S ILVIA ROZENBERG
FIGURATIVE PAINTINGS IN HERODIUM: NEW DISCOVERIES
(Taf. CXXVIII–CXXX, Abb. 1–10)
Abstract
I Palazzi di Erode R | R = | # }R R da Roma # ~ - O P # % - # }R # R - } | % | R = | - R }R R R R &pictores imaginari/ - - % a Herodium R #
> > ; } were embellished with frescoes, > ? # = \> 1, Herodium2, Masada3 and Jericho4 yielded both fresco fragments and decorated walls in situ# | | > > ' ? # = ; M ? > = | > M > 5. = > ? ? 6 allow us ? ? ? ' ? ? O P # - > !
1 Netzer – Laureys-Chachy 2004, 233–280; Rozenberg 2008, 337–343. 2 Corbo 1989; Rozenberg 2008, 355–364. 3 Foerster 1995; Rozenberg 2008, 343–355. 4 Rozenberg 2008. 5 Rozenberg 2007, 193–201; Rozenberg 2008, 462–464. 6 > > ? ? ' #
371 Silvia ROZENBERG
> 7. Adherence to the Western ? > ? > # ? ? } and local ? ? > ; - > ' ? > ' # = foreign workers is also evident in the opus reticulatum > - dens8. ? ? R ' ? 9, it seems logical ? ? ? ? ? ? ? # > ? ? ? > ? # ? > > ? > &tectori/ ? ? ? # > ? - { &pictor imaginarius/ - cialized artist (pictor parietarius) who was in charge of the surrounding decoration10. ? > ? ? # = ? ? > ? &pictori parietari), ? > ? ? # = ? > ? ? ? # = ' # ; ? ? | > = | > ? > > ? # = (pictores imaginari/ by A. BARBET ? ~ 11# - R > ? $ # 12, if Herod ? ? ? > # = ? ? { 13, and not the result of the absence of a pictor imaginarius at the time. With- ; ? claim, but lately the existence of a pictor imaginarius ? > ? ; . In 2006–2007 E. NETZER and his team ? ; R R ; ? > > & # */14. The original tomb was built in the ; $' > ? <9 15. In 2008 the remains of a small, royal theatre were found to the west of the mausoleum and the monumental
7 Rozenberg 1997a, 63–74; Porat – Ilani 1998; Rozenberg 2008, 273 f. 425–464; Edwards et al. 1999. 8 <^^* <^^j <9j # ª+j# 9 Allison 1989; Allison 1991; Andersen 1985. 10 Pliny, NH XXXV, 7.19. 11 Barbet 1974, 60 f. 12 Rozenberg 1997b, 283–285. 415–416; Rozenberg 2007, 200. 13 O= > > > ###P % <^ _ # 14 *9#ª<_¬ 5 *#_<^¬ <^*^ # _M9# 372 Figurative Paintings in Herodium: New Discoveries stairway16# = > > ? - cular cavea and orchestra, a rectangular stage structure, and narrow paradoi (entrance corridors) between the latter and the cavea# = ? ? ? & \ / ? & / of the stage17. Above the summa cavea ? &< _ ? / ? > - nade18 # Some of those rooms were undecorated, whereas others had a minimal, stucco decoration. However, the & + ` ? # j / ? > ? cavea # = > Q > R > ; # = ? ? > ? > ? ? > & # & # ª/19# = ? > 20 ? > & > ? /# = ? > ? > > ? \ # = \ ? ? { ? # = ? ? { # = \ ? ? > ? \ & # _/# = ? ? ? > # = * +9 ª9 $ dado area. ? & # 9 \ / ? ? pinakes21 imitating $ ? ? # `^ 9^ & # 9/# Above the pinakes ? & > / ? > ? ? ? # Pinakes ? ? | | > >22, and the clos- ? } | = | > ? <^ *^ \23# > pinakes > $ ? ; pinakes > ? ? > ? 24. The latter includes scenes of the countryside with trees, animals, and even human beings (reminiscent of the sacred /25 ? & # 9/ sails billowing in the wind (Abb. 6)26. Only a few of the original nine scenes have survived; some are still in situ > > & # `/# ? > 16 <^*^ # *`M*+# 17 <^*^ # *pM<^# 18 Porticus in summa cavea. 19 \ R > > } > Museum, Jerusalem. 20 = ? > > ? > ? # 21 pinax Ð Î pinakes Ð ' .Î ~ *p+<¬ *pp`# 22 q > & *pª* # j+¬ *pp` 9M+ # */ ; \ > &| *p9ª # 9`+ # ª^ ¬ *pp` ª+M_9 # <^M<9/ ; \ > & q *p+^ # }q ¬ *pp` j`/ , the Villa at Boscoreale &\ *p Rome (Bragantini – De Vos *p+< # _^# 9*# *`<¬ | *pp+ #**`# **p¬ *pp` 9+Mj< # ªpM_*/# 23 *p+9 # *9¬ *pp` j` # # ª<# 24 A few pinakes ? ? e.g. the pinakes in Room 15, at the Villa of Poppaea in & *pp` # *9/ oecus 12 in the House of M. Caesius Blandus & *pp` # p"*/ - ? { # 25 Silberberg-Peirce 1980; Leach 1988, 197–199. 26 | ? ? > ? ? ? | , Grotte di Catullo, Third Style, 1st century AD (Baldessarre et al. 2002, 189). 373 Silvia ROZENBERG ? # ~ - ? ? ? | = | > ; \ > , the Villa at Boscoreale, or the Villa of Poppaea 27# ? - { ? in Rome, 28. It seems that in the Herodium Royal Hall the artists com- ? } | > pinakes - ? ? ? ? # = pinax"? ? ; > ? ? ? & # +Mp/# - > > ? ? \ F at the villa under the Farnesina in Rome29# \ > ; ? ? pictor imagi- narius ? ? # = ? ; &? ? { ? > ? ? / ? ? ? ? { # > > > - ' ? > # ; ? > the pinakes # = { > ? ? > > ? > ? # pinacotheca, ? > { ? times30. In Herodium pinacotheca - { ; R ? > > > ? AugustusR # | one of the pinakes"? ? ? { ' R ; , the House of Livia, and the villa under the Farnesina31. On ? > ' ? > BC32 % > % > { > ' and Italy in the last three decades of the 1st century BC33 ? ? % > 34 ? ' % > - # % > ? > > Actium, ? *9 & / ; on the Palatine and at the Aula Isiaca35 ' # | ; & / > \ R > Actium - saeculum aureum R ? > % > 36. 27 | *p9ª # 9ªj¬ } *p9ª # *+# <*¬ *p`9 # <ªM<`¬ *pjª `M*p¬ j+M`<# 28 Ling 1991, 142–146. 29 | *p++ # *ª+# 30 } , see Leach 2004, 133 f. 31 \ *p+ª # M\¬ <^^+ << #¬ ' *pªj # ª` # 9M**¬ | *p++ # 9 374 Figurative Paintings in Herodium: New Discoveries ; , the white wall area with the pinakes"? ? > ? &cymatium mouldings, a \ / > & # *^)37. In this case too, the > > ' # | } | > = | > R , and Hero- *9 \# } ; R ? ? > $ ? ? $ # ? > ? ? pictor imaginarius. Bibliographie *p+p # $5 # ' > *< *p+p ***M**+# *pp* # 5 _# 5 <^M<ª# | *p+p q $ <_ *pp* `pM+_# *p+9 # ~# # | \ ' *_ *p+9 **ªM 128. Baldassarre et al# <^^< # M # M # ' M # | # R tardo-antico (Milan 2002). Barbet 1974 # ' ~ # M *# ~ - ~ # <` & *p`_/# M q *p+< # M # q ' # } q # #*# } q - la Romana della Farnesina (Rome 1982). Carettoni 1983 G. Carettoni, Das Haus des Augustus auf dem Palatin (Mainz 1983). \ *p+p q# \ ; # ~ ' $ \ <^ & *p+p/# \ *p ' ; R ' | > ª^ *ppp 361–366. Foerster 1995 G. Foerster, Art and Architecture. Masada Vol. V. The Y. Yadin Excavations 1963–1965, Final ' & *pp9/# ~ *p+< # ~ { 5 & # # # q > 1982). *pp` # } R & *pp`/# <^^+ # The House of Augustus. Wall Paintings (Rome 2008). ? ? # } \ } > j q # # > ;# | # # = > M '# Marcus – A. Wikren – L. Feldman (Cambridge 1930–1965). = ? 5 = ? 5 # } \ } > < q # # > ;# | # # = > &\ 1926–1928). } *p++ %# 5# } = ' | } > ' } ' - can and Augustan Rome (Princeton 1988). } <^^_ %# 5# } = | } ' > &\ 2004). } *p9ª # 5# } ' 5 &\ - bridge 1953). Ling 1991 R. Ling, Roman Painting (Cambridge 1991). Maiuri 1931 A. Maiuri, La Villa dei Misteri, 2 Vols. (Rome 1931). > *pp9 # ~# # > = # % > % % > ' > EPRO 121 (Leiden 1995). Netzer 2001 %# ; ; # ' *p`ªM*p+` % - q # # | > & <^^*/# 37 | *p++ # p+# *ª9¬ <^^+ 9^# 375 Silvia ROZENBERG Netzer 2006 E. Netzer, The Architecture of Herod, the Great Builder (Tübingen 2006). Netzer et al. 2010 %# M ¶# M '# M '# \ >$} > > ' ; R - um and theatre with a royal box at Herodium, JRA 23, 2010, 84–109. Netzer – Laureys-Chachy 2004 %# M '# } > $\ > ; ; ' *p`ªM*p+` % q # # | > & <^^_/# *p+9 # Qq R { 5 *j"_ *p+9 ªM*9# *pjª 5# # = # } ' $\ & *pjª/# Pliny the Elder Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Books XXXIII–XXXV, trans. by H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library, Vol. 9 (Cambridge 1952). M *pp+ # M |# ' # \ ; R Jericho and Massada, Israel, Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 47, 1998, 75–85. *pp` # # $ Wandmalerei (Diss. Univ. Graz 1997). Rizzo 1936a ~# %# ' } O\ } P & / &' *pªj/# Rizzo 1936b ~# %# ' } R \ & / &' *pªj/# ' *pp` |# ' ; R ! ;# M # M M # & #/ ' 5 = > \ 5 `Mp *ppj & 1997) 63–74. Rozenberg 1997b S. Rozenberg, The Absence of Figurative Motifs in Herodian Wall Painting, in: D. Scagliarini Cor- & #/ = & q # #\#M q # #\/ q Convegno Internazionale sulla Pittura Parietale Antica, Bologna 2.–23.9.1995, Studi e scavi 5 (Bolo- gna 1995) 283–285. 415–416. Rozenberg 2007 S. Rozenberg, Domestic Wall Paintings of the Hellenistic and Herodian Periods in the Ancient Land ! \# ~ & #/ \ > ¥ \ R @ $\ > <*M<9 <^^_ &\ > <^^`/ *pªM<^*# ' <^^+ |# ' ; ; ' *p`ªM*p+` % - q # q# = ; R = & <^^+/# Sanzi Di Mino 1998 M. Sanzi Di Mino, La Villa della Farnesina in Palazzo Massimo alle Terme (Milan 1998). | $ *p+^ |# | $ ># = | $ > } Art History 3, 1980, 241–251. | *p9ª q# | q R & *p*^M*p<ª/ < q (Rome 1953). q > <^^< # # q > > ' # | ' q ? % > &} <^^ Abbildungen Abb. 1: Aerial view of Herodium (Photo by G. LARON) # ; (Photo by G. LARON) # ª! | > ? = R ' > ; (Photo by G. LARON) # _! ? = R ' > ; (Photo by G. LARON) Abb. 5: Pinax ? ? = R ' > ; (Photo by G. LARON) # j! | ? ? ? = R ' > ; (Photo by the author) Abb. 7: Pinax being reconstructed at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem ? = R ' > Herodium (Photo by A. VAINER) Abb. 8: Pinax ? ? ? = R ' > ; (Photo by the author) Abb. 9: A faun and animals, detail from the Pinax ? ? ? = R ' > ; - dium (Photo by the author) # *^! ? & > G. LARON) Silvia Rozenberg The Israel Museum POB 71117 IL – Jerusalem 91710 [email protected] 376