT) power plant will be established in tlie area (see Fig. 3.1 b) adjacent to the main road on the west side of the complex. (2) The ADB funded 2 x 120 MW gas turbine (GT) power plant will be established in place of the old 50 MW steam turbine (ST) plant (which will be dismantled) near tlie Sitalakhya river on the east side of the complex. On 31 January 2007, an agreement has been signed between the Electricity Generation Company (EGCB), an enterprise of Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), and Bharat Heavy Electric Company Limited (BHEL) for the establishment of two power plants, each with a capacity of 120 MW. The project will be financed jointly by the Bangladeshi government and Asian Development Bank while KEMA international, a Dutch company, will work as a technical consultant, EGCB sources said. The project is expected to be completed by 2008 at a cost of 162 million US dollar. (3) There are plans to add 2 x 2 10 MW STs next to an existing 210 MW ST plant to east side of the complex.

The WB and ADB financed projects are likely to be constructed and become operational at about tlie same time, and will be managed and maintained by the same entity. On the east side across the river and within 2-3 km radius, there are three other gas fired power plants (see Fig. 3.8). These include: (i) the AES Haripur 360 MW power plant, located about 1 km downstream of the Siddhirganj site (Fig. 3.9); (ii) the PDB 99 MW gas turbine power plant, which will soon be upgraded to 400 MW with funding from JBIC; and (iii) the NEPC barge mounted 1x1 10 MW power plant (Fig. 3.10). Besides, there is a wooden board making factory located in between the AES Haripur and tlie PDB power plant, known for its high emission of fine particulates that clogged the air intake filters of the PDB plant in the past. The site of the recently closed-down Adamjee Jute Mill is located immediately along the southern boundary of the Siddliirga~ijplant complex, which is now being converted into a Special Economic Zone. On tile northern side, there is a steel re-rolling mill, and also a couple of brick kilns. There are numerous other small and medium industries within and around the Siddhirganj area.

To the immediate west, along the boundary of the Siddliirganj complex is the Demra- Narayanga~ijroad constructed on the embankment of an irrigation canal. The whole Siddhirganj area is quite densely populated like most peri-urban areas around Dhaka. The Sitalakhya river immediately to the east of the complex is used as a major waterway. It is also the main source of water for all the industrial activities in the Siddhirganj area, including the power plants. Available information suggests that flooding of the power plants is not yet a major concern.

Major access to the site is by the Dhaka to Chittagong Highway. Demra to Narayanganj Regional highway connects the power plant site to the national highway. Heavy equipment, machinery and materials could be transported to site (preferably during wet season) by low draft barge that can gain access to the jetty located on the eastern side of the power plant complex on the bank of the Sitalakhya river (see Fig. 3.1 1). The heavy equipment could be skidded off on to the jetty and from there to the project site by the handling contractors using conventional method. Since similar heavy loads have already been transported from the jetty to locations within the complex for tlie existing 210 MW steam turbine power station, transportation should not be a problem. Handling contractors with practical experience of transporting and handling similar types of loads and equipment are available in Bangladesh. For normal light loads and personnel access to the project site, roads already exist in the complex. Burge Mounted Private Power Plant

Plant

Figure 3.8: Locations of power plants on the other side (eastern bank) of the Sitalakhya river (Image Source: Google Earth)

Figure 3.9: A view of the CDC Globeleq 360 MW CCPP power plant on the eastern bank of Sitalakhya river Figure 3.10: A view of the NEPC barge mounted 1x1 10 MW power plant on the eastern bank of the Sitalakhya river

Figure 3.1 1 : The jetty of the Siddhirganj power plant complex located along the western boundary of the complex on the bank of the Sitalakhya river 3.2 SITE DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION

Detailed sub-soil investigation will have to be carried out for preparing detailed engineering plans for site development. However, available data suggest that site developmelit might involve filling the site, which is swampy in nature.

It is expected that the construction of the proposed power plant will require heavy plant equipment to be delivered to the site. The main components, being the gas turbine, generator and transformers, will be assembled overseas and delivered to the site using sea and river routes. The remaining plant and equipment will be erected at the site. The site is sufficiently large to permit lay down areas and parking within the site on existing cleared paddoclcs during civil works to prepare the site.

3.3 EQUIPMENT AND PROCESSES

General components of the proposed peaking power station project include the following:

(A) Plant facility comprising 2 gas turbines, generators and ancillary plant: (B) High voltage switchyard comprising high voltage transformers and switchgear. (C) Security fencing and gatehouse. (D) Generator and Substation Control room, administration, amenities, and workshop facility if necessary (E) Fire protection tank, water tank and septic tank. (F) Sediinentation pond and associated earth bund and diversion drain (G) Air compressor plant (H) Switch room (I) Emergency generator and transformers (J) Evaporation pond to accommodate waste water discharges from the evaporative air inlet cooler (K) Constructioii of internal roads

Brief descriptions of some of the major components and their main requirements are described below:

Gas Fired Power Station The developnient will comprise four industrial gas turbines with the electricity glenerated fed into the 230 kV transmission network via a new switchyard on the Site that will include high voltage transformers and circuit breakers. Gas Turbine The type of gas turbine selected will be determined by the main purpose of the Power Station Project which is to meet peaking demand only or peaking and continuous demand both. In either case a turbine that can handle intermittent and continuous operation will be required with a high number of starts and stops and which will be reliable. The plant will run during high peak times and also during off peak time if necessary. As a result it is essential that multiple gas turbines are installed to increase reliability. The plant is intended to operate during peak demand periods, but shall be capable of full continuous operation at base load over the ambient temperature range up to 40 degrees Celsius and continue to operate at temperatures outside this range. E class industrial turbines are best suited to this type of duty. Other types of gas turbines can be used for power generation. Combined cycle gas turbine facilities are more suited to intermediate or base load operation while aero derivative turbines do not have sufficient capacity to meet the requirement. The gas turbines will already be largely assembled when they are transported to the Site. Each gas turbine generator unit will consist mainly of three heavy lift items namely the gas turbine, generator and high voltage transformer. In each gas turbine generator, air will be drawn in through filters to remove particulate matter and be compressed. Following compression the air will flow into the combustion cllambers where natural gas will be injected and burnt, increasing the temperature to approximately 1100 - 1200 degrees Celsius. Figure 3.12 shows schematic of an open cycle gas turbine engine.

Fuel 4 Combustion I m--J-lChamber

Electrical Power Output

I + @Fresh Air @ Exhaust Gases

Figure 3.12: Schematic of an Open Cycle Gas Turbine Engine

The combustors will have to feature Dry Low NO, (DLN) technology to produce very low NO, emissions. The combustion products from the combustion chambers will enter the turbine area and expand to atmospheric pressure, reducing in temperature to around 550 degrees Celsius. As the gas will expand, it will drive each turbine, which in turn will drive the compressor and an electrical generator. From the turbine, the heated exhaust gases will pass through a silencer unit and will be discharged through a stack. The height of the exhaust stacks will be a maximum of 35m with attached ancillary plant and buildings up to 20m in height.

The gas turbine shall be contained within a suitable weatherproof acoustic enclosure. A suitable proven ventilation system shall be provided for the enclosure to avoid daingerous accumulation of any gas leakage. The enclosure must be fitted with all necessary walkways, lighting and other necessary accessories to ensure ease of maintenance.

Each gas turbine has to be provided with on load and off load compressor blade cleaning system. The gas turbines have to be provided with proven proprietary governor systems. This will monitor and protect the turbine from over speed, high vibration, high bearing temperature and other abnormal conditions.

Natural gas for the turbines will be supplied by gas main trunk or the Gas Pipeline, which run through the site. A metering and control facility will be required at the connection with each of the gas pipelines. 'The new pipelines connecting the power statioln to the existing pipelines will be located underground.

An air inlet system has to be provided with inlet air filter, inlet ducting, silencer and engine drying system.

Electrical Generator Attached to each gas turbine will be an electrical generator that will generate electricity whe11 rotated by the turbine. The generators are large items of plant, assembled off site and delivered in one piece. Generators shall be of three phase, 50 Hz cylindrical rotor, turbo generator type, with direct cooling by closed circuit air system Generators should be of design having factor of safely at 20 per cent over speed of not less than 1.5 per unit based upon the 0.2 per cent proof stress. Generators and their excitation systems shall operate stably at all loads up to peak reserve capability when connected to the HV transmission system. They shall operate satisfactorily in parallel with other units connected to the supply system. Generators shall be capable of continuous operation over a frequency range between -5 percent to +3 percent of nominal with a voltage variation of +5 percent or -5 percent occurring simultaneously. The maximum continuous rating should the fill1 load 0.8 pf lagging to .95 pf lagging and have SCR greater or equal to 0.5. Eacli generator will be complete with an excitation system permitting adequate stability i~nderall steady state and transient conditions. The generators will be connected to the existing high voltage system by means of individual generator transformer. Generating voltage will be at the discretion of tlie manufacturer but sliould lie between 1 1 to 14KV.

Black start generator This is a diesel generator (enclosed in a container-like structure), which is used to start tlie plant or power auxiliaries under exceptional conditions when there are outages 011 the local distribution networks.

Transformers The electrical transformers step the voltage from the generator 230 kilovolts. These transformers will be located in a switchyard adjacent to the existing 132 or 230 kilovolt lines running through the Site with appropriate switchgear to ensure safe and reliable connection to the electricity network. Besides main unit transformers, auxiliary transformers of various ratings will be necessary to supply the auxiliaries of the plant. Each generator transformer has to have an on load tap changer 011 the HV side. The tap changer will be specified to permit normal operation of the generator at normal voltage over the full real and reactive power capability of the generator when the HV bus bar voltage varies between 105 percent and 95 percent of the normal voltage. Under start up and normal running conditions the tap changer will be manually controlled from the power station control room. When the generator circuit breaker is open, an automatic voltage regulator shall be employed to control the auxiliary system voltage. Any such device should be automatically switched out of service following synchronization.

Start Up Supplies: In order to provide maximum security and flexibility for maintenance, two types of supplies, unit and station supplies have to be installed. Station supplies are those the loss of which would not affect the electrical output from the power station for a considerable time. Unit supplies are those associated with the running of a unit the loss of which would immediately affect the electrical output from the generating unit.

All motors with rating greater than 200 KW should be connected to medium (I IKV) voltage system. Motors up to 200 KW should be connected to low (41 5V) voltage system. Medium and Low Voltage systems will require unit auxiliary transformers which will be fed from the generator side of the generator transformer. Each unit auxiliary transformer will be rated to supply 100 percent of the power station auxiliary load.

In order to maintain supplies to important unit instrumentation and control during fault conditions, an LVAC supply system fed by Static Inverter Based UPS from the station dc system has to be provided. This essential supply system will be provided on a unit basis so that a failure on one system will not affect more than one unit. To guard againsit loss of an inverter or loss of dc supply of the inverter, the essential instrument supply system will be provided with an alternative ac supply from the low voltage unit system via a back up transformer and static switch.

Protections to Electrical Systems: Each gas fired power plant has to have following protection schemes: Generator protection Generator differential protection, Voltage controlled over current, Generator Stator Earth fault Protection (instantaneous and DMT), Generator negative phase sequence, Asynchronous running and pole slipping, Reverse power protection, Rotor earth fault, under frequency and over voltage protection and Generatorlunit and auxiliary transformer protection.

Side by side with proper relaying for above mentioned protections, reliable switchgears of appropriate type and from recognized manufacturer for LV. MV and HV systems must be instal led.

Control Equipment A distributed control system (DCS) should be in place to act as a general purpose backbone for the control structure providing all control, monitoring and display and alarm functions for the plant. The DCS will be physically and functionally segregated. Ancillaries associated with DCS should include:

A. Data Acquisition System, B. Protection, C. Gas Turbine governor, D. Gas Turbine Protection and tripping, E. Turbine Supervisory Equipment, F. Remote Monitoring and Control, G. Ancillaries, H. Electrical System, I. Telecommu~iicationSystem, J. Load Dispatch Communication, K. Public Address System, L. Station Clock System and M. Switchgear and Relay Controls.

Ancillary Equipment Natural gas will be the fuel for the gas turbines. To facilitate the extreme combustion conditions air has to be compressed and cooled prior to entry into the combustion chamber of the gas turbine. This requires a compressor attached to the turbine and an evaporative cooling unit.

High Voltage Switchyard Each gas turbine generator set would be connected to a switchyard operating at 230 kV. The high voltage switchyard will have the step-up transformers and switching equipment necessary to connect to the high voltage network.

The switchyard is proposed to be located adjacent to the power station site with a transmission line connection to the existing transmission line traversing the site. During the Connection Application process the switchyard could be re-located to adjacent to the point of connection with the existing transmission lines. The location of the switchyard will be dependant on network issues, detailed design and cost.

Project Cost Estimate The proposed peaking power plant at Siddhirganj will be implemented at a cost of Tk. 15,575.792 million (1 US$ = Tk. 70), of which Tk. 11,184.625 million will be financed by World Bank. The rest of the amount will be borne by the government of Bangladesh. The details of cost break down are not available as no feasibility study done for this project.

3.4 ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION

The proposed peaking plant at Siddhirganj is supposed to be gas turbine based generator which would evacuate power to the under construction 230 KV transmission line through the grid substation owned by the Power Grid Company Bangladesh. In either case the power has to be taken to the grid substation via overhead transmission lines of appropriate voltage and power level or via underground power cables or appropriate voltage level and capacity. In case underground power cable be used for the power evacuation to the grid, switchgear selection will be of gas insulated type which in the long run will incur higher installation cost. The possibility of overhead line for the power evacuation to the grid line should be carried out in the technical feasibility study together with the load flow, stability study, fault study and reliability analysis. This is necessary to determine whether present and under construction grid substation and the transmission line will be adequate enough to handle the power generated by the peaking plants or new grid substation, transmission lines or extension of existing and under construction grid substation and translnission lines is necessary.

The gas supply to the proposed peaking power plants (one of this study and the others on the river bank) at present can be tapped from the existing gas line coming from the gas grid junction at Narsingdi which is connected with Ashuganj -Monohardi line and also to the Demra-Rupganj line from Bakhrabad. If the gas availability from these grid line be found to be inadequate, construction of the proposed gas lines from Ashuganj to Meghnaghat from Bakhrabad and Ashugnaj to Aminbazar through Monohordi and Dhanua be expedited and completed before the completion and coming into operation of these peaking plants at Siddhirganj. This is also necessary for the Meghna Ghat Phase 2 power station and any further expansion of Haripur Power Station in the near future.

3.5 GAS TRANSMISSION LINE FOR POWER GENERATION

From discussions held with Petrobangla and Titas Gas it appears that the gas supply required for the Peaking Plant gas turbines (and for other planned generation projects at this site) is dependant on both planned increase in national gas productilon and improvements in the gas transmission pipeline system that have been given governmental approval and is likely to receive appropriate finance. At present the Siddhirganj power station site is served by two gas pipelines: (1) A 14" diameter gas pipeline from Demra. This line is fairly old (circa 1960) and has no spare capacity and (2) A 20" diameter high pressure gas pipeline from Narsingdi to the Titas Gas station at Siddhirganj.

Provided sufficient gas supplies are made available, a separate, suitably sized, metered and pressure regulated gas connection will be arranged in the existing Titas Gas station at the Siddhirganj Power Station complex for the new Peaking Plant. Present Bangladesh Regulations dictate that the maximum gas pressure allowed for this supply will be 150 psig. This will necessitate the provision of gas compressors to raise the gas pressure to that required by the Peaking Plant gas turbines. The gas compressors will be situated within the boundaries of the Peaking Power Plant site. From an agreed terminal point within the Titas Gas compound the gas supply pipe will be routed via existing pipe racks to the Peaking Power plant. The selected Contractor will be responsible for the: supply, erection, support, cleaning and commissioning of the interconnecting gas pipeline. Fuel for the gas turbine unit of the proposed peaking power plant is natural gas to be supplied by the Titas Gas Transmission and Distribution Co. Titas is the only distributor of gas in the project area, a state run company that sells gas to BPDB at a price dictated by the Government. The tariff is subject to cliange from time to time, the current price being Tk. 70 per MCF. No standby fuel for tlie proposed power station is contemplated.

At present there is a 20-inch gas transmission line from Baklirabad to Demra. Then there is a 14 inch dia Tee-off line from Dewanbagh which provides fuel gas to Haripur 100 MW GT power station. For the proposed Siddhirganj Power Plant Project as well as for BPDB 360 MW Haripur Combined Cycle Power Plant project, Titas Gas Transmission Co. Ltd (GTCL) is planning to construct a 30 inch dia 1000 psi transmission line from Bakhrabad to Siddhirgarij. A new 16-inch dia 1000-psi branch line is proposed to be constructed upto Titas's Valve Station (VS) near the Haripur Power Plant Complex. Titas proposes to construct a 20 inch dia 350 psi branch line to provide fuel gas to the 360 MW Haripur Combined Cycle Power Plant Project on payment by BPDB. They have committed to build this by 2009. Figure 3.13 sliows a sketch of tlie existing as well the planned gas piping system.

- -1 , Ashugam) Gas --~- 3 AGMS ' Manllol Station ?I L~:-I-~~~ :A:: -:=-:. ! !!~~.---. 2, (IOOMMCFD

! Joydevpur i Narshingdi Manllold Station i

pipT--pNSD 1.. . -- ra.0-- ... .. 'L- - Tibr 20.0 , - I i 30.0

Ghorashal Ghaashal UFL UFL I -- BKB 1 ~akhrabad GF Ga5 Fleld

MPN 'A I 'A - 650MW I SPS 1 ::i. . . -- ..L.:ll:L2 ae=:1

!-.,-a ~ - Phase I 26.0 1I0MW Siddhlrgaj NEPC ' ~ -~ CGS - , - ~ Saw ~ : CTS 5 .--..~.~~ - - - ~~ - . ~ Field - \ NG - COC I 350prl ' 360MW 20.0 - L ---A Narayangan) Harip", Lorn1 Dl.,rlbutl~n

Figure 3.13: Natural gas pipe systems in and around Siddhirganj Power Plant 3.6 WATER MANAGEMENT

The potable water supply system at the Siddhirganj power plant is based on groundwater extracted through deep tubewells. Water from the Sitalakhya is used as cooling water for the existing 210 MW ST power plant after treatment at the water treatment plant located within the complex. Water required during both the construction and operation phases of the project will come from extension of existing water supply system at the complex. During operation phase, water will be required at the site for processes within the power plant, for human consumption, and for fire fighting. In the power plant, water will be used in evaporative inlet air coolers, producing a small waste stream which will be directed to an evaporation pond.

3.7 WASTE AND EMISSION MANAGEMENT

Wastes generated during the construction phase of the project include construction debris and wastes (e.g., scrap iron, steel, wooden frames, piping) and some other solid wastes (e.g., from labour sheds), human wastes from people working at the project site (e.g., from labour sheds), and some liquid waste from construction processes. Emissions would include those from the operations of construction equipment and machineries, vehicles carrying construction materials to the site and taking construction debris out of the site. If construction equipment, such as stone (aggregate) crushers are used at the site, this may result in significant emission of particulate matter during its operation. Since construction of the proposed power plant project would most likely involve significant earthworks, increase in particulate matter in the air from wind-blown dust is also a concern, especially considering the close proximity of the high school (and also the residential area) to the project site. Noise pollution from movement of vehicles and operation of construction equipment is also a concern for the same reason.

'The proposed 2xl50MW Gas Turbine Power Plant is a relatively cleaner technology for electricity production. Emission from the plant is expected to produce minimal irnpact on the surrounding environment (air) other than temperature. As noted earlier, in the power plant, water will be used in evaporative inlet air coolers, producing a small waste stream which will be directed to an evaporation pond. The appropriately designed wastewater disposal facilities (septic tank system) of the proposed power plant will take care of the human wastes to be generated within the plant. It should be noted that the human wastes generated within the complex (e.g., from residential buildings, schools, power plant offices and other facilities within the complex) are disposed through septic tank system; while the sullage is disposed off directly into the Sitalakhya river. Solid wastes, e.g., those from offices of the power plant, to be generated during the operation of the power plant would not be significant and should be handled locally.

Management of wastes and emissions generated during the construction and operation phases of the project is a very important issue, details of which have been discussed in Chapter 7 of this report. In general, construction debris and other solid wastes generated at the construction site should not be mixed with the domestic solid wastes generated within the Siddhirganj complex; these solid wastes should be handled separately. It should be the responsibility of the Contractor to properly store these wastes at the project site and then dispose them off in an appropriate manner (e.g., in a municipal landfill/waste dumping ground) outside the complex. Human wastes, e.g., those generated in the labour sheds, should be appropriately disposed off, e.g., through construction of septic tank system. Appropriate measures, as detailed in Chapter 7, should be taken to minimize generation of air pollutants during construction phase of the project. Such measures may include, among others, controlled movement of vehicles and operation of equipment considering school hours, covering of construction materials (e.g., sand) and keeping exposed land surface wet to limit wind-blown dust concentration, no or limited operation of equipment producing excessive noise during school hours and late at night, etc. Measurement of air quality and noise level during both construction and operation phases would also be part of the waste and emission management scheme (see details in Chapter 7).

3.8 FIRE FIGHTING AND PROTECTION SYSTEM

Appropriate fire fighting and protection system should be designed and constructed for the proposed power plant. Standard local (e.g., Bangladesh National Building Code) and international codes should be followed for this purpose. Regular checking and monitoring of the fire fighting should be carried out during operation phase of the project; fire drills should be carried out at regular interval.

3.9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

The actual operating times of the power station will be largely dependant on supply and demand conditions in the electricity market. For peaking use typically this will occur during morning and afternoon peak periods in summer and winter. However the power station is required to be available to operate at any time shouid it be required to respond to system emergency or security situations. Economically, the power station is very unlikely to increase its operation to intermediate or base load operation due to the high operating costs of the facility and the low efficiency. Chapter 4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT: PHYSICAL

4.1 INTRODUCTION

As part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the 2x1 50 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant project, an environmental baseline survey was carried out in areas surrounding the project site. The specific objectives of the baseline study were to gather information on the existing physical environment, biological-ecological environment, and socio-economic environment of the areas in and around the project site; to gather and assess peoples' perception on different aspects of the proposed in and around the project area. The baseline survey report provides a detailed description of the existing conditions of physical, biological as well as socio-economic environment in and around the project area.

This Chapter describes the existing physical environment of areas in and around the project site based on the baseline survey and other studies (e.g., water quality, air and noise level measurements) carried out as a part of the present study. Relevant information on climate, topography and drainage, geology and soils, hydrology and water resources, air quality, noise level, and water quality have been described in this Chapter. Additional infor~nationon the existing physical environment of the project site could be found in the baseline survey report, which is being submitted along with the EIA report.

4.2 CLIMATE

Bangladesh is located at the central part within the Asiatic monsoon region where the climate is tropical. Relatively small size of the country and generally low-lying area cause moderate variation in terms of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and wind speeds.

The region has a tropical climate. There are two marked seasons: the rainy seasons from May to October, during which more than 85% of the total annual rainfall occurs and the dry season from November to April. The beginning of the rainy season vary from year to year, heavy rains may commence anywhere between mid April and early June and may end anywhere between the end of September and mid November. As there is no meteorological station available near the site, spatial climatic analysis using ArcGIS 9.1 has been done to assess climatic condition of the study area. Different meteorological data like rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and wind speeds are described in the following sub-sections.

Precipitation The general pattern of precipitation (which consists entirely of rain) follows the monsoon pattern with the cooler, drier months of November to March, increasing rains in April and May and highest rainfall in the summer months of June to September when the prevailing wind direction from the southwest brings moisture laden air from Bay of Bengal. Average monthly rainfall values for the study area are given in Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1.

Table 4.1: Rainfall characteristics of the study area, 1990-2004

JanFebMar AprMay Jun Jul Aug Sep OctNov Dec Annual Total

Average rainfall (mm) 7 23 5412927340244036127916338 7 2174 Averagerainydaypermonth 2 2 5 9 14 18 23 21 17 9 3 0

Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department; Bangladesh Water Development Board

Climatic Chart for Dhaka

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 averaae Precipitation lmml - - average max temp - - -average min temp -average mean temp 1

Figure 4.1: Monthly average temperature (mean, max, min) and average rainfall (Source: BCA, 2005) A nzbierzt A ir Tenzperat~ire The temperature of the country has the relationship with the period of rainfall. In general, cool seasons coincide with the period of lowest rainfall. Table 4.2 shows the monthly average mean, maximum and minimum temperature of the project area. Maximum average temperature of 28.7"C was observed in May and minimum average temperature was 18.7"C in January. Figure 4.1 shows monthly average mean temperature, minimum temperature and maximum temperature for the project area.

Table 4.2: Temperature, Humidity, Rainfall and others for project area, 1990-2004. Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec A.T Mean Temp ("C) 18.721.425.9 28.3 28.7 28.6 28.3 28.5 28.527.423.919.9 25.7

- -- Max Temp ("C) 25.328.032.0 33.4 32.9 31.6 31.0 31.3 31.531.329.126.2 30.3 - Min Temp ("C) 12.1 14.819.7 23.2 24.5 25.5 25.6 25.8 25.523.6 18.613.6 21.0

Humidity (%) 73.868.469.973.9 79.1 84.6 86.2 85.294.881.477.075.579.1

Average Wind Speed (kmlday)45.658.499.8159.5 146.4150.6146.4130.694.8 55.040.437.4 9'7.1 - Max Wind Speed (kmlday) 222 534 445 623 623 845 533 801 623 1157712 489633.9

Min Wind Speed (kmlday) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sunshine (Hours) 7.1 7.7 7.7 7.6 6.5 4.3 3.7 4.4 4.8 6.8 7.4 7.3 6.3

Solar Radiation (MJlm2ld) 14.717.219.3 20.9 19.8 16.3 15.7 16.3 15.9 16.5 15.213.9 116.8- Evaporation (mmld) 2.4 3.0 4.2 4.9 4.7 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.5 2.9 2.4 3.6- Allii~lde:8 me/er(s) above MSL; Source: BCA 2005

Relative Humidity As would be expected, humidity during the wet season is significantly higher, as shown in Table 4.2 than those occurring at other times of the year. Maximum relative humidity for the project area is found as 94.8% in the month of September, whereas minimum relative humidity is 68.4% in the month of February.

Wind Speeds and Direction The predominant wind directions at the project site are from the south and southeast. From November to February the wind directions are from north to northeast and from March to October it is from south to southeast. It can be observed from Table 4.2. that the maximum wind speed prevails during the month of October, which is 11 57 kmlday. 4.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE

For engineering design and construction it is essential to have a detailed map of the study area. In this connection a topographic survey was conducted (see Fig. 4.2) in the area within and around the proposed site. Modern survey instruments including Total Station, Automatic Levels, DGPS, etc. were used for surveying. Topographic information from the survey was processed using computer packages including Prolink, Liscad and Autocivil. Data were also imported to CAD platform in AutoCad package. Following outputs were produced from topographic surveying and computer based processing: Topographical Details Contour map of the Proposed Site 3D map of the Proposed Site Cut and Fill Depth-Volume Curve

Figure 4.3 shows the contour map of the project site. To determine the filling required to establish the plinth above flood level, an assessment of the fill volume was made on the basis of depth-fill volume curve, which is presented in Figure 4.4 (a and b) with 3-D view of the proposed site. Total area of the project site is 30,003 sq.m. with average ground level of 6.46m at the project site. It is worthy to mention that the Maximum Flood Level at the location is 6.93m (observed in 1998, which is considered as the historical maximum; see Table 4.6).

Figure 4.2: Topographic survey being carried out at the project site

4-4 1 Boundary Wall

DEP \RTLIEhT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT SIDDHIRGONJ WWER STATIC1V B,_ ,,,,r~le"rd, e.,//* ~IC.I,.I&IY,,,B~TU>

s,r,iyal,t~rrxill,, \~l~i.id~l,~~~lu.rr,klr l

Figure 4.3 Contour map of the project site 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Level Above Datum (6.5m PWD)

Figure 4.4a: Fill volume vs. depth of filling required

Figure 4.4b: A 3D contour elevation of the proposed project site [GPS coordinates of point "A" is 23'41'9" IV and 90°30'54" E] There are two drainage canals in Siddhirganj power plant complex for the disposal of water used in tlie power plants for cooling. The canal in the north disposes cooling water used in the 50 MW power plant and that in the south disposes off the cooling water after use in the 210 MW plant. At present, sullage generated in the plant premises is disposed off in the Sitalakhya along with the storm water through a drainage canal located near the middle (between the north and the south canals) of the plant area.

4.4 GEOLOGY AND SOILS

4.4.1 Geology

Geology of Bangladesh is generally dominated by poorly consolidated sediments deposit over tlie past 10,000 to 15,000 years (Holocene age). The geology of the study area consists of Quaternary deltaic sediments, which have been strongly influenced by tectonic movements on deep-seated faults. The area lies on a tectonic block, which has been uplifted relative to the surrounding areas. Tile soil profile of the study area consists of about 12m thick clay deposit followed by sand, clay and progressively coarser sand as depth increases (Brammer, 1996). Figure 4.5 shows the lithology of a bore log at Godnail, Narayanganj. In terms of crop production, the soils of Bangladesh can be categorized into three main classes: floodplain, terrace and hill soils. The proposed site is on a floodplain or alluvial soils. This type of soil mainly comprises sandy barns and sandy clay barns and tends to be gray to dark gray in poorly drained basins and brown on higher and better drained land.

With specific reference to the proposed power plant project site, the soil is light to medium gray, fine sandy to clayey silt. It is poorly stratified, of average grain sizle, which decreases while moving away from the main river channel. cn wffff mmw Y c?x~?~~g w 5 g w cn 4.4.2 Soils

The proposed site is located in a heavy industrialized area in the Narayanganj district. The proposed plot is surrounded by 132 KV Sub-stations on one side, the school on another side and the plant boundary wall on other two sides. The land has been left unused since the commencement of the power plant at Siddhirganj.

The proposed site is a part of the lower Meghna River floodplain as per the national classification. In this region, the soil is predominantly silty with silty loams on ridges and silty clay loams in depressions. Some evidence of calcareous alluvium and both calcareous and non-calcareous grey floodplain soils have been reported.

To assess the present soil condition with respect to heavy metal concentrations, soil samples were collected from three different locations within the site at shallow depths, from about 0.1 5 m below the surface, using split spoon. The soil samples of two split spoons were compared for sampling. Then parts of the samples were stored in small plastic container for testing in the laboratory. The sample bottles were properly labeled with the information on the sampling location, depth of sample, date and time of collection. The samples were then stored in coolers for shipment to the laboratory.

A total extraction of heavy metal from soil samples following the USEPA guidelines were performed to determine the heavy metal contents of the subsurface soil. Table 4.3 shows the heavy metal contents of per kilogram of sample collected from the proposed site.

Table 4.3: Heavy metal content of the soil samples at the proposed site SI. No. Parameters Unit North Center South 1 Cadmium, Cd mglkg <1 <1 <1 2 Chromium, Cr mglkg 33.6 31.3 32.4 3 Iron, Fe mglkg 32 10 35 10 3400 4 Lead, Pb mglkg 43.1 47.6 41.9 5 Copper, Cu mglkg 60.8 54.5 13.1 6 Zinc, Zn mglkg 134.8 119 122.2 7 Mercury, Hg mglkg

The average concentrations of different heavy metals usually found in the natural soils along with their ranges are given in the following table (Table 4.4). It shows that the heavy concentrations of the soil samples collected from the proposed site are well within the usual ranges, however, average lead and copper contents of all the soil samples are above the corresponding average concentrations found in the natural soils. Table 4.4: Heavy metal contents of natural soil SI. No. Parameter Unit Range Average 1 Cadmium, Cd mg/kg 0.1 - 0.7 0.6 2 Chromium, Cr mglkg 1 - 1000 100 3 Lead, Pb mg/kg 2 - 200 10 4 Copper, Cu mg/kg 2 - 100 30 5 Zinc, Zn mglkg 100 - 300 5 0 6 Mercury, Hg mglkg 0.0 1 - 0.30 0.03 Source: USEPA OfJlce of Solid Wasler & Emergency Response, Hazardous Wasle Land Trealmenl, SW-874 (April 1983, Page 273)

For getting a quick assessment of the heavy metal content of the bottom sediment, a grab sample of the bed sediment was collected from the river bed and was analyzed at the laboratory to determine the concentrations of seven heavy metals. Table 4.5 shows the results of the analysis. Table 4.5 shows that the heavy metal contents of the bed sediment are well below those of the soil samples collected from the proposed site.

Table 4.5: Heavy metal contents of bed sediment of the Sitalakhya River S1. No. Parameters Unit Concentration Present 1 Cadmium, Cd mgkg

4.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES

River Network The river Sitalakhya on the eastern side of the proposed power plant is a distributary of the Jamuna via the old Brahmaputra. The river Balu flowing from north of greater Dhaka meets Sitalakhya at Demra, about 2 km upstream from the proposed site. About 20 km downstream, south of the proposed site, the Lakhya joins the river Dhaleswari. The Dhaleswari meets the river Meghna, one of the three major river systems in Bangladesh at about 5 km downstream. The Sitalakhya River has tidal effect with more distinct range between high and low tide during lean periods (November-April). River Water Level Water level data of the Lakhya for the period 1988-2005 is given in Table 4.6. The ~naxilnu~nlevels at high tide and low tide level is found as 6.93 and 6.90 m, respectively in the year 1998 whereas minimum water levels at high and low tide periods are 0.92 and 0.63 m receptively as found in 1995. The data show that the water levels of the Lakhya are not influenced much by tidal effect and also indicate wide variation between water level in monsooli and dry seasons. There is rise in water level with commencement of monsoon rainfall from MayIJune till SeptemberIOctober. Tidal influence reduces with monsoon flooding.

The maximum, minimum and mean water level data of Table 4.6 are plotted in :Fig. 4.6. All the water levels show slightly upward trend. Although data length is short in order to be definitive, still it indicates a tendency of river bed aggradation. If this is tlrue then dredging needs to be done in order to keep the water levels within the design wat:er level. Regular cross-section survey is recommended in this regard.

Table 4.6: Water level of the Lakhya river Year Maximum level (m) Minimum level (m) Mean level (m) 1988 4.38 (430) 1.22 (0.83) 3.265 (2.99) 1989 4.92 (4.92) 1.22 (0.85) 3.376 (3.128) 1990 5.34 (5.30) I. l l (0.79) 3.064 (2.788) 1991 5.28 (5.26) 1.13 (0.73) 3.122 (2.841) 1992 5.82 (5.6) 1.2 (0.85) 3.276 ( (3.02) 1993 5.36 (4.47) 1.27 (0.84) 2.819 (2.493) 1994 5.80 (5.74) 1.25 (0.73) 3.262 (2.95) 1995 5.07 (4.99) 0.92 (0.63) 2.907 (2.48) 1996 5.75 (5.64) .1.22 (0.83) 3.49 (3.24) 1997 5.59 (5.39) 1.59 (1.36) 3.59 (3.3'7) 1998 6.93 (6.90) 1.73 (1.29) 4.33 (4.09) 1999 5.74 (5.67) 1.57 (0.99) 3.65 (3.33) 2000 5.92 (5.89) 1.71 (1.31) 3.81 (3.6) 200 1 5.41 (5.25) 1.65 (1.15) 3.53 (3.20) 2002 5.81 (5.75) 1.90 (1.18) 3.86 (3.47) 2003 6.42 (6.39) 1.85 (1.20) 4.14 (3.410) 2004 6.75 (6.71) 1.52 (1.14) 4.14 (3.92) 2005 5.71 (5.85) 1.64 (1.27) 3,68 (3.43) Source: BWDB as reported in BPDB (2006); *Numbers in the parenthesis indicate value at low tide period. -t Max. level -*-Min. Level Mean level

4@F+ 40% ,q+ ,qq3 ,qp ,%+ ,qqq +Q' +Q3

Year

Figure 4.6: Maximum, minimum and mean water level at Sitalakhya river

Flow of the Sitnlaklzya River The flow of Sitalakhya river at Demra is affected by tides. The maximum discharge of 2742 m3/sec was measured on 9th September 1998, while, the minimum discharge of 195 m3/sec was recorded on 10th June, 2002. 'The water data collected from BWDB for the period from 1983 to 2004 is attached in Table 4.7. Water flow data of Table 4.7 are plotted in Fig. 4.7. It shows that the maximum and minimum water flow of Sitalakhya river show a declining trend. This is not unusual considering the gradual reduction of upstream flow.

Table 4.7: Flow at the Lakhya River (m3/s)

Note: Data of year i994, 1995, 2001 and 2b02 are missing Year

Figure 4.7: Maximum and minimum water flow of Sitalakhya river

Groundwnter Water aquifers are present beneath the vast majority of Bangladesh, which are being recharged by the major river systems and by infiltration of rainwater. The groundwater level fluctuates seasonally, approaching the ground surface at some places of the country during the months July to September. However, the deep aquifer which is used for supplying water within and around Dhaka lies at a much greater depth (up to about 200m).

4.6 AIR QUALITY

Air quality in the Dhaka city and its neighboring areas is deteriorating with rapid urbanization and industrialization. In the rural areas however the ambient air quality is relatively good. Secondary information of air quality data at the proposed plarit site is given in Table 4.8. It shows that SPM concentration is relatively high in the study area, whereas ambient concentrations of NOx and SOz are significantly lower compared to the National Air Quality Standard (GOB, 2005). Air quality data collected in February, 1998 and 2006 at Haripur, which is near the project site, are shown in Table 4.9. It also shows that except for particulate matter (SPM and PMlo), the other air quality parameters are within the national standard. Table 4.8: Air quality of the proposed plant site Air quality Location Date Conc. in p-gmlcu-meter Siddhirganj 2x150 MW power plant, Narayanganj SPM NO, so2

Plant gate about 100 meter west from the plant 23.04.04 36 1.72 28.00 ND

PDB gate about 500 meter west from the plant 23.04.04 370.62 36.52 12.40

Sukkur Super Market about 1000 meter west from 23.04.04 385 45.24 18.20 the plant

Standard as per the revised National Ambient Air Quality 200 ' 100" 80 a>365 Standard, July 2005 (GOB, 2005) Note : " Annual average, b24-hr average, '8-hr average SPM - Suspended Particulate Metter; NOx - Oxides of Nitrogen; SO2 - Sulphur-di-Oxide; ND - Not detectable. Sorrrce: ECOMAC-EGCB 2004

Table 4.9: Air quality of the nearby area at Haripur Air quality Location Date Conc. in p-gmlcu-meter

PMlo SPM NOx SOz CO

About 30 m south side of Haripur Power plant 04.02.98 257.58 24.20 28.78

About 130 m north side of Haripur Power Plant 04.02.98 223.73 16.08 20.00

West-north comer of Haripur 360 MW Combined Cycle 22.03.06 100 217 37.10 51.41 121.41 Power Plant near Coventa Operating main gate West-north comer of Haripur 360 MW Combined Cycle 22.03.06 119 262 54.47 37.42 97.49 Power Plant near Kutubpur village Standard as per the revised National Ambient Air Quality -- 50",150~200' looa 8oa,36sb 10,OOOC Standard, July 2005 (GOB,2005)

Note : a Annual average, b24-hr average, '8-hr average PMlo - Reparable Dust Content; CO- Carbon Mono-oxide Source: Atlandta-BPDB (2006)

For existing Air Quality investigation, measurements of SO,: NO,, and CO were made using Exotox60 and GasAlert-Micro portable air pollution measuring device during 28-3 1 August, 2006. Table 4.1 0 shows concentrations of NOx, SOX,and CO at the project site. It shows that the concentration of SO,, NO, and CO in vicinity of the proposed site is relatively low and below the national ambient air quality standard. Table 4.10: Concentrations of CO, SO2 and NO, measured at the project site measured during 28-30 August, 2006 Measurement ~ocation' so2 NOx CO X(m> Y(m> (pg/m3) (pg/m3) (pg/m3) 0 1125 14.4 16.6 32.4 19 93 1 17.5 15.7 32.4

-- . - -- - 1862 0 15.4 11.8 39.3 - 'Note: The (x,y) coordinate of the main gate of the Siddhirganj power plant complex is taken as (600m,600m)

Concentratiolis of SPM and PM1o were measured at the project site on 24th ;and 25th March 2007. Along with SPM and PMlo, measurements of SOz, NO, and CO were also carried out on 25th March 2007. As shown in Table 4.11, the measured PMloon 24th March 2007 (139 pg/m3) is slightly below the 24-hr average Bangladesh standard (150 j~~/m~),while that on 25th March (1 52 j~~/m~)slightly exceeded the standard; both these concentratio~isare much higher than the annual average standard of PMlo (50 j~glrn~). Measured SPM concentrations on both these days exceeded the Bangladesh standard of 200 j~~/m~.Concentrations of SO2 NO, and CO measured on 25thMarch 2007 have been found to be 27.4, 46.3, and 79 Clg/m3,respectively; these concentrations are much lower than the corresponding national standards for these parameters.

Table 4.1 1 : Concentrations of air pollutants measured in March 2007 at the project site Concentrations in Clg/m3 Date SPM PMIO so2 NO, CO 24-03-07 25 1 139 ------ppppp 25-03-07 263 152 27.4 46.3 7

4.7 NOISE LEVEL

4.7.1 General

Sound is usually measured in decibels (dB). A decibel is a relative measure that is accompanied by a reference scale. Technically, sound pressure is 20 times the logarithm (base 10) of the ratio of the pressure level of any sound to the reference sound pressure in decibels. Sound (noise) levels can be measured and quantified in several ways. All of them use the logarithmic decibel (dB) scale. The dB scale is logarithmic to accommodate the wide range of sound intensities found in the environment. Table 4.12 shows typical sound levels generated by common indoor and outdoor activities, along with its effect on human.

4.7.1.1 Noise Generation, Transmission, and Reduction Noise Sources Noise attenuation is typically described as a set reduction in decibel level per doubling of distance from the source. Depending on the nature of the noise source, sound propagates at different rates. Measures of sound level from a source should specify the distance from the source. The standard reference distance for sound levels at the source is 50 feet. The two most common types of noise are point source and line source. These are briefly discussed below.

Point Source Noise Point source noise is associated with noise that remains in one place for extended periods of time, such as with construction activities. A few examples of point sources of noise are pile drivers, jackhammers, rock drills, or excavators working in one location. Noise from a single traveling vehicle is also considered point source noise. Point source noise is commonly measured in peak decibel levels, or the highest value of a sound pressure over a stated time interval. Noise from a point source spreads spherically over distance where the wave spreading creates a dome effect, traveling in all directions equally from the source. The standard reduction for point source noise is 6 dB per doubling of distance from the source.

Table 4.12: Sound levels and human response Common Sounds Noise Level Effect

Rocket launching pad (no ear protection) 180 Irreversible hearing loss Carrier deck jet operation; Air raid siren 140 Painfully loud Thunderclap 130 Painfully loud Jet takeoff (200 feet); Auto horn (3 feet) 120 Maximum vocal effort Pile driver; Rock concert 110 Extremely loud Garbage truck; Firecrackers 100 Very loud Heavy truck (50 feet); City traffic 90 Very annoying Hearing damage (8 hours) Alarm clock (2 feet); Hair dryer 80 Annoying -- - --

Noisy restaurant; Freeway traffic; ~~sine;- office 70 Telephone use difficult Air conditioning unit; Conversational speech 60 Intrusive Light auto traffic (100 feet) 50 Quiet Living room; Bedroom; Quiet office 40 Quiet Librarylsoft whisper (1 5 feet) 30 Very Quiet Broadcasting studio 20 Very Quiet 10 Just audible Threshold of hearing- 0 Hearing- begins- - Source: Davis and Cornwell (1998)

Litte Sorirce Noise Line source noise is generated by moving objects along a linear corridor. Highway traffic is the best example of line source noise. Line source noise levels are measured as an average over time rather than peak levels measured in point source noise. Noise from a line source spreads cylindrically, spreading outward along the length of a lime. The standard reduction for line source noise is 3 dB per doubling of distance from the source (compared to 6 dB for point source noise). Table 4.13 provides an example of noise attenuation of point and line source decibel levels at different distances from the source.

Noise Redriction Factors Natural factors such as topography, vegetation, and temperature can further reduce noise over distance. This section covers a few of the common factors and their applicability in increasing the noise reduction per doubling of distance from the source. Table 4.13: Example of noise reduction over distance from 95 dB source showing variation between point source and line source. Noise Attenuation Distance from the source I Point source Line source (-3 dB) 9 5 92 89 86 83 80 77 74 Source: NYDEC (200 1)

Hard Site versus Soft Site A hard site exists where sound travels away from the source over a generally flat, hard surface such as water, concrete, or hard-packed soil. These are examples of reflective ground, where the ground does not provide any attenuation. The standard attenuation rate for hard site conditions is 6 dB per doubling of distance for point source noise and 3 dB per doubling of distance from line sources.

When ground cover or normal unpacked earth (i.e., a soft site) exists between the source and receptor, the ground becomes absorptive to sound energy. Absorptive ground results in an additional noise reduction over distance of 1.5 dB per doubling of distance. Added to the standard reduction rate for soft site conditions, point source noise attenuates at a rate of 7.5 dB per doubling of distance, .and line source noise decreases at a rate of 4.5 dB per doubling of distance.

Topograplzy, Vegetation, and Atmosplzeric Factors A break in the line of sight between the noise source and the receptor can result in a 5 dB reduction. Dense vegetation can reduce noise levels by 5 dB for every 100 feet of vegetation, up to a maximum reduction of 10 dB (USDOT, 1995). Atmospheric conditions can also affect the rate of sound attenuation. Sound travels farther during periods of higher humidity and also in colder temperatures. Wind can reduce noise levels by as much as 20 to 30 dB at long distances (USDOT, 1995). The influences of vegetation, topography, and atmospheric conditions as noise reduction factors can vary greatly and are often impossible to quantify. Therefore, these factors are generally not taken into account in environmental noise analysis, which likely results in predicted noise levels that are higher than actual noise levels. Baseline Noise Conditions Existing ambient noise levels can serve as a baseline from which to measure potential disturbance caused by project activities.

Environmental Conditions Baseline (ambient) noise levels vary greatly and depend on site-specific factors. Environmental factors can elevate baseline noise near the source, masking construction noise. The same environmental factors occurring near the receptor can change the receptor's perception of how loud construction noise is, or hide it completely.

Weather conditions such as wind or rainfall can increase baseline noise. Locations near rivers or streams have higher baseline noise levels as well. As with the atmospheric conditions described above, these environmental factors are variable and ]may be i~npossibleto quantify, so they are rarely taken into account in noise models. If no record is available with concerned authorities a baseline condition may be established by perforniing onsite noise measurements with a hand-held noise meter.

Traffic Noise Identifying the amount and type of traffic helps to determine the baseline (ambient) noise conditions. The level of highway traffic noise depends on the volume of traffic, the speed of the traffic, and the volume of trucks in the flow of traffic (USDOT, 1995). Generally, the loudness of traffic noise is increased when traffic is heavier, when traffic speed is increased, and when a greater proportion of the traffic flow is heavy trucks. For traffic volume, 2,000 vehicles per hour sounds twice as loud as (or is 10 dBA higher than) 200 vehicles per hour (USDOT, 1995). As stated earlier, a noise that is increased by 10 dBA sounds twice as loud to the listener. Vehicle noise is a combination of noises produced by engines, exhaust, and tires. The loudness of traffic noise can also be affected by the condition and type of roadway, road grade, and the condition and type of vehicle tires. Predictions of noise fro111 vehicles are usually based on reference enera mean emission levels, which correspond to the noise level expected from a single vehicle at the standard 15m distance.

Construction Noise One of the easiest things to identify and one of the hardest things to quantify is noise associated with the actual construction of the project. How much noise will construction activities generate, how often will it occur, and how long will it last are all questions that should be answered in the assessment. This section provides an introduction to equipment noise characteristics that might be expected for typical construction projects. Construction is usually performed in a series of steps or phases, and noise associated with different phases can vary greatly. However, similarities in noise sources allow typical constri~ction equipment to be placed into one of three categories: heavy equipment, stationary equipment, or impact equipment.

Heavy Equipment Heavy equipment can be defined as earth-moving equipment, such as excavating machinery like excavators, backhoes, and front loaders, as well as handling equipment like graders, pavers, rollers, and dump trucks. Noise levels at 50 feet from heavy equipment range from about 72 to 97 dB (Table 4.14). These numbers were identified from several studies, and represent the range of reported values. During the phase of construction using heavy equipment, noise is generated more or less at a constant level. Therefore, noise levels can be equated to an average hourly level.

Table 4.14 Noise ranges at 50 feet from common construction equipment Equipment dB A Equipment dB A Heavy trucks (avg.) 82 - 96 Backhoe (avg.) 72 - 90

Grader (avg.) 79 - 93 Paver (+grind) (avg.) 85 - 89

Excavator (avg.) 8 1 - 97 Front loader (avg.) 72 - 90 Crane (avg.) 74 - 89 Generator (avg.) 71 -82

Pile driver (peak) 8 1 - 1 15 Jackhammerlrock drills (avg.) 75 - 99

Concrete mixer (avg.) 75 - 88 Roller (vg.) 72 - 75 I I I Compressor (avg.) ( 73 - 88 1 Pumps (avg.) 68 - 80 Sources: Western Highvay Institute (1971)

Stationaiy Equipment Stationary equipment such as pumps, power generators, and air compressors generally runs continuously at relatively constant power and speed. Noise levels at 50 feet from stationary equipment can range from 68 to 88 dB, with pumps typically in the quieter range. An averaged noise level may be assumed for stationary equipment because of its fixed location and constant noise pattern.

Impact Equipment This category includes pile drivers, jackhammers, pavement breakers, rock drills, and other pneumatic tools where a tool bit touches the work. The noise from jackhammers, breakers, rock drills, and pneumatic tools comes from the impact of the tool against the material. These levels can vary depending on the type and condition of the material. Noise levels at 50 feet from impact equipment, including jackhammers and rock drills, can range from 75 to 99 dB. An impact pile driving hammer is a large piston-like device that is usually attached to a crane. The power source for impact hammers may be mechanical, air steam, diesel, or hydraulic.

111 most impact drivers, a vertical support holds the pile in place, and a heavy weight, or ram, moves up and down, striking an anvil that transmits the blow of the ram to the pile. In hydraulic hammers, the ram is lifted by fluid, and gravity alone acts on the down stroke. Vibratory hammers can also be used on projects. A vibratory pile driving hammer has a set of jaws that clamp onto the top of the pile. The pile is held steady while the hammer vibrates the pile to the desired depth. Because vibratory hammers are not impact tools, noise levels are not as high as with impact pile drivers. However, piles installed with a vibratory hammer must often be proofed, which involves striking the pile with an impact hammer to determine its load-bearing capacity, possibly with multiple impacts. In this case, noise is elevated to levels associated with impact pile driving.

The highest in-air noise from pile driving results from the impact of the hammer dropping on the pile, particularly when hollow steel piles are used. Noise assessments by 'USDOT have documented peak levels of 110 dB and 105 dB, 50 feet away from driving steel piles. Although stationary equipment noise and heavy equipment noise can be averaged over a period of time, pile driving noise consists of a series of peak events. Generally, noise from pile driving has been reported at peak levels. Therefore, it is usually assumed that noise at the highest levels documented is commonly generated by pile driving. For the purposes of this assessment, 110 dB is the best descriptor of typical peak noise levels associated with pile driving.

4.7.1.2 Combined Effect of Multiple Noise Sources

'The following information defines the noise measurement terminology used in this analysis. Sound pressure levels of two separate sounds are not directly additive. For example, if a sound of 50 dB is added to another sound of 50 dB, the total is onl,y a 3 dB increase (to 53 dB), not a doubling to 100 dB. Thus, every 3 dB change in sound levels represents a doubling (or halving) of sound energy. Related to this is the fact that a change in sound levels of less than 3 dB is imperceptible to the human ear.

Another property of sound is that if one source of noise is 10 dB (or more) louder than another source, then the total sound level is simply the sound level of the louder source. For example, impact of one source of sound at 60 dB combined with a second source of sound at 47 dB is 60 dB. The sound level analysis, therefore, focuses on the loudest sound sources; these dictate the sound level at a given receptor (receiver). The sound level meter used to measure noise is a standardized instru~nent(American National Standards Institute [ANSI], 1983). It contains "weighting scales" to adjust tlie frequency response of the instrument to approximate that of the human ear under various circumstances. The weighting scale used for community noise surveys is the A-weighted scale (dBA). Sounds are reported as detected with the dBA of the sound level meter. A- weighted sound levels emphasize the middle frequency (i.e., middle pitched - around 1,000 Hertz sounds) and de-emphasize lower and higher frequency sounds. The dBA most closely approximates how the human ear responds to sound at various frequencies. Because the sounds in the environment vary with time, they cannot simply be described with a single number. Several sound level metrics commonly reported i11 community noise monitoring are described below.

The equivalent level is the level of a hypothetical steady sound that would have the same energy (i.e., the same time-averaged mean square sound pressure) as the actual fluctuating sound observed. The equivalent level is designated Leq and is also A- weighted. The equivalent level represents the time average of the fluctuating sound pressure and is close to the maximum level observed during tlie measurement period. The maximum sound level (designated L,,) is the greatest sound level measured within a stated time interval. Day-night average sound level, abbreviated as DNL and symbolized as Ldn,is tlie 24- hour average sound level, in dBs, obtained after addition of 10 dBs to sound levels during the night (from 10:OO pm to 7:00 am). The hourly L,, sound level metric is used to calculate the Ldn

4.7.2 Field Noise Level Data

As a part of EIA, baseline sound measurements were carried out with a Noise Level meter (Lutron, SL-4001) in at different locations and time within the Siddhirganj power plant complex (see Fig. 4.10) and analyzed in spatial and temporal dimensions. Figure 4.8 shows the noise level measured near the school (Location 30 in Fig. 4.10) located within the power plant complex on September 11, 2006 (during school hours). It shows that noise level exceeded 80 dB(A) a number of times during working hours. As presented in Fig. 4.9, the mean and median sound level are 70.7 and 68.3 dB(A) respectively with standard deviation of 7.45 dB(A). Time of Day

Figure 4.8: Diurnal variation of noise level during working hours at school

4 P S 3

LL8 2

1 Std. Dsv = 7.45 Mean = 70.7 0 N = 25.00 62.5 67.5 72.5 77.5 82.5 87.5

Noise Level

Figure 4.9: Statistics on diurnal variation of sound level

It is important to measure noise level indicating the percentage of time noise level exceeded a given level. Several measures may be taken which usually include the following:

a) Lso Level (Sound Level is exceeded 50 percent of the time): 68.26 dB(A) b) LgOLevel (Sound Level is exceeded 90 percent of the time): 63. I4 dB(A) c) Llo Level (Sound Level is exceeded 10 percent of the time): 83.34 dB(A)

For the fluctuating noise scenario the equivalent noise level (L,,) is generally used for more complete noise sample and is calculated as follows: where Pi is the probability of the noise level lying in the i-th measurement interval and L, is the mid-point of that interval. From the analysis it is observed that the Equivalent Noise Level is 77.44 dB(A) during schooling hours in current operating conditions.

In addition to the above measurements, ambient noise level in the vicinity of the proposed power plant was monitored during both day and night times on September 9, 2006 (Saturday, weekend) and September 12,2006 (Tuesday, working day). Figure 4.10 shows locations of noise level measurements within the Siddhirga~~jcomplex and Table 4.15 shows the measured noise levels. Table 4.15 shows that at many locations within the power plant complex, noise levels are quite high.

Figure 4.10: Satellite image of the Siddhirganj power plant complex showing locations where sound levels were measured (Image Source: Google Earth) Table 4.15: Noise data at different locations within and around the Siddhirganj power plant complex l,eur~~rerype I.ocarron Nosre /.eve/ ~n dBA Day Nlght Ghat Kuripara Gudara Ghat 71.86 66.64 Bazar Gokuldasher Bag,Joints of four road 73.07 68.07 Health center Health & Family welfare 26.27 15.99 Tubewell Golbag Jame Mosque 5937 54.36 Saw mill Vhuiya&sons Saw mill 60.83 51.93 Primary School Chapatoli Govt.High School 28.93 23.46 K M Post In between Syedpur & Modonpur 76.57 67.33 Mosque Gokuldashar Bag, Modunpur 64.06 56.54 Large Infrastructure Hor~pur 72.87 66.15 School Kuripara, Th:Bondar, UmDhamgoar 66.00 56.20 Culvert Vandar~rpul, Godnail 92.70 87.35 Cinema hall Munlight High School, Shimul para 64.07 57.66 Residential area Navana vhuiya city. 66.93 59.07 Grave yard Kadamtali Gorastan. 70.30 64.36 School M.W. High school. 63.30 52.92 College Govt. Adamji Nogar M.W. college 62.80 52.51 Bus stand Adamji bus stand 86.93 77.78 EPZ garment gate Korim market, Adamji nagar. NG 76.03 70.04 Power plant Siddhirgong Power station 75.00 68.30 Brick field Brick field 64.70 55.31 Industry New Laki Textail. 60.37 50.87 Silo Narayngong Silo 75.30 69.42 School Siddhirganj 69.37 60.48 Garments & Brickfield Siddhirganj pul. 79.50 70.75 Joints of Four roads Chittagong Road 89.63 83.12 Location 1 Inside Power Plant Complex 73.66 68.79 Location 2 Inside Power Plant Complex 62.63 56.04 Locat~on3 Inside Power Plant Complex 87.00 52.06 Locat~on4 Inside Power Plant Complex 73.66 63.48 Location 5 Inside Power Plant Complex 90.23 84.03 Location 6 Inside Power Plant Complex 67.06 62 69 Location 7 Inside Power Plant Complex 84.70 80.56 Location 8 lnslde Power Plant Complex 74.53 69.21 Locat~on9 Inside Power Plant Complex 86.50 82.23 Locat~on10 Inside Power Plant Complex 81.16 76.96 Locat~onI I Inside Power Plant Complex 1 12.63 92.16 Location 12 Inside Power Plant Complex 117.70 95.04 Locat~on13 Inside Power Plant Complex 88.13 82.16 Location 14 Inside Power Plant Complex 90.16 90.26 Location 15 Inside Power Plant Complex 87.00 8 1.96 Location 16 Inside Power Plant Complex 89.03 80.69 Location 17 Inside Power Plant Complex 92.66 83.48 Locat~on18 Inside Power Plant Complex 95.20 89.21 Location 19 Inside Power Plant Complex 106.33 91.36 Feur~rretyp~ Locurron Nr).sic /,eve/ ~ndHA Location 20 Inside Power Plant Complex 91.00 84.16 Location 2 I Inside Power Plant Complex 129.63 98.14 Location 22 Inside Power Plant Complex 114.10 91.01 Location 23 Inside Power Plant Complex 1 15.53 94.33 Location 24 Inside Power Plant Complex 1 19.63 96.66 Location 25 Inside Power Plant Complex 130+ 130- Location 26 Inside Power Plant Complex 92.50 82.29 Location 27 Inside Power Plant Complex 73.86 67.56 Location 28 Inside Power Plant Complex 74.36 64.49 Location 29 Inside Power Plant Complex 64.10 61.02 Location 30 Inside Power Plant Complex 7 1.03 68.53 Location 3 1 Inside Power Plant Complex 74.50 69.79 Location 32 Inside Power Plant Complex 77.73 71.33 Location 33 Inside Power Plant Complex 75.33 70.1 1 Location 34 Inside Power Plant Complex 89.10 86.50 Location 35 Inside Power Plant Complex 88.80 81.90 Location 36 Inside Power Plant Complex 87.96 78.60 Location 37 ~nsidePower Plant Complex 93.56 84.60 Location 38 Inside Power Plant Complex 86.16 82 40

4.8 WATER QUALITY

For establishing baseline condition with respect to water quality, three surface water samples and one groundwater sample were collected and analyzed for a range of water quality parameters. Among the three surface water samples, one was collected close to the outlet of the existing 210 MW plant (south outlet), one from near the outlet of the existing 50 MW plant (north outlet), and one from a location close to the intake point of plant cooling water. The groundwater sample was collected from a deep tubewell located within the complex. Besides, available information on water quality of Sitalakhya river and groundwater from locations close to the project site have been collected; these data have been reported in the baseline survey report.

Table 4.16 and 4.17 show the results of analysis of groundwater and surface water samples, respectively. Table 4.16 shows that the measured parameters satisfy the Bangladesh drinking water standard (GOB, 1997) and the WHO guideline value for drinking purpose. Table 4.16: Quality of groundwater sample collected from the Siddhirganj plant complex WHO Bangladesh SI. Ground Water Quality Unit Concentration Guideline Standard for No. Parameters Present Value Drinking Water (WHO, 2004) (ECR 1997) 1 pH -- 7.24 6.5 - 8.5 6.5-8.5 2 Color (Filtered) Pt. Co. Unit 4 15 15 3 Turbidity NTU 1.52 5 10 4 Carbon-dioxide, C02 mg/L 33.0 5 Total Alkalinity as CaC03 mg/L 317.0 6 Total Hardness as CaCO, mg/L 274.0 500 200-500 7 Iron, Fe mg/L 0. I 0.3 0.1-1 .O 8 Manganese, Mn mi$ 0.028 0.4 0.1 9 Arsenic, As pg/L < 1 10 5 0 -- 10 Chloride, C1 mgk 185 250 1510-600 11 Fluoride, F mgk 0.49 1.5 1 - 12 Nitrate-Nitrogen, NO,-N mg/L 0.20 5 0 10 13 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 637.0 1000 1000 (TDS)

Table 4.17 shows water quality of the Sitalakhya river collected during this stucly. High concentrations of ammonia, BODj and COD in the river water sample probably indicate that it receives organic pollutant from domestic and industrial sources. High concentration of sulfate and TDS is probably due to discharge of untreated textile dyeing waste.

Table 4.17: Quality of surface water samples collected from the Sitalakhya river S1. Surface Water Quality Unit Concentration Present No. Parameters South Outlet Intake North Outlet (210 MW (50 MW Plant) Plant) 1 Phosphate, PO4 mglL 0.58 0.9 1 0.85 2 Sulfate, SO4 mg/L 51.1 49.7 51.2 3 Nitrate-Nitrogen, N03-N mglL 0.20 0.20 0.10 4 Ammonia-Nitrogen, NH3-N mg/L 7.860 7.985 7.585 5 BODj at 20°C mglL 18.00 22.00 23 .OO 6 COD (KMn04 Demand) mglL 48.0 58.0 57.0 7 Total Dissolved Solids mglL 449.0 504.0 499.0 (TDS) Chapter 5 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT: ECOLOGICAL

5.1 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM

In general terms an ecological system can be defined as an assemblage of organisms (plant, animal and other living organisms-also referred to as a biotic community) living together with their environment (or biotope), functioning as a loose unit. That is: a dynamic and complex whole, interacting as an "ecological unit". Ecosystems are functional units of interacting abiotic, biotic, and cultural (anthropogenic) components. All natural ecosystems are open systems where energy and matter are transferred in and out through the complex interactions of energy, water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other cycles.

The project site is located in a peri-urban area. Practically there is no natural vegetation or forest cover within the proposed area. However, appropriate mitigation program should be undertaken to protect homestead vegetation due to gaseous emissions from the proposed power plant. The species of homestead plants found in the project area are listed in Table 5.1.

Table-5.1: List of plants in the study area Common Name Scientific Name Aam Jam Syzgium fructicosa Kathal Artocrpus hethrophyllus Bel Aegel marrnelos Tal BorassusJlabellifer Gab Diospyros perigrina Tetul Temarinalia cumini Koroi Albizia procera Kadam Anthocephalus chinensis Superi Areca catechu Neem Azadirachta indica Shimul Bombax ceiba Bans Bambusa sp Madar Erithrina varigata Bot Ficus benghalensis Jarul Lagerstromia speciosa Raintree Samanea saman 5.2 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

Bangladesh is mainly a deltaic region of the three big rivers, the Ganges, the Brahinaputra and the Meghna, and their tributaries. Aquatic ecosystems perform many important environmental functions. For example, they recycle nutrients, purify water, attenuate floods, recharge groundwater and provide habitats for wildlife. Aquatic ecosystems are also used for human recreation, and are very important to the tourism industry, especially in coastal regions. The health of an aquatic ecosystem is degraded when the ecosystem's ability to absorb a stress has been exceeded. A stress on an aquatic ecosystem can be a result of physical, chemical or biological alterations of the environment.

Fisheries resources occupy a key position in the agro-based economy of Ban,gladesh. Fishes are important economically, socially and nutritionally. About 80% of the animal protein in the diet comes from fish. In the past there was abundance of fishes in water bodies like rivers, floodplains, beels, haors, etc. While the large fish species migrate long distances in rivers for breeding, the small fishes migrate over shorter distances or reside in floodplains, beels and canals. Most inland water fishes are small and termed as Chhoto Machh. They are important for nutrition and supplemental income to the vast majority of the rural people, including the landless and the destitute. The miscellaneous species of fish and prawn are termed as "poor people's fish" and provide a support in their struggle against poverty.

During the EIA process, a baseline study of the aquatic ecosystem was undertaken to assess the existing ecological resources in the project area. Water samples of Sitalakhya river from intake and discharge points of a number of industries were collected for water quality analysis. Water samples were collected from some other points of the river were also analyzed for the parameters such as temperature, pH, DO, alkalinity, nitrogen content, transparency, etc by using a field kit (Merck Germany, Model: A~quamerk 1 1151). Information relating to different species of fish and other aquatic organism were collected from fishermen engaged in fishing in the river. A list of the fishermen interviewed is shown in Annex-IV.

The Sitalakhya river originates from the Old Brahmaputra and bifurcates into two courses at Toke in Gazipur district. One of the courses called the Banar flows southwest and at Lakpur is renamed as the Sitalakhya. It then flows past the eastern side of Narayanganj town. The Sitalakhya falls into the Dhaleswari near Kalagachhiya. The length of the river is about 1 10 km and the width near Narayanganj is about 300 m but reduces to about 100 m in the upper reach. Its highest discharge has been measured at 2,600 cumec at Demra. The river is navigable throughout the year. In the past, the famous muslin industry of the country flourished along the Sitalakhya. At present, a number of heavy industries are located on the banks of Sitalakhya. There are three tliermal powerhouses located at Palash, north of Ghorashal, and one at Siddhirganj, on the bank of the river. The important river port of Narayanganj is also situated on its bank. The river was once famous for its clear and cool water. The river goes under tidal effect for about five months of the year but never overflows its banks.

Water quality Water quality includes physical, chemical and biological variables that affect fish production. Fish growth is not only dependant on water and food availability but also to a great extent on the favorable water quality. Macrophytes were present in some places near shore-line, the most prominent being was water hyacinth (Kochuripana). According to fishermen, during wet season water quality is satisfactory. However, low water level during dry season and industrial effluents especially from dying industries deteriorate the ecosystem and water quality rapidly. A number of textile dyeing, paper and pulp industry, re-rolling mills, thermal power plants namely, CDC Globeleq, Haripur and Siddhirganj power plants are discharging industrial effluents into the river.

Temperature The growth, reproduction and other biological activities of fishes are influenced by the temperature of the external environment. Water temperature closely follows air temperature but in a tropical climate during both dry and wet season, the water temperature is high enough for good growth of fish (Boyd, 1990). Temperature of the river varied from 28OC to 3 1°C except the discharge points where temperature was found to be 40°C which is not suitable for fish growth. However, such a high temperature is confined within a small area. The temperature was found to be about 2S°C just 500 m away from the discharge points (see Section 7.2.4).

Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen is a critical factor for the survival of fish. Success or failure in fish farming often depends upon the availability of the appropriate quantity of dissolved oxygen. Prolonged exposure to sub-lethal low concentration of dissolved oxygen is harmful to fish (Boyd, 1990). During the field campaign in September 2006, dissolved oxygen (DO) in the Sitalakhya River was found to vary from 5.4 to 7.4 mg/L near the surface, which is suitable for fish growth. However, at some reaches of the river allnost zero level of dissolved oxygen was recorded in dry season in a previous study (Ahmed, 2005). pH pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It indicates whether ,water is acidic or alkaline. Fish cannot survive in waters below pH 4 and above pH 11 for very long periods. The optimum pH for fish is 6.5 to 9. It was found that pH of the stretch of Sitalakhya river where the survey was carried out in September 2006 varied from 6.4 to 6.8.

Transparency Transparency, inversely related to turbidity is measured by Secchi disk to indicate light penetration into water. Turbidity refers to how clear the water is. The greater the amount of total suspended solids (TSS) in the water, the higher the measured turbidity. The major source of turbidity in the open water zone is typically phytoplankton, but closer to shore, particulates may also be clays and silts from shoreline erosion, and organic detritus from stream and/or wastewater discharges. Dredging operations, channelization, increased flow rates, and floods increase the turbidity of the water. Very high levels of turbidity for a short period of time may not be significant and may even be less of a problem than a lower level that persists longer. Transparency was found within a range from 5 .to 7 cm, which may not be suitable for fishes residing in the deeper waters such as Mrigel and Kalabaus, and would interfere with algal photosynthetic dissolved oxygen generation.

Total Alkalinity Total alkalinity of water is its acid-neutralizing capacity and is mainly caused by the presence carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide. Hydroxide alkalinity generally occurs in polluted waters. Most productive water bodies have 200-500 mg/L total alkalinity as CaCO3. Alkalinity of the stretch of Sitalakhya river where the survey was carried out in September 2006 varied from 180 -240 (mg/L as CaCO3).

Nitrogen Inorganic forms of nitrogen found in water are nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and ammonium. The proportion of ammonia and ammonium varies with pH and temperature. Nitrogen is also present in soluble organic compounds and as a constituent of living alnd dead particulate organic matter. Ammonia has some toxic effects on fish. The European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission stated that toxic concentration of NH3 for fresh water fish for short term exposure are between 0.7 and 2.4 mg/L as N&+. Values of selected water quality parameters for the Sitalakhya river are shown in Table 5.2. Table-5.2: Water quality of Sitalakhya river Water Quality Parameter Range of Value Temperature ("C) 28 to31 DO (mg/L) 5.4 to 7.4 PH 6.4 to 6.8 Transparency (cm) 5 to 7 Alkalinity (mg/L) 180 to 240 NH~(mg/L) 0.7 to 0.9 NO3-(mg/L) 0.1 to 0.2

Fislzeries Resource Aquatic environment and ecosystem quality, closely linked with atmospheric and terrestrial systems, are increasingly being subjected to human-induced change. According to fishermen, there is virtually no fish in the river Sitalakhya during dry season. However, according to them, during the rainy season several species of small fishes are available in the river, but there is no large fish like Rui, Katla, Mrigel, Kalbaus, etc. During the winter season, the river becomes devoid of fish and fishermen become unemployed. Some of them continue fishing in the river Meghna or they take up another occupation such as daily labor in agricultural sector. Small fishes found in the river are shown in the Table 5.3.

Table-5.3: Small fishes found in the river Sitalakhya common Name Scientific name Darkina Esornus danricus Puti Punctius chola Mola Arnblypharyongodon rnola Dhela Rohtee cotio Tengra Mystus tengaera Gussha Mystus cavasius Chapila Gadusia chapra Chanda Chanda nama Kachki Corica soborna Bacha Eutropiichthys vcha Chela Salrnostorna phulo Foli Notopterus notopterus Kajuli Alia koila Gaura Clupisorna garua Tara Bain Macrognathus aculatus Gutum Lepidocephalus guntea Khalisha Colisa fasciatus It was learnt from interviews with fishermen that during the previous decades there were abundance of large fishes like Carp fishes, Cat fishes, etc. A list of such fishes is presented in Table 5.4. Other aquatic lives found in the Sitalakhya River include freshwater dolphins (Shusuk), water monitors (Guishap), snakes, leeches, snails and crabs. Previously a large number of turtles, frogs, kuicha and crocodiles were found in this river but these are not seen any more. Most of the fishermen mentioned that discharge of toxic water from the industries into the river is responsible for decline of' fishes. Excluding these, District Fisheries Officer opined that closure of the tributaries and channels by road and embankment construction are equally responsible for decline of fishes in the river.

Table-5.4: Fishes previously found in the river Sitalakhya Common Name Scientific Name Rui Labeo rohita Katal Ka~laka~la Mrigel Cirrhinus mrigala Kalbaus Labeo calbasu Boal Wallago atu Shol Channa striatas Gazar Channa marulius Chital Notopterus chitala Pangus Pangius pangius Air Sperata aor Baghair Bagarius bagarius Bele Glossogobius giuris

Bio-monitoring Macro-invertebrate monitoring is being used in the European countries as well as in some countries of Asia to assess the ecological health of rivers. A small-scale macro- invertebrate sampling campaign was conducted during September 2006 near the intake and the outfall of the Siddhirganj power plant to assess the ecological health of the stretch of the river under consideration (Fig. 5.1 and 5.2). Taxalists of the macro-invertebrates found at the sampling points during the sampling campaign are shown in Tables 5.5 and 5.6, respectively. These taxalists along with the decision support tables (Tables 5.7 and 5.8) for organic pollution were used to perform the ecological assessment. These data were then compared with the score-based approach, NEPBIOS, developed by the Katmandu University of Nepal (Annex-V) (http://www.assess~hkh.org.at). Figure 5.1 : Macro-invertebrate sampling in the Sitalakhya River

Figure 5.2: Macro-invertebrate sampling in the Sitalakhya River Table 5.5: Taxalist of Siddhirganj Power Plant (Intake)

SI. Class Order Family Species name NO. 1 I I 1 I I I ( I I Bivalvia(=pelecypoda) Eulamellibranchia 1 Unionidae Lamellidens sp. 2 Gastropoda Prosobranchia Viviparidae Bellamya bengalensis 3 Gastropoda Prosobranchia Thiaridae Melanoides tuberculatus I 4 Gastropoda Prosobranchia Bthiyniidae Digoniostoma cerameopoma 30 - - Viviparidae Mekongia 7 , 6 Gastropoda Pulmonata Planorbidae Gyraulus convexiusculus 7 lnsecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironomus red f 1 8 lnsecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironomus white 3

Table 5.6: Taxalist of Siddhirganj Power Plant (Outfall)

SI. No. of Class Order Family Species name No. I I Bivalv~a(=pelecypoda) Eulamellibranchia Unionidae Lamellidens marginalis 2 Bivalv~a(=pelecypoda) Eulamellibranchia Corbiculidae Corbicula straitella 3 Crustacea Decapoda Potamonidae(crab) Sartoriana spinigera 4 Gastropoda Prosobranchia Viviparidae Bellamya bengalensis 3 5 5 Gastropoda Prosobranchia Thiaridae Melanoides tuberculatus 1 6 Gastropoda Prosobranchia Bthiyniidae Digoniostoma cerameopoma 20 7 Gastropoda Prosobranchia Viviparidae Mekongia crassa I 36 8 Gastropoda Pulmonata Planorbidae Indoplanorbis exustus Gyraulus convexiusculus ( 9 Gastropoda Pulmonata , Planorbidae 10 Gastropoda Pulmonata Lymnaeidae Lymnaea acuminata 1 I I I lnsecta Hemiptera Micronectidae Micronecta sp. 12 lnsecta Ephemeroptera Baitidae Baetis sp. Table 5.7: Decision Support Table for Organic Pollution (Intake of Siddhirganj Power Plant)

Chironomids with red colour few Air-breathing animals, e. g. rat-tail maggots Tubificidae (mud-worms) Sum of columns 5 9 10 5 Table 5.8: Decision Support Table for Organic Pollution (Outfall of Siddhirganj Plant) DECISION SUPPORT TABLE - ORGANIC POLLUTION WATER QUALITY CLASSES Multiple cholces possible I 11 Ill 1 IV Sensory features To be tickedlcounted if not in accordance with natural river type Non natural turb~d~ty,Suspended sol~ds + Non natural colour + + Foam + + Odour (water) + ++ ++ ++ Waste dumping + + + + Ferro-sulphide reduction - (water velocity< 0.25 ds) Mud reduced but with aerobic surface

1 Lamellidens sp. I I 1 ++ 1 I I Thiaridae ++ + Heptageniidae ---- Khl~hroprnu 1 Ephemerellidae Euphaeidae S/enop.vyche

Hydrop.vycha (medium to many) Leeches (more than naturally occurring) Chironomids with red colour I I I I Air-breathing animals, e. g. rat-tail maggots I Tub~ticidae(mud -worms) Sum of columns 2 6 1 16 1 9 10 These tables indicate that according to NEPBIOS (Annex V), water class of the intake point of Siddhirganj power plant lies within the category 111-IV and that of the outlet lies in between class 11-111. This study, which was performed during monsoon, shows that the ecological health of the river with respect to macro-invertebrates is "fair". However, the situation may become worse in the dry season, as higher river water temperature coupled with low flow conditions may cause death of many of those species.

5.3 RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

The red lists of plants and animals is an inventory of threatened species whose numbers are declining due to various reasons. Globally, the species are usually categorized under different levels of threat towards extinction, namely, Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically Endangered and so on. The survey conducted in the study area during wet season (September 2006) found a number of endangered fishes in the Sitalakhya river and these are listed in Table 5.9.

Table 5.9: Endangered fishes identified in the study area Common Name Scientific Name Kalbaus Labeo kalbasu Bata / Bhagna Labeo bata Goina Labeo gonius Chital Notopterus chitala Foli Notopterus notopterus Khoksa / Tila Barillus vagra Kalabata Crossochelit~slatius Dhela / Mawa Osteobrama cotio Bhol Raiamas bola Botya / Rani Botia dario Guizza Ayer Aorichthys seenghala Pabda Onzpok pabo Modhu Pabda Ompokpabda Shilong Silonia silondia Bacha Eutropinhthys b'acha Pangus Pangius pangius Baghair Bagarius bagarius Cheua Sisor rhabdophorus

In addition to the above list, several aquatic reptiles like the Gangetic Dolphin (Shushuk), commercially important Guisap, Ood (Beaver) etc. are also increasingly becoming endangered. Chapter 6 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT: SOCIO-ECONOMIC

6.1 INTRODUCTION

The project area is an industrial site in the eastern outskirt of the Dhaka city. Th.e study area consists of five Upazilas. The Upazilas are Bandar, Narayanganj Sadar, Sonargaon, Rupganj and Demra. The study area is a semi-urban area where most of the popuhation is engaged in industrial and commercial activities. The area is economically very active. The project area is a semi urban industrial area and in fact the area consists of people of middle and lower middle class.

The socio-economic informationtdata have been collected from secondary sources. Sources of secondary data are different official records and published reports of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Population Census Reports, Banglapedia, published by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh and also reports of other organizations.

6.2 LAND USE AND UTILITIES

Land use pattern within the study area has been reviewed during the baseline study through analysis of available information and field survey. Table 6.1 shows some statistics of land use with respect to agriculture, land control and land value. Different types of industries are also prevalent within the study area as described in Section 6.5. A number of growth centers have also been developed in the study area as shown in Figure 6.1.

Table 6.1: Land use statistics of the study area Value of land Thana Land use Land control (Tk per 0.01 hectare) Bandar Total cultivable Land 1774.99 hectares, fallow land 3808.98 25% are landless, 38% small, hectares; single crop 18.94%, double crop 6 1.44% and 3 1% medium and 6% rich 6500 treble crop 19.62%. Cultivable land under irrigation

Narayanganj 30% are small, 50% marginal, Cultivable land 4548.77 hectares, low land 222.58 hectares 20% 25000 Sadar Sonargaon 27% are landless, 60% small, Total agricultural land 14154.2 hectares, fallow land 999.6 medium and 2% rich; hectares; single crop 14%, double crop 60% and treble crop 12000 cultivable land per head is land 26%. Land under irrigation 38% 0.15 hectare Rupganj 36% are landless, 26% marginal, 26% small and 12% 10000 rich Demra Total land 4977.18 hectares; agricultural land 66.04%, 40% are landless, 30% small, fallow land 14.08%, industry and commerce 0.66%. 28% intermediate and 2% residential 13.49%, khas land 2.48% and vested property rich; cultivable land per head 124000 3,25%; cultivable land 2869.93 hectares; single crop 0.007 hectare 54.07%, double crop 37.38% and treble crop land 8.85% Source: Ba17glapedia, 1996 6.3 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

The best source of the population and demographic profile is the population census (2001 and 1991) reports of the BBS. The key features of the population and demographic profile of the study area has been presented in Table 6.2 (a, b).

Table 6.2a: Base year household and population by Upazila, 199 1 and 200 1 Thana Total Area Population 199 1 Population 2001

(sq.km.) Total HH Both Sex Male Female Total HH Both Sex Male Female

Bandar 55.84 38985 212572 111539 101033 52500 250360 128840 121520 Naray anganj 100.74 113635 604561 337884 266677 188400 886600 485980 400620 Sadar Sonargaon 171.66 44405 261881 136472 125409 60800 305640 157660 147980

Rupganj 247.97 64902 375935 199240 176695 79640 400000 214560 185440

Demra 31.10 67506 342376 193172 149204 91780 421540 237180 184360

Total 607.31 329433 1797325 978307 819018 473 120 2264140 1224220 1039920

Table 6.2b: Projected household and population of the study area, 2006

Total Population Projected as in Population of study area prqjected as in Thana Study Area 2006 2006 Area (sq.km.) Total HH Both Sex Male Female (sq.km.) Total HH Both Sex Male Female

Bandar 55.84 60924 271703 139823 131879 21.43 23381 104273 53661 50612 Naray anganj 100.74 242586 1073672 588521 485150 35.68 85919 380272 208442 171830 Sad ar Sonargaon 171.66 71144 330190 170324 159866 11.80 4890 22697 11708 10989

Rupganj 247.97 88220 412604 221321 191283 4.59 1633 7637 4097 3541

Demra 31.10 107016 467742 263176 204566 5.06 17412 76102 42819 33283 - Total 607.31 569891 2555911 1383165 1172746 78.56 133235 590982 320727 270255 Note: Study area calculated considering 5 km buffer from plant location using CIS Sotrrce: BBS 2001, BBS 1994

Household and population statistics in the study area within 5 krn radius of the proposed plant location has been estimated and projected for 2006 taking census of 1991 and 2001 as base year and has been applied for individual Thana. Total annual population growth rate has been found 2.33 in the study area. Total household and population for 2006 is 133,235 and 590,982 with average household size 4.4, which is lower than the national average of 5.4. Overall sex ratio (Male / Female x 100) of the area is 11 8, which is higher than the national average sex ratio of 106 as per 2001 population census report of RBS.

Table 6.3 shows the population and household of the approximately 1 km impact area of the proposed plant location, which covers part of Siddhirganj and Sumil Para Union under Narayanganj Sadar Upazila. Total households and population, which will have the direct and indirect influence of the proposed project, will be 40,693 and 164,036, respectively.

Table 6.3: Population distribution of the project area, 1991 Union Area in Population 199 1 Population projected as 2006 /Mauza/Locality acres Total HH Both Sex Male Female Total HH Both Sex Male Female **Slddirganj Union 2913 11319 57364 31782 25582 24164 101876 5584246034 *Ati 407 1265 6271 3742 2529 2700 11137 6105 5032 *Azibpur 118 1156 5796 3020 2776 2468 10293 5642 4651 'Siddirganj (part) 1568 6905 35114 19026 16088 14741 62361 34182 28179 Power Station 620 3126 1801 1325 1324 5552 3043 2509 Painadi 1210 5925 3257 2668 2583 10523 5768 4755 Baten Para 856 4638 2485 2153 1827 8237 4515 3722 Kadalntali 1738 8429 4648 3781 3710 14970 8205 6765 Naya Para 191 974 51 1 463 408 1730 948 782 Siddirganj 1597 8266 4379 3887 3409 14680 8047 6633 Mijlnjzj 693 3756 1945 1811 1479 6670 3656 3014 **Sumil Para Union 658 9736 45184 30925 14259 20784 80245 43985 36260 Total 2751 19062 92365 56713 35652 40693 164036 89914 74122 Source: BBS 1994

Most of the population is Muslim; Hindus are the second largest community, but way below in terms of percentage. There are very few members of other religious beliefs. Information 011 religion of tlie Upazilas in the study area has been presented in Table 6.4.

Table 6.4: Religious composition of the study area Upazila Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others- Bandar 95.49 4.47 0.04 Narayanganj Sadar 91.98 7.93 -0.09 Sonargaon 95.24 4.19 -0.57 Rupganj 87.30 8.79 3.64 0.08 0.19 De~nra 97.38 1.94 0.68 Source: Banglapedia, 1996 6.4 EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMICS

The educational status of study area is summarized in Table 6.5. The literacy rate is not very high varying from 25.2% in Rupganj to 52.3% in Demra.

Table 6.5: Educational status of study area Literacy rate (%) Thana Educational institutions Average Male Female College 3, government primary school 62, non-government primary school I I, high school 14, madrasa 13. The important institutions are Bandar 44.1 51.2 36.2 Bandar B M Union High School (1900), lbrahim Alam Chan High School (1947) college 6, government high school 2, non-government high school 33. Narayanganj 48.6 55.4 41.8 government primary school 104, non-government primary school 30, Sadar madrasa 14. The important institution is Narayanganj High School college 4, secondary school 6, community school 26, satellite school 9. government primary school 82, madrasa 10. Noted educational Sonargaon 27.5 42.0 13.0 institutions: Mograpara HGGS Smriti Biddayatan (1934), Sonargaon GR Institution (1900). college 4, government primary school 82, non-government primary Rupganj 25.2 44.9 30.8 school 29, high school 29, madrasa 29. Murapara Degree College. Kanchan-Bharat High School are the important Demra 52.3 58.2 44.2 college 4, high school 16, madrasa 12 and primary school 50 Source: Banglapedia, 1996

Table 6.6 shows the present situation with regard to education level of the area. Out of total population, population below 7 years of age is only 7.15%. Literacy rate is almost 80% in the project area. As the area is urban and industrialized, enrolment in school and education rate is high in comparison to national average. In the primary level, education rate is 17.93%, while in the secondary level the rate is 28.49%. In the SSC level, the rate

Table 6.6: Educational status of study area Level of education Male (%) Female (%) % of Total Below 7 years (No education yet) 59.42 40.58 7.15 Illiterate 45.99 54.01 14.20 Can Read 44.68 5 1.06 4.87 Can Read & Write 45.90 54.10 6.32 Primary (I-V) 49.13 50.87 17.93 Secondary (Class V 1-X) 52.36 47.64 28.50 SSCEquivalent 62.50 37.50 9.95 HSCIEquivalent 82.69 17.31 5.39 Upper HSC 56.25 43.75 1.66 Graduate 82.14 17.86 2.90 Masters 55.56 44.44 0.93 - N=965 Source: Allanla-BPDB, 2006 Main occupations of the people of the study area are summarized in Table 6.7. It is seen that the main occupatio~l in the study area is service and commerce. Name of the important growth centers like markets, bazaars, shopping centers and fairs are shown in Table 6.8 and Fig. 6.1.

Table 6.7: Occupations of the household members of the study area Narayanganj Occupation (%) Bandar Sonargaon Rupganj Demra Sadar Agriculture 4.0 2.4 17.9 25.2 1.1 Agricultural labourer 7.1 3 1 17.6 10.7 1.5 Wage labourer 4.0 2.9 2.7 3.3 2.2 Industry 4.9 2.8 2.0 2.9 2.3 - Service 34.3 34.0 17.6 18.7 33.9 - Co~nmerce 19.7 25.2 20.6 15.1 24.3 Construction 1.9 2.5 3.0 Transport 4.5 6.6 2.2 3.3 14.9 - House rental 1.9 - Hawker 1.1 Weaving/handloom 3.6 6.3 - Fishing 3.0 1.2 Others 19.7 20.5 12.7 13.4 13.8 Sozrrce: Banglapedia. 1996

Table 6.8: Growth centres of the study area Thana Main markets, bazars, shopping centers and fairs Bandar Total number of hats and bazars are 14, fairs 6; Sonakanda Hat, Langalbanda Hat, Madanganj Bazar. Fairs; Kadam Rasul Dargah and Kalagachia are notable Narayanganj Sadar Hats and bazars are 70, fair 10, most noted of which are Fatulla cattle market, Pagla and Raktabali Hat, Deovogh Lakshminarayan Akhra Mela and Fatulla Baishakhi Mela. Sonargaon Hats and bazars are 26, fairs 4; notable hats and bazars are Ananda Bazar, Kaikartek Bazar; noted fairs are Luknath Brahmachari Mela, Pagla Mela at Hamchadi Rupganj Hats and bazars are 28, fair 2, most noted of which are Kanchan Hat, Golakandhail Hat and Murapara Hat. De~nra Total number of hats and bazars are 13, most noted of which are Sarulia Hat and Jalrabari Bazar.

Sozrrce. Banglapedia, 1996

Table 6.9 shows religious and cultural sites in the study area and Table 6.10 shows archaeological heritage and relics of the study area. Table 6.9: Religious and cultural sites of the study area Thana Religious institutions Cultural organizations Bandar Mosque 212, temple 10, sacred place 2, tomb 5. Club 22, library 1, cinema hall 3, playground 17

Narayanganj Mosque 662, temple 19, church 2, tomb 12, Public library 14, club 12, theatre group 5. Sadar monastery 1. Notable religious institutions are cinema hall 14, play ground 30, literary soclety 3. Fakirtola Jami Mosque, Amlapara Jami Mosque, Rifle club Narayanganj Sadhupal Church, Dhakeshwari Mandir, Nagbari Mandir and Dargah of Hauat Shah Fatehullah Bogdadi Sonargaon Mosque 450, temple 35, tomb 10 Museum 1 Sonargaon Folk Arts Museum, rural club 26, cinema hall 6, theatre group 5, women's organisation 1, playground 19 Rupganj Mosque 327, temple 1 1, tomb 5, prayer place 2. Club 20, cinema hall 6, women organasation I Bandar Shahi Mosque (1481), Baba Saleh Mosque and tomb (1504) are notable Demra Mosque 165, temple 8. Club 12, public library 3, cinema hall 5, playground 4 Source: Banglapedia, 1996

Table 6.10: Archaeological heritage and relics of the study area Thana Archaeological heritage and relics Bandar Shahi Mosque (I481 AD), Baba Saleh Mosque and tomb (1504 AD), Nabiganj Bandar Kadam Rasul Shrine (l580), Dewanbagh Mosque, Sonakanda Fort and Mosque. Narayanganj Sadarlsa Khan's fort at Hajiganj and tomb of Bibi Mariam Jalaluddin Fath Shah (1489 AD), single dome mosque built by Alauddin Husain Shah Sonargaon (1522), tomb ofsultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah (1410 AD), tomb of Shah Langar (1422).

RuP~~~J Residence of Murarpara Zamindar

Demra

Source: Banglapedia, 1996 Figure 6.1 : Location of hat bazaar and growth centres around the project site (Source: LGED) 6.5 INDUSTRY

Table 6.1 1 shows the number of manufacturing and cottage industries in the study area. The project area is a semi urban industrial area and a number of polluting industries are located in the study area. A rapid industrial survey was carried out in September 2006 as a part of the baseline survey to collect information bout the major industries around the proposed plant. Table 6.12 shows the list of major industries around the project site (identified with a serial no) along with information on type of industry, laborlstaff and effluent discharge status. Figure 6.2 shows locations of the major industries in and around the project site.

Table 6.1 1 : Industrial activities of the study area Thanas Manufacturing industries Cottage industries Bandar Bawa Jute Mill (the first Pakistani jute mill, Weaving 25, carpenter 25, bamboo etd.195 1 ), Sonakanda Dockyard, Ahmed Jutex and cane works 7, blacksmith 12, Mill, Bangladesh Textile Mill, Haripur Electricity potter 13 Supply Centre, Haripur floating electricity generation centre, Star Particle Board Mill, Vegetable Oil Mill, Sonali News Print Mill, Intercon Fabrics, etc. Narayanganj Hosiery 1500, garments 176, dying mill 135, flour Goldsmith 958. welding 73, wood Sadar m~ll80, steel rolling mill 30, vegetable oil 10, work 250, tailoring 500, bidi factory 1, aluminum factory 20, textile mill 29, jute mill 3, chira mill 10 paper mill 2. Adamjee EPZ (previous Adamjee Jute Mill) is located in this upazila. Sonargaon Cement factory 3, paper mill 2, oil mill 1, textile Weaving 948 (including jamdani), mill 25, re-rolling steel mill 4 goldsmith 32, blacksmith 42, wood work 172 and bamboo & cane work 154. Rupgailj Jute mill 12, cotton yarn mill 7, paper mill 2, weaving, specially Jamdani garments factory I Demra Large and medium size manufactories 551 Goldsmith 25, wood work 77 and tailoring 185 Source: Banglapedia, 1996

Table 6.12: List of major industries with personnel, turnover and discharge located around the project site at Siddhirganj SI. Labour1 Effluent /Waste Name TYpe ProductioniHP Current Status No. Staff Discharge 1 Naraynganj Silo Godown 388 50,000 M.Ton Running No discharge Writing and 2 Amber paper mills 168 20 toniday Running River printing 3 RM Oil Mills Oil refinery 16 - Close - - 4 Monwar Jute Mills Jute Industry - - Close (1991) 5 Shohrab Oil Mill Oil refinery 10 - Close SI. Labour1 Effluent /Waste TYpe ProductiodHP Current Status No Staff Discharge- 6 MIS Badhsa Limes Lime factory 40 16 todweek Running No discharge 7 Colnilla Dyeing Dyeing 100 2500 pcslday Running River by canal 8 Rangdhanu Cinema Hall Film 25 - Running No discharge Bangladesh Pad and Plastic Running 9 Plastic refinery 6 300 kglday River by canal Industry 10 National Laboratory Pharmaceutical 30 - New 11 Papilon Knit Apparals Garments 250 6000 psclday Running Sell in market 12 Iqbal Group Garments Ltd Garments - - Running Sell in market 13 Iqbal Re-Rolling Mills Re-Rolling Mills - - Close 14 lqbal Steel Mills steel' - - Close 15 RBM Bricks Brick field - - Running Air 16 MKB Bricks Brick field - - Running Air 17 Ahsan garments Garments 380 - Running Sell in market 18 Firoza textile Cotton 120 - Running River by canal 19 Shahparan Bricks Brick field - - Running Air 20 HK Steel Mills Steel 40 5 todday Running Abundant land Dyeing 8 todday 21 Rakh~textile & Dyeing Dyeing & fabrics 600 Fabrics 3 lakh Running Sell in market meterlday 22 Kwuntong Apparels Garments (Jacket) 400 - Running Sell in market Garments 23 Hy-Lan Sweater 200 1000 pcslday Running Sell in market (Sweater) 24 DNV Clothing Ltd Oven garments 1 100 8000 pcslday Running Sell in market 25 Akota Steel Mill Steel 150 15 todday Running Abundant land 26 Sonder Ali Lime Factory Lime factory 25 I0 todweek Running No discharge 27 Kuri Para Power Station Power Station - - Running River 28 Haripur Power Station Power Station - - Running River 29 NEPC Power Station Power Station - - Running River 30 Huq Cold Storage Cold Storage 18 - Running No discharge 3 1 Olympic battery Battery Prod. 75 - Running Land 32 Lafarge Cement Terminal Godown 15 - Running No discharge 33 Nokon Chemical Chemical - - Close 34 Mamtaz Spinning Mill Spinning 60 600 bobbidday Running Sell in market 35 Dhaka Konik paper Mills Refine paper 400 - Running Ri,ver by canal 36 Katchpur R. Spinning Mill Spinning - - New 37 Azmeri Oil Mill Oil refinery 22 650 tonlday Running Rliver by canal 38 Bhai Bhai Lime Factory Lime factory - - Running Canal 91'31UE 'XI'SUE

2 b k

5I k

2 b k lmpdctAlea(1 km radll) . D6t11ctHQ 0 Unlon HQ -Nat~onal Htghway GodownlCold Storage Reg~onalHlghway

90'31UE

Figure 6.2: Locations of major industries around the project site

6-10 6.6 AGRICULTURE

The proposed project site belongs to the Lower Meghna River Floodplain area of National Classification. The relatively higher south-eastern part of the unit is intensively cropped. HYVs of aus, aman and boro are widely grown in this area. On lowler land, deep-water aman is the principal crop on non-irrigated land, partly mixed with aus or displaced by jute on less deeply flooded land. With irrigation, HYV boro is the principal crop, partly preceded by mustard, and partly followed by deepwater aman in some areas. Agricultural land use of the study area is shown in Figure 6.3.

The impact area of tlie proposed project site is industrialized and semi-urbanized. There are only few pockets of agricultural land remaining in the impact area. A major irrigation project of the country namely Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra (D-N-D) project is located within tlie impact area of the site. However, D-N-D project is gradually becoming a semi- urban area because of its proximity to Dhaka city. Agricultural practice has become marginalized in the project area. Drainage congestion in the D-N-D area has created additional problem for agricultural practice.

6.7 PUBLIC HEALTH

Table 6.13 provides information on the health service facilities (i.e., government hospitals, family planning centers, family welfare centers, private clinics, satellite clinics) of the Upazilas in the study area. Table 6.14 below illustrates the access of the population to the health facilities in the project area.

Table 6.13: Health facilities in the study area Upazila Health centers Bandar Upazila health complex 1, satellite clinic and family planning centre 4 Government hospital 2, private clinic 12, union family planning centre 12, family planning kalyan Naray anganj Sadar centre 6, satellite clinic 1 Sonargaon Upazila health complex I, family planning centre 11, satellite clinic 3

Rupganj Upazila health complex I, family planning centre 3 Demra Health centre I, maternity 1 and family planning centre 7. Source: Banglapedia, 1996 Figure 6.3: Agricultural land use of the study area (Source: BCA, 2005) Table 6.14: Access to health facilities Source % of Total (N-multiple) Government Hospital 1.95 Union Clinic 30.95 Good Doctor 37. I3 Private Clinic 0.98 NGO Clinic 15.96 Good Pharmacy Shop 13.03 N (Multiple) 307, N=185 Source: Allanla-PDB, 2006

6.8 TRANSPORT

The proposed site is located very close to the Dhaka-Chittagong National Highway connecting eastern part of the country with the rest. The average annual daily traffic on the roadway exceeds 60000 PCU, which is dominated by large bus and trucks. The volume of traffic is expected to increase at the rate of more than 7 percent each year. Huge volume of traffic is expected to contribute in emission of particulate matter (as well as other air pollutants), which may affect the proposed installation.

The Siddhirganj Power Plant site is also located on the bank of the Sitalakhya river, which constitutes an important transport route for commercial activities in Dhaka city. Because of low water flow during dry season, movement of other vessels may be restricted while transporting heavy equipments for the proposed establishment. Chapter 7 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATORY MEASURES

7.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

7.1.1 Identification of Impacts

The major activities during the construction phase of the proposed 2x150 MW gas turbine power plant may be broadly classified into the following: (i) mobilization of equipment, materials and personnel; (ii) site preparation; (iii) civil construction and electromechanical installation/erection; and (iv) possible construction of gas transmission line to the project site.

Some of these project activities would likely to have some adverse impacts on certain environmental parameters, while some other would have beneficial effects. In this study, the effects of the project activities on physico-chemical, ecological and socio-economic (i.e., human interest related) parameters have been assessed. The important physico- chemical environmental parameters that are likely to be affected by the project activities include pollution, especially water pollution from generation and disposal of wastes, traffic flow, air pollution and noise pollution. The potential impacts of the project activities on these physico-chemical environmental parameters are described in Sections 7.1.2 through 7.1.5.

Since the project site is located in a developed area that does not appear to be very sensitive ecologically, the impact of project activities on most ecological parameters (e.g., wetlands, homestead vegetation, forest cover, bushes and trees, wild life, species diversity) are mostly insignificant. However, possible construction of gas pipeline across the Sitalakhya river are likely to adversely affect the aquatic environment (fisheries, aquatic plants) of the Sitalakhya river. These impacts have been described in Section 7.1.6.

A number of project activities will have some adverse impacts on certain socio-economic parameters (e.g., public health), while other will have beneficial impacts (e.g., employment). The impacts of project activities on socio-economic parameters have been described in Section 7.1.7. 7.1.2 Waste Generation and Disposal

Wastes generated during the construction phase of the project include construction debris and wastes and some other solid wastes (e.g., from labor sheds), human wastes from people working at the project site (e.g., from labor sheds), and some liquid waste from construction processes. Emissions during construction phase and their impacts have been discussed separately in Section 7.1.4.

Solid waste: Construction debris and wastes to be generated during the construction phase would include scrap iron, steel, wooden frames, piping, and other solid wastes. Most of iit will be generated toward the end of the construction phase during carrying out of the finishing works, while the site will be cleared of waste materials. The volume of such construction wastes is likely to be significant. Indiscriminate storage and disposal of these construction debris and wastes could create local water logging and ponding by blocking drainage lines and would be aesthetically displeasing. Proper disposal of these wastes, as diescribed in Section 7.4, is therefore necessary.

Solid waste of domestic nature that would be generated in the temporary labor sheds at the construction site is not likely to be significant in volume. But indiscriminate disposal of such solid waste would create environmental pollution and unhealthy situation at the project site. These solid wastes should also be disposed of properly as outlined in Section 7.4.

Wastewater: Wastewater, in the form of human wastes, will be generated mainly in the temporary labor sheds. This could be a major source of pollution if not properly disposed. Use of un- sanitary latrines and improper disposal of human waste would create environmental pollution and adversely affect health and well being of the people at the construction site by increasing the risk of disease transmission. Proper disposal of wastewater should therefore be ensured as suggested in Section 7.4. There is also risk of disease transmission from workers from outside who would come to work within the Siddhirganj complex.

Storm water: Storm water flow from the project area is not likely to increase during the construction phase. However, since the construction phase involves significant earthwork, ithere are chances of stagnation and ponding of water if proper care is not taken for proper drainage of storm water. 7.1.3 Traffic Flow

Road traffic flow to and from the project site is likely to increase during the construction phase due to increased movement of vehicles carrying construction materials, equipment and machinery, and personnel. However, construction of the gas turbine power plant is expected to be relatively quick and the possible adverse impact of increased traffic flow is likely to be very limited, especially if mitigation measures, as outlined in Section 7.4, are adopted. The negative impact of the increased traffic flow would be mostly concentrated mainly within the Siddhirgan-i plant complex, affecting people in residential areas and the school located close to the project site.

7.1.4 Air Quality Impacts

During the construction phase of the proposed power plant project, the important sources of emissions would include those from the operations of constructio~~equipment and machineries, vehicles carrying construction materials to the site and taking constructioi~ debris out of the site. If construction equipment, such as stone (aggregate) crushers are used at the site, this may result in significant emission of particulate matter during its operation. Since construction of the proposed power plant project would most likely involve significant earthworks, increase in particulate matter in the air from wind-blown dust is also a concern, especially considering the close proximity of the high school (and also the residential area) to the project site. Mitigation measures as outlined in Section 7.4 should be adopted to minimize the possible adverse impacts of project activities on air quality.

7.1.5 Impacts on Noise Level

7.1.5.1 Sorrrces of Noise During construction stage major source of noise is expected to stern from transport vehicles which include barges and trucks. Also noise is expected to be produced from plant construction activities. The construction phase may be broadly classified into two different groups: (i) General Site and Plant Construction, and (ii) Access Road Construction.

To assess the noise generated by different activities it is essential to identify the equipment to be used at various stages of the construction work. Therefore, an inventory of the probable equipment to be used and their reference noise generation data are of utmost importance. General Site and Plant Construction: Construction of the 2 x 150 MW Gas Turbine power plant will involve nulmerous activities. The major construction activities are:

1. General plant construction on the north-western part of the complex; 2. Loading and unloading of construction materials and equipment along with the power generation equipment; 3. Pile driving at the site; 4. Construction of the access road to the north of the processing facility; and 5. Earthwork trucks transporting cuttings along the access road for power plant construction.

Inventory ofequi~ment to be used in neneral site and plant construction: Some major works such as pile driving, transportation of the equipment and machineries from the dock to the site, installation of the plant, civil works, etc. may induce noise related problems. Construction equipment at the facility is expected to include;

1. Conventional earth-moving equipment, such as bulldozers, front-end loadlers, haul trucks, off - road trucks, 2. Concrete mixers and cranes.

These equipment will be used to grade and prepare the ground for construction of power plant. A drill rig and pile drivers are also expected to be used intermittently during the construction operation. Vibration caused by the pile driver may also be a problem during the construction phase.

Access Road Construction: At present, access to the proposed site is through a paved road which ends ablout 75m short of the proposed site boundary. Therefore, an access road needs to be constructed to ensure easy and safe access to the proposed plant. Major activities expected to take place for the construction of the access road include, excavation, earth filling, compaction and pavement casting. Inventory ofequipment to be used durina access road construction: To accomplish the construction works mentioned above following equipment are expected to be used; i) Heavy truck; ii) Off-route truck; iii) Excavator; iv) Roller; and v) Concrete mixer.

The heavy trucks will be employed in carrying construction materials. The off-route trucks will be used to carry away earth cuttings using excavator. The roller will be used for ground preparation and the concrete mixer will be for preparation of concrete mix.

7.1.5.2 Description of tlze Noise Model A screening model was used to predict sound levels as a function of distance from tlie construction operations. The screening modeling was based on sound level reduction over distance only. Given the relatively short distances between the construction operations and receptors (school), this is a reasonable assumption. The noise assessment was made following the New York State Department of Environmental Conversation (NYSDEC) screening-level noise analyses. This methodology uses the principle of hemispherical spreading of sound waves so that every doubling of distance produces a 6 dBA reduction of sound for a point source (as mentioned earlier). Thus, the sound levels were calculated using equation below:

L,,(h)= Lmax+ E.F.+lOlogU.F.-20 log(D/D,) (7.1) Where, Lerlfi) A-weighted, equivalent sound level at a receptor resulting from operation of a piece of equipment over a 1- hour time period; Lmu Maximum noise emission level of equipment based on its work cycle at distance Do; E.F. Equivalency Factor, which accounts for the difference between the maximum and minimum sound levels in the equipment work cycle and the percent of time spent at the maximum level. Table 7.2 in the U.S. DOT reference provides E.F.s based on these differences. For example, an E.F. of 0 applies to a steady-state noise source, while an E.F. of -9 applies to source that is quite variable and is at the maximum sound level for a short time during the work cycle; U.F. Usage Factor, which accounts for the percent time that equipment is in use over the time period of interest (1 hour). For example, a U.F. of 1.0 applies for equipment in use over 1 entire hour, while a U.F. of 0.33 applies for equipment in use for 20 minutes per hour; Distance from the equipment to the receptor of interest; and Do Reference distance at which the Lmaxwas measured for the piece of equipment of interest.

The actual locations of the on-site mobile equipment will be dispersed, but for purposes of calculating sound levels from the above sources, the equipment was assumed to remain in the same location. In addition, all pieces of equipment were assumed to be operating simultaneously. This is a conservative assumption because not all pieces of equipment will operate concurrently at maximum load. Due to the separation distance between the construction areas, as compared to the distance to receptors except for pile driving, which may occur at the site, the total predicted impact at any given receptor is primarily from the one nearest activity.

The model conservatively assumed that all sources will be operating simultaneously, and that they will be all the same distance from a given receptor (i.e., all co-located at exactly the same point). The reality is that some of the intermittent sources will not operate concurrently and will be inore disperse. This provides conservatism to the analysis.

7.1.5.3 Reference Sound Level Data Reference sound level data for each significant noise source associated with the pile driving, land preparation and installation of the power plant facility are shown iin Table 7.1. These data were collected from the literature and potential equipment vendors. The E.F. values are based on the measured or reported range of the equipment work cycle. The equipment assumed to run continuously for an hour is assigned to have a utilization factor (U.F.) of 1 .O. Pile driver is assumed to run for 45 minutes in an hour (U.F. = 0.75) for a period of one month. The haul trucks (3 in number) to deliver equiptrlent and building materials are assumed to run over a period of 45 minutes in an hour. The crane is expected to operate for 40 minutes in an hour with an idling period of 20 minutes; (U.F. = 0.67). The cement mixtures (2 in number) are expected to run for 30 minutes in an hour (U.F. = 0.5). These input were used, along with the Lmaxvalues presented in Table: 7.2 and the actual distance from the source to the receptor, in the screening-level noise attlenuation model (Eq. 7.1). Table 7.1 : Reference sound levels of construction and dredging equipment (Source: USDOT, FWHA, 1976) Equipment Number Reference Sound Distance Level (dBA) (m) Front-end Loader 2 8 0 30 Heavy Truck 3 96 15 ---Off-route Truck 2 86 15 Grader 2 9 3 Excavator 1 97 Pile Driver 2 115 Drilling Rig 2 8 6 15 Concrete Mixer 2 88 15 Crane 1 8 9 15

7.1.5.4 Model Predictions - Construction Phase

General Site and Plant Construction: Analysis of noise impacts from general site construction used the technique prescribed in Highway Construction Noise: Measurement, Prediction and Mitigation (U.S. DOT, FHWA, 1976). As above, this analysis included the three loudest pieces of constructio~~ equipment. Total sound levels from each piece of equipment were summed get the combined effect. The Power Plant Area was analyzed as a representative section of the site. A conservative E.F. of -2 was assumed for each piece of mobile construction equipment based on the U.S. DOT reference. Based on actual experience, absolute values of E.F. levels are typically greater (more negative). The assumptions used for predicting noise levels for general site construction are provided in Table 7.2.

It is currently anticipated that pile driving will be required to prepare the base for the column footings andlor the foundation of the superstructure. This activity would likely be conducted through impact hammering, since vibratory installation may not be effective for this installation from an engineering perspective. The noise model for this activity was conducted using the same model as the General Site and Plant Construction. The noise emission level for impact pile driving was 101 dBA at 15m (U.S. DOT, Federal Transit Administration [FTA], 1995) with a peak of 11 5 dBA. This is equivalent to the (L,,, + E.F.) term in Eq. 7.1. It was assumed that the impact hammer will drive the piles to the design depth in 30 minutes, and the remainder of a given hour will be used to reposition equiptnent and set the next pile in place. Therefore, a usage factor of 0.5 (30 minutes160 minutes) was assumed. The pile driving activity is expected to last two weeks. Figure 7.1 represents the model predictions for the noise to be generated by the three loudest equipment during the construction of the site and the plant. Table 7.2: Model input values for the equipment used in General Site and Plant Construction

Crane 89 -5 0.67 151

Model Prediction (dBA) for Heavy Truck Model Prediction (dBA) for Pile Driver

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Distance from source (m) Distance hom source (m)

Model Prediction (dBA) for Excavators

50 1 1 f - _Acceptable daytihe llmit 40 1 1 -School boundaw I I

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Dirtance from source (m)

Figure 7.1: Predictions of noise by Heavy Truck, Pile Driver and Excavato~rs Access Road Construction: There will be noise related to the delivery of construction materials and equipment for the processing facility. In general, the number of deliveries per day will vary and is not expected to be significant from a noise perspective. However, the transport of construction fill to the site is anticipated to result in the greatest truck traffic during the construction period. For noise modeling purposes, the fill deliveries for one shift per day (12 trucks per hour) were assumed. Spreading the deliveries over a longer duration would result in less impact. The assumptions used for predicting noise levels for access road construction are provided in Table 7.3. Figure 7.2 shows the model predictions for the noise to be generated by the three loudest equipment during access road construction.

Table 7.3: Model input values for the equipment used in Access Road Construction

Model Prediction (dBA) for Heavy Trucks Model Prediction (dBA)for Excavator

- I % 50 - / - -Acceptable daytlrne llmlt 40- g 1 -Schoolboundary - Scho6l boundary

20 I 10 I 04 , . . * . . I 0 0 20 10 60 80 100 120 110 160 180 200 0 20 10 60 80 100 120 110 160 180 200 Distance from source (m) Distance from vrurce (ml

Model Prediction (dBA)for Concrete Mixer

p 50- _ _Rcceptable dayurne lhm8I 3 10- -'school, boundary 30, I 5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 D13hncs from souice (m)

Figure7.2: Predictions of noise by Heavy Truck, Excavators and Concrete Mixer 7.1.5.5 Noke Impact - Construction Phase As mentioned earlier, noise may cause mild to severe impact on human nervous system if exposed to sustained high level noise exposure. The physical and psychological impacts depending on level of exposure may be annoyance, speech interference, sleep depriivation, performance degradation and hearing loss. Accordingly, the Bangladesh Standard for noise level is 75 dBA at daytime and 70 dBA at night (DOE, 1997). Table 7.4 shows the average Leg identified as requisite to protect the public health and welfare with an adequate margin of safety.

Table 7.4: Average Legidentified as requisite to protect public health and welfare with an adequate margin of safety Indoor Outdoor Measure Activity / Hearing loss 1 I Interference consideration I Interference consideration 1

Residential with outside Ldn 45 5 5 space and farm residences Leq(24) 70 Residential with no outside Ldn 45 space Leq(24) 70 1 Commercial I Leq(24) I (a) ( 70 1 (a) I 70 1

Inside transportation Leq(24) (a) 70

1 Industrial Leq(24)(d) (a) 70 (a) / Hospitals

1 Educational 1 55 I I

1 Recreational areas 1 Leq(~4) 1 (a) 1 70 1 (a) 1 70 1 Farmland and general I LeqP4, 1 (a) unpopulated land I (Source: US EPA, 2001) .Note: (a) Since different types of activities appear to be associated with different levels, identiJication of a tnauitnum level for activity interference may be d(jficult except in those circumstances where speech communication is a critical activity. Explanation of identiJied level of hearing loss: The exposure period that results in hearing loss at the identiJied level is a period of 40 years.

Impact during General Site and Plant Construction: From the model simulation (Fig. 7.1) it is apparent that during the construction phase noise produced by each individual equipment will exceed the acceptable limit at both the nearest and the furthest boundaries of the school. It should also be noted that the ambient noise level (L,,) measured at the school boundary is 77.47 dBA, which is slightlly above the acceptable limit. The cumulative noise, near the school boundary (90m), caused by the heavy truck (75 dBA), excavator (82 dBA) and the pile driving activity (80 dBA) is expected to be 84.6dBA. Therefore, the combined effect of these three activities is likely to cause annoyance and physical discomfort if exposed for a prolonged period. However, the class rooms of the school are about 30m away from the brick boundary wall which will significantly reduce the noise.

Impact during Access Road Construction: During the model simulation it has been assumed that the access road will be constructed along the southern boundary of the proposed site. The scliool is also located on the soutli- side of the proposed plant. From the maps it appears that the school boundary will be only 60m - 80m away from the access road. The predicted noise levels caused by the heavy trucks, excavator and the concrete mixer during the construction of the access road are 77dBA, 82 dBA and 82 dBA, respectively (Fig. 7.2). The cumulative noise when these equipment will be operated simultaneously is about 85.5 dBA, well above the acceptable limit. The noise to be generated by trucks is expected to be same as the present noise level measured during the field study. However, the expected noise to be generated by the excavators and the concrete mixer will be above the present level. Since the class rooms of the schools are located about 30m away from the access road and the presence of trees and boundary walls significant damping effect is expected to reduce tlie sound to a tolerable level.

7.1.6 Ecological Impacts

During construction of tlie proposed power plant, terrestrial ecosyste~nwill not be affected as there is no forest cover or vegetation within the project area. There is no natural habitat within the area supporting the terrestrial wildlife. Therefore, terrestrial ecosystem will not be affected during construction phase of tlie proposed project. However, proper measures such as water spraying (see Section 7.4) should be taken to protect homestead vegetation from dust pollution during construction phase.

Possible construction of a gas pipeline crossing the Sitalakhya river for supply of gas to the proposed power plant may adversely affect tlie aquatic ecosystem of the Sitalakhya river during the construction phase of the project. During construction of gas pipeline across Sitalakhya river, the navigation activities may be hindered locally to some extent. Construction activities will increase turbidity of the river water. This reduces light penetration, thereby interfering with the photosynthetic process; this may in turn adversely affect the overall aquatic ecosystem, including fisheries resources.. Construction of gas pipeline may disturb the thin layer of oxidized sediments at the river bottom and expose and disturb the deeper un-oxidized layers. The removal of the un- oxidized material may result in high values for chemical and biochemical oxygen demand. If present, such disturbance may mobilize toxic substances like hydrogen sulfide, methane, hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals. The deteriorated water quality may adversely affect the aquatic ecosystem. However, since pipeline construction will cover a relatively small stretch of the river, these effects are not likely to be significant.

In order to get a quick assessment of the heavy metal content of the bottom sedirnent, a grab sample of the bottom sediment of the Sitalakhya was collected from a location close to the intake of the existing 210 MW ST and was analyzed for 7 heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn and Hg). As described in Section 4.4, these heavy metal concentrations of the bed sediment are well below the usual concentrations found in soil.

An immediate consequence of the activities related to the construction of gas pipeline is the destruction of benthic communities and the obliteration of spawning and nursery grounds for fish. However, if the type of sediment remains the same, a rapid re- colonization by the same type of benthic community is expected. Mobile biota, such as fish, are the least affected, as they are capable of avoiding a disturbed area. Since, the disturbances due to gas pipeline construction will only affect a small section of the entire river width; there is little risk of hampering fish migration. However, macroinvertibrate community may be temporarily affected due to the construction of gas pipeline.

7.1.7 Socio-economic Impacts

The impacts of the project activities during construction phase on important socio- economic parameters are summarized below.

Resettlement, Loss of Aaricultural Land: The proposed plant will be constructed within a designated area inside the existing Siddhirgai~jpower plant complex. So there is no need for land acquisition. Additionally, there is no settlement in this designated area. Therefore, no population will be displaced and no resettlement will be required for the construction of the power plant.

Public Health: The most significant impact of the construction activities may be on human health and well being due to increased noise pollution and vibration, and local air pollution within and around the project site. Construction activities will generate dust (see Section 7.1.4). School going children and the residents within the complex will be exposed to increased dust pollution. Noise pollution and vibration will be generated from additional traffic and + operation of construction equipment. The school and the residential building located close to the project site will be affected by such noise pollution and vibration. A detailed assessment of noise pollution and its impact is presented in Section 7.1.5. Solid wastes generated by the construction activities and labors may create environmental pollution and thus affect public health, if not properly disposed (see Section 7.1.2).

Accident during construction phase is also an important concern. Proper measures including regular maintenance of equipment and use of protective gear are needed to reduce the risk of such accidents during the construction phase.

Navigation: Large barges will carry the power plant equipment to the plant site via the Sitalakhya River. It is a busy navigation route. So there will be some disruption to the current navigation. However, such disruption is expected to be minor in nature and easily manageable. Some disruption in navigation will also occur if gas pipeline is constructed across the Sitalakhya River.

Transnort: Some additional traffic will be generated for bringing in building construction material and equipment. This traffic will pass through heavily traveled Dhaka-Shiddhirganj road. As noted earlier (Section 7.1.3), construction of the gas turbine power plant is expected to be relatively quick and the possible adverse impact of increased traffic flow is likely to be very limited, especially if mitigation measures, as outlined in Section 7.4, are adopted.

Employment: Some job opportunities will be created for labors for construction of the proposed project. Installation of power plant will require only a few laborers as such installation is highly automated.

7.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE

7.2.1 Overview of Impacts

During operation of the 2x150 MW GT power plant, certain environmental parameters will experience some adverse impacts while some others will enjoy beneficial effects. In this study, the effects of the project activities on physico-chemical, ecological and socio- economic (i.e., human interest related) parameters have been assessed. The effects of the project at its operation phase on a number of physico-chemical environmental parameters were assessed. Tliese parameters include air pollution, noise level, solid waste and water quality. The potential impacts of the project activities on these physico-clhemical e~ivironmeiitalparameters are described in Sections 7.2.2 through 7.2.5.

As noted earlier, since the project site is located in a developed industrial area that does not appear to be very sensitive, ecologically. The impact of project activities on most ecological parameters (e.g., wetlands, homestead vegetation, forest cover, bushes and trees, wild life, species diversity) are mostly insignificant. Section 7.2.6 presents the impacts of the project on ecological parameters. The impact of the power plant project at its operation phase on socio-economic parameters will be mostly beneficial. Increased power supply will promote well being of the people suffering from lack of poweir supply or serious load shedding; it is also likely to have positive impact on industrial activities and employment. The impacts of project activities on socio-economic parameters have been described in Section 7.2.7. Cumulative impacts have been discussed in Section 7.2.8.

7.2.2 Noise Levels

A field visit was conducted at a similar facility in Mysmensingh on the banks of the Brahmaputra River to familiarize with a Gas Turbine Power Plant Operation1 and to identify the different environmental problems. The noise generation during the operation of a Gas Turbine Power Plant is expected to be from the turbines, generators and the air condenser cooling system.

The baseline noise levels measured at the Mymensingh Power Plant provide a basis for analysis of noise impacts at similar power plants. The measured noise level near the generators and turbines ranged from 1 lOdBA to 120dBA. This level of noise limits the continuous exposure of human being to 2 hours and 10 minutes, respectively (see Table 7.5) to prevent hearing loss. However, the turbines and the generators were installed within a confined space and are monitored through glass windows by field operators during routine inspection. Therefore, no direct prolonged exposure occurs. A similar situation is likely for the proposed 2x150 MW GT power plant.

The air condensers of the Mymensingh power plant were mounted on a steel frame structure about 10m above the ground. The measured noise level near the air condensers at ground level was 78 dBA, at a distance of 10m away from the base. The constant humming and continuous operation of the condensers justify the consideratio~nof this noise source to be a line source. It is expected that there will be reduction of 4.5 dBA per doubling the distance from the line source. Therefore, the noise level at the school boundary resulting from the air condensers during the operational phase is expected to be around 73.5 dBA. Since, this level is below the Bangladesh Standard of 75 dBA at daytime, no additional negative impact is expected from this line source. Measures for mitigation of adverse impacts of noise have been described in Section 7.4.

Table 7.5: OSHA noise exposure limits for the work environment Noise (dBA) Permissible Exposure (Hours and minutes) 85 16 hrs 87 12hrs 6 min 90 8 hrs 93 5 hrs 18 min 96 3 hrs 30 min 99 2 hrs 18 min 102 1 hr 30 min 105 1 hr 108 40 min 111 26 min 114 17 min 115 15 min 118 10 min

124 4 min 127 3 min 130 1 min Note: Exposure above or below the 90dB limit have been "time weighted" to give what OSHA believes are equivalent risks to a 90 dB eight-hour exposure. Source: Marsh, 1991, p. 322.

7.2.3 Solid Waste Management At the operation phase of the 2x150 MW GT power plant, some solid wastes will be generated from the offices of the power plant. The quantity of this solid waste will be small and its management should be integrated with the management of the solid waste generated at the Siddhirganj complex. As discussed in Section 7.4, the present practice of solid waste management and disposal at the Siddhirganj complex is not sound and should be changed to prevent environmental pollution.

7.2.4 Water Quality Assessment As noted earlier, unlike the steam turbine power plants, the gas turbine power plants do not generate any thermal effluent which needs to be discharged in the river system. The cooling operation is usually done with the help of air condensers. Therefore, heat from tlie flue is dissipated into the ambient air rather than the surface water body. Hence, unlike the case with steam turbine plants (e.g., the existing 210 MW plant at Siddhirganj complex), there is no risk of deterioration of water quality of the Sitalakhya river due to the operation of the proposed 2x150 MW GT power plant. However, due to the presence of a number of steam turbine power plant in the close vicinity of the project site, it is necessary to assess the water quality of the Sitalakhya river due to the combined effect of thermal discharges from these power plants. These include the existing 210 MW power plant within the Siddhirganj complex, Globeleq 360 MW power plant, and the Haripur power plant (not in operation currently). As assessment of present water quality of the Sitalakhya river and probable changes in river water quality due to the thermal effluents from the existing and proposed plants may provide insight for development of Environmental Management Plan for the Siddhirganj complex.

The assessment of river water quality of Sitalakhya river and the impact of thermal discharge presented here builds on two major thermal plume studies carried out for two different power generators, namely, the Siddhirganj Power Plant and the CDC Globeleq. The following sections briefly describe the basic processes in thermal plume modeling, and then present the results of modeling studies carried out to assess the impact of thermal discharge of CDC Globeleq and Siddhirganj ST power plant on the Sitalakhya River. Finally, present status of the Sitalakhya river with respect to temperature (measured as part of the present EIA study) is presented.

7.2.4.1 Processes within the Mixing Zone and Tidal Effects Processes within the Mixing Zone: The hydrodynamics of an effluent continuously discharging into a receiving water body can be conceptualized as a mixing process occurring in two separate regions (Fischer et. al., 1979). In the first region, the initial jet characteristics of momentum flux, buoyancy flux, and outfall geometry influence the jet trajectory and mixing. This region is usually known as the "near-field", and it encompasses the buoyant jet flow and any surface, bottom or terminal layer interaction.

As the turbulent plume travels further away from the source, the source characteristics become less important. Conditions existing in the ambient environment control trajectory and dilution of the turbulent plume through buoyant spreading motions and passive diffusion due ambient turbulence. This region is usually referred to as the "far-field".

Hydrodynamic Mixing Processes: The hydrodynamics of an effluent continuously discharging into a receiving water body can be conceptualized as a mixing process occurring in two separate regions (Fischer et. al., 1979). In the first region, the initial jet characteristics of momentum flux, buoyancy flux, and outfall geometry influence the jet trajectory and mixing. This region is usually known as the "near-field", and it encompasses the buoyant jet flow and any surface, bottom or terminal layer interaction. As the turbulent plume travels further away from the source, the source characteristics become less important. Conditions existing in the ambient environment control trajectory and dilution of the turbulent plume through buoyant spreading motions and passive diffusion due ambient turbulence. This region is usually referred to as the "far-field".

Tidal Effects: Tidal fluctuations in a water body, such as an estuary, coastal water or tidally fresh river, usually form an unsteady ambient flow field. Considerable complexity may arise in such cases with variation of velocity, magnitude, direction and water depth. Tidal velocity changes it direction twice during the tidal cycle (M2) at times called slack tide. One of these occurs near the time of mean low tide and the other occurs near the time of mean high tide (Fig. 7.3). Thus, they are known as low water slack and the high water slack, respectively. The rate reversal (time gradient of tidal velocity) near these slack tides is of considerable importance for the concentration build-up in the transient discharge plume, as tidal reversal is likely to reduce the effective dilution of a discharge by re-entraining the discharge plume remaining from the previous cycle. Thus, it is essential to conduct a critical time variable analysis at different time steps within a tidal cycle (Jones and Jirka, 1996).

Figure 7.3: Tidal Cycle, showing stage and velocity as a function of time after MHW

7- 17 7.2.4.2 Effect of the CDC Globeleq Thermal Discharge on Sitalakhya River Globeleq Private Limited, a wholly foreign owned company, is situated on the bank of the Sitalakhya River opposite to the Siddhirganj Power Plant, with the objectives to generate power on a 'Build, own, operate' basis to supply power to the Bangladesh Power Development Board for a period of 22 years. The power plant is under full operation with a total capacity of 360MW (a steam turbine of capacity 130MW and gas turbine 230MW). The steam turbine uses cooling water at a rate 37,200 m3/hr (max.) drawn from the Sitalakhya river. The thermal effluent passes through a small stilling basin within the plant. Then it is discharged into the river through a single-port submerged diffuser.

The World Bank guidelines states that "the efluent should result in a temperature increase of no more than 3°C at the edge of the "mixing zone" where initial mixing and dilution take place. Where the zone is not defined, use 100 meters from the point of discharge when there are no sensitive aquatic ecosystems within this distance" (World Bank Guidelines, 1998). To determine the effect of the thermal effluent disposal on the Sitalakhya River and to check whether there is compliance with the World Bank guideline a data collection scheme was adopted to generate primary data on the temporal and spatial variation of temperature data at the outfall and at locations 100m upstream and downstream of the outfall during a tidal cycle over a three-month period to cover the seasonal variation. In addition, velocity and depth of flow of the river Sitalakhya during the collection of temperature data were recorded.

1. Temperature of river water was measured at different depths at three different transects, namely, at the outfall, at 100m upstream and at 100m downstream of the outfall. The temperature data collection frequency was twice a month for three months, with a view to cover the dry and the wet seasons. 2. Temperature data at different stages of the tidal cycle at the outfall and lOOm downstream of the outfall were collected over a tidal cycle once in each month. 3. Velocity and depth of flow were measured at the transect just upstream of the outfall over a tidal cycle once in each month. 4. Wind velocity data were collected from secondary sources.

A preliminary reconnaissance survey was conducted to identify the sampling locations. This was followed by a topographical survey to delineate the study area (Fig. 7.4). The bathymetry along the cross section of the river at the plume origin was determined using an echo-sounder (Fig. 7.5).

I J

Figure 7.5: Cross-section along the plume origin

Hydrologic survey campaigns were conducted in the month of May to record the stage and discharge in the dry season. In addition to these surveys water quality data namely, Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen, at the outfall and at 100m up and downstream of the outfall along the cross-sections in dry season of year 2004 (Figs. 7.6 and 7.7).

Water level vs. lime

Figure 7.6: Stage over one tidal cycle at the outfall Oischarge vs. Tme

. .

Figure 7.7: The Sitalakhya River discharge over the tidal cycle

Simulation of the CDC Globeleq Thermal Effluent Discharge A length-scale model for the analysis, prediction, and design of aqueous toxic or conventional pollutant discharge into diverse water bodies recommended by the USEPA in key guidance documents on the permitting of industrial, municipal, thermal or other point source discharges to receiving waters was used to simulate the effects of thermal effluent discharge from CDC Globeleq in the Sitalakhya river. Although the system's major emphasis is on predicting the geometry and mixing characteristics of the initial mixing zone so that compliance with water quality regulatory constrains may be judged, the system also predicts the behavior of the discharge plume at larger distances.

The bathymetric data collected during the preliminary campaign (Fig. 7.5) were used in schematizing a bounded river cross-section approximating a rectangular channel from the considerations of equal hydraulic radius and later modified for non-uniform conditions.

The reach of the river within the study area has some irregularity in cross-section and has a moderate downstream meander with a relatively straight reach and hence can be classified as Type 1 section. The ambient geometry and the flow field data include an average river width of 180m. The average depth is 7.5 to 7.91n and the average depth at discharge is 8.45 to 8.85m. For the model simulation the Manning's roughness coefficient was assumed to be 0.03 for that of a clean and fairly straight natural river. The wind speed data was collected from the Globeleq records and an average of 3m/s was used. The river was considered to have uniform density stratification with fresh water flow. Filed data on water temperature were colleted at different sampling campaigns and recorded for use during simulation. From the field data, as shown in Figs. 7.6 and 7.7, the tidal period was found to be semidiurnal (12.4hrs). Tlie critical (minimum) dilution occurs near, and during the low velocity periods immediately following slack tide. Therefore, it necessitates multiple simulations at these junctures to estimate the mixing zone boundaries. Thus, it was decided that the simulations will be conducted at 3hr, 2hr, and lhr before and after both the High Water Slack (HWS) and the Low Water Slack (LWS) and also at slack periods. The field data show a maximum tidal velocity of 0.334 m/s (an average of two ]maxima irrespective of their directions). The instantaneous velocities at different intervals ranged from a minimum of 0.013m/s to 0.334mls.

Ambient river water is drawn from the bottom of the Sitalakhya River by the Globeleq Haripur Power (pvt.) Ltd., approximately five meters below the mean water level to cool the plant. As the ambient river water passes through the power plants cooling system, its temperature increases by approximately 3-5°C prior to discharge. The daily and hourly excess temperature variations during the simulation periods are shown in figures. This heated ambient river water is discharged back into the river at a rate of 10.83 m3/sec under maximu~n generating capacity. The outfall port is located downstream, of the ambient river water intake structure in order to minimize the potential for recirculation of the heated discharge water. The outfall pipe extends ten meters from the site boundary to the riverbank and runs an additional 70 meters along the river bottom. The discharge port has a diameter of 2.5m and discharges horizontally at an angle of 90" with the direction of the ambient flow. The centerline of the discharge port remains 2.2m above the bed level and the port was designed to remain submerged in the river flow at all times.

Tlie simulations were performed for comparison against the World Bank guidelines of 3°C below the ambient temperature at a distance of lOOm up and downstream from the outfall. For all the simulations, the model was run for a region of interest of 2000m from the outfall.

Model Results and Discussion Tlie simulation was initiated with the input data for the condition representing 3 hour before HWS. The nearest bank was, thus, located on the left of the direction of flow. The plume centerline temperature drops below the standard immediately after discharge. There is a possibility of dynamic bottom attachment. The near-horizontal discharge flow will dynamically attach to the nearby bottom in the near-field of the discharge (Coanda attachment). At the Regulatory Mixing Zone (RMZ), i.e. lOOm from the oul:fall, the temperature is 0.40°C above the ambient temperature and the width of the plume is 65.5m and has a thickness of 6.09m. The plume hugs the near bank (the right bank) at 194m from the outfall. The plume becomes laterally fully mixed at the end of the buoya~lt spreading regime at 827m from the outfall.

Figure 7.8: Plume at 3 hours before HWS Figure 7.9: Plume at 1 hour before HWS

Figure 7.10: Plume at 1 hour after HWS

Simulation at 2 hours before HWS shows that the temperature of the plume drops to a value of 0.34"C above the ambient temperature immediately after the disposal. However, the plume changes the direction and the right bank becomes the nearest bank. There is a possibility of dynamic bottom attachment. The near-horizontal discharge flow will dynamically attach to the nearby bottom in the near-field of the discharge (Coanda attachment). At the Regulatory Mixing Zone (RMZ), i.e. lOOm from the outf811, the temperature is 0.40°C above the ambient temperature and the width of the plume is 61m and has a thickness of 6.36m. The plume becomes attached to the near bank (the right bank) at 217111 from the outfall and becomes laterally fully mixed at the end of the buoyant spreading regime at 874m from the outfall (Fig. 7.8).

Immediately following the disposal, the plume becomes vertically well mixed aind later due to lower density becomes positively buoyant at 1 hour before HWS flow condition. Because of the immediate vertical mixing, there exists a possibility of benthic high temperature conditions. The plume becomes attached to the near bank at 83.4m and becomes laterally fully mixed at 475m downstream. Although there is tidal reversal, heat entrapment is unlikely to occur (Fig. 7.9).

At 1 hour after HWS the plume behaves the same as before. However, it changes direction and the left bank becomes the near bank. Subsequently, the temperature at the boundary of the mixing zone drops to 0.5"C above the ambient temperature. The plume becomes attached to the left bank at 112m and fully laterally mixed at 455m (Fig. 7.10).

At 2 hours before the LWS the plume becomes vertically well mixed at the disposal point. However, it becomes re-stratified and does not become fully mixed in the vertical plane even at the far-field (Fig. 7.1 1). At the end of the RMZ the mixed temperature drops to 0.46"C above the ambient temperature, well below the regulatory limit. It becomes attached to the near bank (left bank) at 116m and becomes completely laterally rnixed at 593m.

During the flow condition at 1 hour after LWS the plume changes position and comes closer to the right bank. Some boundary interaction occurs at the end of the near-field. This may be caused by the very low ambient velocity, which may lead to some heat entrapment. At 50m downstream from the outfall the plume becomes attached to the right (near) bank. This is the situation where the temperature rises to the highest level of 1°C above the ambient temperature at the end of the regulatory mixing zone. It also becomes laterally fully mixed at a distance 177m downstream from the outfall (Fig. 7.12). Figure 7.1 1: Plume at 2 Hours Before LWS Figure 7.12: Plume at 1 Hour After LWS

Verification of CDC Globeleq Simulation The results of the model analyses were verified by comparing the simulation results with actual field data. It is apparent from the Fig. 7.13 that the model predicts the field conditions very well and actually follows the trend of immediate reduction in temperature in the near-field and subsequent steady trend to the far-fields. Thus, it becomes apparent that the analyses performed in this study adequately represent the field conditions in the Sitalakhya River following discharge of thermal effluents from the Globeleq Thermal Power Plant at Haripur. Excess Temperature va. dmrtanse from outfall (2 hr After LWS) Gsebs Temperature vr. distance from outfall (3 hr Before HWS) -CORMIX Simulation . Obrerwd I

I 0 w . -I OW! 25 53 75 1W 125 153 1 0 25 53 75 1W la I53 I aslance downriream (m) artan- downsiream (m)

1 Excess Temperature vr. distance from outfall (2 hr belore LWS) I Gserr Temperature vr. distance trom outfall(1st Feb. 2004,lZAMI 1 -CORMIX Simulation r Obrerwd 1 5Wl

I owl -1 25 53 75 Im la 153 0 50 1m 153 ml Z53 nstance upstream (ml artmse downstream Im)

Gcers Temperdurevr. dirtawe from outfali(1rt Feb,'05,1230frM) Gsess Temperature vr. distance trom outfall (7th Feb'O5, laOPM1 I-CORMIX Simulation . Obserwd I -CORMIX Simulation + Obsemd 1

owl 0 53 1w 150 artanse downstream

Figure 7.13: Verification of model results with field data

7.2.4.3 Effect of Siddhirganj 21 OMWST Thermal Discharge on Sitalakhya River A 210MW Steam Turbine unit has been installed at the Siddhirganj power plant ithat uses water drawn from the Sitalakhya River for cooling purpose. The design include withdrawal of cooling water from the upstream of the plant and disposal of the used water into a concrete open channel, which drains into a closed conduit running along the river up to a designated length before ultimate disposal in the Sitalakhya River. Slince the Sitalakl~yaRiver is influence by semidiurnal tide, the worst-case scenario for the disposal of cooling water following once-through cooling is the low-flow period subjected to river backflow induced by tide.

With the hydrologic, bathymetric and wind velocity data collected during the CDC Globeleq Thermal Plume modeling a comprehensive simulation was performed to analyze the effects of the side-bank discharge of the thermal effluents in the Sitalakhya River.

Although the effluent discharged into the open channel at the boundary of the plant travels some distance the heat dissipation from the disposed water during the course of travel between the outlet (with initial temperature of 42.7"C) and the final outfall is minimal. This is due to the fact that the total travel time for a water particle between these two points is only about 15 minutes. In addition, a major portion of this channel is a closed conduit virtually preventing any transfer of heat from rapidly flowing water and the surrounding environment.

Simulation of the Siddhirgani Thermal Effluent Discharge The numerical modeling analysis was performed for the option where cooling fluid is used for 1 x 210 MW + 50 MW TPS and disposed off at a location 450m downstream of the intake location. The discharge channel is protruding 25m inside the river at a 45O angle from the right bank looking at the downstream direction. The width of the discharge channel is 7.5m and a depth of 2.5m. The rate of discharge for this condition is 10.7 m3/sec (38,500 m3/hr) (Fig. 7.14).

The modeling analysis was performed at every hour within the entire tidal cycle (Fig. 7.15). The worst case scenario with respect to the temperature at the intake location was considered for the selection of the disposal point. Description of the worst case scenario run for this option is given below.

The effluent density is less than the surrounding ambient water density of 995 kg/m3 at the discharge level. Therefore, the effluent is positively buoyant and will rises towards the surface within the near field. The temperature within the plume axis at the edge of the near field (99.8m from the disposal location) is +3OC above the maximum ambient temperature. The plume is become vertically fully mixed in the far field.

During the simulation, the Region of Interest was considered to be 2500m. Within this region the location and trajectory is represented by the steady state analysis and are not limited by any tidal restrictions. For this condition, after tidal reversal, mixed water from the previous half-cycle become re-entrained into near field of the discharge, increasing the temperature compared to the steady state predictions. A pool of mixed water formed at slack tide is advected downstream in this phase.

Figure 7.14: Siddhirganj Power Plant Thermal Discharge Outfall

Verification of Siddhiraanj Power Plant Simulation The mixing zone model was also applied for assessing the impact of the newly i.nstalled 210-MW power generation unit at the Siddhirganj Power Plant. However, given the model limitations for using two simultaneous thermal input in the same region of a river it was impossible to simulate the actual condition of the river at present. Thus, an individual si~nulationwith only the present conditions was performed. Therefore, the model outputs for such a case are only indicative. Figure 7.16 show the simulation results of the Siddhirganj outfall during February, March and April 2005. The field data show considerable differences with the simulated results in the nearfield but follows the trend of the data in the farfield. This difference in the nearfield may be attributed to the fact that the model can only simulate the effects of one thermal input in the river reach, whereas, the field data are the combined effects of both the plants. Although the Siddhirganj Power Plant is within the Bangladesh Standard (ECR 1997) standards for thermal effluent discharge, it sometimes exceeds the World Bank Guidelines of 3°C at lOOm from the outfall. Figure 7.15: Simulation of Thermal Plume of the Siddhirganj Power Plant in Sitalakhya

Present Status of the River Water Qualiw As a part of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed 2 x l5OMW Gas Turbine Power Plant (GTPP) water temperature at present outfall, at 100m upstream and downstream of the outfall was measured to establish a baseline condition. As mentioned earlier, the baseline data had to be collected in the wet season which does not represent the worst case scenario with respect to the river flow. Usually the dry flow periods of April - May represent the worst case scenario. During this period the low flow in the river system offers the least dilution effect resulting in low heat dissipation wliich leads to higher water temperature.

Table 7.6 shows the water temperature data collected on September 08, 2006 at different depths near the Siddhirganj Power Plant outfall and at a distance of lOOm up and downstream from the outfall. Even during the relatively high flow condition of the Sitalakhya River the water temperature has risen to 40.2OC at a location close to the outfall and the same at location lOOm up and downstream from the outfall the water temperature varies between 3 1.4OC to 40.2OC. Therefore, it is likely that the river water temperature will increase significantly during the low flow periods. In addition, the model simulation suggests that entrainment of heat caused by heat carried over from one tidal cycle to the next may lead to substantial increase in water temperature in the vicinity of the side-bank discharge outfall. It is also apparent that a submerged discharge is more efficient than a side bank discharge in dissipating heat from thermal discharge. However, siltation over a prolonged period may cause the submerged discharge port to work inefficiently over in the long run. Excess Temperature vs.distance Iromoutfall(Z0th Feb,2005 12PM) Excess Temperature vs. distancs from outlall (ZOUI March, 2006 ) 1-~iddhirganj r Obperved -Siddhirgnnj t Obsrved 8.00 ;700 (

0 20x1 4MX) 6WO 8032 1WW 12 0 2MY1 4WO 630 Distance downstream (m) Disbncs domsbeam(m)

Excess Temperature vs. distance lromoutlall(Z0th Ppril,2005) -Siddhirgmj Obarvrd 1 I

L2W- 444* * "2

0 250 5M 750 1CIXI Distance downstream Id

Figure 7.16: Model Results of the Effects of the 210MW Power Plant at Siddhirganj (February, March and April 2005)

The submerged buoyant jet such as the CDC Globeleque plume dissipates a large quantity of heat on its way upward before it takes the form of surface thermal plume, while in surface buoyant jet such as that of Siddhirganj Power Plant, heat is dissipated on~lywhen it starts mixing with the surface water after discharge. This is why there is an abrupt decrease in temperature after discharge for submerged jets while in surface jets, even with the same effluent characteristics, the temperature decrease occurs over a larger distance. However, the condition changes due to tidal nature of the flow. Heat entrapment along the depth of the river near the discharge point may occur in both the cases. This ma:y lead to increase in ambient temperature.

The model analysis shows that although the ECR 1997 (GOB, 1997) guideline values for thermal discharge has not been exceeded during dry season, at times the World Bank Guideline limit of maximum of 3°C increase in ambient temperature could not be achieved by the Siddhirganj Power Plant. As mentioned, the effect of surface disposal persists over a long distance and the plume travels more than 1000m before laterally full- mixed condition prevails. The increase in ambient temperature may also be enhanced due to entrapment of heat during each tidal cycle. Therefore, it will not be advisable to allow additional thermal discharge within the distance of 1.5km upstream and 1.5km downstream of the present discharge point of the Siddhirganj Power Plant.

perature data of Sitalakhya River tart T~me09 25 am End T~me10 30 am 4 (100m south No (ft)d Pomt) / from discharge) Pomt) from discharge) ..-+--- . - Depth+ 30m OOm i 30m OOm 30m OOm 3Om OOm - - I 0 317 316 327 331 335 366 323 322

i ------ir------k 5 120 315 314 1326 327'323 3

Date 8 Sep 2006 Start Tlme 10 30 am End T~me1 1 35 am

7.2.5 Air Quality

The proposed 2x1 50 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant is a relatively cleaner technology for electricity production, especially when natural gas with low sulfur content (as is the case here) is used as fuel. It is expected to produce minimal impact on the air quality of the surrounding environment. Only-~O,emission tends to be a problem because of the high combustion temperature. However, use of Dry Low NO, (DNL) technology in this project is likely to reduce NOx emission significantly. There is also some concern regarding thermal emission from the power plant during operation. These two issues (NO, and thermal emissions) have been assessed in the following sections (Section 7.2.5.1 and 7.2.5.2). Besides, higher concentration of particulate matter in the air (see Section 4.6) is a concern for the intake air filters of the power plant. These particulate matter are contributed by different industries, brick kilns, other power plants, and fugitive sources located around the project site. This issue has been discussed in Section 7.2.5.3.

7.2.5.1 Emission of NOx from the Power Plant Effect of NO, emission during operation phase of the project on ambient air qua.lity has been assessed using USEPA SCREEN3 model. This model was used to estimate ground level concentration of NO, due to emission from the power plant. Ground level concentration was estimated for single turbine and then multiplied by 2 to get concentrations due to two turbines operating simultaneously. Table7.7 shows the main input parameters used in the SCREEN3 model. The reference values of the input parameters were obtained from the literature for standard gas turbines (e.g., Macak 111, 2000; ECOMAC-EGCB, 2005).

Table 7.7: Input values used in SCREEN3 air quality model -- - I Parameter Value 1 ( Stack height (m) 1 35 to70 I 1 Stack diameter (m) I 7 1 I Exhaust temperature (K) I 76 1 1 1 Exhaust flow rate (m3/s) I 830 1 1 NO, emission rate (gls) I 50.6 I Ambient temperature (OK) 303 Stability Class F

The model was run considering for worst case scenario, considering Stability Class of "F" (moderately stable atmosphere) and a wind speed of 1.0 mls. Simple terrain and urban environment was assumed. Background concentration of NO, was estimated from the available data and measurement of NO, carried out in this study. Available data (Table 4.5 and 4.6) show NO, concentration in the ambient air to vary from a low of about 16 &m3 to a high of about 55 pg/m3. Whereas measurement carried out in this study found NO, concentration to vary from about 12 to 55 pg/m3. Based on these values, a background concentration of 45 &m3 was selected, a value close to that adopted in the air quality modeling for the ADB 2xl20MW power plant within the Siddhirganj l~remises (ECOMAC-EGCB, 2005). Table 7.8a shows 1-hr ground level concentration of NO, for single turbine as a function of distance downwind for three different stack heights. Table 7.8b shows distance to the peak ground level concentration for different stack heights. USEPA recommends a factor of 0.2 to 0.6 (typical 0.4) for converting 1-hr average concentration to 24-hr average value (USEPA, 1992; ARB, 1994) and here a multiplying factor of 0.4 has been used for the conversion. These tables show that peak ground level NO, concentration decreases as stack height increases and distance to peak concentration increases as stack height increases. Peak NO, concentration varies from 33.8 pg/m3 for 35 m stack to 23.7 pg/m3 for 70 m stack. Considering a relatively high background NO, concentration of 45 pg/m3, this results in a maximum ground level concentration (under worst-case scenario) of about 79 pg/m3 and 69 pg/m3 for 35m and 70m stack heights, respectively; these values are well below the national standard of 100 pg/m3. Thus, NO, emission from the power plant does not appear to pose a significant threat to the ambient air quality around the project area.

Table 7.8a: Ground level NO, concentration for single turbine as a function of distance downwind NO, Concentration (pg/m3) for different Stack Heights (h) Distance (m) h=35 m h=50 m h=70 m 100 0.81 0.3 1 0.02

Table 7.8b: Peak ground level NO, concentration and distance to peak concentration for different stack heights

I Stack Height- 1-hr peak at I-hr peak NOx 24-hr peak I Peak NO, for I Total peak I (m) distance (m) 1 Conc. NO, Conc. 2 Turbines NO, Conc. 35m 7620 42.2 16.9 33.8 78.75 50m 8476 36.0 14.4 1 28.8 73.77 70m 9434 29.6 11.8 23.7 68.69 The observations regarding impacts of 2xl50MW peaking power plant with respect to NO, dispersion, presented above, differs from the finding of ECOMAC-EGCB (2005) in connection with 2xl20MW peaking power plant to be built within the Siddhirganj complex. According to the present study, the maximum concentration of NO, will occur at a distance of 7.6 km for a stack height of 35m. On the other hand, the ECOMAC- EGCB (2005) reported the maximum NO, concentration to occur at a distance of 454m from the source for the stack height of 30m. Both the studies are based on USEPA SCREEN3 model and comparison among exhaust and stack parameters does no't reveal any significant differences except for exhaust flow rate. Regarding meteorological parameters, the findings of this study are based on wind speed of lmls and Stability Class of 'F'. It is worth noting that that the ECOMAC-EGCB (2005) study did not present the meteorological parameters in connection with the modeling exercise in the report. A parametric investigation revealed that those outputs could have been the result of an assumed wind speed of 20mIs and a Stability Class of 'D'. A review of the available wind speed data reveals that such a gusty wind prevails for a very short duration, particularly in wet season which is not a critical period for air pollution in Bangladesh.

7.2.5.2 Tlt ermnl Emission It should be remembered that a number of power generators and industries around the site are coiitributing to the increase in ambient air temperature. Operation of the proposed power plant, together with the other plants and industries may increase ambient temperature around the project site. A thorough literature survey conducted during the study revealed that, although temperature of the exhaust plume was a problem in Ithe past, advanced exhausts evacuators used in the industries nowadays can successfully handle this, especially in colder regions of the world. However, the elevated ambient temperature in tropical regions such as Bangladesh may cause elevation of the already high ambient temperature. Mitigation measures, as discussed in Section 7.4.2, should be adopted to mitigate the adverse impacts resulting from such increase in ambient temperature.

7.2.5.3 Pnrtic~~lateMntter As noted earlier, there exist a number of industrial facilities, power plant and brick fields around the project site, which emit a large quantity of particulate matter that may affect the proposed power plant. It is known that the particulate emissions from the nearby board factory in the past have led some of the power plants to install, and frequently replace air filters. As discussed in Section 7.1.4, due to the existence of brickfield and stone crushing activities in the vicinity of proposed site, the amount of particulate matter in air at the project location is higher than the ambient air quality standard. This will certainly affect the Intake Air Filters of the power plant and substantially redl~cetheir design life. In order to assess the effect of industrial and other facilities around the project site on the ambient air quality of the area and hence on the power plant itself, it is necessary to develop a regional air quality model that takes into consideration the emissions from different sources. Efforts were made to model the air quality of the area using the AUSPLUME model. For this purpose, efforts were made to collect information on sources of emissions (e.g., industries, power plants, brick kilns, fugitive sources, etc.), their locations and emission rates. However, very little information is available, especially with regard to emission rates from the pollution sources. Only limited air quality data is available (see Section 4.6) for calibration of model; all meteorological data needed for modeling purpose were also not available. Given the limited time available for the present study, it was not possible to carry out a detailed study for identifying the sources of emission, their location and emission rates, measurement of air quality (especially concentration of particulate matter) around the area, and collect relevant data for running air quality model. Under this situation, efforts to model air quality of the area and calibration of the model with available air quality data were not very successful. It is therefore suggested that a detailed study be carried out to assess the air pollution sources in the study area around the project site and then set up and calibrate a regional air quality model for the study area. This model then could be used for assessing the impact of present and future industries and other pollutant sources on the ambient air quality in the area.

7.2.6 Ecological Impacts The proposed project is a gas turbine peaking power plant and the use of water in the plant operation will be minimal. Since there will be no thermal discharge (i.e., heated cooling water) or other forms of discharge from the power plant in the Sitalakhya river, the operation of the power plant will not affect the water quality or the aquatic ecosystein of the river. However, thermal emission from the power plant may have some adverse impact on homestead vegetation in the surrounding areas.

7.2.7 Socio-economic Impacts During operation phase, no significant negative impact is anticipated on socio-economic environmental parameters. Significant positive impacts are expected due to improvement in power supply. This will reduce load shedding in Dhaka city and contribute to tlie national economy. Well being of the surrounding population, especially Dhaka city, will be significantly improved due to generation of electricity during peak hours. Currently Dhaka city is reeling under unbearable load shedding. Such load shedding is hampering normal day-to-day activities of the city including schooling. Human Health and Well Being;: Air pollution due to waste heat generated from gas fired power plant may be signif cant if proper mitigatory measures are not taken. Noise pollution from a gas fired power plant is expected to be very low, as discussed in Section 7.2.3.

Industrial Activities: The power plant is located in an industrial zone. Adamjee industrial complex is next to the power plant. So these industries will benefit from additional and uninterrupted power supply from this proposed plant. New industries will also come up, which will in turn increase socio-economic growth of the region.

Employment: Employment will be generated in the industrial sector. Besides, some employment will be generated for the operation and maintenance of the new power plant.

National Economy: National economy will be benefited by the availability of additional supply of power to industrial sectors. Industries will be able to use more of their capacity, which now frequently suffers from power outage. Industries will also be able to reduce their dependence on diesel for back-up power generation, which will save additional expenditure and foreign currency. Given the current load shedding situation, irnpact of this additional power generation on national economy will be significant.

7.2.8 Cumulative Impacts

7.2.8.1 Air Quality The air quality model AUSPLUME was used to assess cumulative concentration of NO, in ambient air due to emissions from the proposed 2x150 MW World Bank financed GTPP and the 2x120 MW ADB financed GTPP to be constructed within the Siddhirganj power plant complex. For this purpose, data on wind speed and wind direction around the project site was assessed in order to determine the critical impact zone(s). Data on wind- speed and wind-direction for Dhaka station were collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department for the period 1990-2003 and wind roses prepared based on these data are presented in Figures 7.17a-d. The data and the wind roses show that during wet season (April-September) wind blows predominantly from south and south-eastern direction with velocity ranging between 20 to 30 km/hr. During dry season (October- March) wind blows from north and north western direction with speed of 10 to 20 kmhr. As the dry season is the critical period for air pollution impacts, January is identified as the critical month for air quality modeling and corresponding wind speed and direction have been used in the AUSPLUME model to assess cumulative concentration of NO, in ambient air due to simultaneous emissions from the proposed 2x150 MW and the 2x120 MW GTPPs.

Scale factor = 30%

/ Figure 7.17(a): Wind rose at Dhaka station for the month of January

Scale factor = 30%

Calm It-; 68%

Figure 7.17(b): Wind rose at Dhaka station for the month of April s Scale factor = 30%

Figure 7.17(c): Wind rose at Dhaka station for the month of July

Figure 7.17(d): Wind rose at Dhaka station for the month of October From modeling study, it was found that the spatial extent of pollution is the maximum under stable condition (e.g., Stability Class F) with low wind speed (e.g., lmls). However, for the purpose of analyzing worst near-field impacts, a scenario with high wind speed under "neutral" condition (Stability Class D) is most critical; a high wind speed was therefore considered for analysis of near-field worst case scenario. Hence for assessing the cumulative impacts of both the proposed power plants, "neutral" atmospheric condition and an average wind speed of 25.0inls from north-west direction in the month of January have been used in the AUSPLUME model. A stack height of 35m was assumed for the proposed 2x150 MW power plant; other parameters (except stability class) are same as those listed in Table 7.7. The input parameters for the proposed 2x120 MW power plant are same as those used in the ECOMAC-EGCB (2005) study.

Figure 7.18 shows the contours of NO, concentration around the project site. These concentrations represent 1-hr average values plus a background NO, concentration of 45 It shows a maximum 1-hr NO, concentration of about 90 pglm3. This corresponds to a 24-111- average value of around 63 pglm3 [=(45+45x0.4)], which is well below the national standard of 100 pg/m3. It is worth noting that if higher stack heights (e.g., 50m and 70m) are considered for the proposed 2x150 MW power plant, the predicted NO, concentrations would be even lower.

Figure 7.1 8: Predicted 1-hr average NO, concentrations (~~~lrn~)around the project site (including a background concentration of 45 due to simultaneous operation of the proposed 2x150 MW and 2x120 MW power plants within the Siddhirganj complex 7.2.8.2 Noise Level The cumulative effect of the noise to be generated by the proposed 2x150 MW' World Bank financed GTPP and the 2x120 MW ADB financed GTPP during the operational phase has been modeled during the study. The model shows that the Leg of th~enoise generated by the proposed 2x150 MW World Bank financed GTPP at a distance of 60m from the confined source is expected to be 73.5dBA. A similar noise level is expected for the proposed the 2x120 MW ADB financed GTPP. Therefore, a cumulative noise effect of both of these proposed plants at a common point is expected to be dominated by the noise generated by the plant nearest to the receptor.

7.2.8.3 Tlzermal Emission Cumulative impact is expected to be significant in case of air temperature. The exhaust gases of the gas-fired power plants are discharged at sufficient height to mitigate heat impact of independent plants. However, since there are a number of power plants in and around the proposed site, there may be cumulative impact on air temperature. 'There is already indication from the FGDs that ambient air temperature appears to be increasing according to the local people.

7.3 IMPACT EVALUATION

This section provides an evaluation of the impacts of project activities (described in Sections 7.1 and 7.2) on the physico-chemical, ecological and socio-economic parameters, both during construction and operation phases of the project. For convenience, the impacts have been categorized as "positive impact", "no impact", and "negative impact". Again the intensity of positive and negative impacts have been classified (qualitatively) into "low", "moderate" and "high" categories. Short-term (Sh) and long-term (Lo) nature of impacts have also been identified.

7.3.1 Construction Phase Impact on Physico-chemical Parameters: Table 7.9 summarizes the effect of project activities on physico-chemical environmental parameters during construction phase of the project. The physico-chemical environmental parameters that would be affected by the project activities include water and soil quality, traffic flow, air quality and noise level. As discussed in Section 7.1, water and soil quality will be affected mainly by project activities such as mobilization of equiprnent and personnel (e.g., solid and liquid waste from labor sheds), site preparation, and possible construction of gas pipeline across Sitalakhya river. Effects of solid and liquid wastes generated during construction phase would not be very significant, especially if mitigation measures as outlined in Section 7.4 are adopted. Pipeline construction activities will have adverse impact on the river water quality, however since such activities will cover only a small stretch of the river, the overall negative impact of such activities is likely to be "short-term (Sh)" and of "moderate" intensity.

The negative impact of the traffic flow resulting from increased movement of vehicles carrying construction materials and personnel to the site and construction debris away from the site would be mostlyconcentrated primarily within the Siddhirganj plant complex, affecting people in residential areas and the school located close to the project site.

Deterioration of air quality during construction phase may result from increased concentration of particulate matter in the air from construction activities such as stone (aggregate) crushing, vehicular movement and wind-blown dust. However, these adverse impacts could be greatly minimized by adopting mitigation measures as outlined in Section 7.4.

As described in Section 7.1.5, for assessment of impact of increased noise level during the construction phase, the project activities were divided into two major classes - (i) general site and plant construction, and (ii) access road construction. The likely noise level to be generated for each category of activity and its impact on the surrounding environment, especially the school which is located close to the project site, were assessed using a noise model. Results of the assessment presented in Section 7.1.5 show that both the general site and plant construction and road construction activities would generate significant noise and would produce some adverse impacts. The cumulative noise near the school boundary caused by the heavy truck, excavator and the pile driving activity for general site and plant construction is expected to be about 84.6 dBA, exceeding the acceptable level of noise. Therefore, the combined effect of these three activities is likely to cause annoyance and physical discomfort if someone is exposed to the higher level of noise for a prolonged period. Similarly, the cumulative noise caused by the heavy trucks, excavator and the concrete mixer operating simultaneously during the construction of the access road is about 85.5 dBA, well above the acceptable limit. However, since the class rooms of the schools are located about 3Om away from the access road and the trees and boundary walls will have some damping effect, the noise level is expected to come down to tolerable levels in the school premises. The adverse effect of project activities on noise level has therefore been categorized as "short term (Sh)" and of "moderate" intensity. Table 7.9: Effect of project activities on pl~ysico-chemicalenvironmental parameters during construction phase

Impact on Ecological Parameters: Table 7.10 shows the effects of the project activities during construction phase on ecological parameters. As noted earlier in Section 7.1.6, the project area is not very sensitive ecologically and hence the impacts of project activities on most ecological parameters are insignificant. However, the possible construction of pipeline across the Sitalakhya River will have adverse impacts on the aquatic environment, including fisheries.

Gas pipeline construction activities may destroy the benthic communities and the obliteration of spawning and nursery grounds for fish. However, as noted earlier, if the type of sediment remains the same, a rapid re-colonization by the same type of benthic community is expected. Mobile biota, such as fish, are the least affected, as they are capable of avoiding a disturbed area. Since, the disturbances due to pipeline construction will only affect a small section of the entire river, there is little risk of hampering fish migration. Macro-invertebrate community may however be temporarily affected due to the construction of gas pipeline. Therefore, impacts of project activities on fisheries, micro-invertebrates and aquatic plants have been categorized as "short-term" and of "moderate" intensity.

Table 7.10: Effect of project activities on ecological parameters during construction phase 1 Ecoloeical ~arameters1 Environmental examination I Impact on Socio-economic Parameters: Table 7.1 1 shows the effects of the project activities during construction phase on ecological parameters. The project activities during construction phase will have some adverse impact on public health and well being due to increased noise pollution and vibration, and local air pollution within and around the project site.

Table 7.11: Effect of project activities on socio-economic parameters during construction phase Socio-economic Environmental examination parameters Positive impact No Negative impact Low I Moder- 1 High impact Low I Moder- 1 High

There will be some minor disruption to the current navigation due to movement of large barges carrying the power plant equipments to the plant site via the Sitalakhya River. Some disruption in navigation will also occur if gas pipeline is constructed across tlie Sitalakhya River. The transportation sector will also face some short-term adverse impacts due to additional traffic that will be generated for bringing in building construction material and equipment to the site and hauling construction debris away from the site through Dhaka-Siddhirganj road.

Some beneficial effect of "low" intensity will come from job opportunities to be created for labors for construction of the proposed pro-ject.

7.3.2 Operation Phase Impact on Phvsico-chemical Parameters: Table 7.12 summarizes the effect of project activities on physico-chemical environmental parameters during operation phase of the project. Effect of project activities during operation phase on physico-chemical environmental parameters will be mostly of "low" intensity, except for the effect of thermal emission. As discussed i11 Section 7.2.2, tlie noise level at the school boundary resulting from the air condensers during tlie operational phase is expected to be below the Bangladesh Standard of 75 dBA at daytime. Table 7.12: Effect of project activities on physico-chemical environmental parameters during operation phase Physico-chemical Environmental examination parameters

ate Water and soil quality X (Sh) Traffic flow x (Lo) Air aualitv X (Lo) Noise level 1 x (LO) i 'i3

As the Government of Bangladesh has a long term plan to develop the region as the region earmarked for electricity production, it is recommended to impose restrictions on industries generating significant amount of particulate matter.

Impact on Ecological Parameters: Table 7.13 sum~narizesthe effect of project activities on ecological parameters during operation phase of the project. Most ecological parameters will not be affected by the project activities during operation phase, except for some adverse effect of thermal emission on homestead vegetation in the surrounding areas.

Impact on Socio-economic Parameters: As shown in Table 7.14, the project will mostly have beneficial impacts on socio- economic parameters during operation phase. National economy will be benefited by the availability of additional supply of power to industrial sectors. Since the power plant is located in an industrial zone, the industries will benefit from additional and uninterrupted power supply from this proposed plant. New industries will also come up, which will in turn increase socio-economic growth of the region; employment is also likely to increase in the industrial sector.

Table 7.13: Effect of project activities on ecological parameters during operation phase Ecological parameters Environmental examination Positive impact No Negative impact Low ) Moder- High impact Low I Moder- 1 High Table 7.14: Effect of project activities on socio-economic parameters during operation phase Socio-economic Environmental examination parameters Positive impact No Negative imsact Low Moder High impact Low Mod High ate erate

Health and well being X (Lo) Navigation X Transport X Employment X (Lo) Industrial activities X (Lo) National economy X (Lo) Sh=Short-term; Lo=Long-term

7.4 MITIGATORY MEASURES

7.4.1 Construction Phase Waste Generation and Disposal: Construction debris and waste: Project construction activities will result in generation of considerable amount of inert solid wastes, including lumber, excess concrete, metal and glass scrap, and empty containers used for non- hazardous substances. Management of these wastes will be the responsibility of the Contractors. Typical management practices include recycling, proper temporary storage of waste and debris, and house keeping of work areas. The wastes left after recycling will be transported to disposal in municipal land fill area. No part of this type of construction waste should be mixed with the domestic solid waste generated within the Siddhirganj complex; these solid wastes should be handled separately.

Solid waste: The solid wastes of domestic nature generated mainly in the labor sheds should be collected and stored separately (i.e., without mixing it with construction wastesldebris) in appropriate containers within the construction site. The solid wastes should be disposed of away from the site (e.g., in a municipal landfilllwaste dumping ground) outside the complex, at the responsibility of the Contractor. For assessing quantity of solid waste (of domestic nature) to be generated at the construction site, a generation rate of 0.2 kg per worker per day may be used.

It should be noted that at present, solid waste generated within the Siddhirganj complex are collected in drums (approximately one for ten families), where the solid waste from the surrounding residences is disposed off. There are personnel who collect waste from these drums and dispose them at the dumping site near the "sweeper colony", located within tlie Siddhirganj site (along the north boundary of the project site, close to the 132 kV sub-station). The current practice of open disposal of solid waste is not a sound and acceptable practice. If open dumping of solid waste is continued disease vectors may grow in number and spread diseases among the inhabitants within and outside the complex.

Liqtlid waste/wastewater: The human wastes at the labor should be appropriately disposed of by constructing of sanitary latrines connected to appropriately designed septic tank system (consisting of septic tank and soakage pit). For this purpose, a wastewater generation rate of 50 lpcd may be assumed. The septic tank system may be designed following the procedure described in Alimed and Rahman (2003). It has bee observed that a significant number of septic tank effluent disposal system does not function properly, resulting in clogging of soak wells and their subsequent overflow, contaminating surface water bodies. Therefore it is suggested that a small sewage treatment plant for the entire Siddhirganj power generation complex be constructed for treatment of seplic tank effluent.

Wastewater generated from different construction activities is not likely to be significant in volume. Disposal of such wastewater may be carried out by draining them in shallow pits (1 to 1.5 m deep) dug in the ground at appropriate locations, and filling them up with sand at the end of the construction phase.

In all cases, tlie wastewater streams should be separated from the storm water stream, which will be disposed of separately utilizing the existing storm water disposal system at the Siddliirganj complex.

Traffic flow: Although from technological perspective, installation gas turbine power plant is expected to be quick involving least amount of disturbances, a few precautionary measures are required to be taken in connection with traffic flow during the construction phase. Haulage routes should be selected away from sensitive establishments such as residential areas, schools and hospitals. Also, especial care should be taken while transporting the eqiiipments through existing installations. Where routes pass through sensitive sites it is recommended to install barriers to protect sites from noise and emission.

Maintenance of engines and exhaust systems are recommended to minimize emission. In order to prevent noise and air pollution it is recommended to construct permanent hard surfaces in the roads connecting to the construction site. It is also recommended to inspect the roadway regularly. Moreover, unpaved roads should be well compacted and maintained through sprinkling using binder and additives.

Air Quality: Construction materials at the site should be properly covered while hauled and stored, roads properly cleaned and water sprayed in order to minimize concentration of dust in air. Vehicle movement to and from the site should be properly managed to ensure that is does not significantly aggravate the traffic problem and air pollution. Stone (aggregate) crushing activities should not be allowed within the Siddhirganj plant complex. Health status of school children should also be monitored regularly at the Health Center of the ~iddhir~anjcomplex regularly.

Noise Level: From the model simulation it appears that the noise level is likely to exceed occasionally the Bangladesh Standard of 75dBA (daytime) as well as the baseline level of 77.5 dBA during the plant and access road construction phases. It should be noted that these noise sources are point sources and will be used for a short duration during the initial stages of the construction works. However, to a receptor (school) at a distance of 60m away from these sources the cumulative effects of the generated noise may cause annoyance. As mentioned earlier, when ground cover or normal unpacked earth (i.e., a soft site) exists between the source and receptor, the ground becomes absorptive to sound energy. Absorptive ground results in an additional noise reduction over distance of 1.5 dB per doubling of distance. Added to the standard reduction rate for soft site conditions, point source noise attenuates at a rate of 7.5 dB per doubling of distance, and line source noise decreases at a rate of 4.5 dB per doubling of distance. Also, a break in the line of sight between the noise source and the receptor can result in an additional 5 dB reduction. Therefore, a reduction of 7.5dBA for the point sources is expected, which is expected to reduce the cumulative noise of 85.5dBA to 73 dBA. Under such conditions the noise level inside the class rooms is expected be less than the acceptable limit set by ECR 1997. However, there could be some intermittent loud noise generated by construction equipment that may cause discomfort to the receptors, especially in the school. Therefore, it is suggested that adequate boarding be provided on top of the school boundary walls facing the project site. Table 7.15 shows an estimate of sound reduction by different barriers, which may provide valuable guidelines for installation sound protection measures indoors.

The workers exposed to the noise produced by the construction equipment should not be exposed for a prolonged period to prevent permanent hearing loss. Because most of these equipment produce high level of noise at close range and exposure to high level of noise may for a prolonged period may cause permanent hearing loss. OSHA provides a guideline for exposure to specific noise levels for human beings (Table 7.5). A rotational work plan is advised for the workers and operators of these equipment.

Table 7.1 5: Transmission Loss Values for Common Barrier Materials Material Thickness (inches) Transmission Loss (dBA) Woods Fir 112, 1,2 17,20,24

Pine 112., 1.2, 16., 19.23, Redwood 112, 1,2 16, 19,23 Cedar 112, 1,2 15, 18, 22 Plvwood 112. 1 20.23 Particle board 112 2 0 Metals Aluminunz 1116, 118, 114 23,25,27 Steel 24ga, 20ga, 16ga 18,22,25 Lead 1/16 28 Concrete, Masonry, etc. Light concrete 4,6 38,39 Dense concrete 4 40 Concrete block 4,6 32,36 Cinder block (hollow core) 6 2 8 Brick 4 33 Granite 4 40

Aluminum faced plywood 3I4 21 - 23 Aluminum faced particle board 314 21 -23 Plastic lamina on plywood 3I4 21 - 23 Plastic lamina on particle board 3I4 21 -23 Miscellaneous Glass (safety glass) 118, 114 22,26 Plexiglass (shatterproofl -- 22 - 25 Masonite 112 20 Fiberglass/Resin 118 2 0 Stucco on Metal Lath 1 32 Polyester on aggregate surface 3 20 - 30 Source: US Department of Housing and Urban Development 1985, p. 27.

Socio-economic Impact: Buffer zone between the school and construction site should be created to reduce disturbance to normal schooling and to protect school children from health hazard resulting from dust and noise pollution. Additionally, the school itself can be made sound proof to the extent possible.

Traffic hazard during construction will increase and need to be carefully managed for the safety of school going children and many industrial laborers of the surrounding area. An alternate route should be used for bringing construction materials and existing Siddhirganj-Dhaka road should be widened. 7.4.2 Operation Phase

As discussed in Section 7.2.4, the temperature of the Sitalakhya River around tlie project site has reached a critical level and any additional thermal discharge will have significant negative impact on water quality. Since the water of tlie Sitalakhya River is used as cooling water by a number of thermal power plants located in the area (including the 210 MW power plant at the Siddhirhganj complex), higher temperature of water in the Sitalakhya River would endanger operation of these thermal power plants. Hence extreme care should be exercised for future development of power generation facilities in the area.

During the operational phase exceedingly high level of noise is expected to be generated within the confines of the turbine and generator installations. Prolonged exposure to such high level of noise may cause permanent hearing loss. Therefore, proper protective measures should be adopted during the operation and inspection of these equipment. Under no circumstances the operators should be allowed to enter these installations without proper protective gears such as ear muffs. Double-paneled glass doors and windows, along with sound absorbing soft padding on the walls of the turbine and generator room, should be provided for reducing noise exposure to the power plant personnel.

Some adverse impact during the operation phase of the plant will come from thermal emission and NO, emission from the power plant. Usually, NO, emission tends to be a problem because of high combustion temperatures, but significantly less than in coal combustion. Use of Dry Low NO, (DNL) technology in this project is likely to reduce NO, emission significantly and modeling results (Section 7.2.5.1) suggest that NO, emission from the power plant will not pose a significant threat to the ambient air quality around the project area. Plantation of indigenous species of trees around the project site, especially along the boundary of the school and residential areas located close to the project site, is recommended to reduce adverse impacts of emissions, especially thermal emission, from the power plant. These trees will also act as sound barriers. The indigenous species of tree suggested for plantation are listed in Table 7.16. Table 7.16: Indigenous species of trees recommended for plantation within the Siddhirganj power plant complex

SI. No. Common Name Scientific Name Na essor Mesua na assarium

Bahera Terminalia belerica Hartaki Terminalia chebula

As discussed earlier, presence of excess particulate matter in the air may adversely affect the operation of the gas turbine power plant through reduction of air filter life. Hence efforts should be made to make sure that industries around the project site comply with national air quality standards (GOB, 1997). Restrictions may also be imposed on installation of industries in the area that emit significant amount of particulate matter. Assistance of DOE may be sought in this regard.

To reduce this adverse impact within the power plant complex, tree plantation should be around the project site, especially along the boundary of the school and residential areas located close to the project site.

7.5 ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

Electricity is an essential ingredient in socio-economic development of a country. Its requirement increases as economic growth reaches higher levels and society progresses. Although Bangladesh achieved some progress in expanding electricity coverage over the last quarter of the century, it still remains as one of the lowest per capita electricity consuming countries in the world. So it can not be denied that rapid growth of electricity generation and consumption is one of the preconditions of rapid economic development.

In Bangladesh, electricity is produced by Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) and some independent power producers (IPPs). Presently the country has a generation capacity of about 5,000 MW, from where a maximum of 3,600 MW of electricity is produced against a peak demand of about 5,500 MW. Thus, there is a huge demand- supply gap. This results in frequent load-shedding. Several agencies are invlolved in transmission and distribution of electricity. The power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB) has been involved in transmission of electricity. Rural Electrification Board (REB) distributes electricity in rural areas, while Power Development Board in urban areas. In greater Dhaka areas where about 50% of the total consumed in the country is absorbed, power is distributed by Dhaka Electricity Supply Authority (DESA) and Dhaka Electricity Supply Company (DESCO).

The proposed peaking power plant at Siddhirganj will be implemented at a cost of 'Tk 15,575.792 million (1 US$ = Tk. 70), of which Tk. 11,184.625 million will be financed by World Bank. The rest of the amount will be borne by the government of Bangladesh. The details of cost break down are not available as no feasibility study done for this project. In the absence of Feasibility Study, the value of EIRR and NPV is not mentioned here.

The plant would have two units with a capacity of 150 MW each. Thus, its total capacity is 300 MW. In other words, if the plant is installed, it would increase the total capacity of the country by 6%. The project is planned for the peak electricity demand hours from 8 to 12 am (or 4 hours) and from 5 to 11 pm (or 6 hours). Thus, the plant would work for 10 hours per day. However, in the background of severe load shedding in the country, the plant may work for longer period.

If the project works on peaking mode, it would produce about 930 million Kwh of electricity annually. From the sale of this electricity, EGCB would earn an annual income of Tk 2.79 billion. On the other hand, if the project would work for longer hours, its income would increase further. The life of the project is expected to be 30 years. During this period about 33 billion Kwh electricity would be produced, if the project would work 15 hours on an average. At the existing price, this would give EGCB a total income of about Tk. 100 billion.

The project would improve the existing severe power crisis in the country, particularly in the peak hour. The project will provide opportunity for new industries resulting in creation of new jobs and improve socio-economic condition. It will also help reduce poverty, reducing income gaps between different sections of the population. Creation of income generating activities for the target groups particularly the poor and women, the project will contribute in improving gender sensitive livelihood activities.

The proposed plant will have a net positive contribution on the environment by providing alternative energy to burning firewood, diesel and kerosene. Thus, it will reduce dependency on energy import from other countries and save foreign currency for the country. Chapter 8 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

8.1 INTRODUCTION

1-he Section provides an assessment of alternative site and technology options for the proposed 2x1 50 MW gas turbine power plant, which is an integral part of environmental impact assessment. For completeness, the scenario under "no project" situation, which has been presented earlier in the report (Section 2.3), has also been discussed in this Chapter.

8.2 PROJECT LOCATION

Siddhirganj power plant complex has two power plant sheds, one is the 210 MW single unit power plant and the other is composed of one 50 MW and three 10 MW units. Recently contract has been awarded to Bharat Heavy Electric Limited (BHEL) for demolition of the shed housing the 50 MW and three lOMW units and construction of two gas turbine based peaking plants. There are two other empty sites in the complex, which are suitable for construction of power plants. One of these is earmarked for another 210 MW power plant and the other one is the site selected for the 2x150 MW peaking plant, which is the subject matter of this study. So there is no alternate site: for the proposed gas based peaking power plants inside the campus.

In an earlier feasibility study (PB, ECBL and AQUA, 2003) commissionecl by the Bangladesh Power Development Board for a 2x100 MW peaking power plant, an alternative location at Aminbazar to the western side of Dhaka near the Dhaka-Aricha national highway was considered. Although this project feasibility study cannot be directly compared with the proposed project, a comparative site assessment has been performed between the Siddhirganj Power Plant complex and the alternative location at Aminbazar. The summary of the assessment is presented in Table 8.1. Table 8.1 : Summary of alternative site assessment Issues Location: Siddhirganj Location: Aminbazar Land Available for the proposed plant. But Land is available for development Availability may be difficult to get further land (++). However, most of the land is in for future development. Initiative "flood-flow" zone, which may should be taken to earmark nearby restrict development activities land for future development (+). Land Not required for the proposed plant Required and very challenging (---) Acauisition (+++) Land Minor improvements required (+) Major land development activities Development necessary including land filling (--). However, most of the land is in "flood-flow" zone, which may restrict development activities Logistics Mostly Available (++). All logistics No logistic support available (--). Support with the current establishments and New logistic network is required to (Technical and operational plants can be utilized be developed. non-technical) with marginal enhancements. Proximity to Fairly close the main load center of Fairly close the main load center of Load Center Dhaka City (++) Dhaka City (++) Mode of Good connectivity by roadway; close Good connectivity by roadway; Communication to Dhaka-Chittagong National close to Dhaka-Aricha National Highway (++) Highway. Excellent water transport Lacks waterway connectivity. connectivity. Situated on the bank of Although Turag river is very close, it the Sitalakhya river (++). Waterway may not have necessary draft for connectivity is essential for transporting heavy machineries. transporting heavy machineries. Also access road and jetty may be Internal rail line already exists. Little required (--) extensionirestoration work may be required (-) Transmission Existing transmission lines can be Transmission line is to be developed Line utilized(++) Gas Line Closer to the source and can be New pipeline is required to be developed with marginal investment developed (--). (+) . Environmental Given modem technologies for Installation of power plant is Impact control of noise, vibration and air expected to cause significant loss of pollution, environmental impact is agkicultural land and encroachment expected to marginally increase (-). of flood-flow zone identified in the DMDP (--I Time for New power generation facilities can Longer period is required for implementation be established and made operational commissioning the power plant within a short time (++) (+) positive impact (-) negative impact

Considering the issues described above, it can be concluded that the existing Siddhirganj Power Complex is the suitable location for the establishment of the proposed 2x150 MW power plant. 8.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

Gas turbine power plants are self contained, light weight and they do not require bulk water. They can be quickly installed at a lower cost than other types of power plants. Gas turbine units are high speed, low vibration quick start machines suitable for peaking power plants. These units require less space, have lower installation and maintenance cost and have simple lubrication and ignition system. Specific fuel consumption does not increase with time in gas turbine plants as rapidly as other IC engine based power plants. Also, poor quality of fuel can be readily used in gas turbines. Their disadvantages are poor part load efficiency, special metal requirements, special cooling methods and short life. Gas turbine power plants are the most suitable plants that can be installed at selected load centers with fewer auxiliaries. Gas turbines can be brought on load quic'kly and surely.

Open cycle gas turbines require almost no cooling water, whereas, the closed cycle gas turbines water requirement is hardly 10 percent of their counterpart, the steam plants. Usually the cooling water required in the closed cycle may be obtained from underground source and de-mineralized before using. The water is taken for a duration of 15 days to 30 days with top up provision and after the usage time may be discharged into a small pond for cooling and treatment before drain out. Regeneration, co-generation or combined cycle operation is possible with gas turbine power plants to improve the thermal efficiency of the overall plant having gas turbine generation scheme.

Mechanical conversion efficiency of gas turbines is higher than their counte~rpartIC engines but thermal efficiency are lower. Peaking plants of the of the order of 125 MW per unit are not technically and economically suitable. However, supplying 250 M[W peak power by many small IC engines is possible, but the fuel cost and initial investrr~entwill be prohibitive.

Coal based plants are not suitable for peaking plants. Since natural gas is economically available at site, the cost of installation, operation, maintenance is cheap and gas turbines can be installed quickly in a small space, no other present technology should be considered as alternative for the proposed peaking power generating units at Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex.

As noted earlier, for power production, there exist technological options regarding input energy source and mode of operation. A summary assessment of technologicall options considering raw energy source and mode of operation is presented in Tables 8.2 and 8.3. Table 8.2: Options based on in3ut energy source Factors I Hydro-power Coal Diesel Natural Gas

I I 1 Availability I Not feasible for Not 1 To be imported Available geographic economically Feasibility reason. 1 available Too expensive Economic Environmental Least pollution I Air pollution Air pollution Relatively low concern concern I pollution concern I

Table 8.3: Options based on mode of operation Factors Single Cycle Combined Cycle Peaking Power Plant 1 Demand ( 40% of the total demand exists only I Required to satisfy base demand 1 Perspective 1 for 5-6 hour which require I which is about 60% of the total I 1 power plant I demand 1 Efficiency I Less efficient. Efficiency increases I Generally higher efficiency with larger generation capacity. Larger peaking power plants demonstrate more efficiency Water Requirement Very little amount of water is Large volume of water is required. required. Waste Disposal Produces very small amount of Waste water disposal is a serious waste water challenge. Operational Frequent shutdown and start which Less maintenance is required. difficulty requires careful monitoring and maintenance Shutdown time Quick shutdown time Shut down is a cumbersome and (5-12 minfor GT) slow process

Considering the nature of the peaking demand the proposed peaking power plant seems to be the most suitable option.

8.4 NO PROJECT SCENARIO

Bangladesh is facing a major electrical power shortage for the last one decade. The shortfall aggravated during the last 2-3 three years and the total power scenario is very complex one. The supply demand situation in this sector will drastically hamper the development in all sectors of life including those in agricultural, industrial, commercial and domestic sectors. Particularly, the agricultural sector and the industrial sector productivity stoppage may lead to catastrophic disaster in the country in future. There is no alternative than to add more power generating units to the existing power system of Bangladesh within a shortest possible time frame. This is due not only to the increase in demand, but also due to aging of the existing power generating units most of which will near their life cycle very shortly. Both, base load and peaking plants are necessary to be added to the system, so that the whole system can run economically and efficiently. Technically peaking plants are necessary so that variation of electricity demand can be served with daily load curve of a power system. Chapter 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING

9.1 SCOPE OF EMP

The primary objective of the environmental management and monitoring is to record environmental impacts resulting from the project activities and to ensure implementation of the "mitigation measures" identified earlier in order to reduce adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts from specific project activities. Besides, it would also address any unexpected or unforeseen environmental impacts that may arise during construction and operation phases of the project.

The EMP should clearly lay out: (a) the measures to be taken during both construction and operation phases of the project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental impacts, or reduce them to acceptable levels; (b) the actions needed to implement these measures; and (c) a monitoring plan to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures employed. Environmental management and monitoring activities for the proposed power plant project could be divided into management and monitoring: (a) during construction phase, and (b) during operation phase.

9.2 WORK PLANS AND SCHEDULES

9.2.1 Construction Phase

The environmental management program should be carried out as an integrated part of the project planning and execution. It must not be seen merely as an activity li!mited to monitoring and regulating activities against a pre-determined checklist of required actions. Rather it must interact dynamically as project implementation proceeds, dealing flexibly with environmental impacts, both expected and unexpected.

For this purpose, it is recommended that the Project Director (PD) for this specific project should take the overall responsibility of environmental management and monitoring. The PD will form a team, headed by an Environmental Manager, with required manpower and expertise to ensure proper environmental monitoring, as specified in Section 9.4, and to take appropriate measures to mitigate any adverse impact and to enhance beneficial impacts, resulting from the project activities. The PD through its team will make sure that the Contractor undertake and implement appropriate measures as stipulated in the contract document, or as directed by the PD to ensure proper environmental management of the project activities.

It should be emphasized that local communities should be involved in the management of activities that have potential impacts on them (e.g., traffic congestion in the surrou~iding areas). They should be properly consulted before taking ally management decision that may affect them. Environmental management are likely to be most successful if such decisions are taken in consultation with the local community.

The environmental management during the construction phase should primarily be focused on addressing the possible negative impacts arising from:

(a) Generation and disposal of sewage, solid waste and construction waste (b) Increased traffic (c) Generation of dust (particulate matter) (d) Generation of noise (e) Deterioration of water quality and disturbance of river bed ecosystem from possible gas pipe line construction

The environmental management should also focus on enhancing the possible beneficial impacts arising from employment of local workforce for construction works

Table 9.1 summarizes the potentially significant environmental impacts during construction phase, the measures needed to eliminate or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts. The monitoring plan and monitoring schedule has been presented in Section 9.4.

Implementation Schedule In accordance to the provision of the Contract document, the Contractor shall prepare an "Implementation Schedule" for the measures to be carried out as part of the environmental management and monitoring. Table 9.2 shows a tentative plan for environmental reporting. Table 9.1: Potentially significant environmental impact during construction phase and mitigation measures

Potentially Significant Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Responsible Impacts Measures Parties Influx of Generation of sewage Construction of sanitary latrine and Contractor workers and solid waste septic tank system (Monitoring Erecting "no litter" sign, provision of by EGCB) waste binslcans, where appropriate Waste minimization, recycle and reuse Proper disposal of solid waste

Possible spread of Clean bill of health a condition for disease from workers employment Regular medical monitoring of workers Transportation Increased Scheduling of deliveries during non- Contlractor of equipment, trafficlnavigation school hours and after regular working (Monitoring materials and Generation of noise, hours by EGCB) personnel; especially affecting the School going children should be storage of nearby school and protected from traffic hazard during materials residential areas construction phase, with installation of proper traffic sign and warnings Speed reduction to I0 km per hour within the Siddhirganj complex

Deterioration of air Keeping vehicles under good condition, quality from increased with regular checking of vehicle vehicular movement, condition to ensure compliance with affecting people in the national standards surrounding areas Wind-blown dust from Watering unpavedldusty roads material (e.g., fine Sprinkling and covering stockpiles aggregate) storage areas Covering top of trucks carrying materials to the site and carrying construction debris away from the site

Construction I Generation of noise I Use of noise suppressors and mufflers in Contractor activities, from construction heavy equipment (Monitoring including activities (general plant Avoiding, as much as possible, by EGCB) operation of and access road construction equipment producing construction construction), especially excessive noise during school hours and equipment affecting the nearby also at night school and residential Avoiding prolonged exposure to noise areas (produced by equipment) by workers Creating a buffer zone between the school and construction site to reduce disturbance to normal schooling and to protect school children from health hazard Deterioration of air Not using equipment such as stone quality from wind- crushers at site, which produce blown dust and possible significant amount of particulate matter use of equipment, such Immediate use of construction spoils as as stone (aggregate filling materials crushers) Immediate disposallsale of excavated materials Continuous watering of bare areas Generation of Hauling of construction debris away construction waste from the site and their appropriate disposal in a sanitary landfill ActivityiIssues Potentially Significant Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Responsible Impacts Measures Parties Accidents Regular inspection and maintenance of equipment Environmental health and safety briefing

to soil and water Proper handling of lubricating oil and contamination with fuel hydrocarbon and PAHs Collection, proper treatment, and disposal of spills Employment of Local people should be employed in the worWlabor force project activities as much as possible. Gas pipeline Deterioration of river Regular monitoring of fisheries Contractor construction water quality resources (Monitoring across Disturbance of fish Provision of fish-friendly structures by EGCB) Sitalakhya movement and breeding river

association with the BIWTA

Table 9.2: Environmental management and monitoring reporting Stage or Topic Frequency1 Stage Contributors Initial review Before start of work EGCB, Consultant Routine Progress Report Monthly Project Engineer Specific Problems and Solutions As required Project Engineer Mid-term Review: Approximate mid-way Consultant review of activities through the project possible modification to procedure and/or overall plan Final Review: Toward the end of the EGCB, Consultant, review of program project Contractor recommendation for similar future program

9.2.2 Operation Phase

Most of the environmental parameters will experience beneficial effects during the operation phase of the power plant project. Efforts should be made to enhance these beneficial impacts, which may include incentives for proper growth of industries in the area. The plant management authority (EGCB) should be responsible for overall environmental management during operation phase of the project.

The environmental management during the operation phase should primarily be focused on addressing the following issues: (a) Emission from the power plant (b) Generation of noise (c) Waste generation at the plant

Table 9.3 summarizes the potentially significant environmental impacts during operation phase, the measures needed to eliminate or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts. The monitoring plan and monitoring schedule has been presented in Section 9.4.

Table 9.3: Potentially significant environmental impact during operation phase and mitigation measures

1 Activity/Issues I Potentially Significant Impacts I Proposed Mitigation and 1 ~eszl Enhancement Measures --Parties Power Emission from the power plant Using tall stack EGCB Generation Using low nitrogen oxide burners Installation of stack emission monitoring equipment for major pollutants Planting of indigenous trees around the project site, especially along the boundary of the school and residential areas located close to the project site Restrictions may also be imposed on installation of industries in the area that emit significant amount of particulate matter. Generation of noise Provision of silencers for generators and turbines Planting of indigenous trees around the project site Regular plant maintenance Regular noise monitoring, especially at the school and residential quarters located close by Use of ear-muffs and ear-plugs by plant personnel working in the generator and turbine facilities of the lant Water Depletion of groundwater Regular monitoring of EGCB Consumption resources groundwater level

Waste Inappropriate disposal of rGood housekeeping EGCB generation sewage causing environmental Proper construction and pollution maintenance of wastewater Generation of solid waste disposal system for the plant including sludge from premises demineralizer. Ensuring proper storage, treatment, and disposal of all solid waste 1 Potentially Signiticant Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures parties Waste Hazardous waste generation, Ensure proper storage, treatment EGCB generation e.g., transmissiodlubrication and disposal of hazardous waste during oil, sealant, wash fluid overhauling Scrap metals, cables, etc. Scrap metals, cables, etc. should operation be recycled or properly disposed of I Non-hazardous solid waste Non-hazardous solid wastes should be collected and transported to solid waste disposal site.

9.3 RESOURCES, IMPLEMENTATION AND TRAINING

In order to ensure that the environmental management plan and monitoring are effective, it is recommended that an "Environmental Management Unit (EMU)" for the whole of the Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex headed by a Senior Environmental Engineer be instituted. The roles and responsibilities of such an unit and training requirements for effective environmental management and monitoring have been stated later in this Chapter.

As mentioned earlier, the implementation schedule for environmental management and monitoring during the construction phase will be prepared by the Contractor as part of construction contract following recommended mitigation measures of potentially significant impacts given in Table 9.1. Resources required for implementation of mitigation and enhancement measures and monitoring during construction will be borne by the Contractor.

Most of the mitigation and enhancement measures identified for operation phase (see Table 9.3), e.g., use of tall stack, using low NO, burners, using silencers for generators and turbines, will be addressed during the design phase and resources required will be within the estimated cost of the plant construction. Resources required for implementing environmental monitoring plans during both construction and operation phases are given in Section 9.4.

Until the Environmental Management Unit (EMU) for the Siddhirga~ijPower Plant Complex is established, interim arrangements as noted in Section 9.2.1, should be in place, whereby the Project Director (PD) with support of a team headed by an Environmental Manager will have the overall responsibility of implementing the EMP at all stages of project construction and operation. The Environmental Manager (an E&S specialist) will report to the PD on all activities related to the imple~nentationof the mitigation measures and monitoring. The Environmental Manager will coordinate the reporting plan as outlined in Table 9.2, assess the reports and maintain commur~ication with the PD. The Environmental Manager will also be responsible for reporting to the Department of Environment (DOE), Govt of Bangladesh and the relevant Department of the World Bank, in accordance to their respective requirements.

9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

9.4.1 Monitoring Parameters

Construction Plzase: Ambient air quality monitoring: Measurements of air quality parameters e.g., CiO, SOz, NO,, and PMlo need to be carried out during the construction period in accordar~cewith the monitoring plan presented in Table 9.4. Measurement should be carried out at a location, which is sensitive with respect to air quality, e.g., near the school.

River:A water quality monitoring program is necessary during dredging operation and possible construction of gas pipeline across the Sitalakhya river. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) along with BOD5, COD, Oil and Grease, and selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb) need to be monitored every month as a part of the program during. Groundwater monitoring: Groundwater level should be monitored during construction phase, particularly during the dry weather period from October to May. This should be done in order to prevent excessive lowering of groundwater level while abstracting for construction purposes.

Soil qualitv monitoring: Contamination of soil and bed sediment may occur due to accidental spillage of chemicals. Therefore, selected heavy metal content (Cr, Cd,, Pb) and presence of Oil and Grease need to be monitored during the construction period.

Noise level monitoring: Use of heavy construction equipment may increase the noise level at the work location as well as near the school and residential buildings adjacent to the project site. Therefore, comprehensive noise monitoring during different stages of construction is essential.

Process waste monitoring: Records of generated process wastes should be kept according to the regulations concerning types of waste. Registration sheets for hazardous vvaste and for process non-hazardous waste should be maintained. School children health status monitoring: The school of the Siddhirganj complex is very near to the construction site. The school children are therefore highly vulnerable to noise, dust and vibration effect. A health baseline of school children should be prepared before the construction activities begin. During the construction phase, health status of the school children should be regularly monitored and compared with the health baseline. Mitigatory measures should be taken if any problem is detected. There is a well organized health clinic within the complex. This health clinic can be entrusted with the task of monitoring health status of school children.

Operational Phase: Meteorolonical measurements: Meteorological monitoring should be conducted to monitor the wind direction and speed, temperature, humidity and precipitation.

Atmospheric emissions monitoring: Monitoring of emissions of CO, SO2, NO,, PMlo, oxygen content and temperature of flue gases should be carried out.

Ambient air qualitv monitoring: Continuous andlor periodic measurement of the air quality indicators e.g., NO,, SO2, PMlo, temperature needs to be carried out. At least one stationary monitoring station may be installed.

River water monitoring: Although the proposed plant is not expected to be a contributor to the deterioration of water quality of the Sitalakhya river, a water quality monitoring program during the dry periods is necessary for the region. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) during March -May and October-December can to be monitored as part of the program.

Groundwater monitoring: The groundwater level along with the selected drinking water quality parameters (e.g., pH, Color, Turbidity, TDS, Ammonia, Nitrate, Phosphate, As, Fe, Mn and Coliforms) may be monitored. Noise level monitoring: Indoor noise levels in the generator and turbine facilities along with the outdoor noise at the school premises and near the air condenser system need to be monitored regularly.

9.4.2 Monitoring Schedule

Tables 9.4 and 9.5 provide a summary of the monitoring schedule for the construction and operational phases, respectively for the proposed power plant. Table 9.6 gives the estimated cost of environmental monitoring during the construction phase. Table 9.7 and 9.8 provide estimated amount of environmental monitoring and training costs. Table 9.4: Monitoring plan during construction phase of the project

Issue 1 Parameters Monitoring Frequency Ambient air quality CO, SO2, NO, and PMlo PM,, twice a month; CO, SO2 NO, once every two months River water Water temp., DO, BOD5, COD, Once a month Oil and Grease and heavy metals --(Cr, Cd, Pb) - Groundwater Groundwater level Once every two months during October to May I Soil quality Cr, Cd, Pb and Oil and Grease Twice during the construction

Noise level Noise at.different locations Every week, particularly operation of heavy equipment I Process waste I Solid waste I Every week 1 1 I Health Health status of school children Once every 3 months by Siddhirganj Power Station Health Center 1 Note: Actual monitoring time and location will be decided by EGCB. The Contractor will be responsible for carrying out the monitoring during the construction phase, except for health monitoring, which will be done by lhe Medical Center of Siddhirganj Power Complex.

Table 9.5: Monitoring plan during operational phase of the project

Issue 1 Parameters I Monitoring Frequency Meteorological 1 Wind direction and speed, 1 Continuous monitoring by measurements ( temperature, humidity and appropriate instrument precipitation. Atmospheric emissions CO, SO2,NO,, PMlo, oxygen content Once a month and temperature Ambient air quality NO,, SO2, PMlo,temperature Once a month

River water Water temperature and DO, BOD5, Once a month during COD, Oil and grease October-December Soil quality Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb. Oil and Grease Once a year around maintenance workshop Groundwater pH, Color, Turbidity, TDS, Ammonia, Twice a year Nitrate, Phosphate, As. Fe , Mn and Coliforms; Groundwater Ievel Noise level Noise at different locations Once every three months River morphology River cross-section Once a year during design life of the plant Health Health status of school children Once every 3 months by Siddhirganj Power Station Health Center for one year after construction Note: Actual monitoring time and location will be decided by the proposed Environmental hf,clnagement Unit (EMU). During the operation phase, the monitoring mqbe carried out by the EMU through its own stafand equipment, ifavailable, or can be out-sourced to a competent Contractor Table 9.6: Cost estimate for environmental monitoring during construction phase Items Number I Per Unit Cost Total Cost a 1 (Tk.) (Tk.) Ambient air PMlo=12 10,0001- 120,0001- NO,, CO, SO2 = 6 1 O,OOO/- 60,0001- River water 12 10,0001- 120,0001- Groundwater level 4 5,0001- 20,0001- Soil and bed sediment 2 25,0001- 50,0001- Noise level 26 10,0001- 260,0001- Process waste 26 5,0001- 130,0001- Total cost during construction phase = 760,0001- " The Taka costs represent 2006 prices

Table 9.7: Cost estimate for environmental monitoring during operational phase Items Number Per Unit Cost Total Cost (per year) (Taka) (per Year) (Taka) Meteorological instrumentation LS = unit 2,000,0001-a See note with continuous data recorder Atmospheric emissions 12 30,0001- 360,0001- Ambient air 12 20,0001- 240,0001- River water 6 15,0001- 90,0001- Groundwater 2 10,0001- 20,0001- Soil quality 1 15,0001- 15,0001- Noise level 4 10,0001- 40,0001- Total cost during operational phase = 765,0001- " Meteorological instrument with data recorder will be purchased in the 1" year of operation. The Taka costs represent 2006 prices

Table 9.8: Cost estimate for training during operational phase Items Number Per Unit Cost Total Cost (per (per year) (Taka) Year) (Tk.1 Safety and occupational health 2 100,0001- 200,0001- Environmental management system 2 100,0001- 200,0001- Total cost during operational phase = 400,0001-

Reports of monitoring data, both during constructioll and operation phases, should be submitted to the Department of Environment (DOE)on a regular basis as may be specified by the DOE.

9.4.3 Resources and Implementation

The environmental parameters to be monitored during the construction and operational phases along with the monitoring schedule have been presented in the previous sections. The Contractor will be responsible for carrying out the monitoring during the construction phase (in accordance to Table 9.4), under the direct guidance of the Environmental Manager, as mentioned in Section 9.2.1. The Contractor will submit monitoring resi~ltsto the Environ~nentalManager on a regular basis. The Environmental Manager will assess the reports, consult with the PD and communicate monitoring results to the Department of Environment (DOE).

During the operation phase, the monitoring will be carried out by the EMU through its own staff and equipment, if available, or can be out-sourced to a competent Contractor. However, until the EMU is established, the Environmental Manager under the supervision of the Chief Engineer of the Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex will be responsible for implementing the monitoring plan.

It is very important to make sure that the potentially significant impact during Iboth the construction and operation phases are properly addresses through adaptation1 of the proposed mitigation and enhancement measures outlined in Tables 9.1 and 9.3. It is equally important to undertake environmental monitoring during both the construction and operation phases according to the proposed monitoring plan outlined in Ta.bles 9.4 and 9.5. These tables should therefore be made integral parts of the Contract Document of the proposed power plant project.

9.5 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Occupational health and safety means preventing accidents and work related ill health. Improved health and safety management can bring significant benefits to the business. It reduces individual and human costs of accidents and ill health, direct and indirect cost to the business, improves customer perception and company profile and workers' morale.

Uiider occupational health hazards, one can group several categories of working conditions impairing the health conditions of workers, though this impairment is slow. Safety relates more to health hazards that results from accidents and can cause instantaneous impairment of the workers' health.

9.5.1 General Requirements

In Bangladesh the main law related to occupational health and safety is Labour Law 2006. The law has provisions on occupational hygiene, occupational diseases, industrial accidents, protection of women and young persons in dangerous occupation. The salient features of the general requirements for the workers' health and safety stated in this law is presented in Table 9.9. 9.5.2 Workplace Environmental Quality

The proposed power plant project has several pl~ases- the construction of infrastructure and installation and commissioning of plant equipment, operation of the plant etc.

Table 9.9: General requirements for workers' health and safety Requirements Cleanliness Ventilation and temperature Dust and fumes

' Disposal of wastes and effluents Overcrowding Illumination , Latrines and urinals Spittoons and dustbins Safety Safety for building and equipment Precautions in case of fire Fencing of machinery Floor, stair and passage way Work on or near machinery in motion Carrying of excessive weights Compensation for Owner's responsibility for compensation accidents at work Amount of compensation Report on fatal accident and treatment Compensation on contract and contract registration Appeal Dust and Fumes Any dust or fumes or other impurities likely to be injurious to the workers, effective measures shall be taken to prevent its accumulation and its inhalation by workers Overcrowding No work room in any factory shall be overcrowded At least five hundred cubic feet of space shall be provided for every worker employed in a work room Latrines and urinals Sufficient latrines and urinals shall be provided Shall be maintained in clean and sanitary condition Shall be adequately lighted and ventilated Precautions in case of fire Shall be provided with means of escape in case of fire Effective measures shall be taken to ensure that all the workers are familiar with the means of escape Fire fighting apparatus should be provide and maintained First aid Provided and maintained first aid facility One for every one hundred and fifty workers Shall be kept with a responsible trained person who shall be available during the working hours In every facility where five hundred or more workers are employed, a dispensary shall be provided and maintained Disposal of wastes and Provide with proper disposal system for solid waste and effluents. effluents In case of a factory where no public sewerage system exists, prio~ approval of the arrangements should be made for the disposal ol wastes and effluents Occupational and 16 occupational diseases notifiable to the Chief Inspector of Factories: poisoning diseases 1. lead poisoning 2. lead tetraethyl poisoning 3. phosphorous poisoning 4. mercury poisoning 1 Issues 1 Reauirements I 5. manganese poisoning 6. arsenic poisoning 7. poisoning by nitrous fume 8. carbon di sulfide poisoning 9. benzene poisoning 10. chrome ulceration 1 1. anthrax 12. silicosis 13. poisoning by halogens 14. primary epitheliomatous cancer of the skin 15. toxic anemia 16. pathological manifestation due to radium or x-rays If personal injury is caused to workmen by accident course of employment, employer shall be liable to pay compensation 36 occupational diseases for compensation payable I Monthly payment as compensation for temporary disablement are I. Compensation should be paid for the period of disablement or for one year whichever period is shorter 2. Such compensation shall be paid at the rate of full monthly wages for the first two months 3. Two thirds of the monthly wages for the next two months and at the rate of the half of the monthly wages for the subsequent months 4. In case of chronic occupational diseases , half of the monlthly wages during the period of disablement for a maximum period of two years shall be paid

The construction phase includes site preparation and plant construction, access road construction etc. The health hazards associated with these activities are mainly dure to dust and noise pollution. Excessive noise contributes to loss of hearing and triggers physiological and psychological body changes. Dust pollution can cause eye and respiratory irritation and in some cases allergic reactions. The inhalation of exhaust gases from vehicles and machinery are also harmful for health. Stress can be caused by working in shifts, high work load, poor living condition of workers etc.

A quantification of the measure of severity in health hazards is not well defined. They are slow acting and cumulative, their effects may not be visible for years. During plant installation and commissioning phase, use of chemicals (paints, solvents, thinners etc) batteries, welding materials, lubricants etc. may contribute to health hazards to the workers. These substances may be carcinogenic or detrimental in other ways. Use of industrial solvents can cause anemia, liver and kidney damage, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorder.

Remedial measures To minimize the hazards arising from the activities at different phases of plant construction and operation, the following measures should be taken: employees should be informed of the potential health impacts they are facing the employer should inform his employees of these potential hazards, arrange proper medical examination prior to and during employment, as well as tests and analyses necessary for the detection of diseases works with volatile toxic chemicals should be undertaken in a well ventilated place labourers handling offensive toxic chemicals should be provided with and forced to use protective clothing workers exposed to an excessive amount of noise should be provided with protective gear and be relieved frequently from their post workers exposed to large amounts of dust should be provided with adequate protective gear frequent spraying of water should be undertaken to minimize dust pollution persons undertaking construction and installation works should have access to amenities for their welfare and personal hygiene needs such as sanitary toilets, potable drinking water, washing facilities, shelter sheds etc. proper disposal of waste and sullage should be arranged health education and information on hygiene should be provided to the workers regular checks on food quality should be arranged within the work site

Snfetv Safety implies the reduction of risk of accidents at the work site. Accident prevention is more valuable than any mitigatory or compensatory measures. This may be achieved through strict rules and procedures for the execution of specific tasks, enforcement of the rules, discipline amongst workers, maintenance of machineries used and by providing all necessary gear or equipment that may enhance the safety of the workers.

The following guidelines should be followed to maintain the safety of the workers:

workers have to be informed about the possible damage or hazards related to their respective jobs if pedestrian, traffic or plant movements at or near the site are affected by construction works, the person with control of the construction project must ensure that these movements are safely managed so as to eliminate or otherwise to control any associated health and safety risks must ensure sufficient lighting in the area where a person performs construction work or may be required to pass through, including access ways and emergency exit or passage without risk to health and safety

9-14 construction site needs to provide safe access to and egress from all places where they may be required to work or pass through. This includes the provision of emergency access and egress route that must be free from obstructions adequate perimeter fencing should be installed on the site before construction work commences and that should be maintained during the construction work and signs should be placed which is clearly visible from outside the site including emergency telephone numbers. must ensure that electrical installations materials, equipment and apparatus are designed, installed, used, maintained and tested to eliminate the risk of ellectrical shock, burns, fire or explosion. construction site should be kept orderly and tidy. Access ways should be kept clear of materials and debris and maintained in a non-slippery condition. IvIaterials should be stored in an orderly manner so that it does not pose any risk to the health or safety of any person arrangements of first aid facility should me made accessible when construction work is being undertaken.

9.5.3 Work in Confined Spaces

In the operational phase of the plant, the work will mainly be limited in confinedl spaces. In this phase, noise pollution may pose risk to health. It has been observed that the measured noise level near the generators and turbines ranged from 90 dBA to 1 10 dBA. This level of noise limits the continuous exposure to the workers from 2 to 4 hrs beyond which hearing impairment may be caused. If the installation of generators and turbines are within a confined space and monitored through glass windows, it will not pose any serious threat. However precautions should be undertaken during routine inspections and maintenance works. Supervisors, inspectors and related personnel should wear noise protectors like ear plugs or ear muffs. Wearer should be given a choice between ear muffs and plugs as muffs are easy to use but may be a nuisance in a confined work space and be uncomfortable in hot environment. Whereas ear plugs don't get in the way in confined spaces but may provide little protection if not used carefully.

As the employees will work in confined spaces, the air pollution may not pose a health risk. However, the ambient temperature may be high due to plant operation and measures should be taken to keep temperature within a comfortable limit. Where damage to plant presents an electrical hazard, the plant should be disconnected from the electricity supply main and should not be used until the damaged part is repaired or replaced. Adequate care should be taken to minimize stress and ergonomic design sho~~ldbe improved to minimize health hazards. First aid facilities should be available and evacuation plans for emergency situations should be in place with adequate drills. instructions and signs. Adequate fire fighting arrangements should be installed and maintained on a regular basis.

Where appropriate strict work procedure and guidelines are to be defined for different jobs and be informed to the relevant staff. Regular medical examination. should be arranged for the staff exposed to occupational health hazards. Areas where people may be exposed to excessive noise sho'uld be sign posted as "Hearing Protection Areas" and their boundaries should be clearly defined. 1Vo person should enter this area uilless wearing personal hearing protectors.

9.5.4 Hazardous Material Handling and Storage

During construction of the plant, commercially available chemicals (paints, thinners etc) will be used and stored in the construction area. Hence small amount of unused or spent chemicals (used paints, motor oils) will be generated. Hazardous wastes likely to be generated during routine project operations include oily water, spent catalyst, lubricants and cleaning solvents.

Operation and maintenance of the plant also generates some hazardous wastes. These include waste oil, boiler bottom ash, spent solvents, batteries, fluoresce~ltlight tubes, lubricating oils etc. The project will also involve the construction and operation of gas pipe line and handling of large amount of natural gas. Natural gas poses some risk of both fire and explosion.

Used lead acid batteries contain lead, sulfuric acid and several kinds of plastics which are hazardous to human health. Therefore the ideal place to store used lead acid batteries is inside an acid resistant sealed container to minimize the risk of an accidental spillage. However this is not often the case and the following set of storage guidelines should be adopted:

the storage place must be sheltered from rain and other water sources and if possible , away from heat sources the storage place must have a ground cover the storage place must have an exhaust ventilation system in order to avoid gas accumulation the storage place must have a restricted access and be identified as a hazardous material storing place any other lead materials which may eventually arise, such as plumbing, should be conveniently packaged and stored in accordance with its characteristics

It is recommended that where dangerous goods are stored and handled, that premises should be provided with fire protection and fire fighting equipment. These equipments should be installed, tested and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines. The employer must ensure that a procedure for dealing with emergencies is in place, implemented, maintained and communicated to persons on the premises who may be affected by or respond to an emergency.

Ignition sources in hazardous areas should be eliminated. The facility staff should be trained and equipped with personal protective gear such as rubber gloves, boots, hard hats, apron or splash suit and a face shield with safety glasses or goggles.

Laborers handling offensive toxic chemicals should be provided with and forced to use protective clothing. Works with volatile toxic chemicals should be undertaken in a well ventilated place. Arrangements should be made for sufficient and suitable lighting.

Safe access within and to and from the premises should be ensured. Unauthorizeld access and activity on the premises should be prevented. These measures will reduce the chances of accidents and facilitate a safe environment for the workers, the staff and the plant.

9.5.5 Training

Training is an integral part of a preventive strategy. The target groups requiring training should be managers, supervisors, and technicians and related staff who may be exposed to risk at work.

The following issues should be addressed in training of the managers, staff and w~orkers:

Workers should be trained to use the engineering controls where installed Arrange workplace consultation on noise control Workers should participate in training and contribute to the noise man~agement strategy Employee representatives should represent the views of workers to management about occupational health and safety and report to workers about management policy Persons likely to be exposed to risks should be provided with information and instruction in safety procedures associated with the plant at the work place. Relevant health and safety information should be provided to persons involved in installation and commissioning, use and testing of the plant. Information on emergency procedures relating to the plant should be displayed in a manner that can be readily observed by persons who may be affected by the operation of the plant. Training should be provided to use fire fighting equipment when necessary. Facility staff needs to be trained in the safety procedures that are to be implemented during unloading, transfer and storage of hazardous materials.

9.5.6 Record Keeping and Reporting

Record keeping and reporting is one of the requirements of any QAIQC system and essentially of a good management tool. Properly maintained records of construction, installation, training, equipment maintenance, operation, fault detection and remedy can help in reducing risks of accidents, legal costs and thereby overall cost of operation of a plant. Records also help in identifying causes of any accident and elimination of the same accident in future. Records may be maintained for the proposed plant as follows.

Plant Construction A person with control of a construction project or control of construction work should retain records for a reasonable period after the completion of the construction project of the occupational health and safety induction training and any other training given to persons directly engaged or trained by them to undertake construction work on the project.

Plant Operation During operation of the plant, arrangements should be made to keep records on any relevant tests, maintenance, inspection, commissioning and alteration of the plant, and make those records available to any employee or relevant health and safety representative. Noise Audiometric test records of employees should be kept during the employee's period of employment and longer as necessary, as they may provide a useful reference for workers' compensation. The records should be kept in a safe, secure place and held as confidential documents.

Hazardous Substances Assessment reports which indicate a need for monitoring and/or health surveillance together with the results of monitoring andlor health surveillance shall be kept as records i11 a suitable form for at least 30 years from the date of the last entry made. Retention for a period of at least 30 years is necessary because some health effects, such as cancers, may take a long time to become evident. The information kept will be valuable in epidemiological studies and for developing effective control strategies.

All other records, including assessment reports not indicating a need for monitoring and/or health surveillance and records of induction and training, shall be maintained for at least five years in a suitable form. Chapter 10 RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

10. INTRODUCTION

The problem of protecting human health and the environment may best be defined as the management of risk. The failure to manage risk effectively and to establish priorities rationally translates ultimately into a failure to protect health, safety, and the environment. Through the use of risk assessment, concerned authorities can estimate the relative level of risks posed by different substances, products and activities and can establish priorities in determining whether, and how, to regulate.

The risk assessment should constitute an organization's best effort to employ advanced scientific and technical methods to predict accurately the sizes of the risks. Once the relevant risks are estimated accurately and objectively through the risk assessment process, it can then be decided how best that risks could be addressed in the risk management phase.

Risk assessment is the technical process for estimating the level of risks posed by operational processes or products, i.e. the probability that a given harm will occur as a result of the processes or products. Risk assessment is applied to a substance, proceeds in four major steps:

Hazard identification: determining what kinds of adverse health effects a substance, product or activity can cause Dose - response assessment: predicting the degree of adverse effects at a given exposure level Exposure assessment: estimating the amount of exposure, and Risk characterization: combining the foregoing into a numerical range of predicted deaths or injuries associated with actual exposure event

Risk management options are then evaluated in a proposed solution to provide reduction of risk to the exposed population. Specific actions that are identified and selected may include consideration of engineering constraints as well as regulatory, social, political and economic issues related to the exposure. Quantitative assessment of risks associated with hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure estimation and risk characterization were beyond the scope of the present study. However, this study takes a qualitative approach to identify common hazards within the power plant and recommends measures for managing these risks with accidents and external threats.

10.2 POWER PLANT RISKS ASSESSMENT

The process of electricity generation from gas is by no means risk free because of high temperature and pressure conditions within the plants, rotating machineries and high voltages involved. Apart from risks associated with emissions, noise generation, solid waste, hazardous waste and wastewater disposal as a result of construction and operation, the gas fired power plants put human beings and the environment inside and outside of the plant to a certain degree of risk of accident and sometime loss of life. It is therefore essential that a risk management plan be devised in order to both reduce risk of accident and to take the correct action during accidents. Important risks of accidents in thermal power plants leading to disasters or emergency situations may occur during following events:

Risks during emergency > Fire > Explosion > Oillacid spillage > Toxic chemical spillage > Electrocution

Risks due to natural disasters > Flood > Cyclone > Earthquake > Storm > Lightning

Risks due to external threats > Sabotage > War situation > Waterlfood poisoning Several strategic areas within the power plant can be identified as places of potential risks during plant operation:

Areas prone to explosion are: > Boiler area > Turbine hall

Premises prone to fire and electrocution are: > Electrical rooms > Transformer area > Cable tunnel

Premises where people can be exposed to toxic chemicals: P Storage facilities for chemicals

In power plants accidents can occur at two different levels. First, these may occur due to fires, explosions, oil or chemical spillage and spontaneous ignition of inflammable materials. In such events, operators working inside the plant and at various strategic hazard locations will be affected.

Second, risks are also associated with external threats of sabotage. Failure of automatic controllwarning systems, failure of fuel oil storage tanks and chemical release from acid and alkali stores and handling also pose great degree of associated risks.

10.3 MANAGING THE RISKS

As mentioned earlier, in order to reduce the risks associated with accidents, internal and external threats, and natural disasters, a risk management program is essential. Risk management planning can be done during design and planning stage of the plant as well as during plant operation. While risk management is mainly preventive in nature during the plant operation stage, the design and planning stage of the plant can incorporate changes in basic engineering to include safety design for all processes, safety margins for equipment, and plant layout. The following steps among others are important in managing the risks mentioned.

The power plant should be located on a reasonably large plot of land giving ample space to locate all units whilst maintaining safe distances between them. The plant layout should provide roads of adequate width and service corri.dors so that no undue problems arise in the event of fires or other hazards. Gas storage is to be designed with adequate precautions in respect of fire hazard control. Storage of hazardous substances such as acids and alkalis should be sited in protected areas. With respect to plant operation, safe operating procedures should be laid down and followed to ensure safety, optimum operation and economy. A fire fighting group with adequate manpower and facilities such as water tank of sufficient capacity, C02 tank, foam tank, portable fire extinguishers should be provided and facilities located at strategic locations e.g. generator area, high voltage panel, control rooms, and fuel tank area. Regular checks on safe operating practices should be performed.

In order to achieve the objective of minimizing risks at the Siddhirganj power plant complex, in addition to Environmental Management Unit for the complex, a disaster management unit with adequate manpower and facilities for each plant within the complex must be in place. The unit will be trained to act in a very short time in a pre- determined sequence to deal effectively and efficiently with any disaster, emergency or major accident to keep the loss of life, human injury, material, plant machineries, and impacts on the environment to the minimum.

10.4 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

Emergency response plans are developed to address a range of plausible risk scenarios and emphasize the tasks required to respond to a physical event. The emergency response plan (ERP) for the proposed power plant has been developed listing various actions to be performed in a very short period of time in a pre-determined sequence if it is to deal effectively and efficiently with any emergency, major accident or natural disaster. The primary objective of the plan is to keep the loss of life, material, machinery/eqluipment damage, and impacts on the environment to minimum. 10.4.1 Emergency Response Cell

It is highly recommended that an Emergency Response Cell (ERC) adequately equipped with highly trained manpower and appropriate gears is established within the power plant complex in order to effectively implement the emergency response plan. The main functions of the emergency response cell should include the following.

Identification of various types of emergencies Identification of groups, communities, and areas those are vulnerable to different kinds of emergencies Preparing service teams for various operations within the organization through extensive training Establishment of early detection system for emergencies Developing reliable, instant information communication system Mobilizing all units in the complex within a very short time to address any emergency

10.4.2 Emergency Preparedness

The ERC headed by a trained Manager should establish an Emergency Control Room with links to all plant control rooms and all other services. The ERC shall work as a team of the following officials.

Emergency Manager (Team Leader), Fire Officer, Safety Officer, Chief Security Officer, Chief Medical Officer, Rescue Officer, and Public Relations Officer

The Senior Environmental Engineer of the proposed Environmental Management Unit for the Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex with adequate skills of facing emergency situation can act as the Emergency Manager of ERC. The Emergency Manager shall have the prerogative of shutting down the relevant units or the complete plant, which are affected or may further deteriorate damages, in case of an emergency. The EM however, shall have to report to the Chief Engineer of the complex of such an event without any delay.

The team should undertake some trial runs, e.g. fire drill, in order to be fully prepared and to improve upon the communication links, response time, availability and workability of emergency gears and other critical factors.

Upon receiving information about an accident, the ERC team will assemble in the Emergency Control Room within the shortest possible time and formulate emergency control procedure.

10.4.3 Fire Fighting Services

The Fire Officer will be the commanding officer of the fire fighting services. The FO will head a fire fighting team of trained officers and workers. The size of the team should be determined by the EGCB considering requirement of all existing and proposed power plants within the complex. Adequate fire fighting equipment e.g. fire extinguishers of different types appropriate for different strategic locations must be planned according to requirements of existing and future plants in the complex. Depending on the scale of emergency, the fire fighting team will work in close association with security and maintenance personnel of the complex. Additional assistance may also be sought from outside fire stations when required. Preparedness is extremely important for efficient and effective fire fighting services at the time of emergency. This can be better achieved by organizing fire drills at regular intervals, e.g. once every two weeks during dry summer. months and once every two months during wet months involving all team members, all other service groups, all staff of the power plant complex, and utilizing all fire fighting gears. 10.4.4 Emergency Medical Services

The Chief Medical Officer will be responsible for providing medical services within the Siddhirganj power plant complex at the time of any emergency. The services should also be rendered to people living in the close vicinity of the complex and affected by any accident within the plant complex. The existing Medical Center of the Siddhirganj Power Complex must be equipped with adequate medical personnel and equipment for providing emergency services in addition to normal ~edicareservices to population of the complex. A team of well trained Medical Officers specializing in burn injury, orthopedics, electrocution, chemical toxicity or poisoning, and shock treatment must be available at the power plant Medical Center. The number of officers may be determined considering the total number of staff and their family members in the complex. Special attention must be given to child injury treatment.

The following services must be on alert at all times in the plant complex.

First aid services for attending patients on the spot. The Medical Center should provide training on first aid services to some designated staffs of important areas of operation, e.g. boiler area, turbine hall, transformer area, electrical rooms, and chemical storage facilities, for immediate attention to the injured. Ambulance services for transport of casualties from spot to Medical Center of the plant, and from Medical Center to outside hospital, as necessary. Facilities for transportation of fatalities to appropriate hospital or to relatives or to the police following prescribed procedure should be available. All potential areas for emergency1 accidents in the plant complex must have an information chart including contact phone numbers of relevant services.

10.4.5 Rescue Services

Without going for additional manpower, the rescue team can be formed with potential staffs of the Power Plant Complex, e.g. from medical services, security services and fire fighting services, for conducting rescue operations following an emergency. A senior member can be designated Rescue Officer who will be responsible for formulating rescue plan and guiding the team. Important functions include Cut-off electricity, gas or water supply to accident spots Rescue people from debris of collapsed structures Demolish damaged structures that may endanger human lives Rescue people from fire areas with adequate protection Assist other services promptly to save human lives Salvage equipment from debris Isolate damaged equipment or machineries that may endanger human lives Provide repair services as appropriate to restore operations

10.4.6 Security Services

The Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex will have a strong independent security team headed by the Chief Security Officer and will be responsible for the overall security of the plant complex, its equipment, machineries, buildings, utilities, and the conimunity living within the complex. The security office shall maintain liaison witlh other emergency services at the time of emergency and during normal hours.

The Chief Security Officer shall communicate with local police and other law enforcing agencies and seek assistance as may be needed during an emergency. The security team will also regulate vehicular traffic inside the complex. In particular they will ensure that all roads are unobstructed during emergencies.

10.4.7 Public Relations Services

The Public Relations Officer (PRO) of the Power Plant Complex will be responsible for communicating emergency related information to concerned officials within the complex. The PRO however, will consult the Emergency Manager before communication with outside agencies. The PRO will be responsible for warning people in and around the complex against potential fire hazards, or possible chemical contamination of water. The PRO will keep close contact with outside local community and provide direction, and participate along with management team in the welfare services for the affected communities. 10.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

Apart from the services mentioned above, the Environmental Management Unit and the Emergency Response Cell must ensure that all staffs working within the Power Plant Complex are oriented, through orientation programs, about the dos and don'ts during emergencies as well as overall environmental aspects and issues related to power plant operations.

It is however, to be emphasized that the emergency response plan (ERP) outlined above is to be used as guide only and that the Environmental Management Unit and the Emergency Response Cell shall develop their own environmental management system (EMS) following IS0 14001 and the emergency response plan (ERP) respectively in consultation with and involving the Siddhirganj Power Complex and the EGCB Management. Chapter 11 CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

11.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

The environmental policy of an organization is a statement by that organization of its intentions and principles, in relation to its overall environmental performanice that provides a framework for action and for the setting of its environmental objectives and targets. The policy should reflect the organization's mission and values, and should show commitment, leadership, and direction for the organization's environmental initiatives. A corporate environmental policy should ensure that it:

Is appropriate to the nature, scale, and environmental impacts of its activities, products, or services Includes a commitment to continual improvement and prevention of pollution Includes a commitment to comply with relevant environmental legislation and regulations Includes a commitment to being an environmentally responsible organization to the community Places importance to recycle and reuse materials to reduce waste generation Commits to maintain a safe and healthful working environment for all employees, providing employee education and awareness, minimizing risk to employees and communities Maintains emergency preparedness and response capabilities

11.2 CORPORATE ENVIRONMENAL POLICY FOR EGCB

Neither EGCB nor BPDB has yet developed any corporate environmental pol!icy. It is important that EGCB develops its own environmental policy which will provide an overall sense of direction and set the principles of action for electricity generation. A tentative environmental policy statement for EGCB could be as follows. EGCB however, should review this carefully and make an appropriate policy statement according1:y.

Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh strives to achieve "low environmental impact" generation of electricity. EGCB is committed to generate electricity in compliance with relevant existing environmental laws and regulations.

It further strives to minimize environmental, health and safety risks to its employees and the communities in which it operates.

The company proactively addresses environmental concerns resulting from any EGCB operation and provides appropriate environmental training and educates employees to be environmentally responsible on the job and at home.

EGCB will make every effort to minimize emissions, creation of wastes, particularly hazardous wastes, and dispose of wastes through safe and responsible methods.

EGCB will support research aimed at enhancing knowledge of the environment and minimizing environmental impacts ofpower generation.

EGCB will communicate openly with those who live or work in the vicinity of its power generation complex to ensure their understanding of power plant's operations and EGCB understanding of their concerns. "

The EGCB makes this policy available and accessible to all its employees and publishes it externally for the public.

11.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BY EGCB

The environmental policy that EGCB would establish must clearly reflect the environmental objectives required to be achieved. Once the direction is set through the establishment of the environmental policy, the next step is to develop a strategic plan to guide EGCB in accomplishing that policy. Identification of key environmental issues that EGCB would need to address constitutes the first element of the strategic plan. Implementation of the strategic plan, assessment and further improvement are the basic elements of an environmental management system that must be outlined in an environmental management manual. The manual will be used to ensure that the electricity generating plants at the Siddhirganj Power Complex as well as other power generating facilities managed by the EGCB are operated with minimum environmental impact. 11.3.1 Environmental Aspects

It is beyond the scope of this environmental assessment study to develop an E~lvironmentalManagement Manual for EGCB for application at its electricity generating plants. However, some important aspects are mentioned below that need to be clearly delineated in the mailual for effective environmental management of the plant site. One of the first steps is to identi@ the key environmental aspects that EGCB will need to address all its power generating facilities, including the proposed 2x150 MW gas fired lpeaking power plant. Important environmental aspects are:

Waste generation and disposal Cooling water abstraction and discharge Air emissions Noise level Occupatioi~alhealth and safety Emergency respoilse

These aspects are the results of operation and maintenance of the plants on the environment. Objectives and targets are then set for addressing each of these high priority issues.

11.3.2 Structure of Environmental Management Manual

Other important aspects that need to be included in the environmental manual for its effective implementation are:

Work plans and schedule Emergency response plan Resources, implementation and training

Work plans and schedules are prepared for each of the key environmental aspects identified. These include management procedures, personnel requireme~nts and responsibilities, appropriate equipment and time plan.

11.3.3 Emergency Response Plan

As outlined in the previous chapter, an emergency response plan will be drawn up to ensure that all plant personnel are aware of the responsibilities in case of an em.ergency. Fire protection equipment and facilities shall be made available at suitable locations within the complex and these would include fixed fire protection system, fire hydrants, portable fire fighting equipment, fire vents, alarm system, fire compartments and fire exit signs.

11.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT UNIT

Environmental Management Units should be established at all power generating facilities under the EGCB. For instance, the environmental management system at Siddhirganj Power Complex will need an Environmental Management Unit (EMU) headed by a Senior Environmental Engineer with adequate training and executive responsibilities and who shall be responsible, among others, for the followings.

Ensuring that environmental protection procedures are followed Coordinate environmental monitoring Act as liaison with the public, local organizations and government Ensure and supervise record keeping, data storage and management for follow up actions Monitoring hazardous materials storage and handling Promoting environmental awareness

The senior environmental engineer will be responsible for ensuring that the environmental management plan is effective and that the relevant environmental standards including those outlined in the Bangladesh environmental regulations are adhered to.

There will be an Environmental Manager (EM) for each plant within a power generating complex housing multiple plants. For example, for the Siddhirganj complex, one EM for the 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant, one for the 2x120 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant and one for the 210 MW Steam Turbine Power Plant, who will be responsible for environmental management and monitoring of the respective plants. The EMS of all the plants will report on environmental matters to the Senior Environmental Engineer of the EMU, and together they will develop the terms of reference of the EMU focusing on environmental protection measures, monitoring, coordination, record keeping, liaison, and promoting environmental awareness. The EMU will work in close collaboration with Chief Engineer of the Siddhirganj Power Station and Senior Engineers responsible for operation and management of individual plants within the complex. 11.5 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING

Environmental training will be required to effectively implement the environmental management and monitoring plan in each of the facilities managed by the EGCB. However, training could be organized centrally by EGCB involving relevant staff from all its generating facilities. Important training needs include

General environmental awareness training Specific training for staff working in sensitive areas Training on environmental regulations and standards Staff training on environmental monitoring

General environmental awareness orientation training will be given to all staff, from top level to lowest level, in batches. Participation of local stakeholders and community represe~itativesin environmental awarenessltraining should be encouraged. The ElClU will develop manuals for different levels of awareness training and also for three other specific trainings mentioned above.

11.6 INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AT SIDDHIFLGANJ POWER COMPLEX

Siddhirganj thermal power plant complex houses several plants of varying generation capacities employing different technologies. The proposed World Bank financed 2x150 MW peaking power plant when operational will be only a part of the whole c:omplex. Most of the environmental impacts will therefore be cumulative and can not be attributed to any individual plant.

While it is possible to monitor emissions of individual plants, monitoring ambient environment will require a comprehensive monitoring program to be designed for the entire power station. It is therefore important that EGCB develops a comprehensive environmental management manual considering existing and new plants within the area of Siddhirganj power plant complex. The Environmental Manager of each plant will be responsible for the environmental monitoring and compliance at each plant, communicate with the Environmental Management Unit of the complex, and apply changes in environmental control when required for achieving overall environmental compliance within the coinplex. Chapter 12 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

12.1 INTRODUCTION

Public consultation formed an important part of the EA study. The main objective of the consultation process was to apprise the local inhabitants about the proposed project and to seek their opening regarding the possible impacts of the project. It was recognized that their opinions would be more useful as they are accustomed to construction and operation of a number of power plants in their locality in last few years.

Public involvement is a fundamental principle of any environmental assessment study. The inclusion of the views of the affected and interested public helps to ensure that the decision making process is equitable and fair and leads to more informed choice and better environmental outcomes. The findings from the public consultations carried out as a part the EA study were utilized in the development of the EMP (presented in Chapter 9), especially in identifying the significant impacts of the proposed project and developing the corresponding mitigation measures .

12.2 APPROACH AND METHODS

Within the framework of the present study, public consultation process has been initiated with an explicit objective to ensure people's participation. More specifically this was aimed at improving the study, taking into account opinions from the people of the study area.

The consultation sessions included focused group discussions (FGD) and key informant interviews (KII). While FGDs were carried out in the impact area, it was kept in mind that a large number of people live within the complex itself and because of the very nature of the project they may be the most vulnerable. Among the residents of the complex, women and children may suffer more because of the anticipated noise pollution and vibration. Therefore one FGD was organized only with women residents of the complex. The participants were also employees of the complex thereby giving rationality to their responses. Another FGD was organized within the complex with male participants. The CBA leader was one of the participants in this FGD session. Formal and informal meetings in terms of FGD with different groups and interviews with Key Informants (KIs) of the area were held with the primary objective to understand the people's perceptions regarding relevant issues. Discussion mainly centered on problems of the area relevant to the proposed project and suggested solutions.

The study also took into consideration the findings of questionnaire survey carried out as part of the EIAs conducted for other power plants, (positive and negative impacts), the socio-economic and political situation, land acquisition procedures, and peoples' perception about the project.

Consultation was undertaken at early stages of the EIA study so that potentially affected groupslpeople could provide meaningful input to the EIA. The dialogue, both formal and informal, was continued throughout the period. All consultations and meetings were documented including responses to the questionnaires.

A final consultation workshop will be conducted immediately after the preparation of the draft final report involving the concerned regulating agency, non-government organization, power cell, EGCB, and local stakeholders. The objective is to share the findings of the study, in particular the important impacts that have been id~entified, assessed and the suggested mitigation measures of the adverse impacts. The feedback of the workshop will be incorporated in the final report.

12.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

12.3.1 Focus Group Discussion

Group discussions in a randomly selected given locality with interested groups or their representatives, representatives of Union Parishad, fishing communities, workers at power plants both male and female, mixed groups of farmers, businessmen, labors, shop keepers, rickshaw pullers, van drivers, unemployed youths, different women's groups, students, etc were conducted. Interviews were structured, though varied to meet the level of knowledge and expected interest of the individuals and groups. In order to facilitate the discussions, tools like information on the project, certain socio-economic survey information, and illustrative maps and diagrams were used.

A total of 10 group discussions were conducted. General level of participation was above 10 people and reached as high as 15. The summary of all the FGDs has been presented in Annex-VI. Table 12.1 shows the list of FGDs and locations are shown in Figure12.1. Photographs of selected FGDs are presented in Annex-VIII. Table 12.1 : List of Focus Group Discussion Number of FGD No. Category Location Date Participants I Businessmen Gukul Das Bazar, Lal Kha Bag, Damghar, Bandar 8.09.2006 14 Shopkeepers, Haji Abedali Super Market, Adamjeenagar, Siddhirganj, 2 8.09.2006 8 local traders Narayanganj Sadar 3 Male workers Siddhirganj Power Plant, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar 16.09.2006 15 4 Female workers Siddhirganj Power Plant, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar 16.09.2006 1 1 Shopkeepers, Mijmiji East Para, Hossainia Jami Mosque Market, Siddhirganj, 17.09.2006 1 1 local traders Narayanganj. -. Sadar Batan Para (Mijmiji), Moddhyo Para, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj 6 Farmer 17.09.2006 12 Sadar 7 Mixed Bepari Para (Silo gate), Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar 17.09.2006 10 8 Mixed Kadamtali Moddhoyo Para, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar 18.09.2006 11 9 Mixed Kadamtali Uttar Para, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar 18.09.2006 11 10 Mixed Painari Gram, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar 19.09.2006 10

12.3.2 Individual Interviews with Key Informants

Information was collected from different key informants about the impacts of existing power plants and possible effects of the proposed project. Within the study area, 9 key informants were interviewed who expressed their views and opinions on different aspects, with particular focus on their subject area. It was intended to do so by the consultation team. For example, while talking to fishers, fish related issues were given priority, similarly during an interview with a doctor, health issues were the main focus. List of Key Informants interviewed is shown in Table 12.2 and photographs of selected KIIs are presented in Annex-VIII. The summary of the KIIs are provided in Table 12.3. Details of the Key Informant Interviews are presented in Annex-VII.

12.4 CONSULTATION WITH STATUTORY BODIES AND NON- STATUTORY AGENCIES

A Consultation Workshop on the environmental assessment of the proposed project was organized on 17 March 2007 and representatives of EGCB, WB, DOE, Power Cell, Siddhirganj Power Station, LGED, DPHE, PDB, local NGOs, Siddhirganj Pourashava, local business community, and local school teachers were invited to attend the workshop. The workshop was attended by 40 participants, where a full presentation of the EA study was given. After the presentation, a threadbare discussion was held and several queries were answered and issues discussed. The main points of discussion are included in Annex-IX. legend IrnpactArea (I krn radi,) . District HO I Slddhlrganj Power Plant 0 Upazlla HQ 0 Un~onHQ 1 @ FGD No Nat~onalHighway I Regional Highway 0 0.1250.25 0.5 0.75 Zilla Road -Kila~meters W31VE IO'YTE

Figure 12.1: Locations of Focus Group Discussion Table 12.2: List of Key Informant Interview KII Name Profession Sex Date No. 1 Md. Tajul Islam Chairman, Dhamghar Union Parishad, Bandar M 8.09.2006 Head Master, PDB Secondary School, Power House, 2 Md. Moniruzzaman M 16.09.2006 Siddhirgani- - 3 Dr. Md. Muksudur Rahman Medical Officer, Siddhirganj Power Plant, Siddhirganj M 16.09.2006

4 Md. Mantazuddin Village Doctor, Mijmiji Para, Siddhirganj-. M 17.09.2006 Chairman, Haji Sonamia Market, Adamjee Nagar, 5 Md. Jahangir Alarn ' M 18.09.2006 Siddhirgani- - 6 Ms. Rabeya Siraj Female Ward Commissioner, Ward-5, Siddl~irganj F 19.09.2006 Assistant Professor, MW College, Adarnjee Nagar, 7 Ms. Rabeya Akhter Khanam F 19.09.2006 Siddhirganj 8 Alhaj Abdul Matin Prdahan Municipality Administrator, Siddhirganj M 19.09.2006 Sub-Assistant Engineer, Siddhirganj Power Plant, 9 Md. Salim Sarkar M 20.09.2006 Siddhirhganj

Table 12.3: Summary of Key Informant Interview Issues Key Informant Interview No

Aware of the project Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Aware of the proiect activities Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Impact on surrounding environment + + Impact on riverlkhal 0 0 0 0 0 Impact on fisheries 0 0 0 0 Impact on crops, soil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Impact on vegetation 0 0 0 0 0 0 Impact on livestock 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 lmpact on income + + + + + + + 0 Impact on mobility 0 0 0 Impact on peopIe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Impact on Industry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Will support the project Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ( - ) : Negative Impact; ( + ) : Positive Impact; ( 0 ) : No Impact

12.5 FINDINGS

The key findings of the public consultation are as follows:

Baseline Situation Surrounding air appears to be hot. Noise pollution is high. There are not much fish in the river. Soil quality of surrounding agricultural land is good. Homestead trees are few. Income of people is good. Communication facilities are well developed. There are number of industries. Health facilities are rather poor. Education facilities are moderate. Drinking water supply is less and quality is poor. People face load shedding. There is no storm water drainage system. There is problem of water logging during heavy rain.

Possible Impacts There will be no impact on river and other aquatic bodies. There will be no impact on fisheries. There will be no impact on soil and crops. There will be no impact on vegetation. Income will increase. There will be increase in traffic during construction. There will be more employment opportunities. Load shedding will reduce. The project will benefit the country.

Mitigation Measures Alternate route should be constructed for project traffic. The existing road connecting Dhaka should be widened to accommodate increased and heavy duty traffic during construction works. Proper residential facilities should be developed for increased number of employees.

12.6 RECOMMENDATIONS

Generally people were not concerned with the present activities of the existing power plants but would like to know about the future plan. In general, consulted people welcomed the proposed project of 2x150 gas turbine power plant at Siddhirganj. However, they recommended installing a plant of good quality, which will be able to provide uninterrupted power and will be able to keep anticipated air and noise pollution in check. Chapter 13 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

13.1 CONCLUSIONS

There is no alternative but to add more power generating units to the existing power system of Bangladesh within a shortest possible time frame. This is due not only to meet the increase in demand, but also due to aging of the existing power generating units, most of which will near their life cycle very shortly. Both, base load and peaking plants are necessary to be added to the system, so that the whole system can run economically and efficiently. Gas turbine units are high speed, low vibration, quick start machines suitable for peaking power plants. These units require less space, have lower i~lstallationand maintenance cost and have simple lubrication and ignition system.

In accordance with the agreement with the Power Cell, an Environmental Assessment (EA) of the proposed 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Peaking Power Plant at Siddhirganj has been carried out, which included development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), covering both the construction and operational phases of the project. The detailed EA of the proposed power plant was conducted following the guideline (GOB, 1997) of the Department of Environment (DOE) of GOBand the relevant operational policies (e.g., OP 4.01) of the World Bank, and in consultation with the Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh (EGCB) of Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB).

The proposed peaking plant at Siddhirganj is a gas turbine based generator which would evacuate power to the existing 230KV transmission line through the grid substation owned by the Power Grid Company of Bangladesh. The gas supply to the proposed peaking power plants at present can be tapped from the existing gas line or from the proposed gas lines from Bakhrabad.

In this study, the effects of the project activities on physico-chemical, ecological and socio-economic (i.e., human interest related) parameters during both construction and operation phases have been assessed. The impacts have been identified, predicted and evaluated, and mitigation measures suggested for both construction and operation phases of the proposed power plant. The important physico-chemical environmental parameters that are likely to be affected by the project activities include air and noise pollution.

The study suggests that most of the adverse impacts on the physico-chemical environment are of low to moderate in nature and therefore, could be offset or minimizedl if the mitigation measures are adequately implemented. Since the project site is located in a developed area that does not appear to be very sensitive ecologically, the impact of project activities on most ecological parameters (e.g., weltlands, homestead vegetation, forest cover, bushes and trees, wild life, species diversity) are mostly insignificant.

Noise level has been identified as the most significant potential impact of the pl-oposed power plant during both the construction and operation phases. The noise generated from construction activities during the construction phase might become a source of annoyance at the school located close to the project site. However, since the class rooms of the schools are located about 30m away from the access road and the trees and boundary walls will have some damping effect, the noise level is expected to come down to tolerable levels within the school premises. However, there could be some intermittent loud noise generated by construction equipment that may cause discomfort to the receptors in the school. Therefore, it is suggested that adequate boarding be provided on top of the school boundary walls facing the project site. The workers exposed to the noise produced by the construction equipment should not be exposed for a prolonged period to prevent permanent hearing loss. A rotational work plan is advised for the workers and operators of these equipment. During the operational phase, high level of noise is expected to be generated within the confines of the turbine and generator installations. Prolonged exposure to such high level of noise may cause permanent heari~ngloss. Therefore, proper protective measures should be adopted during the operation and inspection of these equipment. Modeling study revealed that the cumulative noise effect of the proposed 2x150 MW World Bank financed GTPP and the 2x120 MW ADB financed GTPP during the operational phase at a common point is expected to be dominated by the noise generated by the plant nearest to the receptor.

Some adverse impact during the operation phase of the plant will come from thermal emission and NO, emission from the power plant. However, modeling study suggests that the effect of increased NO, in the ambient air due to emission from the proposed power plants (i.e., 2x1 50 MW and 2x1 20 MW) will not be very significant. The proposed plant will be constructed within a designated area inside the existing Siddhirganj power plant complex. So there is no need for land acquisition. Additionally, there is no settlement in this designated area. Therefore, no population will be displaced and no resettlement will be required for the construction of the power plant.

During public consultations carried out as a part of the EA study, people welcomed the proposed power plant project at Siddhirganj. However, they recommended installing a plant of good quality, which will be able to provide uninterrupted power and will be able to keep anticipated air and noise pollution to a minimum level.

13.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Since natural gas is a clean fuel, cheaply available at site, the cost of installation, operation, maintenance would be cheaper and since gas turbines can be installed quickly in a small space, no other present technology should be considered as alternative for the proposed peaking power generating units at Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex.

The environmental assessment carried out for the proposed gas turbine power plant at Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex, suggests low to moderate scale of adverse impacts, which can be reduced to acceptable level through recommended mitigation measures as mentioned in the EMP. It is therefore recommended that the proposed 2x150 MW gas turbine peaking power plant may be installed at the Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex, provided the suggested mitigation measures are adequately implemented. It is also recommended that the environmental monitoring plan be effectively implemented in order to identify any changes in the predicted impacts and take appropriate measures to off-set any unexpected adverse effects. Apart from risks associated with emissions, noise generation, solid waste, hazardous waste and wastewater disposal as a result of construction and operation activities, the gas fired power plant put human beings and the environment inside and outside of the plant to a certain degree of risk of accident and sometime loss of life. An emergency response plan (ERP) for the proposed power plant has been developed listing various actions to be performed in a very short period of time in a pre-determined sequence if it is to deal effectively and efficiently with any emergency, major accident or natural disaster.

It is also highly recommended that EGCB develops a corporate environmental policy of its own following the outline given in this report. In order to ensure implementation of its environmental policy, "Environmental Management Units" are to be instituted by EGCB at all its electricity generating facilities. The Environmental Management Unit at Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex will be responsible for implementation of the environmental management and monitoring plan developed for this proposed project. References

Ahmed, T. (2005), Modeling thermal of a power plant and its effect on water quality of the Sitalakhya river, M.Sc. Engineering Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.

Ahmed, F. A. and Rahman, M. M. (2005), Water Supply and Sanitation for Rural and Low Income Urban Communities, ITN-Bangladesh, BUET, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.

Akar, P. J. and Jirka, G. H. (1994), Buoyant Spreading Process in Pollutant Transport and Mixing, Part I: Lateral Spreading in Strong Current, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 32, 815-83 1, 1994.

Akar, P. J. and Jirka, G. H. (1994), Buoyant Spreading Process in Pollutant Transport and Mixing, Part 11: Upstream Spreading in Weak Ambient Current, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 33, 87-1 00, 1995.

ANSI (1983), American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters , ANSI S1.4-1983.

ARB(1994), ARB memorandum dated 411 1/94 from A. Ranzieri to J. Brooks on the subject, "One-hour to Thirty-day Average Screening Factor".

Atlanta-BPDB (2006), EIA and SIA study of BPDBYsproposed Haripur Combined Cycle Power Plant Project, Atlanta Enterprise Ltd., Bangladesh Power Development Board.

Banglapedia (2003), 'Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Volume 1 to lo)', Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh BBS (2001), 'Population Census 2001 Preliminary Report', Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

BBS (1 994), 'Bangladesh Population Census 199 1 ', Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

BCA (2005), Bangladesh Country Almanac, CD published in 2005. Brammer, H. (1996), 'The geography of the soils of Bangladesh', University Press Ltd. Dhaka, Bangladesh

Davis, M. L. and Cornwell, D. A. (1998), Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 3rd Edition, WCB, McGraw-Hill.

DOE (1997), 'EIA Guidelines for Industries', Department of Environment, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

ECOMAC-EGCB (2005), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Siddhirganj 2x120 MW Peaking Power Plant Project, Environmental Conservation and Management Consultants Ltd. and Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh Ltd. EPA (2004) Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site Quality of Life Performance Standards (May).

Fischer, H. B., et. al., (1979), Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters, Academic Press, New York.

GOB (1997), Environmental Conservation Rules 1997, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka.

GOB (2005), SRO No. 220-Rule12005, Revision of the Environment Conservatio~nRules 1997, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the People's Rep~~blicof Bangladesh, Dhaka.

NY SDEC (2001), Assessing and Mitigating Noise Impacts. Program Policy DEP-00-1.

PB, ECBL and AQUA (2003), Peaking Power Plant Dhaka Area, 2x100 MW Power Plants, Siddhirganj Feasibility Report - 61662A. PB Consultants in association with ECBL and AQUA Bangladesh.

Power Cell (2005), Official website of the Power Cell, Ministry of Power Energy and Mineral Resources, I~ttp://\v\vw.po~vercelI.goc..bd

U.S. DOT, FHWA (2005), Traffic Noise Model (TNM).

U.S. DOT, FHWA (1976), Special Report Highway Construction Noise: Measurement, Prediction and Mitigation.

U.S. DOT, FTA (1995), Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment.

USEPA (1992), Screening procedure for estimating the air quality impact of stationary sources, Revised, October 1992, EPA-454lR-92-019. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

USEPA (1983) Office of Solid Waster & Emergency Response, Hazardous Waste Land Treatment, SW-874 (April 1983, Page 273)

Western Highway Institute (1971), Fundamentals of Noise and Vehicle Exterior Noise Levels.

World Bank (1998), Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, World Bank, Washington.

World Bank (1999), Operational Manual -0P 4.01, The World Bank operation manual for environmental assessment, Washington. Terms of Reference For Environmental Assessment of World Bank Financed 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant at Siddhirganj

1. Project Objectives The primary development objective is to support investments in peaking power supply capability in Bangladesh such that unmet demand for energy is reduced. When measured at the very conservative value of current tariffs, which are below full cost recovery, this unmet demand has an economic cost of at least $20-million per year.

A secondary development objective is to build capacity in Bangladesh to manage effectively and efficiently complex power generation technology; this would be accomplished through capacity building of EGCB and introduction of an O&M contractor. .

2. Project Description The power generation component of the project involves construction of a 2 x150 MW simple cycle, gas-fired turbines, complementing two other equivalently sized units on the same site, which have been approved for funding by the ADB.

The will be complemented with a sub-component of the project which seeks to address the shortage of reactive power in the network at this time; shortage of reactive power is often a symptom of system stress, as when capacity and energy are insufficient to meet load. One way to remedy the reactive power deficit is through installation of capacitors at key network substations - this is known as shunt compensation, and it has the effect of allowing greater dispatch of real power. Since the reactive power problem intensifies at peak times, this investment component is synergistic with the investment in generation, and is equivalent to a significant, and much more expensive, addition of peak power capacity.

3. Project location Siddhirganj, just outside the metro Dhaka area, is an existing power generation site in an industrial area. The site for the power plant in located within a 88 acre property owned by the PDB. It is a completely enclosed property which houses a power complex consisting of a) an old 50 MW Steam Turbine (ST) , b) a new 210 MW Steam Turbine (ST), c) two 132 KV Sub-stations, d) gas reducing main station, e) residential complex for almost 3000 people, f) school, g) mosque, h) hospital, i) shops, and most other common facilities that can be expected in a small township (refer the attached site layout map for details). There are plans to add 2 x 21 0 MW STs (shown by dotted lines on page 3 of the attached layout map) next to an existing 210 MW ST. The ADB funded 2 x 120 MW GTs are to come up in place of the old 50 MW ST near the river on the east side (page 3 and 4) which will be dismantled. The WB funded 2 x 150 MW GT7swill come up in the area marked by a diagonal lines adjacent to the main road on the west side (page I). The distance between the ADB and WB funded sites is about 800 meters.

On the east side across the river and within 2-3 km radius, there are three more gas fired power plants (AES Haripur 360 MW, PDB 99 MW GTs going up to 400 MW soon - financed by JBIC, and NEPC barge mounted 1 x 110 MW). There is a wooden board malting factory between AES Haripur and the PDB plant which is known for its high emission of fine particles that clogged the air intake filters of the PDB plant in tihe past. Immediately along the Siddhirganj property, on the south is a derelict jute mill (was the World largest) that is being converted to a Special Economic Zone, and on the north is a steel re-rolling mill, and then a couple of brick kilns. There are numerous other industries abound in the Siddhirganj area. To the immediate west, along the boundary of the property, is the Demra-Narayanganj road constructed on the embankment of an irrigation canal. The whole Siddhirganj area is quite densely populated like any other pel-i-urban area around Dhaka. The Sitalakhya river immediately to the east of the property is used as a major waterway. It is also the main source of water for all the industrial activity in the Siddhirganj area, including the power plants. Anecdotal information indicates that flooding of the power plan location has not yet been a major issue.

The WB and ADB financed projects will be constructed at about the same time, are also likely to come into operation simultaneously, and will be managed and maintained by the same entity.

4. Assignment Objective The overall objective of this assignment is to conduct an Environmental Assessment for the construction and operation of the above mentioned project in order to recommend appropriate mitigation and management measures in the project area.

The conduct of the EA will be guided by the World Bank operational policy (OP) 4.01 and the relevant regulatory requirements of the GOB. In addition, the EA would be guided by relevant sections of the World Bank's Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. As per OP 4.01 this project is classified as an environmental category B project on account of its location in an industrial area with numerous sources of pollution. However, particular attention will need to be paid to assessing the cumulative impact of the: project on an environment that may already be degraded.

5. Scope of Work Given the existing and proposed development in the area, significant information about the environmental status of the area is already available. For example EA's ha.ve been undertaken in the recent past for the AES Haripur plant (1999), and for the proposed ADB financed 2 x 120 MW GTs (2005). As such, this EA should draw upon the existing information collected for those EA reports, but ensuring that the information is updated and current. 5.1 Policv, legal, and administrative framework: Describe the relevant local, regional, national, and international regulations and standards governing environmental quality (such as air and water discharge standards), health and safety aspects, protection of sensitive areas and endangered species, project site-ing, and land use controls. Also review the applicable safeguard policies of the World Bank and describe their relevance for the project. Finally tabulate all the necessary statutory clearance / permission needs and the World Bank safeguards that may apply to the project.

5.2 Description of the Pro-iect: This section of the report will need to provide information on the following: i. Nature and Scope of the project ii. Need for the project (in the context of the overall power generation scenario) iii. Location and site description (using maps to show the project and site location, and any specific environmental attributes in and around the location) iv. Technical description of key project components (including equipment / machinery description, and its specific location at the site using maps / drawings) v. Description of the pre-construction, construction, post-construction and operation activities including technical details of earthwork, fuel and water use, discharges, wastes and pollution prevention equipment etc. vi. Proposed schedule for project implementation

Maps should be included to illustrate the general setting of the project as well as surrounding areas likely to be environmentally affected. These maps should include topographical contours, as well as location of major surface water bodies, other sources of pollution, roads, railways, habitation, land-use and ecological attributes, and administrative boundaries.

5.3 Description of Environmental Baseline: The baseline description collection should take into account the existing and proposed developments in the area so that cumulative impacts can be assessed. Based on the field visit, baseline data needs to be collected from secondary and primary sources to describe the baseline conditions:

5.3.1 Phvsical Environment: this includes information on topography, geology / seismology , soil type , climate and meteorology , natural gradient and drainage pattern, and ambient noise levels.

5.3.2 Air Quality: It is known that the particulate emissions from the nearby board factory in the past have led some of the power plants to install, and frequently replace air filters. In addition, it will be important to ascertain the impact, of the high exhaust gas temperature of the GTs, which are normally a few hundred degrees centigrade above the ambient. Hence parameters on which data is needed include: PM10, CO, NOx, and Temperature, amongst others.

5.3.3 Water Quality and Ouantitv: baseline data of the intake water quality is necessary. In addition, given the competing water uses of the river water, availability of enough water during the lean season needs to be assessed as part of the baseline data collection.

5.3.4 Fisheries: There may be fishing in the river stretch adjacent to the power plant which may get disrupted by the intake and discharge of cooling water; and there may be dredging to be undertaken to take the silt for filling-up the site which is currently swampy. Hence the nature and scale of fisheries will need to be assessed.

5.3.5 Flora and Fauna: any flora and fauna of importance, especiallly any endangered species, sensitive habitats, and species of commercial importance.

5.3.6 Dredge material: given that dredge material is to be used as fill material at the site it is necessary to analyse samples to assess suitability for construction and environmental quality. Upstream industrial discharges may have led to contamination of dredge material with hazardous substances.

5.3.7: Flooding: the Sitalakhya river on one side and irrigation canal on the other side of the site presents a risk of flooding. Historical hydrological data nee~dsto be reviewed to ensure that the project is flood-proofed. The 50 year project flood level should ideally be taken as the plinth level when leveling / filling the site.

5.4 Description of potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures: identify all potential impacts the project would incur during pre-construction, construction, and operational phases of the project on the following:

.. i. Ambient noise levels 11. Emissions and ambient air quality iii. Effluent and ambient water quality and quantity iv. Fisheries resources and other aquatic flora and fauna v. Land-use and soil vi. Human health and well being of the local community

Using an impact matrix the scale of impacts should be screened initially. Assess the impacts brought about by the project related activities on the baseline envirlonment. Distinguish between positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, including impacts from possible accidents, and short- and long-term impacts, which are unavoidable or irreversible. Characterize the cause and effects of impacts and the synergistic effect of multiple impacts on the environment and the local community. Characterize the impacts in terms of nature (eg. reversible, irreversible), scale (eg. local , regional), and duration (eg. short-, medium-,long-term)

Suggest mitigation measures to reduce and offset identified impacts. For all identified impacts, explain how the project plans to mitigate the adverse impact from the pre- construction stage onwards. In addition, explain how the project plans to offset' or compensate for adverse effects and for positive enhancement of environmental quality.

5.5 Determine Cumulative Environmental Impacts: Given the existing sources of air pollution and proposed development in the area (eg. the EPZ coming up right next to the Siddhirganj site) determine the cumulative adverse impact on environmental quality. This may need the resources to undertake some modeling of air quality, and projection of water use and effluent discharges.

5.6 Analysis of Alternatives: Compare feasible alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation - including the without-project scenario - in terms of potential environmental impacts and the feasibility of mitigating the impacts. State the basis of selecting a particular alternative.

5.7 Environmental Management Plan: Develop an EMP that consists of a set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during different stages of the project (pre-construction, construction, and operation) to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The EMP should identify and summarize all anticipated significant adverse impacts, and describe - with technical details - each mitigation measures. Furthermore, the EMP should contain clear and agreed allocation of responsibility amongst project proponents and government agencies for implementation of the mitigation measures as well as their oversight and monitoring. The EMP should propose cost-effective mitigation measures, the cost of which should be a part of the project cost.

Given that a number of mitigation measures would need to be taken by the contractors during construction, erection, or maintenance stages, it is important to ensure that the EMP is integrated with the bid documents for procurement of contractor services. This is essential to ensure that implementation of mitigation measures.

Environmental monitoring plan is an integral part of an EMP, which outlines the specific information to be collected for ensuring the environmental quality at different stages of project implementation. The parameters and their frequency of monitoring should be provided alongwith cost of the monitoring plan and institutional arrangements for conducting monitoring. Reporting formats should be provided along with a clear arrangement for reporting and taking corrective action.

5.8 Corporate Environmental Policy: Given that EGCB is a new entity it may wish to adopt a corporate environmental policy that states its vision for environmental protection and promoting sustainability.

' Refer to the World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook for further discussion on offsets in the context of degraded airsheds. 5.9 Institutional Capaciw Building: Staffing and institutional integration of an environmental manager (also looking after health and safety) is important to sustain the environmental performance of the project. Given that EGCB has no mechanisms in place for environmental management, it is to be proposed in the EA report.

5.10 Public Consultations: In order to ensure that all relevant issues have been covered by the EA it is essential to consult potentially affected people and other relevant stakeholders (such as NGOs from the area) early in the EA process, so that their views and concerns about environmental issues can be addressed to the extent possible.

5.1 1 Structure of the EA Report: The following table of contents is recommended: .1. . Executive Summary . .11. . Policy, legal, and administrative framework 111. Project description iv. Baseline data v. Environmental impacts vi. Analysis of alternatives vii. Environnemental management plan . . . VI11. Public Consultations ix. Annexes

6. Duration Given that some of the data should be available from EA studies for the existing and proposed plants in the vicinity of the site, there may not be much primary data collection required. It is estimated that the assignment can be competed within 12- 15 weeks of signing the contract.

7. Reporting The consultants will report to EGCB staff. They should provide an inception replort after three weeks outlining the details of their work program, and an interim report produced after two months. Relevant World Bank staff in the Dhaka office should be copied on the outputs. It should be ensured that the EA also satisfies the DOE'S requirements.

8. Qualifications The consultant firm should have 8-10 years experience in undertaking EA for power generation projects. They should have staff with experience in ambient environmental monitoring, modeling, and analysis. They should be able to collect secondary data.. Environmental Baseline Study of World Bank Financed 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant at Siddhiraani

Annex I1 The World Bank Operational Manual OP 4.01

OP 4.01 January 1999 ...... These policies were prepared for use by World Bank staff and are not necessarily a complete treatment of the subjec "" .. "-..- Environmental Assessment

This Operational Policy statement was updated in March 2007 to reflect issuance of OP/BP 8.00, Rapid Response to Crises and Emergencies, dated March 2007. Previously revised in August 2004 to ensure consistency with thc rcquirernents of OPIBP 8.60, issued in August 2004. These changes may be viewed here.

~ote:OP and BP 4.01 together replace A, Environmental Assessment; OD 4.00, Annex B, Environmental Policy for Darn and Reservoir Projects; OD 4.01, Environmental Assessmenr; and the following Operational Memoranda: Environmental Assessments: Instructions to Staff on the Handling of the Borrower's Consultations wit11 Affected Groups and Relevant Local NGOs, 4110190; Environmental Assessmentv: Instructions to Staff on the Release oj Environmental Assessments to Executive Directors, 1112 1190; and Release of Environmental Assessments to Executive Directors, 2120191. Additional information related to these statements is provided in the Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1991) and subsequent updates available from the Environment Sector Board, and in the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. Other Bank statements that relate to the environment include OPIBP 4.02, Environmental Action Plans; OPIBP 4.04, Natural IIabitats; OP 4.07, Water Resources Management; OP 4.09, Pest Management; OPIBP 4.10, Indigenous Peoples; OP 4.11, Physical Cultural Resources; OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement; OPDP 4.36, Forests; and OP/BP 10.04, Economic Evaluation of Investntent Operations. These OP and BP ID is first issued after March 1, 1999. Questions may be addressed to the

1. The ~anklrequires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.

2. EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influen~e;~examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The Bank favors preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible.

3. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peo les, and physical cultural resource^;^ and transboundary and global environmental aspects.-! EA considers natural and social aspects in an integrated way. It also takes into account the variations in project and country conditions; the findings of country environmental studies; national environmental Environmental Baselme Study of Wodd Bank Financed 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant at Siddh~raanl action plans; the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects; and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The Bank does not finance project activities that would contravene such country obligations, as identified during the EA. EA is initiated as early as possible in project processing and is integrated closely with the economic, financial, institutional, social, and tecl~nicalanalyses of a proposed project.

4. The borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA. For Category A projects,5 the borrower retains independent EA experts not affiliated with the project to carry out the EA.~ For Category A projects that are highly risky or contentious or that involve serious and multidimensional environmental concerns, the borrower should normally also engage an advisory panel of independent, internationally recognized environmental specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the EA.~The role of the advisory panel depends on the degree to which project preparation has progressed, and on the extent and quality of any EA work completed, at the time the Bank begins to consider the project.

5. The Bank advises the borrower on the Bank's EA requirements. The Bank reviews the findings and recommendations of the EA to determine whether they provide an adequate basis for processing the project for Bank financing. When the borrower has completed or partially completed EA work prior to the Bank's involvement in a project, the Bank reviews the EA to ensure its consistency with this policy. The Bank may, if appropriate, require additional EA work, including public consultation and disclosure.

6. The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook describes pollution prevention and abatement measures and emission levels that are normally acceptable to the Bank. However, taking into account borrower country legislation and local conditions, the EA may recommend alternative emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement for the project. The EA report must provide full and detailed justification for the levels and approaches chosen for the particular project or site.

EA Instruments

7. Depending on the project, a range of instruments can be used to satisfy the Bank's EA requirement: environmental impact assessment (EIA), regional or sectoral EA, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment, and environmental management plan (EMP).%EP~applies one or more of these instruments, or elements of them, as appropriate. When the project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required.?

Environmental Screening

8. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA. The Bank classifies the proposed project into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project aind the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts.

(a) Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive,@ diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares A-11-2 Ennronnental Baselrne Stud! of World Bank F~nanced2x150 MW Gas Turb:ne Power Plant at Sfddhrqanl

them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA) that includes, as necessary, elements of the other instruments referred to in para. 7.

(b) Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environme~ltally important areas-including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats-are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A EA. Like Category A EA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive enviro~lmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of Category B EA are described in the project documentation (Project Appraisal Document and Project Information ~ocument)."

(c) Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse eilvironmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project. (d) Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.

EA for Special Project Types

Sector Investment Lending

9. For sector investment loans (SILS),~during the preparation of each proposed subproject, the project coordinating entity or implementing institution carries out appropriate EA according to country requirements and the requirements of this policy.'3 The Bank appraises and, if necessary, includes in the SIL components to strengthen, the capabilities of the coordinating entity or the implementing institution to (a) screen subprojects, (b) obtain the necessary expertise to carry out EA, (c) review all findings and results of EA for individual subprojects, (d) ensure implementation of mitigation measures (including, where applicable, an EMP), and (e) monitor environmental conditions during project implementation.'4 If the Bank is not satisfied that adequate capacity exists for carrying out EA, all Category A subprojects and, as appropriate, Category B subprojects-including any EA reports-are subject to prior review and approval by the Bank.

Financial Intermediary Lending

10. For a financial intermediary (FI) operation, the Bank requires that each FI screen proposed subprojects and ensure that subborrowers carry out appropriate EA for each subproject. Before A-11-3 --Environmental Basekne Study of World Bank F~nanced2x 150 MW Gas Turbine Power Pla.?! at Slddh~ruani approving a subproject, the FI verifies (through its own staff, outside experts, or existing environmental institutions) that the subproject meets the environmental requirements of appropriate national and local authorities and is consistent with this OP and other applicable environmental policies of the ~ank.~

11. In appraising a proposed FI operation, the Bank reviews the adequacy of country environmental requirements relevant to the project and the proposed EA arrangements for subprojects, including the mechanisms and responsibilities for environmental screening and review of EA results. When necessary, the Bank ensures that the project includes components to strengthen such EA arrangements. For FI operations expected to have (Category A subprojects, prior to the Bank's appraisal each identified participating FI provides to the Bank a written assessment of the instifutional mechanisms (includinp as necessary, identification of measures to strengthen capacity) for its subproject EA w0rk.l If the Bank is not satisfied that adequate capacity exists for carrying out EA, all Category A subprojects and, as appropriate, Category B subprojects-including EA reports-are subject to prior review and approval by the ~ank.~

Emergency Operations under OP 8.00

12. The policy set out in OP 4.01 normally applies to emergency operations processed under OP 8.00, Rapid Response to Crises and Emergencies. However, when compliarice with any requirement of this policy would prevent the effective and timely achievement of the objectives of an emergency operation, the Bank may exempt the project fiom such a requirement. The justification for any such exemption is recorded in the loan docu.ments. In all cases, however, the Bank requires at a minimum that (a) the extent to which the emergency was precipitated or exacerbated by inappropriate environmental practices be determined as part of the preparation of such projects, and (b) any necessary corrective measures be built into either the emergency operation or a future lending operation.

Institutional Capacity

13. When the borrower has inadequate legal or technical capacity to carry out key EA-related functions (such as review of EA, environmental monitoring, inspections, or management of mitigatory measures) for a proposed project, the project includes components ito strengthen that capacity.

Public Consultation

14. For all Category A and B projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, during the EA process, the borrower consults project-affected groups and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) about the project's environmental aspects and takes their views into account.-18 The borrower initiates such consultations as early as possible. For Category A projects, the borrower consults these groups at least twice: (a) shortly after environmental screening and before the terms of reference for the EA are finalized; and (b) once a draft EA report is prepared. In addition, the borrower consults with such groups throughout project implementation as necessary to address EA-related issues that affect them.'g

Disclosure

15. For meaningful consultations between the borrower and project-affected groups and local NGOs on all Category A and B projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, the borrower A-11-4 Environmental Baseline Study of Wodd Bank Financed 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant at Siddhirqani provides relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation and in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted.

16. For a Category A project, the borrower provides for the initial consultation a summary of the proposed project's objectives, description, and potential impacts; for consultation after the draft EA report is prepared, the borrower provides a summary of the EA's conclusions. In addition, for a Category A project, the borrower makes the draft EA report available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local NGOs. For SILs and FI operations, the borrowerIF1 ensures that EA reports for Category A subprojects are made available in a public place accessible to affected groups and local NGOs.

17. Any separate Category B report for a project proposed for IDA financing is made available to project-affected groups and local NGOs. Public availability in the borrowing country and official receipt by the Bank of Category A reports for projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, and of any Category B EA report for projects proposed for IDA funding, are prerequisites to Bank appraisal of these projects.

18. Once the borrower officially transmits the Category A EA report to the Bank, the Bank distributes the summary (in English) to the executive directors (EDs) and inakes the report available through its InfoShop. Once the borrower officially transmits any separate Category B EA report to the Bank, the Bank makes it available through its ~nfo~ho~.~If the borrower objects to the Bank's releasing an EA report through the World Bank InfoShop, Bank staff (a) do not continue processing an IDA project, or (b) for an IBRD project, submit the issue of further processing to the EDs.

Implementation

19. During project implementation, the borrower reports on (a) compliance with measures agreed with the Bank on the basis of the findings and results of the EA, including implementation of any EMP, as set out in the project documents; (b) the status of mitigatory measures; and (c) the findings of monitoring programs. The Bank bases supervision of the project's environmental aspects on the findings and recommendations of the EA, including measures set out in the legal agreements, any EMP, and other project document^.^

1. "Bank" includes IBRD and IDA; "EA" refers to the entire process set out in OPiBJ 4.01; "loans" includes IDA credits and IDA grants; "borrower" includes. for guarantee operations, a private or public project sponsor receiving from another financial institution a loan guaranteed by the Bank; and "project" covers all operations financed by Bank loans or guarantees except development policy lending (for which the environmental provisions are set out in OPiBP 8.60, Development Policy Lending), and also includes projects under adaptable lending-adaptable program loans (APLs) and learning and innovation loans (L1Ls)-and projects and components funded under the Global Environment Facility. The project is described in Schedule 2 to the LoanJCredit Agreement. This policy applies to all components of the project, regardless of the source of financing, 2. For definitions, see Annex A. The area of influence for any project is determined with the advice of environmental specialists and set out in the EA terms of reference. 3. See OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement; OPIBP 4.10, Indigenous Peoples; and OP/BP 4.1 1, Physical Cultural Resources. 4. Global environmental issues include climate change, ozone-depleting substances, pollution of international waters, and adverse impacts on biodiversity. 5. For screening, see para. 8. 6. EA is closely integrated with the project's economic, financial, institutional, social, and technical analyses to ensure that (a) environmental considerations are given adequate weight in project selection, A-11-5 Environmental BaseBne Studv of World Bank Rnanced 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant at S~ddhlrqanl

siting, and design decisions; and (b) EA does not delay project processing. However, the borrower ensures that when individuals or entities are engaged to carry out EA activities, any conflict of interest is avoided. For example, when an independent EA is required, it is not carried out by the consultants hired to prepare the engineering design. 7. The panel (which is different from the dam safety panel required under OPI BP 4.37, Safety of Dams) advises the borrower specifically on the following aspects: (a) the terms of reference for the EA, (b) key issues and methods for preparing the EA, (c) recommendations and findings of the EA, (d) implementation of the EA's recommendations, and (e) development of environmental management capacity. 8. These terms are defined in Annex A. Annexes Band C discuss the content of EA reports and EMPs. 9. Guidance on the use of sectoral and regional EA is available in EA Sourcebook Updates 4 and 15. 10. A potential impact is considered "sensitive" if it may be irreversible (e.g., lead to loss of a major natural habitat) or raise issues covered by 4.10, Indigenous Peoples; OP 4.04, Natural Habitats; OP 4.11, PI1 ysicnl Cultural Resources; or OP 4.1 2, Involuntary Resettlement. 1 1. When the screening process determines, or national legislation requires, that any of the environmental issues identified warrant special attention, the findings and results of Category B EA may be set out in a separate report. Depending on the type of project and the nature and magnitude of the impacts, this report may include, for example, a limited environmental impact assessment, an environmental mitigation or management plan, an environmental audit, or a hazard assessment. For Category B projects that are not in environmentally sensitive areas and that present well-defined and well- understood issues of narrow scope, the Bank may accept alternative approaches for meeting EA requirements: for example, environmentally sound design criteria, siting criteria, or polll~tionstandards for small-scale industrial plants or rural works; environmentally sound siting criteria, construction standards. or inspection procedures for housing projects; or environmentally sound operating procedures for road rehabilitation projects. 12. SILs normally involve the preparation and implementation of annual investment plans or subprojects as time slice activities over the course of the project. 13. In addition, if there are sectorwide issues that cannot be addressed through individual subproject EAs (and particularly if the SIL is likely to include Category A subprojects), the borrower may be required to carry out sectoral EA before the Bank appraises the SIL. 14. Where, pursuant to regulatory requirements or contractual arrangements acceptable to the Bank, any of these review functions are carried out by an entity other than the coordinating entity or implementing institution. the Bank appraises such alternative arrangements; however, the borrowerlcoordinating entitylimplementing institution remains ultimately responsible for ensuring that subprojects meet Bank requirements. 15. The requirements for FI operations are derived from the EA process and are consistent with the provisions of para. 6 of this OP. The EA process takes into account the type of finance being considered, the nature and scale of anticipated subprojects, and the environmental requirements of the jurisdiction in which subprojects will be located. 16. Any FI included in the project after appraisal complies with the same requirement as a condition of its participation. 17. The criteria for prior review of Category B subprojects, which are based on such factors as type or size of the subproject and the EA capacity of the financial intermediary, are set out in the legal agreements for the project. 18. For the Bank's approach to NGOs, see GP 14.70, Involving Nongovernn~ental0rgani~~ation.s in Bank- Supported Activities. 19. For projects with major social components, consultations are also required by other Bank policies-for example, OPIBP 4.10, Indigenous Peoples, and OPIBP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement. 20. For a further discussion of the Bank's disclosure procedures, see The CVorld Bank Policlg on Disclosure of Informntion. Specific requirements for disclosure of resettlement plans and indigenous peoples development plans are set out in OPIBP 4.10, Indigenous Peoplesand OPIBP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement. 2 1. See OPIBP 13.05, Project Supervision. . Environmental Baseline Studv of World Bank Financed 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant at Siddhircrani

Annex I11 List of EA Team of 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant at Siddhirganj, Narayanganj

Environmental Assessment Team

Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman (Team Leader) Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka-1000 Dr. A.B.M. Badruzzaman Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka-1000 Dr. Jobair Bin Alam Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka-1 000 Dr. Md. Mohammad Ali Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka-1 000 Dr. M. Rezaur Rahman Professor, Institute of Water and Flood Management, BUET, Dhaka-1000 Dr. Shaker Ahmed Professor, Department of Management Studies, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1 000 Dr. M. Ashraf Ali Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka-1000 Dr. Rowshan Mamtaz Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka-1000 Dr. Md. Mafizur Rahman Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka-1000

Support Team

Name Position Qualification

Khaled Abdullah Environmental Engineer B.Sc. Engineering (Team Leader) Dr. Rafiqul Islam Ecologist (Fishery) Ph.D. Zafar Imam Socio-Economist M.A. Mohiuddin Patowari Sociologist B.A. A K M Enamul Huqe GIs Specialist M.Sc. (Geography) Nurul Alam Siddique Jr. Environmental Engineer B. Sc. Engineering Asif Masud Jr. Environmental Engineer B. Sc. Engineering

Topo~raphicSurvey Team Mr. Md. Abdul Alim Mr. Md. Khorshed Alam Annex IV

Table Al: List of Fishermen Interviewed during the Study

Name Age Village I. Kalidas Barman 44 Godnail 2. Parimal Barman 52 Godnail 3. Naresah Barman . 75 Godnail 4. Prodip Kumar arma an 45 Godnail 5. Sridham Barman 42 Godnail 6. Bipul Chandra Godnail 7. Kalidas Barman Godnail 8. Shama charan Godnail 9. Haradhan Das 70 Kanchpur 10. Mantu Barman 4 8 Kanchpur 11. Badal Barman 45 Kanchpur 12. Sitesh Saha 3 7 Kanchpur 13. Subash Saha 52 Kanchpur 14. Debendranath 63 Kanchpur

A-IV- 1 Annex V

Table B 1 : NEPBIOS Table (Sharma 1996; cited in http:Nwww.geocities.com/sharmakulnepbiosbrocl~ure.ht~n) Athericidae, Capniidae, Epiophlebiidae, Helicopsychidae, Helodidae, Heptageniidae (Epeorus 10 rhithralis), Heptageniidae (Rhithrogena nepalensis), Hydrobiosidae, Lepidostornatidae, Leuctridae, Peltoperlidae, Perlidae (Acroneuria sp.), Perlidae (Calicneuria sp.), Siphlonuridae, Taeniopterygidae, Uenoidae. Chloroperlidae, Goeridae, Limnephilidae, Limnocentropodidae, Nemouridae, Neoephemeridae, Perlodidae. Elmidae, Euphaeidae, Heptageniidae (Rhithrogena sp.), Lirnoniidae, Perlidae, Rhyacophilidae, Stenopsychidae, Tipulidae. Aphelocherr~dae,Baetldae (Baetrella sp), Baetrdae (Baetrs sp), Brachycentndae, 7 Ephernerellrdae, Gammandae, Glossosomatrdae, Heptagenrldae, Hydraenrdae, Leptophleb~~dae,Phrlopotamldae, Polycentropod~dae,Potamldae, Psephenldae, Srrnullldae Aeshnldae, Caenrdae, Corydalrdae, Ecnomldae, Ephemerell~dae(Torleya sp), Ephemerldae, 6 Gyrlnldae Hydraenidae (Ochtheb~ussp ), Hydrophllldae, Hydropsychldae, Hydroptrlldae, L~bellul~dae,Lymnaeldae, Psychomyrrdae, Sclrtldae, Vrvlparldae Brthynlldae, Chlorocyphldae, Coenagrlonldae, Cordullldae, Dryopldae, Leptophleblrdae 5 (Euthraulus sp), Odontocerldae, Protoneundae, Sphaerl~dae,Unronrdae Calopterygldae, Corbrcul~dae,Conxrdae, Dytrscldae, Gemdae, Glossrphon~~dae,Gornphrdae, 4 Naucorldae, Nepldae, Notendae, Palaemon~dae,Planorbldae, Pleurocerldae, Ranatrldae, Thlarldae Notonectldae, Sal~fidae 3 Cul~c~dae,Physrdae 2 Chrronomldae [Chrronomus group riparlus (=thumm~)and group plumosus], Tubrfic~dae 1

Table B2: Transformation table of NEPBIOS values to describe the saprobic water quality NEPBIOSIASPT Water quality classes value obtalned 8 00- 10 00 I 7 00-7 99 1-11 5 50-6 99 I I 4 00-5 49 11-111 Annex VI Summary of Focus Group Discussion

PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETING (MEETING SL NO. 1)

Location : Gukul Das Bazar, Vill: Lal Kha Bag, Union: Damghar, Thana: Bandar (Narayanganj~) Category : Businessmen Date : 8-Sep-2006 Time : 10:26 am

SI. No. Name of the Participants Sex Age Present Occupation Previous Occupation I Mitazul Islam M 45 Business Service 2 Shahjalal Member M 43 Business Service 3 Md. Nuruzzaman Chowdhury M 40 Service Service 4 Dr. Md. Amir Hossain M 30 Service Service 5 Amir Hamza M 45 Business Service 6 Mujibor Rahman Member M 60 Agricultural Service 7 Kaji Md. Ali Hossain M 40 Business Student 8 Md. Jewel Hossain M 30 Business Student 9 Md. Motalib M 3 8 Business Student 10 AbdulMannan M 3 8 Business Service I I Md. Hosain (Sana) M 36 Business Service 12 Delwar Hossain M 46 Business Service 13 Md. Amzad Hossain M 40 Business Business 14 Md. Mohiuddin (Mohin) M 45 Business Service

Issues and concerns raised (project related): River or canal water can be affected by the discharged water of the proposed plant. Fish resources of the nearby Shitalakhaya River can be partially affected. Used hot water of the proposed plant can be discharged into the drainlcanal far from the outlet poiint of the river. Vegetation, agricultural activity, livestock, transportation, industries etc will not be affected by the proposed project. Employment opportunity will be increased. Industrial development in the country will be accelerated.

Issues and concerns raised (existing environment related): River, canal and water bodies are in good condition Noise pollution occurs as complained by the some attendees Fishes on the Shitalakhaya River has become in extinction Unemployment is one of the problem in the area as raised in the discussion People suffers for interrupted and insuff~cientloading of electricity

Comments of the Interviewer: It can be stated from the discussion that people has no such complain about the project and the environmental condition of the area is not bad. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETING (MEETING SL NO. 2)

Location : Haji Abedali Super Market, Adamjeenagar, Pauroshova: Siddhirganj, Thana: Narayanganj Sadar Category : Shopkeepers, local traders Date : 8-Sep-2006 Time : 04:40 pm

SI. No. Name of the Participants Sex Age Present Occupation Previous Occupation 1 Md. Monir Hossain M 45 Business Business 2 Zulhash Uddin M 55 Retired Service 3 Fayez Ahmed M 3 7 Business Business 4 Ranjit Thakur M 35 Business Student 5 Jamal Hossain M 30 Service 6 Not willing to publish name M 7 Not willing to publish name M 8 Not willing to publish name M Note: Three attendees were not luilling to sign their name and demographic details.

Issues and concerns raised (project related): River and canal water will not be affected by the project Fish resources will be severely affected if hot water generated from the proposed plant is discharged into the river Crops, vegetation and soil quality will not be affected During the construction stage traffic movement along the road may be hampered if proper measure is not taken

Issues and concerns raised (existing environment related): River, canal and ponds are in good condition At some indefinite or unstated time when the existing plant released steamlgas sound level becomes intolerable and because of this children specially infants in the area suffers most during night time There is hardly any fish found the Sitalakhya at present time Income of the people is not good after Adamjee Jute Mill shut down There no mentionable industry in the area as discussed Overall health of the people of the area and health system is not good Insufficient electricity and loadshading is the common problem of the area There no waste management system. Existing wastes are dumped and discharged into the river Only severe flooding creates problem in the area

Comments of the Interviewer: In overall project has the beneficial effect to the country although it will create some negative impact like sound pollution. People in area are suffering from unemployment after the closure of Adamjee Jute Mill. Local business, trading and markets are also affected for this. They wish that the situation wilI be improved when Adamjee EPA will function fully. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETING (MEETING SL NO. 3)

Location : Siddhirganj Power Plant, Pauroshova: Siddhirganj, Thana: Narayanganj Sadar Category : Male workers in the power plant Date : 16-Sep-2006 Time : 11:10 am

SI. No. Name of the Participants Sex Age Present Occupation Secondary Occupation I Md. Feroze Miah M 54 Service Service 2 Md. lshaque Khan M 40 Service Service 3 Anwar Hossain M 3 8 Service (GM) Service 4 Md. Kabir Hossain Khan M 40 Service Service 5 Dewan Jasim Uddin M 3 5 Service Service 6 Md. Nurul Islam M 33 Service Service 7 Md. Abdus Salam Miah M 44 Service Service 8 Md. Nazrul Islam M 37 Service Service 9 Sddique Ahmed M 3 8 Service Service 10 Kazi Nazrul Islam M 3 6 Service Service I I Abdul Halim M 40 Service Service 12 Md. Mahbubul Alam M 42 Service Service 13 S. M. Shafiqul Islam M 4 1 Service Service 14 Md. Ali Miah M 3 7 Service Service 15 Md. Rafiqul Huq M 52 Service Service Note: Three attendees were not willing to sign their name and demographic details.

Issues and concerns raised (project related): Air pollution may occur if new project will be implemented without proper mitigation measure There will be no adverse impact on nearby river, canal and crops, vegetation and soil Local traffic movement may be hampered during construction phase Alternate service road is advised to be constructed and used for power plant Residential facility of the power plant employee should be increased and improved There should provision for gas, water supply and health service for the employee of the power plant More school should be build for the power plant residents Safety and security of the local people will be merely affected by the proposed project New project will definitely increase the employment opportunity Authority should take the responsibility of the safety aspects Industrial activity will be benefited as successful implementation of the proposed project add more power in the national power grid

Issues and concerns raised (existing environment related): River depth is very low Air temperature is higher than the normal inside the power plant Noise level reaches higher than the standard level is some specific location inside the power plant Health service is not up to the standard Water supply is not adequate and quality of the drinking water is not good Waste management system is systematic and dustbin is used inside the power plant There is no storm water drainage system inside the power plant Residential houses often submerge during excessive rainfall

Comments of the Interviewer: Peopie said that existing Russian power plant was not working smoothly at present time. The whole plant should be removed and replaced by German or Japanese machinery. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETING (MEETING SL NO. 4)

Location : Siddhirganj Power Plant, Pauroshova: Siddhirganj, Thana: Narayanganj Sadar Category : Female workers in the power plant Date : 16-Sep-2006 Time : 0 I :00 pm

SI. No. Name of the Participants Sex Age Present Occupation Previous Occupation 1 Afroza Parvin F 3 6 Service Service Khondokar Nilufar Sharmin F 29 Service Service Nasrin Akhter F 3 1 Service Service Nuru~ahar F 42 Service Service Asia begum F 50 Service Service Tahmina Sultana F 3 7 Service Service Amena Khatun F 45 Service Service Aleya Begum F 45 Service Service Rabeya Khatun F 5 5 Service Service Setara Begum F 50 Service Service Rowshan Ara Begum F 48 Service Service

Issues and concerns raised (project related): Workers in the power plant will be affected by the excessive exposure of the intolerable noise They complained that there was scarcity of living accommodations for the workers of the power plant and this will be severe when new power plant will be in operation Safety and security inside the power plant complex should be taken care of In overall power crisis of the country will be manage for certain percentage New project will engage more manpower Workers will achieve some leveI of technical experience River and canal water will not be affected Riverine fish resource will be adversely affected due to the hot water discharge of the proposed power plant There will be no negative impact on the crops, soil, terrestrial flora and domestic animal due to the proposed project Job opportunity will be increased if the new power plant operates as a limited company Traffic and pedestrian movement inside the existing power plant complex will be hampered if vehicle used for construction is accessed through the complex During the construction stage noise pollution will occur in some extent Existing industrial rule should be followed during construction and operation stage

Issues and concerns raised (existing environment related): Sedimentation occurs and results reducing river depth Air temperature inside the plant complex is higher than the normal Harmful noise exposure inside the complex is higher than other places Fishes in the Sitalakhya River is rarely available now a days Transport service in the area is not good as condition of the bus, truck, utility vehicles are very poor Quality of education is good but people feel the absence of university in Narayanganj district Solid waste management system is up to the standard inside the power plant complex Workers residents has been affected during excessive rainfall.

Comments of the Interviewer: Student capacity of the school is less than the number of children of the officers and labours of power plant. The location of the proposed project is very near to the residential complex and the school. Female workers opined that windows of the school and houses should be replaced by sound proof window if proposed power plant is installed in this location. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETING (MEETING SL NO. 5)

Location : Mijmiji East Para: Hossainia Jami Mosque Market, Pauroshova: Siddhirganj, Thana: Narayanganj Sadar Category : Shopkeepers, local traders Date : 17-Sep-2006 Time : 10:30 am

SI. No. Name of the Participants Sex Age Present Occupation Previous Occupation I Md. Akhter Hossain M 49 Business Service 2 Md. Motiur Rahman M 28 Business Business 3 Golam Hossain M 48 Business Business 4 Siddique Miah M 66 Retd. 5 Akkas Ali M 60 Retd. Business 6 Salahuddin M 30 Business 7 Akkas Ali Pradhan M 40 Business Business 8 Md. Mantaz Uddin M 45 Business Business 9 Md. Motalib M 40 Day Labourer Business 10 Ebayedullah M 48 Business Business 11 Md. Abu Miah M 65 Agricultural

Issues and concerns raised (project related): River water will be polluted and this will have severe negative impact on the aquatic resources of .the river Vegetation, large plants and livestock may be affected by air pollution caused by the proposed power plant if no mitigation measures taken Traffic movement will be hampered during constitution stage Capacity of accessible road and highway near the power plant should be increased Polluted water should be discharged in to the river Alternative measures should be taken care to mitigate possible noise hazard Successful installation and operation of the proposed power plant will increase income level of the general people Surrounding area of the power plant will be developed due to the power plant

Issues and concerns raised (existing environment related): Water logging problems exists in drainage and canal Noise pollution occurs due to the re-rolling mills Aquatic resources like fishes People feels the absence of good hospital in the area Health and higher education facilities is not adequate in the area Lack of proper drainage system results overflow in the area

Comments of the Interviewer: People were helpful to answer all the questions and discussed about the baseline environmental and socio-economic status of the area. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETING (MEETING SL NO. 6)

Location : Batan Para (Mijmiji), Moddhyo Para, Pauroshova: Siddhirganj, Thana: Narayanganj Sadar Category : Farmer group Date : 17-Sep-2006 Time : 12:OO pm

SI. No. Name of the Participants Sex Age Present Occupation Previous Occupation 1 Md. Mobarak Ali M 50 Farmer Service 2 Md. Hashem M 57 Farmer Service 3 Md. Tazul Islam M 33 Farmer Business 4 Md. Suruz Miah M 55 Farmer Service 5 Md. Abdul Ali M 60 Farmer Service 6 Md. Anwar Hossain M 30 Farmer Farmer 7 Md. Abdul Hakirn M 80 Farmer Service 8 Md. Abu Miah M 65 Farmer Farmer 9 Md. Abul Kashem M 3 8 Farmer Farmer 10 Md. Abdul Jalil M 55 Farmer Farmer 11 Md. Nawab Miah M 56 Farmer Business 12 Md. AbuI Hossain M 46 Farmer Farmer

Issues and concerns raised (project related): There will be no impact on the river, canal, fish resources, other flora and fauna of the area due to the proposed power plant Income, mobility, public health and industrial activity will not be affected by the project There will be some adverse impact on the local traffic movement due to project's traffic The project has the beneficial impact globally as it will add power in national grid

Issues and concerns raised (existing environment related): At present river: canal and other water bodies are encroached and filler up by sand and waste for housing estate and developers Fishery resources are affected by wastes sources from adjacent poultry firm Irrigation system is not effective. Waste water from other canal is abstracted by the pump to the agricultural field and disfigures the quality of soil. Pump should be used to abstract water directly from DND canal. Agricultural production is not as much as previous because of insufficient water for irrigation after the closure of DND canal Soil quality reduces by discharged water from industries specially from dyeing industries. Farmers suffers from itchiness while working in the field Fertilizers are not available and distributed in time because of the interfere of middlemen (retailers etc.) and local politics The proposed power plant will definitely have no impact on agriculture and farming activity.

Comments of the Interviewer: Farmers of the area are well concern about the intervention of the proposed power plant. They discussed about the existing environmental and socio-economic condition of the area. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETING (MEETING SL NO. 7)

Location : Bepari Para (Silo gate), Pauroshova: Siddhirganj, Thana: Narayanganj Sadar Category : Mixed Group Date : 17-Sep-2006 Time : 02:30 pm

SI. No. Name of the Participants Sex Age Present Occupation Previous Occupation I Md. Ali Ashraf M 5 0 Service Service 2 Abdul Awal M 54 Service Service 3 Serajuddin M 5 0 Service Service 4 Md. Nasiruddin M 42 Driver Driver 5 Delwar Hossain M 30 Unemployed Abroad 6 Abdul Wahab M 72 Retd. Business 7 Khorshed Ala~n M 35 Business Abroad 8 Md. Hossain M 42 Retd. Business 9 Md. Ali Azgarh M 43 Household Business 10 Md. Jamal Hossain M 45 Daily labour

Issues and concerns raised (project related): Existing power plant (Russian) is very old and it should be replaced by advanced technology Air and noise pollution will take place during the operation stage of the new power plant Unemployment problem will be reduced in local stage River water will be polluted ifwastes are discharged into the river directly Hot water discharged from the plant will have negative impact on riverine ecology Air pollution sourced from the power plant will be harmful for Large plant and vegetation Existing 210 MW power plant generates intolerable noise when plant operators emits excess gaststeam stored in the chamber. It generally happens during the night time once in two weeks and lasts for 30 to 45 minutes. Local people specially children are very disturbed by this unscheduled extreme noise. Used water of the plant should be allowed to discharge in the river after cooling.

Issues and concerns raised (existing environment related): Present situation of river, canal and water bodies is poor Ambient air is contaminated with dust and temperature is higher than the normal There exists annoying and potentially harmful environmental noise Major industries are not in operation which affects in the income of the people generally workers, labours and traders There no government health service or hospital exists in the vicinity of the area Groundwater level has been reduced due to the abstraction for irrigation There is no waste management system in area

Comments of the Interviewer: Local people desired to work in the new project. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRCANJ FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETING (MEETING SL NO. 8)

Location : Kadamtali Moddhoyo Para, Pauroshova: Siddhirganj, Thana: Narayanganj Sadar Category : Mixed Group Date : 18-Sep-2006 Time : 1 1 :00 am

SI. No. Name of the Participants Sex Age Present Occupation Previous Occupation 1 Md. Abul Hashem M 80 Retd. Service 2 Md. Shamsul Huq M 70 Retd. Service 3 Md. Abul Bashar M 60 Retd. Service 4 Md. Abu Taleb M 3 8 Business Business 5 Md. Emdadul Huq M 30 Business Business 6 Md. Shaheb Ali M 72 Retd. Farmer 7 Md. Shamsuzzaman M 45 Business Business 8 Md. lsmail M 3 5 Business Business 9 Abdul Khaleq M 65 Business Business 10 Md. Jewel Master M 3 5 Teacher 11 Ali Ahmed M 62 Retd. Service

Issues and concerns raised (project related): Air and noise pollution will take place in different stage of the project activity More industries will be established if power generates There will be no adverse impact on river an canal, fish and ecology, business and income, industrial and agricultural activity due to the proposed project if proper mitigation measures has been taken

Issues and concerns raised (existing environment related): Canal water stagnant during the dry season creates nuisance to public health Noise pollution becomes severe sometimes because of the hydraulic horn of the heavy vehicle and small industrial activity General people abide by the absence of government hospital and public university in the area Deep water aquifer is hard to access in the area There is no adequate waste water and drainage system in the area

Comments of the Interviewer: People were concern about the degradation of the environment. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETING (MEETING SL NO. 9)

Location : Kadamtali Uttar Para, Pauroshova: Siddhirganj, Thana: Narayanganj Sadar Category : Mixed Group Date : 18-Sep-2006 Time : 03:OO pm

SI. No. Name of the Participants Sex Age Present Occupation Previous Occupation 1 Md. Jahangir Alam M 46 Business Business 2 Moin Master M 5 1 Business Service 3 Ali Hossain Miah M 75 Retd. Service 4 Akhteruzzainan M 42 Service Abroad 5 Shahbuddin M 43 Daily labour Labour 6 Md. Nuruzza~nan M 27 Business Unemployed 7 Md. Jamshed M 24 Business Student 8 Md Hasan Ali M 45 Business Student 9 Md Kanchan M 5 5 Daily labour Student 10 Md. Jasimuddin M 22 Daily labour Student 11 Md. Jahangir M 2 1 Business Student

Issues and concerns raised (project related): There will be no adverse impact on river an canal, fish and ecology, business and income, industrial and agricultural activity due to the proposed project if proper mitigation measures has been taken Area will be developed, people will come for business and employment opportunity will be increased Alternate road should be built for the new traffic that will be generated from the project

Issues and concerns raised (existing environment related): People raised their concerns about exiting sound pollution Income level of the people is comparatively lower than previous distinctively after the closure of Adamjee Jute Mill There is no government hospital and public university in the area There is no sufficient waste disposal and drainage system in the area DND canal overflows during excessive rainfall

Comments of the Interviewer: People were generous and assisted with all kind of information they have. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETING (MEETING SL NO. 10)

Location : Painari Gram, Pauroshova: Siddhirganj, Thana: Narayanganj Sadar Category : Mixed Group Date : 19-Sep-2006 Time : 03:OO pm

SI. No. Name of the Participants Sex Age Present Occupation Previous Occupation 1 Md. harhad Hossain M 50 Business Business 2 Md. Raf que M 5 5 Business Business 3 Nur Moharnrnad M 5 5 Business Business 4 Md. Joynal Abedin M 50 Business Business 5 Md. Sohrab Miah M 40 Service Service 6 Md. Awal M 45 Business 7 Md. Nizarnuddin M 30 Business Service 8 Md. Harun M 35 Business 9 Md. Razzaq Sardar M 50 Business 10 Abdul Hakirn Molla M 70 Retd. Daily Labour

Issues and concerns raised (project related): There will be no adverse impact on river an canal, fish and ecology, business and income, industrial and agricultural activity due to the proposed project if proper mitigation measures has been taken People who live inside the power plant complex will be affected during the construction stage of the project Much attention should be given to the school going children during the project implementation period There should be provision of employment for the local people

Issues and concerns raised (existing environment related): Water logged in the canalkhal in the area specially during the dry season Discharge form the dying industries contaminated nearby fisheries, water bodies and canal There is no drainage system in the area Electricity is not available 8-10 hours daily Local transport facility is not in good condition Water supple facility is not sufficient Heavy rainfall creates severe water logging due to insufficient drainage facility and also due to khai encroachment

Comments of the Interviewer: People requested to take action to reduce water logging problem in the area. Annex VII Summary of Key Informant Interview

PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW (INTERVIEW SL NO. 1) Informant's Details : Md. Tajul Islam Chairman, Dhamghar Union Parishad, Bandar, Narayanganj Date : 8-Sep-2006 Time : 12:20 pm Summarv Q.No Questionlissues raised Informant's response I Aware of the new project Not aware 2 Knowledge about project Involved in the Haripur Power Plant project as a public representative activity 3 Impact on surrounding Local environment will be affected by the project which is negligible in environment broad aspects considering the benefits of the country 4 Negative impact on specific environmental features a) Riverlkhal - No negative impact. Other plants are linked with the river b) Fish resource - Riverine fish extinct now a days c) Crops, soil - Will not be affected d) Vegetation - Will not be affected e) Livestock - No adverse impact f) Income - Will not be affected g) Mobility - Will have some negative impact during construction stage h) People - No impact i) Industry - No impact 5 Proposed mitigation measures Project activities should be followed by appropriate design using modern technology 6 Beneficial impact Considered significant project for the country Remove a certain level unemployment as overall devellopment enhanced Power generation- will be increased Local people may be employed in the project 7 Be helpful in the project People in the area are be ready to lend a hand in the project if require 8 Baseline Condition a) River/Canal/Pond - Good enough b) Air Quality - Satisfactory c) Noise Pollution - Better than before d) Fish Resources - Worse than before e) CropISoil - Good for agriculture f) Vegetation - Acceptable g) Livestock - Much less than before h) Income/Employment - Satisfactory i) Transportation - Satisfactory j) Industry - Many industries are now close compared to the past days k) Health Facility - Moderately satisfactory 1) Educational Facility - No degree college and university m) Drinking Water - Satisfactory n) PowerIElectricity - Interrupt daily by 6 to 7 times in household o) Waste Mgt System - There is no waste management system, managed by own p) Drainage System - No drainage system exists q) Natural Disaster -No significant hazard so far in history r) Law and Order - Satisfactory 9 Specific Comments Chairman informed that plenty of lands, which are owned by government, are available on the eastern side of the Sitalakhya River. There is only one power plant in their area which is privately owned. If government wishes to propose any power plant project in their area they are pleased to support beyond their

A-VII- 1 PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ KEY rNFORMANT INTERVIEW (INTERVIEW SL NO. 2)

Informant's Details : Md. Moniruzzaman Head Master, PDB Secondary School, Power House, Siddhirganj, Narayangarrj Date : 16-Sep-2006 Time : 09:20 am ------. Q.No Questionlissues raised Informant's response I Aware of the new project Yes 2 Knowledge about project No specific idea about the proposed project activity activity 3 Impact on surrounding Pollution will have some impact on the surrounding environment inside the environment plant 4 Negative impact on specific environmental features a) RiverIkhaI - River water will be contaminated b) Fish resource - Riverine fish resources will be adversely affected by the hot water C) Crops, soil - Will not be affected d) Vegetation - Will affected by the gaseous emission of the project e) Livestock - No adverse impact f) Income - Will not be affected g) Mobility - Will have some negative impact during construction stage h) People - No significant impact i) Industry - No impact 5 Proposed mitigation measures Alternate road should be built. Used water should be allowed to cool in reserve tank before discharge in to the river 6 Beneficial impact Infrastructural development will be enhanced More people will be employed if industrial development grows ~essenthk power demand in the country 7 Be helpful in the project People in the area are be ready to lend a hand in the prqject if require 8 Baseline Condition a) River/Canal/Pond - River depth is not adequate in some areas b) Air Quality - Satisfactory c) Noise Pollution - Noise pollution exists d) Fish Resources - Quite satisfactory e) CropISoil - Good for agriculture f) Vegetation - Acceptable g) Livestock - Not seen h) IncomeIEmployment - Quite satisfactory i) Transportation - Transportation system is not adequate j) Industry - Many industries have been established k) Health Facility - Health service system is not satisfactory except district headquarter I) Educational Facility - Is not satisfactory m) Drinking Water - Satisfactory n) PoweriElectricity - No problem inside the power plant complex o) Waste Mgt System - Dustbins are used by all and manage rightly p) Drainage System - No drainage system exists q) Natural Disaster - Excessive rainfall creates water logging r) Law and Order - Satisfactory 9 Specific Comments Generally education system of the area is satisfactory. Number and capacity of educational institutions like school, college, and university and teachers are not sufficient according to the demand. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW (INTERVIEW SL NO. 3)

Informant's Details : Dr. Md. Muksudur Rahman Medical Officer, Siddhirganj Power Plant, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Date : 16-Sep-2006 Time : 03:OO pm Summary Q.No Questionlissues raised Informant's response 1 Aware of the new prqject Yes 2 Knowledge about project No specific idea about the proposed project activity activity 3 Impact on surrounding . Air and noise pollution will occur but in limited bounding area

-- - 4 Negative impact onspecific environmental features a) Riverlkhal - River water depth is decreasing and the rate will be more b) Fish resource - Riverine fish resources will be adversely affected by the hot water c) Crops, soil - Will not be affected d) Vegetation - Will affected by the gaseous emission of the project e) Livestock - No adverse impact f) Income - Will not be affected rather will have positive impact g) Mobility - Construction activity will hinder peoples' movement inside the plant h) People - No impact i) Industry - No impact 5 Proposed mitigation measures Design and installation program should follow the exac:t plan 6 Beneficial impact Lessen the power crisis in the country Income and employment opportunity increase The country wiil bk benefited by the proiect 7 Be helpful in the project If get chance to be involved, will help in activity of the proiect 8 Baseline Condition a) RiverlCanallPond - Remains in good condition b) Air Quality - Satisfactory c) Noise Pollution - Noise pollution exists d) Fish Resources - Fishes in the river is not available now a days e) CropISoil - Good for agriculture f) Vegetation - Acceptable g) Livestock - Not much available h) Income/Employment - Quite satisfactory i) Transportation - Transportation problems exits ion the area j) Industry - Many types of industries are developed in the area k) Health Facility - Workers and staffs get better health service inside the power plant I) Educational Facility - Is not satisfactory m) Drinking Water - Satisfactory n) PowerIElectricity - Crisis presents outside the power plant o) Waste Mgt System - Satisfactory p) Drainage System - No drainage system exists q) Natural Disaster r) Law and Order - Quite satisfactory 9 Specific Comments Only one worker died in electricity short circuit in four years. Plant hospital has the provision for treatment for general disease only for workers and staffs. Major outdoor patients are referred to other hospital. Reported accidents on 3 workers fell from tower. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ KEY MFORMANT INTERVIEW (MTERVIEW SL NO. 4)

Informant's Details : Md. Mantazuddin Village Doctor, Mijmiji Para, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Date : 17-Sep-2006 Time : 10:OO pm Summary Q.No Question/issues raised Informant's response I Aware of the new project Not aware 2 Knowledge about project No idea about the proposed project activity activity

3 Impact on surrounding ' Noise pollution will occur environment 4 Negative impact on specific environmental features a) Riverlkhal - Will not be affected b) Fish resource - Will not be affected c) Crops, soil - Will not be affected d) Vegetation - Will not be affected e) Livestock - No adverse impact as the project is located inside the plant complex f) Income - Will not be affected rather have positive impact g) Mobility - Will not be affected h) People - No impact i) industry - No impact 3 6 Beneficial impact The country will be benefited by the project Income and employment opportunity increase 7 Be helpful in the prqject Will help any activity related to the occupation 8 Baseline Condition a) River/Canal/Pond - Water logging problem exists b) Air Quality - Satisfactory c) Noise Pollution - Noise pollution occurs by surrounding re-rolling mills d) Fish Resources - Available e) Cropisoil - Quite reasonable f) Vegetation - Satisfactory g) Livestock - Quite satisfactory h) Income~Employment - Not satisfactory i) Transportation - Quality of public transport is very poor j) Industry - Medium industries are present k) Health Facility - Health service is not good, primary treatment is offered by the govt. 1) Educational Facility - Quite satisfactory m) Drinking Water - Satisfactory n) Power/Electricity - No available 3 to 4 hours daily o) Waste Mgt System - No waste management system p) Drainage System - No drainage system exists q) Natural Disaster - Excessive rainfall flooded residential complex r) Law and Order - Quite satisfactory 9 Specific Comments There is no satisfactory health service system or good hospital in the area or even in the municipality. Maximum patients go to the district head quarters or Dhaka for better treatment. These types of projects have national value and should be encouraged by all PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED :2XlSO MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW (INTERVIEW SL NO. 5)

Informant's Details : Md. Jahangir Alam Chairman, Haji Sonamia Market, Adamjee Nagar, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Date : 18-Sep-2006 Time : 01:30 pm Summary Q.No Questionlissues raised Informant's response I Aware of the new project Not aware 2 Knowledge about project No idea about the project activity of a power plant activity 3 Impact on surrounding Noise and air pollution will occur environment 4 Negative impact on specific environmental features a) Riverlkhal - Will not be affected b) Fish resource - Will not be affected c) Crops. soil - Will not be affected d) Vegetation - Will not be affected e) Livestock - No impact f) Income - No impact g) Mobility - Will have some impact during the construction stage h) People - No impact i) Industry - No impact 5 Proposed mitigation measures Advanced technology should be used to alleviate noise and air pollution 6 Beneficial impact Lessen the power crisis in some extent 7 Be helpful in the project Prepare to provide any assist if involved in the project 8 Baseline Condition a) RiverICanallPond - Satisfactory b) Air Quality - Satisfactory c) Noise Pollution - Noise pollution exists d) Fish Resources - Not much available e) CroplSoil - Reasonable t) Vegetation - Satisfactory g) Livestock - Not practiced h) IncomeIEmployment - Relatively satisfactory i) Transportation - Relatively satisfactory j) Industry - Many types of industries are seen k) Health Facility -Not satisfactory. Have to move in Dhaka for treatment. I) Educational Facility - Overall literacy is high, no university in the area m) Drinking Water - Satisfactory n) PowerIElectricity - Load shading is common in the area o) Waste Mgt System - No waste management system p) Drainage System - No drainage or wastewater discharge facility q) Natural Disaster - Too much rainfall create water logging r) Law and Order - Satisfactory

9 Specific Comments Power crisis should be managed as early as possible to enhance the industrial development of the country and to run parallel with developed countries. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW (INTERVIEW SL NO. 6)

Informant's Details : Ms. Rabeya Siraj Female Ward Commissioner, Ward-5 (Kolabag), Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Date : 19-Sep-2006 Time : 10:30 am

- - -.- - - -.- - Q.No Questionlissues raised Informant's response 1 Aware of the new project Yes 2 Knowledge about project No idea about the project activity of a power plant activity

3 Impact on surrounding ' No significant impact environment 4 Negative impact on specific environmental features a) Riverlkhal - Will not be affected if high temperature water is not discharged b) Fish resource - Will not be affected c) Crops, soil - Will not be affected d) Vegetation - Will not be affected e) Livestock - No impact f) Income - Will have positive impact g) Mobility - Will have some impact as the road width is not sufficient h) Peo~le - Will not be affected ij 1nd;stry - No impact 5 Proposed mitigation measures Power plant should be taken from renowned, good and international company 6 Beneficial impact There is no alternative of new power plant Develop local business and trading Reduce unemployment 7 Be helpful in the project Prepare to provide any kind of help as a female representative of the area 8 Baseline Condition a) RiverICanallPond - Satisfactory b) Air Quality - Satisfactory c) Noise Pollution - Noise pollution occurs when stored gas released d) Fish Resources - Fairly available e) CropISoil - Satisfactory f) Vegetation - Satisfactory g) Livestock - Satisfactory h) IncomelEmploy ment - Much less after the closure of Adamjee Jute Mill i) Transportation - Relatively satisfactory j) Industry - Large and medium type of industries developed k) Health Facility - Require to go to Dhaka for better treatment 1) Educational Facility - Schools, colleges are available except any university m) Drinking Water - Satisfactory n) PowertElectricity - Not available 8 to10 hours a day o) Waste Mgt System - No waste management system p) Drainage System -No drainage or wastewater discharge facility q) Natural Disaster r) Law and Order - Satisfactory

9 Specific Comments Suitable environment should be created to attract investors and donors to invest in power project. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW (INTERVIEW SL NO. 7)

Informant's Details : Ms. Rabeya Akhter Khanam Assistant Professor, M. W. College, Adamjee Nagar, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Date : 19-Sep-2006 Time : 1 1:40 am

Q.No Questionlissues raised Informant's response I Aware of the new project No 2 Knowledge about project No idea about the project activity of a power plant activity 3 Impact on surrounding Noise pollution will occur and have adverse impact on education environment 4 Negative impact on specific environmental features a) Riverlkhal - River water will be affected b) Fish resource - Riverine fish resources will be affected c) Crops, soil - Has no significant impact d) Vegetation - Air pollution will have affect on large plants e) Livestock - Has no significant impact f) Income - Will have some impact if proper scale is not maintained g) Mobility - Traffic congestion will occur h) People - Will be affected by sound pollution i) Industry - No significant impact 5 Proposed mitigation measures alternate road should be used to avoid traffic congestion Adequate safety and security should be provided ~ro.jectactivity should be fixed in an identified area 6 Beneficial impact Lessen unemployment problem Country will be economically benefited Power crisis will reduce 7 Be helpful in the project Prepare to provide help if require 8 Baseline Condition a) River/Canal/Pond - Canals has been encroached in some places creating water logging b) Air Quality - Air temperature is higher than normal C) Noise Pollution - Noise pollution exists d) Fish Resources - Fairly available e) CropISoil - Satisfactory f) Vegetation - Satisfactory g) Livestock - Satisfactory h) IncomelEmployment - Not satisfactory i) Transportation - Relatively satisfactory j) Industry - Many industries are available k) Health Facility - Quite satisfactory but not good for specialized treatment I) Educational Facilitv - Good A) Drinking Water ' - Schools, colleges are available except any university n) Power~Electricity - Not available 5 to 6 hours a day o) Waste Mgt System - No waste management system p) Drainage System -No storm water drainage and wastewater discharge facility q) Natural Disaster - Heavy rainfall create water logging r) Law and Order - Quite satisfactory 9 Soecific Comments Number of schools and colleges are fairly available in the area. But no ~. u university is yet planned to develop. The major college of the area is M W College, which is govt owned. As a results political disturbance hinders the normal education of the college PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ KEY WFORMANT INTERVIEW (WTERVIEW SL NO. 8)

Informant's Details : Alhaj Abdul Matin Prdahan Municipality Administrator, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj (Director, Narayanganj Chamber of Commerce; Lifetime member, Bangla Academy; Ex-member, Bangladesh Film Censor Board) Date : 19-Sep-2006 Time : 06:30 pm Summary Q.No Questionlissues raised Informant's response I Aware of the new project Yes

2 Knowledge about project ' Has knowledge about existing power plant operation activity 3 Impact on surrounding Has positive impact environment 4 Negative impact on specific environmental features a) Riverlkhal - Will have no impact if polluted water is not discharge b) Fish resource - Will be affected by contaminated water (if any) c) Crops, soil - Will not be affected d) Vegetation - Will not be affected e) Livestock - Will not be affected f) Income -No impact g) Mobility - No impact h) People - No impact i) Industry - No impact 5 Proposed mitigation measures Used hot water should be allowed to cool in reserve tank before discharge in to the river 6 Beneficial impact Will help to meet the national power demand People will be engaged in the project work for longer period and thus reduce unemployment locally Contractors will have chance to get project joblwork 7 Be helpful in the project As a public representative and also personally is willing to provide any kind of help if require 8 Baseline Condition a) RiverICanallPond - Satisfactory b) Air Quality - Satisfactory c) Noise Pollution - Not so much d) Fish Resources - Satisfactory e) CropISoil - Satisfactory f) Vegetation - Satisfactory g) Livestock - Satisfactory h) IncomeIEmployment - Satisfactory i) Transportation - Satisfactory j) Industry - Many industries have been built k) Health Facility - Quite satisfactory 1) Educational Facility - Satisfactory m) Drinking Water - Satisfactory n) Power~Electricity - Not available 4 to 5 hours a day o) Waste Mgt System - There is some arrangement in recently developed municipality p) Drainage System - there are some drainage system working q) Natural Disaster - Heavy rainfall create water logging r) Law and Order - Satisfactory

9 Specific Comments Advanced technology should be used to improve the existing power plant and produce more energy with low cost. Government of Japan should be encouraged to assist more in the sector. PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK FINANCED 2x150 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT AT SIDDHIRGANJ KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW (INTERVIEW SL NO. 9) Informant's Details : Md. Salim Sarkar Sub-Assistant Engineer, Siddhirganj Power Plant, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Date : 20-Sep-2006 Time : 02:30 pm Summary Q.No Question/issues raised Informant's response I Aware of the new project Yes 2 Knowledge about project Yes activity 3 Impact on surrounding Has some negative impact environment 4 Negative impact on specific environmental features a) Riverlkhal - have negative impact b) Fish resource - have significant negative impact on riverine ecology C) Crops, soil - will not be affected d) Vegetation - Will not be affected e) Livestock - Will not be affected t) Income - Will not be affected g) Mobility - No impact h) People - No impact i) Industry - No impact 5 Proposed mitigation measures Water treatment and neutralization plant should be usecl to remove oil and chemicals in used water before discharging 6 Beneficial impact Job opportunity Industrial development Lessen the power crisis 7 Be helpful in the project Mentally be supportive 8 Baseline Condition a) RivedCanalPond - Oil mixed used water discharged in to the river b) Air Quality - Satisfactory c) Noise Pollution - Noise pollution exists d) Fish Resources e) CropISoil f) Vegetation g) Livestock h) Income/Employment - i) Transportation j) Industry k) Health Facility I) Educational Facility - m) Drinking Water n) Power/Electricity - o) Waste Mgt System - p) Drainage System q) Natural Disaster r) Law and Order 9 Specific Comments Periodic and routine maintenance should follow Leakage should be remove as soon as identified Should avoid miss use of oil Used water reaches as high as 545°C temperature It will be better if discharged water is used in irrigation. But no agricultural field has been seen in the area. Annex VIII Photographs of FGDs and KIIs

FGD ~aleworkers;~iddhirganj Power Plant, Siddhirganj, ~ara~an~anjSadar; 16.

FGD-04; Female workers; Siddhirganj Power Plant, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar; 16.09.2006 FGD-05; Shopkeepers, local traders; Mijrniji East Para, Hossainia Market, Siddhirganj, 17.09.2006

FGD-06; Farmer Group; Batan Para (Mijmiji), Moddhyo Para, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadlar; 17.09.2006

FGD-07; Mixed Group; Bepari Para (Silo gate), Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar; 17.09.2006

A-VIII-2 FGD-08; Mixed Group; Kadarntali Moddhoyo Para, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar; 18.09.2006

FGD-09; Mixed Group; Kadarntali Uttar Para, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar; 18.09.2006

FGD-10; Mixed Group; Painari Gram, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Sadar; 19.09.2006

A-VIII-3 Interview with Municipality Administrator, Siddhirganj, 19.09.2006

Interview with Head Master, PDB Secondary School, Siddhirganj Power House, 19.09.20106 Consultation Workshop on the findings of the Draft Final Report on Environmental Assessment of World Bank Financed 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant Project at Siddhirganj, Narayanganj

A Consultation Workshop on Environmental Assessment of the World Bank financed 2x150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant Project at Siddhirganj held was held on March 17, 2007 at Project Conference Room of the Siddhirganj Power Plant Complex.

The main points that came up during the consultation meeting are as follows:

Recommendation of specific names of plant species for plantation programme inside the complex. Consideration of alternate stack height for modeling of NO, concentration Provide references as appropriate for the emergency response plan (Chapter 10) Recommendation of establishment of an Environmental Monitoring Laboratory within the complex Sudden noise during steam release is a big problem in the surrounding areas (local view) Water quality of Shitalakhya river and air quality in the locality need to be monitored and improved (local view) The findings of EA should be reflected in the TOR of O&M supervision contract both during construction and operation phases Provide specific date and location for air quality data of Fig. 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 (Chapter 4) SPM and PMlo should be measured at the project site Need for monitoring of VOC/HC during construction phase was clarified. There should be an Environmental Policy for the entire Power Sector It was informed that a 30 inch dia, 80 km long Gas Transmission Line is under consideration to supply gas at 1000 psi pressure from Bakhrabad to Meghnaghat, Siddhirganj Power Station and Adamjee EPZ. This is a WB financed project currently under study by GTCL. In addition, a 230 kVA distribution line to Amin Bazar of PGCB is also under consideration.

A-IX-I