S ILVIA ROZENBERG FIGURATIVE PAINTINGS IN HERODIUM: NEW DISCOVERIES (Taf. CXXVIII–CXXX, Abb. 1–10) Abstract I Palazzi di ErodeR|R= |#}R R[ da Roma#~[ - OP #[%- # }R# [R- } [|% |R=|- R [}R RR R[&pictores imaginari/- [- % a Herodium R# >>;} were embellished with frescoes, >?#=\>1, Herodium2, Masada3 and Jericho4 yielded both fresco fragments and decorated walls in situ#||> >'?# =;M?>=|>M >5. =>?[?6 allow us ???'? ?OP#- >[! 1 Netzer – Laureys-Chachy 2004, 233–280; Rozenberg 2008, 337–343. 2 Corbo 1989; Rozenberg 2008, 355–364. 3 Foerster 1995; Rozenberg 2008, 343–355. 4 Rozenberg 2008. 5 Rozenberg 2007, 193–201; Rozenberg 2008, 462–464. 6 >>?? '# 371 Silvia ROZENBERG >7. Adherence to the Western ?>? >#??} and local ??>;- >'?>'#= foreign workers is also evident in the opus reticulatum>- dens8. ??R'?9, it seems logical ? ? ????[ ?#> ???[> ?#?>> ?>&tectori/?? ?#>?- [{&pictor imaginarius/- cialized artist (pictor parietarius) who was in charge of the surrounding decoration10. [?>??#= [??>?&pictori parietari), ? > ??#=?>? [??# ='# ;??|>=|>?>> [ ?#= [ (pictores imaginari/ by A. BARBET?~11#- R>?$#12, if Herod ??? > # = [??{ [13, and not the result of the absence of a pictor imaginarius at the time. With- [;?[ claim, but lately the existence of a pictor imaginarius[ ?>?;. In 2006–2007 E. NETZER and his team ? ;R R ; ?>>&#*/14. The original tomb was built in the ;$'>?<915. In 2008 the remains of a small, royal theatre were found to the west of the mausoleum and the monumental 7 Rozenberg 1997a, 63–74; Porat – Ilani 1998; Rozenberg 2008, 273 f. 425–464; Edwards et al. 1999. 8 <^^*<^^j<9j#ª+j# 9 Allison 1989; Allison 1991; Andersen 1985. 10 Pliny, NH XXXV, 7.19. 11 Barbet 1974, 60 f. 12 Rozenberg 1997b, 283–285. 415–416; Rozenberg 2007, 200. 13 O=>>>###P%<^_# 14 *9#ª<_¬5*#_<^¬<^*^[#_M9#<j# 15 <^*^#`# 372 Figurative Paintings in Herodium: New Discoveries stairway16#=>>?- cular cavea and orchestra, a rectangular stage structure, and narrow paradoi (entrance corridors) between the latter and the cavea# = ? ? ? &\/ ?&/ of the stage17. Above the summa cavea?&<_?/?>- nade18# Some of those rooms were undecorated, whereas others had a minimal, stucco decoration. However, the [&+`?#j/? >?cavea#=>Q> R>;# =??>?[>?? >&#</?>&#ª/19#=?> 20?>&>?/# =?>?>>?\ #=\ ??{?#=? ?{[#=\?[?> ?\&#_/#=? ??>#=*+9 ª9$dado area. ?&#9\/??pinakes21 imitating $??#`^9^&#9/# Above the pinakes?&>/? >???# Pinakes??||>>22, and the clos- ?}|= |>?<^*^\23#>pinakes>$ ?; pinakes> ?? > ? 24. The latter includes scenes of the countryside with trees, animals, and even human beings (reminiscent of the sacred /25?&#9/ sails billowing in the wind (Abb. 6)26. Only a few of the original nine scenes have survived; some are still in situ>> &#`/#?> 16 <^*^#*`M*+# 17 <^*^#*pM<^# 18 Porticus in summa cavea. 19 \R>[>}> Museum, Jerusalem. 20 =?>>?>?# 21 pinaxÐ4*+ÎpinakesÐ4*'.Î~*p+<¬*pp`# 22 q>&*pª*[#j+¬*pp`9M+#*/;\>&|*p9ª [#9`+#ª^¬*pp`ª+M_9[#<^M<9/;\>&q*p+^#}q¬*pp`j`/ , the Villa at Boscoreale&\*p<p[#``¬}*p9ª#+¬*pp`<*M<`[#*<M*ª/¬;}- ia&'*pªj[#*_#<ª#¬*pp`9ªM9`[#ª</ in Rome (Bragantini – De Vos *p+<[#_^#9*#*`<¬|*pp+[#**`#**p¬*pp`9+Mj<#ªpM_*/# 23 *p+9[#*9¬*pp`j`##ª<# 24 A few pinakes??e.g. the pinakes in Room 15, at the Villa of Poppaea in &*pp`[#*9/oecus 12 in the House of M. Caesius Blandus&*pp`#p"*/- ?{# 25 Silberberg-Peirce 1980; Leach 1988, 197–199. 26 |??>???[|, Grotte di Catullo, Third Style, 1st century AD (Baldessarre et al. 2002, 189). 373 Silvia ROZENBERG ?#~- ??? | = |> ; \> , the Villa at Boscoreale, or the Villa of Poppaea27#?- {? in Rome, 28. It seems that in the Herodium Royal Hall the artists com- ?}|>pinakes- ????#= pinax"??;>?? ?&#+Mp/#- >>??\ F at the villa under the Farnesina in Rome29#\>;??pictor imagi- narius ??#= ?;&? ?{?>?? /???? [{# >[>[>- '?>#;?> the pinakes#={> ??>> ?>?#pinacotheca, ?>{? times30. In Herodiumpinacotheca- {[;R?> >>?AugustusR#| one of the pinakes"???{' R;, the House of Livia, and the villa under the Farnesina31. On ?>'?> BC32%>%>{>' and Italy in the last three decades of the 1st century BC33??%>34?'%>- [#%>?>>Actium, ?*9&/; on the Palatine and at the Aula Isiaca35'#|; &/>[\R>Actium- saeculum aureumR?>%>36. 27 |*p9ª[#9ªj¬}*p9ª#*+#<*¬*p`9[#<ªM<`¬*pjª`M*p¬j+M`<# 28 Ling 1991, 142–146. 29 |*p++[#*ª+# 30 }, see Leach 2004, 133 f. 31 \*p+ª#M\¬<^^+<<#¬'*pªj[#ª`#9M**¬|*p++[#9<M9`#*^<M*^ª#*ª+M*_*# 143–147. 32 mosaic, see De Vos 1980, 77; Versluys 2002, 26 f.; recently Meyboom 1995, 96–107, suggested %>>?# 33 |q*p+^j^Mj_¬=|>;\>&¥+j/&q*p+^# }q[#`M<_#<j/tablinum at the Villa of the Mysteries&q*p+^*<#M/ crocodile, similar to the one in Herodium. 34 Qª^\%>?%Gpraefectus Aegypti, whom he chose from the order of the equites¬?>?>?>%>? #|?>>>R& from Versluys 2002, 6); see also Versluys 2002, 14. 35 \*p+ª#*pM<*¬'*pªjª<Mª`#_M9#<jM<+#M\¬*pp`_#*^M*<#*jM*+#<_# 36 Versluys 2002, 72. 374 Figurative Paintings in Herodium: New Discoveries ;, the white wall area with the pinakes"??>?&cymatium mouldings, a \/>&#*^)37. In this case too, the >>'# |}|>=|> R, and Hero- *9\#};R??> [$??$# ?>[? ?[pictor imaginarius. Bibliographie *p+p #$5#'>*<*p+p***M**+# *pp* #5_#5 <^M<ª#|*p+pq$<_*pp*`pM+_# *p+9 #~##|\'*_*p+9**ªM 128. Baldassarre et al#<^^< #M#M#'M#|#R tardo-antico (Milan 2002). Barbet 1974 #' ~#M*#~- ~#<`&*p`_/# Mq*p+< #M#q'#}q##*#}q- la Romana della Farnesina (Rome 1982). Carettoni 1983 G. Carettoni, Das Haus des Augustus auf dem Palatin (Mainz 1983). \*p+p q#\;#~['$\<^&*p+p/# \*p<p }#\5{&}*p<p/# *p`9 #=5'q&' 1975). q*p+^ #q}R%$%'+_ (Leiden 1980). Edwards et al#*ppp ;#~##%?M#5#?M|#''||>' ;R'|>ª^*ppp 361–366. Foerster 1995 G. Foerster, Art and Architecture. Masada Vol. V. The Y. Yadin Excavations 1963–1965, Final '&*pp9/# ~*p+< #~{5&###q> 1982). *pp` #}R&*pp`/# <^^+ # The House of Augustus. Wall Paintings (Rome 2008). ? ? # } \ }> j q# # > ;# |# # => M '# Marcus – A. Wikren – L. Feldman (Cambridge 1930–1965). =?5 =?5#}\}><q##>;#|##=>&\ 1926–1928). }*p++ %#5#}='|}>'}'- can and Augustan Rome (Princeton 1988). }<^^_ %#5#}=|}'>&\ 2004). }*p9ª #5#}'5&\- bridge 1953). Ling 1991 R. Ling, Roman Painting (Cambridge 1991). Maiuri 1931 A. Maiuri, La Villa dei Misteri, 2 Vols. (Rome 1931). >*pp9 #~##>=#%>%%>'> EPRO 121 (Leiden 1995). Netzer 2001 %#;;#'*p`ªM*p+`%- q##|>&<^^*/# 37 |*p++[#p+#*ª9¬<^^+9^# 375 Silvia ROZENBERG Netzer 2006 E. Netzer, The Architecture of Herod, the Great Builder (Tübingen 2006). Netzer et al. 2010 %#M¶#M'#M'#\>$}>>';R- um and theatre with a royal box at Herodium, JRA 23, 2010, 84–109. Netzer – Laureys-Chachy 2004 %#M'#}>$\>;;' *p`ªM*p+`%q##|>&<^^_/# *p+9 #QqR{5*j"_*p+9ªM*9# *pjª 5##=#}'$\&*pjª/# Pliny the Elder Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Books XXXIII–XXXV, trans. by H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library, Vol. 9 (Cambridge 1952). M*pp+ #M|#'#\;R Jericho and Massada, Israel, Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 47, 1998, 75–85. *pp` ##$ Wandmalerei (Diss. Univ. Graz 1997).